You have probably heard the word "universe" more than once. What it is? The Universe is usually understood as outer space and everything that fills it: cosmic, or celestial, bodies, gas, dust. In other words, it's the whole world. Our planet is part of the vast universe, one of the countless celestial bodies.
Representations of ancient peoples about the Universe
For thousands of years, people have admired the starry sky, watched the movement of the Sun, Moon and planets. And they always asked themselves an exciting question: how does the Universe work?
Modern ideas about the structure of the universe evolved gradually. In ancient times, they were not at all what they are now. For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the universe. The ancient Indians believed that the Earth was flat and rested on the backs of giant elephants, which, in turn, rest on a turtle. A huge turtle stands on a snake, which personifies the sky and, as it were, closes the earthly space.
The Universe was seen differently by the peoples living on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The earth, in their opinion, is a mountain, which is surrounded on all sides by the sea and which rests on twelve columns.
The ideas of ancient Greek scientists about the universe
Ancient Greek scientists did a lot for the development of views on the structure of the Universe. One of them - the great mathematician Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC) - was the first to suggest that the Earth is not flat at all, but has the shape of a ball.
The correctness of this assumption was proved by another great Greek - Aristotle (384-322 BC).
Aristotle proposed his model of the structure of the Universe, or the system of the world. In the center of the Universe, according to the scientist, there is a motionless Earth, around which eight celestial spheres, solid and transparent, revolve (translated from the Greek "sphere" - a ball). Celestial bodies are motionlessly fixed on them: planets, the Moon, the Sun, stars. The ninth sphere ensures the movement of all other spheres, it is the engine of the Universe.
Aristotle's views were firmly established in science, although even some of his contemporaries did not agree with him. The ancient Greek scientist Aristarchus of Samos (320-250 BC) believed that the center of the universe is not the Earth, but the Sun; The earth and other planets move around it. Unfortunately, these brilliant guesses were rejected and forgotten at that time.
Ptolemy's system of the world
The ideas of Aristotle and many other scientists were developed by the greatest ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy (c. 90-160 AD). He developed his own system of the world, in the center of which, like Aristotle, he placed the Earth. Around the motionless spherical Earth, according to Ptolemy, the Moon, the Sun, five (known at that time) planets, as well as the "sphere of fixed stars" move. This sphere limits the space of the Universe. Ptolemy outlined his views in detail in the grandiose work "The Great Mathematical Construction of Astronomy" in 13 books.
The Ptolemaic system explained well the apparent movement of celestial bodies. It made it possible to determine and predict their location at one time or another. This system dominated science for thirteen centuries, and Ptolemy's book was the desktop for many generations of astronomers.
Two great Greeks
Aristotle- the greatest scientist of Ancient Greece, originally from the city of Stagira. He devoted his whole life to collecting and comprehending information known to scientists of his time. He was interested in everything: the behavior and structure of animals, the laws of motion of bodies, the structure of the universe, poetry, politics. He was the teacher of the outstanding commander Alexander the Great, who, having achieved fame, did not forget the great scientist. From his military campaigns, he sent him samples of plants and animals unknown to the Greeks. After himself, Aristotle left numerous works, for example, "Physics" in 8 books, "On Parts of Animals" in 10 books. The authority of Aristotle for many centuries was indisputable in science.
Claudius Ptolemy was born in Egypt, in the town of Pto le Mai-dy, and then studied and worked in Alexandria, the capital of the Egyptian kingdom. In his libraries were collected scientific works from the countries of the East and Greece. More than 700 thousand manuscripts were kept in the famous museum of Alexandria alone. Ptolemy was a comprehensively educated person: he studied astronomy, geography, and mathematics. Summarizing the work of ancient Greek astronomers, he created his own system of the world.
- What is the Universe?
- How did the ancient peoples imagine the universe?
- What is interesting about the views of Aristarchus of Samos?
