Materials for lessons on the topic of the Civil War are designed for students in grade 9. It is supposed to work in three combined lessons in the classroom, do independent homework with subsequent verification. The work in the lessons is accompanied by a slide show with the teacher's comments. The presentation provides an opportunity for visual perception of events, personalization of the material (photos of historical figures with brief biographical information), penetration into the emotional atmosphere of that era (analysis of posters, listening to songs), allows you to better understand and better remember the historical event.

Purpose: To acquaint students with the events of the civil war

Teaching and educational tasks:

• To give an idea of ​​the civil war as an alternative to the development of Russia; highlight the main reasons; introduce periodization and major events; find out the reasons for the defeat of the "whites" and the victory of the "reds", the results and consequences of the Civil War.
• To develop the skills and abilities of working with the text of the textbook, with a comparative historical table, establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
• To cultivate respect for controversial events in the history of the country, sympathy for people.

Type of lessons: combined (learning new knowledge, developing skills and abilities, independent work of students with subsequent verification).

Technological map of lessons.

Table No. 1 The main events of the period of the Civil War

Table #2 “War Communism”

Table No. 3 Solution of the main issues by "white" governments.

"World War I" - The main events of the First World War. War 1.08.14 The death toll is 10 million people. Slowness. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand. No answer. Austria-Hungary. Economic and military. War. The balance of forces of the belligerents at the beginning of the First World War. Statistics. The number of neutral states is 17.

"1917-1920" - The October Revolution. 1. Which of the following happened as a result of the February Revolution of 1917? He was Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. 1919 V. Tasks for working with sources. Anarchist, leader of the Greens. A5b4c1g3. VK. Blucher. 3. The Peace of Riga with Poland was signed: in 1917 in 1921 in 1924 in 1939

"October Revolution of 1917" - Was October inevitable? Did the October Revolution have a nationwide character? Is the revolutionary path promising? The struggle of the political forces of the country for various ways of social and political development. The main problems of the topic under study. As a result of the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party became the ruling party.

"Russia 1905" - The artist who directed the ballet dancers (Russian Seasons). 3. Which of the following events took place during the revolution of 1905-1907? October 17, 1905 © S.K. Svechnikov, 2007 [email protected] Scientists. Blown up by a mine in 1904; there is still S.O. Makarov was. Local self-government bodies. A3b1c2g5.

"Revolution of 1917" - Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. a course on the history of Russia reads d.h.s., prof. Transport and energy crises. 1908-1913 Industrial rise. Crisis of confidence in power. The rise of parliamentarianism. 2008/2009 academic year. The State Duma is the highest legislative body. Provisional Government.

“Years of the Civil War” - We categorically do not recognize dictatorships of any kind. For help - not an inch of Russian land. The main social groups of the population of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century: Complete nationalization of industry, the elimination of private property. Nationalization of all industry, banks, introduction of workers' control in production.

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Plan for studying the topic: Causes of the civil war. The main events of the autumn of 1917 - October 1922 "War Communism". Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War. Effects.

1. Causes of the civil war The October Revolution led to the establishment of Soviet power. Political and economic measures of the Soviet government, which led to a deep internal split. The aggravation of the struggle of various socio-political forces: - the confiscation of landownership - the resistance of the landowner-bourgeois strata of society. - the authoritarianism of the new government alienated democratic and socialist forces from the Bolsheviks. 4. Foreign intervention, caused by the desire to eliminate the Bolshevik regime, to prevent the spread of revolution in Europe, to dismember Russia.

Concepts Civil war is the most acute form of social struggle of the population within the state, the confrontation of internal forces (the war of citizens) for power and the solution of basic life problems. Intervention (lat. - intervention) - the forcible intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state, the violation of its sovereignty.

Political forces and movements during the Civil War

Participants in the war White movement Parties of socialist and democratic orientation (SRs, Mensheviks, etc.) Reds - the military and bureaucratic elite of old Russia - landowner-bourgeois circles (cadets, Octobrists) - liberal intelligentsia - peasants - democratically oriented intelligentsia - Bolsheviks - left-wing radical layers of the working class - the poorest peasants Goals: 1) the introduction of a constitutional order 2) the preservation of the integrity and indivisibility of the Russian state Goals: democratic Russia, elections to the Constituent Assembly Goal: to retain power

By 1920, the size of the Red Army was 5 million people. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (Revolutionary Military Council) was formed, headed by L.D. Trotsky. In order to turn the country into a single military camp, the highest military-political and military-economic body was formed - the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense, headed by V.I. Lenin.

