Economic zones of Brazil
Chapter 1. Natural resource potential of Brazil
Brazil has a huge amount of minerals. There are reserves of manganese ores, nickel, bauxite, iron and uranium ore. In Brazil, potassium, phosphates, tungsten, cassiterite, lead, graphite, and chromium are mined. There is also gold, zirconium and a rare radioactive mineral - thorium.
Brazil accounts for 90% of the world's production of diamonds, aquamarine, topaz, amethyst, tourmaline and emerald.
Mineral resources of Brazil are diversified: oil, natural gas, coal, iron (one of the richest reserves in the world) and manganese ores, chromites, titanium raw materials (ilmenite), copper, lead, bauxites (third place in the world in terms of reserves), zinc, nickel, tin, cobalt, tungsten, tantalum, zirconium, niobium (first place in the world in terms of columbite reserves), beryllium (first place in the world in terms of reserves), uranium, thorium, gold, silver, platinum, phosphates, apatites, magnesite, barite , asbestos, graphite, mica, salt, soda, diamonds, emeralds, amethysts, aquamarines, topazes, crystal quartz (first place in the world in terms of reserves), marble. In terms of reserves of iron, beryllium and niobium ores, rock crystal, bituminous shale, bauxite, ores of rare earth elements, Brazil occupies one of the leading places among the industrialized countries of the world.
Brazil has (2001) relatively small proven reserves of oil (1.1 billion tons) and natural gas (230 billion cubic meters). About 150 deposits have been discovered. The largest are Don Juan, Agua Grande, Arakas, Karmopolis, Sirizinho, Namorado, etc. In the Amazon, a large sedimentary basin of Solimões has been discovered, promising in terms of possible oil and gas reserves.
There are three main oil and gas fields on the Brazilian shelf: Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo. Less promising basins are Sergipe Alagoas, Potiguar and Ceara. The Brazilian basin with the largest hydrocarbon reserves is considered to be the Campus ocean basin with an area of about 100,000 km2. The proven reserves of natural gas in it are estimated at 105 billion cubic meters. The main proven oil reserves of the country are concentrated here. Each of the seven deep water oil fields contains up to 100 million tons of oil and condensate. Probable reserves of oil and gas basins at the end of 1999 were estimated at 1.5 billion tons of oil. There are 4 giant oil and gas fields in the Campus basin (proven reserves in brackets, million tons): Albacore (about 270), Marlin (270), Barracuda (110) and Marlin Sul and the giant Roncador oil field (356).
The main oil reservoirs are associated with turbidite sands of shelf origin, occurring both in the lower and upper parts of the modern continental slope, or with peripheral turbidites of the open sea, transported through the straits to the lower part of the continental slope. There are close similarities between the NGBs on both sides of the Atlantic, especially the southern parts of the Campus and Kwanza-Cameroon basins.
All oil and gas fields in eastern Brazil were formed on divergent passive continental margins, the tectonic development of which is complicated by rifting processes. Oil and gas traps are usually of the stratigraphic type and are most often confined to submerged horst blocks. Salt diapirism phenomena are developed in the zone of modern deep and superdeep shelf.
In 2003, Petrobras made the largest gas discovery in the country. The reserves of the new field are estimated at 70 billion cubic meters. m, which increases the total volume of gas reserves in Brazil by 30%. The field is located on the shelf of the province of Paulo, at a distance of 137 km from the coast at a sea depth of 485 m. The production potential of the pioneer well is 3 million cubic meters. m of gas per day. In 2002, the total volume of natural gas reserves in Brazil is estimated at 231 billion cubic meters. m.
The oil shales of Brazil are confined to the Permian Irati formation, represented by mudstone and limestone facies with basalt and diabase intrusions. The deposits are San Matheus do Sul, San Gabriel and Don Pedro. Brazil's hard coal reserves are small - 2 billion tons (25% is coking coal). The country's iron ore reserves account for about 26% of the reserves of developed Western countries. The main part of the ores is associated with the Precambrian itabirites of the Brazilian Platform. The main industrial deposits (over 25 billion tons) are concentrated in the Minais-Gerais iron ore basin, within the so-called "iron ore quadrangle".
The proven reserves of chromium ore mining, calculated on the basis of the maximum production level in the period 1995-1997, taking into account losses during mining and enrichment in Brazil, is 33 years.
In 2000, Brazil ranked 5th in terms of explored uranium reserves (262 thousand tons, a 7.8% share in the world). The main deposits of uranium ores are concentrated in the Serra di Jacobina mountains, together with gold-bearing conglomerates (Jacobina deposit).
In terms of explored tin reserves at the end of the 20th century, Brazil ranks first in America and second in the world (after China). In terms of total tin reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. In terms of tin resources, Brazil ranks first among the countries of the world - 12.6% of world resources (6 million tons). About 40% of the total proven reserves are found in alluvial deposits located in 15 tin ore regions of the country. Alluvial placers predominate.
The Pitinga ore cluster is located in the tin-bearing area of Mapuera (State of Amazonas). Ore veins and stockworks are localized in albitized granites. Ores are complex, they include cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, pyrite, cryolite, fluorite. Reserves of primary tin ores - 1.19 million tons; sir. the metal content in ores here is 0.141%.
Ores also contain 6 million tons of cryolite, 4 million tons of zircon (average content 1.5%), industrial concentrations of columbite-tantalite (average content of Ni pentoxide 0.223%, Ta pentoxide - 0.028%), fluorite, and yttrium, mainly in xenotime . The main reserves are concentrated in weathering crusts and placers that have arisen due to them and occupy an area of about 250 km2.