The Universe is outer space and everything that fills it: celestial bodies, gas, dust. Modern ideas about the structure of the universe evolved gradually. For a long time, the Earth was considered its center. It was this point of view that the ancient Greek scientists Aristotle and Ptolemy adhered to.
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The topic of our lesson: “How ancient people imagined the Universe” Geography Grade 5 Teacher: Drozd V.G.
The purpose of the lesson: to study earlier ideas about the universe.
You have probably heard the word "universe" more than once. What it is? The Universe is outer space and everything that fills it: celestial bodies, gas, dust In other words, it is the whole world. Our planet is part of the vast universe, one of the countless celestial bodies
Modern ideas about the structure of the universe evolved gradually. In ancient times, they were not at all what they are now. For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the universe.
Representations of ancient peoples about the Universe
Representations of the ancient Indians
Representation of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia According to them, the Earth is a mountain, which is surrounded by the sea on all sides and which rests on 12 columns.
The peoples of Babylon saw the Universe differently. The earth, in their opinion, is a mountain, which is surrounded by the sea on all sides. Above them in the form of an overturned bowl is the starry sky.
Fizminutka I looked at you from the darkness Together with a thousand friends, (The star stands up to its full height, raises its hands and looks up.) I sparkled and shone, (The star rhythmically either presses its arms bent at the elbows with fingers clenched into fists to the sides, then spreads them to the sides, spreading her fingers, depicting her glow) And then she suddenly fell. (Star squats down again.)
Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC) Great ancient Greek mathematician. He was the first to suggest that the Earth is not flat, but has the shape of a ball.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) Aristotle's system of the world
Aristarchus of Samos (320-250 BC) Ancient Greek scientist. He believed that the center of the universe is not the Earth, but the Sun
Claudius Ptolemy (c. 90-160 AD)
Exercise. Using the material of the textbook, fill in the table The name of the scientist The idea of the Universe Aristotle (384-322 BC) Created a model of the Universe. He believed that in the center of the Universe there is a stationary Earth around which 8 celestial spheres revolve BC) He believed that the center of the Universe is the Sun, and the Earth and other planets move around it Claudius Ptolemy (c. 90-160 AD) Developed a system of the world, in the center of which the Earth and around which five planets revolve, Moon and Sun). Wrote the work "The Great Mathematical Construction of Astronomy" in 13 books.
Test your knowledge 1. Which of the ancient scientists first proposed that the Earth has the shape of a ball? A - Aristotle B - Pythagoras C - Ptolemy 2. According to the ancient Indians, the Earth is: A - flat and rests on a turtle B - round and rests on the backs of giant elephants C - flat and rests on the backs of giant elephants, which, in turn , rest on the turtle G - round and rests on the backs of giant elephants, which, in turn, rest on the turtle. 3. The first of the scientists who believed that the center of the Universe is the Earth was: A - Pythagoras B - Aristotle C - Aristarchus of Samos D - Claudius Ptolemy 4. Ptolemy's system dominated science for: A - 13 centuries B - 15 centuries C – 10 centuries D – 8 centuries
Homework: 1. Paragraph 8 and draw a picture "The idea of the ancient peoples about the universe" 2. Paragraph 8, prepare a message about the ideas of the ancient peoples about the Universe 3. Paragraph 8, prepare a presentation on the topic.
Thank you for your attention!
For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the universe. 4) The system of the world according to Aristotle (philosopher). Center - motionless Earth, around - 8 rotating spheres (they are solid and transparent). Celestial bodies are fixed on the spheres. The 9th sphere provides the movement of the remaining spheres - the engine of the Universe. The universe is bounded by the motionless sphere of stars.
For many centuries, the teachings of Ptolemy dominated, but in the Middle Ages science and trade began to actively develop ... In the 14th - 16th centuries. Portugal and Spain were discovered - this changed the geographical map of the world. The round-the-world trip of F. Magellan finally proved the sphericity of our planet.