Objectives of foreign intervention: Suppression of the center of the "revolutionary" infection. The maximum weakening of Russia. Territorial division of the former Russian Empire. The struggle for the return of invested capital in the Russian economy. Intervention troops in Arkhangelsk. 1918 Entrance to the headquarters of the interventionists in Vladivostok. 1918

2. The main stages of the Civil War: Stages of the war (time frame) Characteristic features of the stage October 1917 - May 1918. 2. Summer - autumn 1918 3. November 1918 - spring 1919 4. Spring 1919 - spring 1920 5. 1920

3. "War Communism" "War Communism" is a set of socio-economic and political measures carried out by the Bolshevik regime.

War Communism policy: Nationalization of all means of production. Implementation of centralized management. Equal distribution of products. Forced labor (class principle: "who does not work, he does not eat"). The dictatorship of the Bolshevik Party.

Measures: Since January 1, 1919 - the system of surplus appropriations (the established amount of agricultural products - to the state; for received receipts - the right to purchase industrial products) - turned out to be ineffective. Introduction of a rationing system for the distribution of products. Restrictions on the sale of food and industrial goods. Equal wages.

Consequences: Elimination of private property in industry. Formation of a rigid system of economic management. Establishment of a state monopoly on foreign trade (Decree of November 21, 1918). Supply of bread and food (June 11, 1918): Committees of the peasant poor (combeds) + "food army" (pro-army). This led to the resistance of the peasants. As a result, in 1918 the committees were disbanded.

4. Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War The Soviet government skillfully redistributed resources for one or another front. The Bolsheviks created a five million regular army with the broad participation of old military specialists. The system of "war communism" turned the country into a single military camp. More than 370 foreign military units up to divisions fought on the side of the Red Army. Support for the poorest peasantry and the masses, who believed in the prospect of universal equality.

5. Consequences of the war Large losses (15 million people) Decline in the level of production. Change in the social structure of Russian society: Landlords, capitalists, intelligentsia - eliminated. The social stratification is skewed: 80% - peasants, 18% - declassed elements and bureaucracy, 2% (3 million) - the working class. Thus, the social structure was at the level of traditional agrarian societies.

Internet resources: http://rkka.kiev.ua/?page_id=469 http://www.ido.rudn.ru/ffec/hist/h7.html http://www.zona-k45.ru http: //www.zona-k45.ru/ www.newideology.ru http://www.calend.ru http://www.redorchestra.ru

A civil war is an armed struggle for power between various groups and strata of the population within a country due to deep social, political, economic and other contradictions. With regard to Russia - the civil war of the years. - this is an armed struggle for power between various groups and strata of the country's population, due to deep social, political, economic, national and other contradictions, which took place with the active intervention of foreign states and included military operations of regular armies, uprisings, rebellions, partisan and sabotage-terrorist actions and other forms.

3. The seizure of power by the Bolsheviks and the desire of the overthrown classes to restore their rule. 2. The policy of the leading political parties (the Cadets, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Mensheviks), which failed to stabilize the situation after the overthrow of the autocracy. The struggle for the army in the conditions of the ongoing war led to its collapse. 4. Contradictions in the camp of the socialist parties, which received more than 80% of the votes in the elections to the Constituent Assembly, but failed to secure agreement, at the cost of mutual concessions. 5. Intervention of foreign states in the internal affairs of Russia. The intervention became a catalyst for the civil war, and the support of the White Guard troops and governments by the Entente countries largely determined the duration of this war. 6. The grossest mistakes and miscalculations of the Bolsheviks and the Soviet government in a number of important issues of domestic policy (the split of the countryside in the summer of 1918, decossackization, the policy of "war communism", etc.). 1. Aggravation of social contradictions in Russian society, unwillingness of the autocracy to carry out significant reforms of the political and economic system. The conflict between power and society was so deep that the autocracy had no defenders in February-March 1917, they simply did not exist in a country of many millions. Causes of the Civil War: Causes of the Civil War: 7. Psychology and psychopathology of the revolutionary era largely determined the behavior of every person and large social groups of people during the war years. Violence was perceived as a universal method for solving many problems.