The main ones are the alluvial placers of Little Madeira, Jabuti and Keyshada. Ore sands occur at a depth of about 6 m. Ore reserves in placers amount to 195 million tons, tin - 343 thousand tons with an average cassiterite content of 2.0 kg / cubic meter. m, niobium pentoxide - 435 thousand tons with an average content of Nb2O5 4.3%, tantalum pentoxide - 55 thousand tons with an average content of Ta2O5 0.3%, zirconium dioxide - 1.7 million tons. reserves of niobium pentoxide until 2000 amounted to 30 million tons of ore with an average content of 4.1% (1.2 million tons of Nb2O5).
The basis of the country's manganese ore base is the Urukum deposits (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Corumba region) with proven reserves of 15.8 million tons, Azul and Buritirama (Para state, Carajas ridge region) - 10 million tons, Serra do- Navi (Federal Territory of Amapa) - 5.8 million tons, Miguel Konge in the area of the "iron ore quadrangle" and other deposits in the state of Minas Gerais, as well as a number of smaller objects in the Precambrian metamorphic strata. The largest deposits of manganese ores are associated with basement rocks. Lenses of manganese-containing spesartite rocks (gondite, carbonate rhodonite) are 10–30 m thick and 200–1000 m long.
In terms of bauxite reserves, Brazil ranks first in Lat. America (2000) and 2nd place in the world (after Guinea). Prom. bauxite deposits associated with lateritic weathering crust. Main resources are concentrated in the Amazon River basin in the state of Para (deposits of Trombetas, Paragominas and others).
Lateritic deposits of gibbsite bauxites - aluminum raw materials, are located in the states of Para (municipalities of Oriximina, Paragominas, Faro, Domingo de Capim and Almayrim) and Minas Gerais (mainly the municipalities of Poços de Caldas, Preto and Cataguazes). The Porto Trombetas (total reserves of 1700 million tons, confirmed - 800 million tons) and Paragominas (total reserves of 2400 million tons, confirmed - 1600 million tons) fields are gigantic. Deposits are usually located close to the earth's surface and are mined in an open way. In terms of production rates close to modern, Brazil is provided with proven reserves for 340 years.
Tungsten ores, represented by shelitovim skarnakh - deposits of Brezha, Kishaba, Malyada within the Borborem region. Deposits of nickel ores in the base of the silicate type are represented by garnierite ores. Ore bodies occur at shallow depths, about 75% of the reserves are located in the state of Goias (Nickeland deposits and others). There are several copper ore deposits in Brazil, the largest of which is Caraiba (Baya state). In Brazil, there are more than 100 small polymetallic hydrothermal deposits, explored rich tin placers.
Rare elements (beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and others) in Brazil are found mainly in complex pegmatite ores confined to the basement.
Gold reserves were discovered in the second half of the 20th century in the Amazon basin. The predicted resources of Brazil's IHL are insignificant and amount to up to 300 tons (about 0.6% of the world).
About 35% of the world's predicted beryllium resources (up to 700 thousand tons) are concentrated in Brazil, which determines its leading (together with Russia) place in the world.
Brazil occupies the 1st place among the countries of the world in terms of predicted niobium resources. The main deposits of niobium pentoxide in the country are Arash, tapirs. The deposits are located mainly in the well-known mining regions of the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás. The ores are localized in lateritic weathering crusts of carbonatites and do not require intensive crushing. The thickness of the ore-bearing cores reaches 200 m, the covers - from 0.5 m to 40 m. The average content of Nb2O5 in ores is 2.5%. Development is carried out in an open way.
Phosphate ore resources are of great importance in Brazil, which include three main industrial types: apatite (Jacupiranga deposit), repeated apatite (genus Arasha, tapirs, Catalan) and phosphorites sedimentary deposits in the Bambui series. Particularly promising are the phosphorites of the deposit - Patus di Minas (reserves 300 million tons).
Brazil has the world's largest deposits of precious and ornamental stones: rock crystal, jewelry beryl, topaz, tourmaline, amethyst, agate; also known prom. deposits of emerald, diamond, noble opal, etc. Jewelry beryl, topaz and tourmaline are found in granite pegmatites, common in the states of Minas Gerais (diamantino diamond-bearing region), Bahia.
The main deposits of high-grade sheet mica - muscovite are associated with outcrops of the Archean basement and form the Brazilian mica region. In Brazil also childbirth. barite (Ilha Grande, Miguel Calmon), potash salt (Contiguleba), rock salt (Maceio), fluorite (Salgadinho, Catunda), magnesite (Iguatu), graphite (Itapaserica, San Fidelis), asbestos (Ipanema), bentonite (Lapsis, Bravo).
The Amazonian lowland lies in the region of the equatorial and subequatorial climate. The temperature is 24 - 28C all year round, precipitation is 2500 - 3500 mm per year. The Amazon River is the largest in the world in terms of basin size (7.2 million sq. km) and water content. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers - Maranion and Ucayali. The length of the Amazon from the source of Marañon is 6400 km, and from the source of Ucayali - more than 7000 km. The Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean, forming the world's largest delta (over 100 thousand square kilometers) and funnel-shaped mouths - sleeves covering the huge island of Marajo.