The system of the world according to Copernicus 7) The system of the world according to N. Copernicus. Nicolaus Copernicus created a new model of the universe. He observed celestial bodies, studied works, made mathematical calculations. 1) The Earth revolves around the Sun 2) The center of the world is the Sun 3) The planets revolve around the Sun and around their axis 4) The stars are motionless, they are at great distances from the Earth and form a sphere that limits the Universe.
There is no single center 2) The Sun is the center of the solar system 3) The Sun is one of the stars, there are many of them and, perhaps, there is life somewhere else 8) P" title="(!LANG: N. Copernicus' teaching was supported by many scientists, they spread knowledge and deepen it 1) the Universe is infinite => there is no single center 2) the Sun is the center of the solar system 3) the sun is one of the stars, there are many of them and, perhaps, there is life somewhere else 8) P" class="link_thumb"> 11 !} The teachings of N. Copernicus were supported by many scientists, they spread knowledge and deepened it. 1) The universe is infinite => there is no single center 2) The sun is the center of the solar system 3) The sun is one of the stars, there are many of them and, perhaps, there is life somewhere else 8) Giordano Bruno continued the teachings of Copernicus there is no single center 2) the Sun is the center of the solar system 3) the sun is one of the stars, there are many of them and perhaps there is life somewhere else 8) П "> there is no single center 2) the sun is the center of the solar system 3) the sun is one of the stars, there are many of them and, perhaps, there is life somewhere else 8) Giordano Bruno continued the teachings of Copernicus "> there is no single center 2) the Sun is the center of the solar system 3) the sun is one of the stars, there are many of them and, perhaps, somewhere then there is still life 8) P" title="(!LANG: The teachings of N. Copernicus were supported by many scientists, they spread knowledge and deepened it. 1) the Universe is infinite => there is no single center 2) the sun is the center of the solar system 3) the sun is this is one of the stars, there are many of them and maybe there is life somewhere else 8) P"> title="The teachings of N. Copernicus were supported by many scientists, they spread knowledge and deepened it. 1) The Universe is infinite => there is no single center 2) The Sun is the center of the solar system 3) The Sun is one of the stars, there are many of them and maybe there is life somewhere else 8) P"> !}
The sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only around the Earth mo" title="(!LANG:10) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Through a telescope he saw: 1) Irregularities on the Moon 2) Dark spots on the Sun , they always moved on the surface in one direction => The sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only around the Earth can" class="link_thumb"> 12 !} 10) Galileo Galilei () Through a telescope he saw: 1) Irregularities on the Moon 2) Dark spots on the Sun, they always moved on the surface in one direction => The Sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only around the Earth can rotate celestial bodies Galileo Galilei - the first person who saw the starry sky through a telescope that he made on his own (30 times magnification). The sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only around the Earth mo "> The sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only the celestial bodies can rotate around the Earth Galileo Galilei - the first person who saw the starry sky in a telescope that he made himself (30 times magnification)."> The sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only around the Earth, but" title="(!LANG:10) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Through the telescope he saw: 1) Irregularities on the Moon 2) Dark spots on the Sun, they always moved on the surface in one direction => The Sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only around the Earth can"> title="10) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Through a telescope, he saw: 1) Irregularities on the Moon 2) Dark spots on the Sun, they always moved along the surface in one direction => The sun rotates around its axis 3) Discovered the satellites of Jupiter => not only around the earth"> !}
slide 3
Our planet Earth is part of the vast Universe, one of the countless celestial bodies
slide 4
For thousands of years, people have admired the starry sky, watched the movement of the Sun, Moon, and planets. And they always asked themselves the question: how does the Universe work?
Modern ideas about the structure of the universe evolved gradually. In ancient times, they were not at all what they are now. For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the universe.
slide 5
ancient india
slide 6
The picture of the world according to the ancient Egyptians: below - the Earth, above it - the goddess of the sky, on the left and right - the ship of the sun god, showing the path of the sun across the sky (from sunrise to sunset).