Rejection of the Bolshevik slogan of world revolution. Dissatisfaction with Russia's exit from the First World War Protest against the nationalization of foreign property and refusal to pay debts. Non-recognition by countries of a new form of political power. Features of the Civil War in Russia: Features of the Civil War in Russia: Reasons for foreign intervention: Reasons for foreign intervention: -accompanied by intervention and terror; - did not have clear boundaries and warring groups; - lack of time frames; -characterized by the class confrontation of citizens, a change of views, the breakdown of family ties

October 1917 - March 1918 - the overthrow of the Provisional Government by the Bolsheviks, the establishment of Soviet power, a new split in society, the spread of armed struggle (including the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as one of the factors of the split); March-October 1917 - the failure of Russian democracy in an attempt to establish civil peace, the intensification of socio-political confrontation in society, the escalation of violence; March-June 1918 - local military operations, formation of white and red armed forces, terror from both sides, further escalation of violence; summer 1918 - late 1920 - "a big civil war between massive regular armies, foreign intervention, partisan struggle in the rear, militarization of the economy, etc. (this is actually a civil war in the full sense of these words, although it is more accurate to call this time - the stage of the "big" civil war) years - the gradual attenuation of the civil war, its localization on the outskirts and the complete end of February-March 1917 - the violent overthrow of the autocracy, the open split of society mainly along social lines; Periodization of the Civil War Periodization of the Civil War

The social basis is officers, officials, the nobility, the bourgeoisie, individual representatives of the workers and peasants. The party composition is heterogeneous: Black-Hundred-monarchist, liberal, socialist parties. The program of the white movement is the overthrow of Soviet power, the power of the Bolsheviks, the restoration of a united and indivisible Russia, the convening of a people's assembly on the basis of universal suffrage to determine the future of the country, the recognition of the right to private property, land reform, the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. White movement The origin of the term "White Army" is associated with the traditional symbolism of white as the color of supporters of law and order and sovereignty in contrast to the destructive "red". The white color has been used in politics since the time of the "white lilies of the Bourbons" and symbolized the purity and nobility of aspirations. The social basis is part of the slave. class and the poorest peasantry (part of the intelligentsia. military). Party composition Revolutionary (left) parties, primarily the RSDLP (b). The program of the red movement is the right of the nation to self-determination, public ownership of the means of production, the creation of a just society, the power of workers and peasants. red movement

England Japan, USA, England France England Greece England USA Canada France USA In total, among the participants in the intervention in the RSFSR and Transcaucasia, there are 14 states. Among the interventionists were France, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, Poland, Romania, and others. The interventionists either sought to seize part of Russian territory (Romania, Japan, Turkey), or to obtain significant economic privileges from the Whites supported by them (England, the United States, France, etc.). ). England France Canada USA Poland Japan

The losses of the Red Army in battles amounted to approximately the same number of combat losses of its opponents. The rest died from starvation and war-related epidemics. About 2 million people emigrated from Russia. If we take into account the decline in population growth during the war years, i.e. count the unborn Russians, then the amount of the loss can be estimated at about 25 million people. As a result of the victory in the civil war, the Bolsheviks managed to preserve the statehood, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia. The victory of the Bolsheviks in the civil war led to the curtailment of democracy, the dominance of a one-party system, when the party ruled on behalf of the people, on behalf of the party, the Central Committee, the Politburo and, in fact, the General Secretary or his entourage. The civil war led to huge material and human losses. The total amount of damage amounted to 50 billion gold rubles, and human casualties are estimated today in millions of people Results of the Civil War Results of the Civil War

Industrial production decreased by 7 times; transport was in complete decline; coal and oil production was at the level of the end of the 19th century; crop areas were sharply reduced; gross agricultural output was 67% of the pre-war level. The people were exhausted. There were not enough clothes, shoes, medicines. Spring and summer of 1921 a terrible famine broke out in the Volga region, more than 5 million people died. In February 1921, 64 plants stopped. The workers were on the street. Kommersant homelessness has risen sharply. To the results…

The first is the preservation of Soviet power and its extension to the entire territory of the former Russian Empire, the suppression of all forces that disagree with the policy of the Bolshevik leadership. This path meant the creation of a socialist state, a state of the dictatorship of the proletariat. During the Civil War, the struggle was for the further development of the country. The second path is an attempt to preserve a bourgeois-democratic republic in Russia and the continuation of the policy that was declared by the Provisional Government and the Soviets in the spring and summer of 1917: the further development of democracy and free enterprise. This path was mainly advocated by the parties of revolutionary democracy, members of the Provisional Government and the Soviets, the Mensheviks, the Socialist-Revolutionaries (from the autumn the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries), the left wing of the Cadets. The third way was in the interests of the big bourgeoisie, the nobility, the supreme leadership of the tsarist army and meant an attempt to preserve the limited monarchy and Russia as a single and indivisible country, true to allied obligations.

Russian society has two poles of stability: either "the people remain silent" or "resolute and merciless rebellion." Moreover, the transition from one to another takes a little time. In such a mental field, a special responsibility falls on the modern political elite of the country. Historical experience shows that civil war is easier to prevent than to stop. Lessons from the Civil War.