In the lower reaches, the width of the Amazon reaches 80 km, and the depth is 1335 m. Selva - humid equatorial forests of the Amazonian lowland. This is over 4 thousand species of trees, which is 1/4 of all species existing in the world. Animals, each in its own way, have adapted to their existence in the midst of a dense forest intertwined with vines. Monkeys - howler monkey, capuchin, marmosets, slender-bodied saimiri spider monkeys with a muzzle coloring resembling a skull - spend their whole lives on trees, holding on to branches with a strong tail. Even tree porcupine and anteater, raccoon and marsupial opossum have tenacious tails. Cats - jaguars and ocelots - feel confident in the forest thicket. Not a hindrance forest thickets and for bats. Bakers and tapirs prefer swampy river floodplains. The capybara, the largest rodent in the world, is kept near the water. Amphibians and reptiles are diverse, including poisonous snakes (bushmasters, coral asps, rattlesnakes), boas - boas, huge anacondas. In the rivers, caimans and flocks of bloodthirsty piranha fish lie in wait for a careless victim. Predatory harpies soar above the forest, vultures urubu carrion eaters; multi-colored parrots fly in the crowns of trees; and toucans sit on the branches - the owners of a huge beak. The smallest birds on earth - hummingbirds - flash in the air with bright colorful sparks and hang over the flowers.
To the east of the Amazon, the green forest sea is gradually replaced by stony woodlands - caatinga. Poor soils barely cover the rocks, there is almost no grass. Everywhere there are thorny semi-bushes and all kinds of cacti. And above them are dry-loving shrubs and trees, columnar cacti and tree-like spurges. Bottle trees grow at some distance from each other, like skittles. These thickets are almost devoid of foliage and offer no shelter at all from the burning rays of the sun or from rainstorms. During the winter-spring dry period, which here lasts 8-9 months, precipitation is less than 10 mm per month. At the same time, the average air temperature is 26 - 28 C. At this time, many plants shed their leaves. Life stops until the autumn rains, when more than 300 mm of precipitation falls per month with an annual amount of 700 - 1000 mm. As a result of rains, the water level in the rivers rises rapidly. Floods are regularly repeated, destroying houses and washing away the fertile layer of soil from the fields.
Brazil is diverse in natural conditions. It stands out: the Amazonian lowland and the Brazilian plateau, which differed in relief, moisture conditions, vegetation, etc. In general, the natural conditions are favorable for the population and the economy.
Brazil is extremely rich in natural resources. Among them, the main place belongs to forest resources - moist equatorial forests, which occupy 2/3 of the country's territory and are actively used at present. Recently, these forests have been subjected to ruthless destruction, which leads to a change in the entire natural complex as a whole. The Amazonian forests are called the "lungs of the planet", and their extermination is a problem not only for Brazil, but for the whole world. Brazil's mineral resource base is diverse. About 50 types of minerals are mined here. These are, first of all, iron, manganese ores, bauxites and non-ferrous ores metals.The main reserves are concentrated in the eastern part of the country on the Brazilian plateau.In addition, Brazil has oil and potash salts.
Water resources are represented by a huge number of rivers, the main of which is the Amazon (the greatest river in the world). Almost a third of this large country is occupied by the Amazon River basin, which includes the Amazon itself and more than two hundred of its tributaries. This gigantic system contains a fifth of all the river waters of the world. The landscape in the Amazon is flat. The rivers and their tributaries flow slowly, during the rainy seasons they often overflow their banks and flood vast areas of tropical forests. The rivers of the Brazilian Plateau have significant hydropower potential. The largest lakes in the country are Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, Parana, Sao Francisco.
Agro-climatic and soil resources are great, contributing to the development of agriculture. Brazil has fertile soil that grows coffee, cocoa, bananas, grains, citrus fruits, sugar cane, soybeans, cotton, and tobacco. Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of cultivated land. Due to the fact that the main part of the country is located in the intertropical zone with a predominance of low altitudes, Brazil is characterized by average temperatures exceeding 20 degrees. Brazil has six types of climate: equatorial, tropical, tropical highlands, tropical Atlantic, semi-arid and subtropical.
In the north - eastern outskirts of Brazil, tropical forests give way to desert areas and steppes covered with shrubs, but the wet Atlantic coasts abound with lush vegetation. Between the coastal cities of Porto Alegre in the south of the country and El Salvador in the east stretches a narrow strip of land only 110 kilometers wide, and immediately after it the central and southern plateaus begin. The northern regions of the country are in the equatorial zone, and Rio de Janeiro lies just north of the Tropic of Capricorn - so the climate in most of Brazil is very warm. In the Amazon basin, the temperature is around 27 degrees all year round. The seasons of Brazil are distributed as follows: spring - from September 22 to December 21, summer - from December 22 to March 21, autumn - from March 22 to June 21, winter - from June 22 to September 21. 58.46% of Brazil's relief is formed by plateaus. The main ones in the north are Guiana, in the south - Brazilian, which occupies most of the territory and is divided into the Atlantic, Central, Southern and the plateau of Rio - Grande do Sul. The remaining 41% of the territory is occupied by plains, the most important among them are the Amazon, La Plata, San Francisco and Tocantins. All natural conditions and resources create very favorable conditions for economic development.
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Brazil has a huge amount of minerals. There are reserves of manganese ores, nickel, bauxite, iron and uranium ore. In Brazil, potassium, phosphates, tungsten, cassiterite, lead, graphite, and chromium are mined. There is also gold, zirconium and a rare radioactive mineral - thorium.
Brazil accounts for 90% of the world's production of diamonds, aquamarine, topaz, amethyst, tourmaline and emerald.
Mineral resources of Brazil are diversified: oil, natural gas, coal, iron (one of the richest reserves in the world) and manganese ores, chromites, titanium raw materials (ilmenite), copper, lead, bauxites (third place in the world in terms of reserves), zinc, nickel, tin, cobalt, tungsten, tantalum, zirconium, niobium (first place in the world in terms of columbite reserves), beryllium (first place in the world in terms of reserves), uranium, thorium, gold, silver, platinum, phosphates, apatites, magnesite, barite , asbestos, graphite, mica, salt, soda, diamonds, emeralds, amethysts, aquamarines, topazes, crystal quartz (first place in the world in terms of reserves), marble. In terms of reserves of iron, beryllium and niobium ores, rock crystal, bituminous shale, bauxite, ores of rare earth elements, Brazil occupies one of the leading places among the industrialized countries of the world.