Slide 7
ancient babylon
The Babylonians represented the Earth as a mountain, on the western slope of which Babylonia is located. They noticed that to the south of Babylon is the sea, and to the east there are mountains, through which they did not dare to cross. Therefore, it seemed to them that Babylonia is located on the western slope of the "world" mountain. This mountain is round, and it is surrounded by the sea, and on the sea, like an overturned bowl, the firm sky rests - the heavenly world. In the sky, as well as on Earth, there is land, water and air. The celestial land is the belt of the constellations of the Zodiac, like a dam stretching in the midst of the celestial sea. The Sun, Moon and five planets move along this belt of land.
Slide 8
This is how the Slavs imagined the universe. Presumably, the world of the Slavs consists of 9 layers - the underworld, the world of people, and seven celestial spheres. Let's start our brief description with the Underworld - Inferno. Among the southern and western Slavs, the lower kingdom was hot and fiery. However, often the underworld was watery, in its dark depths the Lizard lived - a crocodile, the owner of the abode of departed ancestors. Above him towered the world of people, the White Light. It is nourished by fertile arable land - Mother Earth Cheese. People - men and women - spend their time in labor and battles, are born and die. They thank the Earth, Water and the Sun, Fate and Military Power, Birth and Death, pay attention to everything, so as not to accept gifts without any response to them.
Heavenly spheres rise above the White Light. They are filled with heavenly waters - abysses, the Sun - Dazhbog walks on them, and at the very top, in the seventh heaven, there is bright Iriy - paradise.
Slide 9
Ancient Greek scientists did a lot for the development of views on the structure of the Universe. One of them is Pythagoras (about 580 - 500 BC)
He was the first to suggest that the Earth is not flat, but has the shape of a ball.
Slide 10
The correctness of this assumption was proved by another great Greek - Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)
slide 11
Aristotle's Model of the Universe
"The development of ancient people" - Ancient people (Neanderthals). Farther. The first modern people (Cro-Magnons). On the menu. Ancient people arose about 200 thousand years ago. Hewn stone was used to butcher dead animals. Ancient people. The earliest people successfully hunted buffaloes, rhinos, deer, birds. One line went in the direction of powerful physical development.
"Game Universe" - Celestial bodies. The world of stars. General lesson on the topic: "Universe" "Great Game". Crossword "solar system". Ancient people about the universe, celestial bodies, neighbors of the sun, giant planets. What people represented the universe in this way? Sun Neighbors. Galaxies. Crossword. Ancient about the Universe.
"Universe 5th grade natural history" - The Soyuz spacecraft is approaching the interplanetary space of Mars and Jupiter. Milky Way. Attention attention! Author: Burlakova N.N. Galaxy 205. Malfunctions were found on the ships. Andromeda. Galaxy (from the Greek word "galactikos" - milky, milky.). Diagram of the appearance of galaxies. Nebula Horsehead.
"Universe" - Planets. What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite? the smallest is Pluto. Ideas about the structure of the universe. Assignments: Ptolemy. Solar system. Name the constellations you know. What is the Universe? Earth group Mercury Venus Earth Mars. Uranus. The giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune. Planets Stars Asteroids Comets Meteors and meteorites The sun is the center of the solar system.
"Evolution of the Universe" - For the existence of life, the fact that the Metagalaxy is expanding is not indifferent. It is with such civilizations that earthlings are interested in establishing contact. The evolution of the Universe includes the evolution of matter and the evolution of structure. And therefore it is difficult to come to terms with the idea that we are alone in the boundless universe.
"Universe" - the Sun. The world through the eyes of an astronomer. 4) Specialists who study astronomy are called astronauts. 5) The earth moves around the sun. 6) You can observe the Sun by looking through binoculars, a telescope. Universe.