Brazil has (2001) relatively small proven reserves of oil (1.1 billion tons) and natural gas (230 billion cubic meters). About 150 deposits have been discovered. The largest are Don Juan, Agua Grande, Arakas, Karmopolis, Sirizinho, Namorado, etc. In the Amazon, a large sedimentary basin of Solimões has been discovered, promising in terms of possible oil and gas reserves.
There are three main oil and gas fields on the Brazilian shelf: Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo. Less promising basins are Sergipe Alagoas, Potiguar and Ceara. The Brazilian basin with the largest hydrocarbon reserves is considered to be the Campus ocean basin with an area of about 100,000 km2. The proven reserves of natural gas in it are estimated at 105 billion cubic meters. The main proven oil reserves of the country are concentrated here. Each of the seven deep water oil fields contains up to 100 million tons of oil and condensate. Probable reserves of oil and gas basins at the end of 1999 were estimated at 1.5 billion tons of oil. There are 4 giant oil and gas fields in the Campus basin (proven reserves in brackets, million tons): Albacore (about 270), Marlin (270), Barracuda (110) and Marlin Sul and the giant Roncador oil field (356).
The main oil reservoirs are associated with turbidite sands of shelf origin, occurring both in the lower and upper parts of the modern continental slope, or with peripheral turbidites of the open sea, transported through the straits to the lower part of the continental slope. There are close similarities between the NGBs on both sides of the Atlantic, especially the southern parts of the Campus and Kwanza-Cameroon basins.
All oil and gas fields in eastern Brazil were formed on divergent passive continental margins, the tectonic development of which is complicated by rifting processes. Oil and gas traps are usually of the stratigraphic type and are most often confined to submerged horst blocks. Salt diapirism phenomena are developed in the zone of modern deep and superdeep shelf.
In 2003, Petrobras made the largest gas discovery in the country. The reserves of the new field are estimated at 70 billion cubic meters. m, which increases the total volume of gas reserves in Brazil by 30%. The field is located on the shelf of the province of Paulo, at a distance of 137 km from the coast at a sea depth of 485 m. The production potential of the pioneer well is 3 million cubic meters. m of gas per day. In 2002, the total volume of natural gas reserves in Brazil is estimated at 231 billion cubic meters. m.
The oil shales of Brazil are confined to the Permian Irati formation, represented by mudstone and limestone facies with basalt and diabase intrusions. The deposits are San Matheus do Sul, San Gabriel and Don Pedro. Brazil's hard coal reserves are small - 2 billion tons (25% is coking coal). The country's iron ore reserves account for about 26% of the reserves of developed Western countries. The main part of the ores is associated with the Precambrian itabirites of the Brazilian Platform. The main industrial deposits (over 25 billion tons) are concentrated in the Minais-Gerais iron ore basin, within the so-called "iron ore quadrangle".
The proven reserves of chromium ore mining, calculated on the basis of the maximum production level in the period 1995-1997, taking into account losses during mining and enrichment in Brazil, is 33 years.
In 2000, Brazil ranked 5th in terms of explored uranium reserves (262 thousand tons, a 7.8% share in the world). The main deposits of uranium ores are concentrated in the Serra di Jacobina mountains, together with gold-bearing conglomerates (Jacobina deposit).
In terms of explored tin reserves at the end of the 20th century, Brazil ranks first in America and second in the world (after China). In terms of total tin reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. In terms of tin resources, Brazil ranks first among the countries of the world - 12.6% of world resources (6 million tons). About 40% of the total proven reserves are found in alluvial deposits located in 15 tin ore regions of the country. Alluvial placers predominate.
The Pitinga ore cluster is located in the tin-bearing area of Mapuera (State of Amazonas). Ore veins and stockworks are localized in albitized granites. Ores are complex, they include cassiterite, columbite, tantalite, pyrite, cryolite, fluorite. Reserves of primary tin ores - 1.19 million tons; sir. the metal content in ores here is 0.141%.
Ores also contain 6 million tons of cryolite, 4 million tons of zircon (average content 1.5%), industrial concentrations of columbite-tantalite (average content of Ni pentoxide 0.223%, Ta pentoxide - 0.028%), fluorite, and yttrium, mainly in xenotime . The main reserves are concentrated in weathering crusts and placers that have arisen due to them and occupy an area of about 250 km2.
The main ones are the alluvial placers of Little Madeira, Jabuti and Keyshada. Ore sands occur at a depth of about 6 m. Ore reserves in placers amount to 195 million tons, tin - 343 thousand tons with an average cassiterite content of 2.0 kg / cubic meter. m, niobium pentoxide - 435 thousand tons with an average content of Nb2O5 4.3%, tantalum pentoxide - 55 thousand tons with an average content of Ta2O5 0.3%, zirconium dioxide - 1.7 million tons. reserves of niobium pentoxide until 2000 amounted to 30 million tons of ore with an average content of 4.1% (1.2 million tons of Nb2O5).
The basis of the country's manganese ore base is the Urukum deposits (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Corumba region) with proven reserves of 15.8 million tons, Azul and Buritirama (Para state, Carajas ridge region) - 10 million tons, Serra do- Navi (Federal Territory of Amapa) - 5.8 million tons, Miguel Konge in the area of the "iron ore quadrangle" and other deposits in the state of Minas Gerais, as well as a number of smaller objects in the Precambrian metamorphic strata. The largest deposits of manganese ores are associated with basement rocks. Lenses of manganese-containing spesartite rocks (gondite, carbonate rhodonite) are 10–30 m thick and 200–1000 m long.
In terms of bauxite reserves, Brazil ranks first in Lat. America (2000) and 2nd place in the world (after Guinea). Prom. bauxite deposits associated with lateritic weathering crust. Main resources are concentrated in the Amazon River basin in the state of Para (deposits of Trombetas, Paragominas and others).
Lateritic deposits of gibbsite bauxites - aluminum raw materials, are located in the states of Para (municipalities of Oriximina, Paragominas, Faro, Domingo de Capim and Almayrim) and Minas Gerais (mainly the municipalities of Poços de Caldas, Preto and Cataguazes). The Porto Trombetas (total reserves of 1700 million tons, confirmed - 800 million tons) and Paragominas (total reserves of 2400 million tons, confirmed - 1600 million tons) fields are gigantic. Deposits are usually located close to the earth's surface and are mined in an open way. In terms of production rates close to modern, Brazil is provided with proven reserves for 340 years.
Tungsten ores, represented by shelitovim skarnakh - deposits of Brezha, Kishaba, Malyada within the Borborem region. Deposits of nickel ores in the base of the silicate type are represented by garnierite ores. Ore bodies occur at shallow depths, about 75% of the reserves are located in the state of Goias (Nickeland deposits and others). There are several copper ore deposits in Brazil, the largest of which is Caraiba (Baya state). In Brazil, there are more than 100 small polymetallic hydrothermal deposits, explored rich tin placers.
Rare elements (beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and others) in Brazil are found mainly in complex pegmatite ores confined to the basement.
Gold reserves were discovered in the second half of the 20th century in the Amazon basin. The predicted resources of Brazil's IHL are insignificant and amount to up to 300 tons (about 0.6% of the world).
About 35% of the world's predicted beryllium resources (up to 700 thousand tons) are concentrated in Brazil, which determines its leading (together with Russia) place in the world.
Brazil occupies the 1st place among the countries of the world in terms of predicted niobium resources. The main deposits of niobium pentoxide in the country are Arash, tapirs. The deposits are located mainly in the well-known mining regions of the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás. The ores are localized in lateritic weathering crusts of carbonatites and do not require intensive crushing. The thickness of the ore-bearing cores reaches 200 m, the covers - from 0.5 m to 40 m. The average content of Nb2O5 in ores is 2.5%. Development is carried out in an open way.
Phosphate ore resources are of great importance in Brazil, which include three main industrial types: apatite (Jacupiranga deposit), repeated apatite (genus Arasha, tapirs, Catalan) and phosphorites sedimentary deposits in the Bambui series. Particularly promising are the phosphorites of the deposit - Patus di Minas (reserves 300 million tons).
Brazil has the world's largest deposits of precious and ornamental stones: rock crystal, jewelry beryl, topaz, tourmaline, amethyst, agate; also known prom. deposits of emerald, diamond, noble opal, etc. Jewelry beryl, topaz and tourmaline are found in granite pegmatites, common in the states of Minas Gerais (diamantino diamond-bearing region), Bahia.
The main deposits of high-grade sheet mica - muscovite are associated with outcrops of the Archean basement and form the Brazilian mica region. In Brazil also childbirth. barite (Ilha Grande, Miguel Calmon), potash salt (Contiguleba), rock salt (Maceio), fluorite (Salgadinho, Catunda), magnesite (Iguatu), graphite (Itapaserica, San Fidelis), asbestos (Ipanema), bentonite (Lapsis, Bravo).
The Amazonian lowland lies in the region of the equatorial and subequatorial climate. The temperature is 24 - 28C all year round, precipitation is 2500 - 3500 mm per year. The Amazon River is the largest in the world in terms of basin size (7.2 million sq. km) and water content. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers - Maranion and Ucayali. The length of the Amazon from the source of Marañon is 6400 km, and from the source of Ucayali - more than 7000 km. The Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean, forming the world's largest delta (over 100 thousand square kilometers) and funnel-shaped mouths - sleeves covering the huge island of Marajo.
In the lower reaches, the width of the Amazon reaches 80 km, and the depth is 1335 m. Selva - humid equatorial forests of the Amazonian lowland. This is over 4 thousand species of trees, which is 1/4 of all species existing in the world. Animals, each in its own way, have adapted to their existence in the midst of a dense forest intertwined with vines. Monkeys - howler monkey, capuchin, marmosets, slender-bodied saimiri spider monkeys with a muzzle coloring resembling a skull - spend their whole lives on trees, holding on to branches with a strong tail. Even tree porcupine and anteater, raccoon and marsupial opossum have tenacious tails. Cats - jaguars and ocelots - feel confident in the forest thicket. Not a hindrance forest thickets and for bats. Bakers and tapirs prefer swampy river floodplains. The capybara, the largest rodent in the world, is kept near the water. Amphibians and reptiles are diverse, including poisonous snakes (bushmasters, coral asps, rattlesnakes), boas - boas, huge anacondas. In the rivers, caimans and flocks of bloodthirsty piranha fish lie in wait for a careless victim. Predatory harpies soar above the forest, vultures urubu carrion eaters; multi-colored parrots fly in the crowns of trees; and toucans sit on the branches - the owners of a huge beak. The smallest birds on earth - hummingbirds - flash in the air with bright colorful sparks and hang over the flowers.
To the east of the Amazon, the green forest sea is gradually replaced by stony woodlands - caatinga. Poor soils barely cover the rocks, there is almost no grass. Everywhere there are thorny semi-bushes and all kinds of cacti. And above them are dry-loving shrubs and trees, columnar cacti and tree-like spurges. Bottle trees grow at some distance from each other, like skittles. These thickets are almost devoid of foliage and offer no shelter at all from the burning rays of the sun or from rainstorms. During the winter-spring dry period, which here lasts 8-9 months, precipitation is less than 10 mm per month. At the same time, the average air temperature is 26 - 28 C. At this time, many plants shed their leaves. Life stops until the autumn rains, when more than 300 mm of precipitation falls per month with an annual amount of 700 - 1000 mm. As a result of rains, the water level in the rivers rises rapidly. Floods are regularly repeated, destroying houses and washing away the fertile layer of soil from the fields.
Brazil is diverse in natural conditions. It stands out: the Amazonian lowland and the Brazilian plateau, which differed in relief, moisture conditions, vegetation, etc. In general, the natural conditions are favorable for the population and the economy.
Brazil is extremely rich in natural resources. Among them, the main place belongs to forest resources - moist equatorial forests, which occupy 2/3 of the country's territory and are actively used at the present time. Recently, these forests have been subjected to ruthless destruction, which leads to a change in the entire natural complex as a whole. The Amazonian forests are called "the lungs of the planet, and their extermination is a problem not only for Brazil, but for the whole world. Brazil's mineral resource base is diverse. About 50 types of minerals are mined here. These are, first of all, iron, manganese ores, bauxites and non-ferrous metal ores The main reserves are concentrated in the eastern part of the country on the Brazilian plateau.In addition, Brazil has oil and potash salts.
Water resources are represented by a huge number of rivers, the main of which is the Amazon (the greatest river in the world). Almost a third of this large country is occupied by the Amazon River basin, which includes the Amazon itself and more than two hundred of its tributaries. This gigantic system contains a fifth of all the river waters of the world. The landscape in the Amazon is flat. The rivers and their tributaries flow slowly, during the rainy seasons they often overflow their banks and flood vast areas of tropical forests. The rivers of the Brazilian Plateau have significant hydropower potential. The largest lakes in the country are Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, Parana, Sao Francisco.
Agro-climatic and soil resources are great, contributing to the development of agriculture. Brazil has fertile soil that grows coffee, cocoa, bananas, grains, citrus fruits, sugar cane, soybeans, cotton, and tobacco. Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of cultivated land. Due to the fact that the main part of the country is located in the intertropical zone with a predominance of low altitudes, Brazil is characterized by average temperatures exceeding 20 degrees. Brazil has six types of climate: equatorial, tropical, tropical highlands, tropical Atlantic, semi-arid and subtropical.
In the north - eastern outskirts of Brazil, tropical forests give way to desert areas and steppes covered with shrubs, but the wet Atlantic coasts abound with lush vegetation. Between the coastal cities of Porto Alegre in the south of the country and El Salvador in the east stretches a narrow strip of land only 110 kilometers wide, and immediately after it the central and southern plateaus begin. The northern regions of the country are in the equatorial zone, and Rio de Janeiro lies just north of the Tropic of Capricorn - so the climate in most of Brazil is very warm. In the Amazon basin, the temperature is around 27 degrees all year round. The seasons of Brazil are distributed as follows: spring - from September 22 to December 21, summer - from December 22 to March 21, autumn - from March 22 to June 21, winter - from June 22 to September 21. 58.46% of Brazil's relief is formed by plateaus. The main ones in the north are Guiana, in the south - Brazilian, which occupies most of the territory and is divided into the Atlantic, Central, Southern and the plateau of Rio - Grande do Sul. The remaining 41% of the territory is occupied by plains, the most important among them are the Amazon, La Plata, San Francisco and Tocantins. All natural conditions and resources create very favorable conditions for economic development.
The area is 8.5 million km2. The population is 173 million people. Federal Republic - 26 states and one federal district. Capital -. Brasilia
EGP
. Brazil is located in the eastern and central part. South. America. The largest country on the mainland, occupies almost 50% of its area. It borders with all countries. South. America, except. Ecuador and. Chile. Border length. Brazil exceeds 23 thousand km (land - 16.5 thousand km m; coastline. Atlantic Ocean - 7.4 thousand km) in the northern part of the country crosses the equator, and in the south -. Southern Tropic. The largest length of the country from west to east and from north to south is about 4300 km. Approximately at the intersection of these long lines, the capital of the state of the state was built.
Since 1983, the country has become a member of the organization "Latin American Integration Association" -. MERCOSUR and the subregional trade and economic association "La Plata Group" - since 1969. From 1978, a participant in the trade and economic formation "Amazon Pact".
Population
Brazil ranks fifth in the world in terms of population, the state has a high natural population growth - 3 million people a year. The birth rate is 37 per 1000 people, and the death rate is 9 per 1000 inhabitants. 50% of the population are young people under 20 years old, over 50 years old - 10% of the population. The average life expectancy is 63 rockrocks.
Insofar as. Brazil is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese played a major role in shaping both the country and the nation. The official language is Portuguese. With the development of coffee production. Germans, Swiss, Italians also came here. A significant contribution to the economic development of the country was made by Japanese immigration in the 1930s (over 1 million people). Most of them were highly qualified specialists.
In general, Brazilians are a nation formed as a result of mixed marriages of Europeans, blacks and Indians. Europeans make up 25%, blacks - 10%, Indians - 0.2%. Two-thirds are a mixed population (mulattos, with sambo, mestizos).
Many areas. Brazil is poorly populated, the average population density is 20 people per 1 km2, and c. Amazonia - 0.1 person per 1 km2. On the coast. The Atlantic Ocean in the state is home to 80% of the population, and its density ranges from 60-100 people per 1 km2. In order to redistribute the population across the country, the government decided to build a new capital closer to the central regions. Brazil, away from the sea a few in the city's residents. Brasilia today exceeds 1 million cases.
The number of urban population is growing rapidly in the state, its share is 65%. Most of the urban population. Brazil lives in million-plus cities located mainly on the coast. Atlantic Ocean ((Sao Paulo - 18.4 million people, Rio de Janeiro - 11.7 million people, Recife - 3 million people, Salvador - 3.5 million people, Porto Alegre - 3.5 million people, etc.).
The number of economically active population is more than 63 million people, and women make up only 20% of this category of the population. With an increase in the share of people employed in the sectors of material production, 45% of the occupations of the fifth work in the service sector.
Natural conditions and resources
Brazil has large reserves of mineral resources, the structure of which is dominated by ore minerals. The reserves of energy resources in the country are insignificant and do not meet their own needs. So,. Brahe Ilia has relatively small coal deposits in the southeast of the country. Large forecast oil reserves c. Amazonian lowland, the territory of which has been explored very poorly, and within the shelf zone. Atlantic Ocean, stretching for more than 7 thousand km. The lack of own oil was the impetus for the widespread use of alcohol from cane sugar as a fuel for motor vehicles. Of great importance for the energy industry are the valuable deposits of uranium ores.
Brazil has large reserves of iron ores - 40 billion tons (second place after Russia), manganese ores (one of the first places in the world), significant deposits of various non-ferrous metal ores, in particular bauxite. Nike ale, tin, titanium and tungsten ores. For a long time. Brazil was famous for its large reserves of gold and precious stones. The country has insignificant reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry.
Relief. Brazil and the amount of precipitation here contribute to the formation of an extensive river network, which plays a major role in the formation of its water and hydropower resources of particular importance. The Amazon is the largest river in the world in terms of basin area (7 million km2). Brazil occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of hydro resources, which are estimated at almost 120 million kW, of which only 50 million kW are used.
The country ranks second in the world after. Russia in terms of forest resources is large on. Earth areas of moist equatorial forests (5 million km2) are located in. Amazon. Thanks to the huge reserves of forests,. Braz ziliya may in the future take one of the leading places in the world in terms of its harvesting and export "" /
According to natural conditions, the territory of the state can be divided into two parts: forest plains. Amazon and tropical landscapes. Brazilian plateau. The territory of the country lies in the equatorial, subequatorial nomu, tropical and subtropical climatic zones of the average annual
rainfall: 2000-3000 mm - in. Amazonia, 1400-2000 mm - in the center. The Brazilian Plateau is an arid territory located in the northeast. The Brazilian plateau (500 mm per year) is generally m agro-climatic. Brazil, in particular the growing season, which lasts almost the entire year, the amount and frequency of rainfall contribute to the cultivation of crops here that can be felt in a limited number of countries around the world: coffee, cocoa, sugarcane.
Land resources . Brazil account for over 750 million hectares, but agricultural land occupies less than 1/5 of the country's territory. Their structure is dominated by pastures
1/3 of the territory of Brazil is occupied by humid evergreen forests of the Amazonian lowland, and the rest of the territory is tropical landscapes of the high plains of the Brazilian Plateau with pronounced wet and dry seasons.
Brazil is extremely rich in natural resources. Among them, the main place belongs to forest resources - moist equatorial forests (1/7 of all world forest resources), which occupy 1/3 of the country's territory and are currently actively used. Unfortunately, in our time, these forests are subjected to ruthless destruction, which leads to a change in the entire natural complex as a whole. Amazonian forests are called the "lungs of the planet", and their extermination is a problem not only in Brazil, but throughout the world.
About 50 types of mineral raw materials are mined in Brazil. These are, first of all, iron, manganese ores, bauxite, nickel, uranium and non-ferrous metal ores. Brazil has reserves of potassium, phosphates, tin ore, lead, graphite, chromium, zirconium and the rare radioactive mineral thorium. The main reserves are concentrated in the eastern part of the country on the Brazilian plateau. In addition, Brazil has oil and natural gas.
Brazil has a large supply of fresh water. Their largest source is the Amazon River. Hydropower reserves are estimated at 255 million kW. The rivers of the Parana basin are most intensively used for hydro construction, giving 2/3 of the capacity of all hydroelectric power stations in the country. Including the largest hydroelectric power station on the planet - Itaipu - stands on the Parana River. The San Francisco River is of great importance both for hydropower and for the water supply of the northeast. The largest lakes in the country are Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, Parana, Sao Francisco. .
The country has the soil and forest resources necessary for the development of agriculture and industry. Forests on red-colored ferrallitic soils predominate. In the west of the Amazon - humid equatorial forests (selva), in the east - deciduous-evergreen. The central part of the Brazilian Plateau is occupied by savannah, and the dry northeastern part is occupied by desert woodlands on red-brown soils (caatinga). In the south of the Brazilian Plateau - evergreen deciduous and mixed forests, in which coniferous araucaria is highly valued. The extreme south is occupied by subtropical steppes with fertile chernozem-like soils. .
58.46% of Brazil's relief is formed by plateaus. The main ones in the north are Guiana, in the south - Brazilian, which occupies most of the territory and is divided into the Atlantic, Central, Southern and Rio Grande do Sul plateaus. The remaining 41% of the territory is occupied by plains, the most important among them are the Amazonian, La Plata, San Francisco and Tocantins.
All natural conditions and resources create very favorable conditions for economic development.
However, despite favorable climatic conditions, tourism in Brazil is rather poorly developed. The government is investing heavily in the development of this industry. At the moment, the largest tourist centers are located in Rio de Janeiro.
Brazil is the largest state in Latin America, which occupies almost half of the mainland of South America. In the east and north it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil, whose natural resources and conditions are diverse, is a country favorable for managing the economy and living the population.
Relief
In the northern part of the country, it gradually passes into the hilly plains of the Guiana Plateau, surrounded by steep cliffs. Almost the entire remaining territory of the country is occupied by the Brazilian Plateau, which rises to the northeast and south and ends abruptly at the Atlantic Lowland. To the west of the residual ridge and the Atlantic massifs, there is a belt of monocline-stratal and stratal plains; basement plains and plateaus, alternating with plateaus, predominate in the north and in the center.
Climate
Brazil has a hot climate. Natural resources are largely determined by climatic conditions. The average monthly temperature varies from 16 to 29 degrees, and frosts are possible only on high massifs in the eastern part. However, the country is characterized by different types of climate and precipitation patterns.
Inland waters
Speaking about the natural features of Brazil, it should be noted its very dense river network. The Amazon system irrigates the entire Amazonian lowland, the northern part of the Brazilian and the south of the Guiana Plateau. The southern part of the Brazilian Plateau is irrigated by the Uruguay and Uruguay systems, the western by the Paraguay River, and the eastern by the Sao Francisco River. Of these, only the Amazon and its western and eastern tributaries are full of water throughout the year.
The rivers of the Brazilian Plateau are characterized by large fluctuations in water flow and floods. The water arteries of the plateau have significant reserves of hydropower, however, as a rule, they are navigable only in short sections.
Vegetation and soils
The country is dominated by forests on lateritic (ferralitic) red soils. Brazil occupies the first place in the world in terms of hardwood reserves. Natural resources in the western part of the Amazon are dense evergreen humid equatorial forests with valuable trees (over 4 thousand species), under which there are lateritic podzolic soils.
Deciduous-evergreen forests are widespread on the hills framing the Brazilian and due to dry weather, the process of podzolization in the soil is unstable and less pronounced. Similar types of vegetation and soils, taking into account altitudinal zonality, are characteristic of the windward, eastern, and high massifs and hills of the Brazilian Plateau. The western slopes are characterized by predominantly moist seasonal forests. The center of the plateau is occupied by savannah on lateritic red soils; small-wooded shrub savannahs are most common. Along the rivers are gallery forests, where the valuable carnauba wax palm grows. The northeast of the plateau is occupied by semi-desert woodlands, consisting of succulent and xerophytic shrubs and trees on red-brown and red-brown soils. The evenly humid south is characterized by evergreen mixed and deciduous forests of Brazilian coniferous araucaria. In the lowlands, grassy treeless savannahs are common on reddish-black soils.
Animal world
The great diversity of fauna can be explained by the diversity of ecosystems and the significant size of the territory that Brazil occupies. The overview of the fauna in different sources is different, since even taxonomists sometimes disagree on the classification of animals living in the country. New species are discovered with enviable regularity, while others, unfortunately, are dying out.
Of all countries, Brazil is characterized by the largest number of species of primates (about 77) and freshwater fish (more than 3 thousand). The country ranks second in the world in terms of the number of amphibians, third in the number of bird species, and fifth in the number of reptile species. Many animals are endangered, especially those living in ecosystems that are now largely destroyed, such as the Atlantic Forest.
Economy of Brazil
Due to the high level of development of the manufacturing and extractive industries, agriculture, the service sector and a large number of able-bodied population, Brazil is far ahead of all other Latin American countries in terms of GDP. Currently, it is further expanding its presence in global markets. The main export products are coffee, aviation equipment, vehicles, soybeans, steel, orange juice, shoes, fabrics, sugar, and electrical equipment.
The Brazilian economy is highly diverse and has significant variations between regions. In terms of business opportunities, cities differ greatly from each other. Although the economy of the state is quite developed, widespread problems of poverty, illiteracy and corruption are still significant barriers to development.
Minerals of Brazil
More than forty types of minerals are mined in the country. The most significant are manganese and iron ores. Thus, more than two hundred million tons of iron ore are mined annually, of which about 80 percent is exported. In terms of bauxite mining, the state occupies one of the first places in the world. Minerals of Brazil are also represented by copper, zinc, nickel, the deposits of which are used for the domestic market. The country is a supplier of strategic raw materials: niobium, tungsten, mica, zirconium. The annual demand for oil, which is 75 million tons, is only provided by half, so Brazil is forced to import it. in the Amazon in the 1970s. large reserves of gold have been found, now its production is about 80 tons per year. Coal deposits have also been discovered, but this raw material is of poor quality; its production is approximately 5 million tons per year.
Industry
The most developed is concentrated in the south-east and south of the country. The northeast is considered the poorest region, but it is now beginning to attract investment. Of the Latin American countries, Brazil has the most developed industrial sector, accounting for a third of GDP. The state manufactures products ranging from steel, automobiles, and petroleum products to aircraft, computers, and consumer goods.
Brazil accounts for over a quarter of GDP. The main industries are oil refining and the production of chemical products. After the US, the country is the largest producer of bioethanol, which provides about 30 percent of fuel needs. To refuel cars in Brazil, both ethanol in its pure form and mixed with gasoline are used. The raw material for its production is Brazilian enterprises annually produce ethanol in the amount of 16-20 billion liters.
More than 1.5 million cars are produced annually in the country. The main manufacturers are Mercedes-Benz, Scania, Fiat.
The main branch of light industry is textile. Brazil ranks 6th-7th in the world in the production of textiles. About 80 percent of cotton is imported from abroad, due to the poor quality of Brazilian raw materials.
The shoe industry is also developed - there are more than 4 thousand factories for the production of shoes.
Finally
Among the Latin American countries, Brazil undoubtedly has the greatest economic potential. The country's natural resources provide enormous opportunities for growth. However, the country is still characterized by a significant differentiation in income and a large difference in the level of development of the western and eastern regions.
