Our speech is incredibly diverse and rich. Someone writes: “Hello, how are you?”, And someone: “It's great, well, how is life young?”. Someone in speech tries to use neutral words, and someone, without hesitation, uses colloquial vocabulary. But what is it? Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are a large layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language. What it consists of, how it is formed, how it differs from stylistically neutral or bookish, you will learn from this article using simple and understandable examples.

What is colloquial and colloquial vocabulary? Examples of words in colloquial vocabulary

The vocabulary of colloquial style includes words that give speech a free character. In comparison with the literary language, it is considered stylistically reduced.

Colloquial vocabulary - words with a stylistically reduced connotation.

Examples of colloquial and colloquial words: son, stupid, tipok, grandmother, nix, crybaby, daughter, stipukha, hostel, trash, blooper, dog, mug, to here, muzzle, stupid, Svenovsky, shipper, ordinance, grandmother, nonsense, carrion, type, gopnik, reptile, dike, butch.

Emotional coloring of colloquial vocabulary

Have you ever noticed how expressive our speech is? Have you ever wondered why there is so much imagery in it? The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings: vinaigrette (mixing of heterogeneous concepts), sticking (persistently sticking with something), kennel (cramped, dirty room), tower (tall man), battle (noisy quarrel), dragonfly ( mobile girl, girl).

But not all colloquial expressions can express an emotional assessment. Words of colloquial speech do not have this ability: hug, usher, really, go home, come here, personnel officer, soda, not put on, renew, smoke break, instantly, get scared, like, carpentry, etc.

What is colloquial vocabulary? Her types

It is important to understand that some phrases that are often used in our speech are not colloquial. For example, the word "mother" is not colloquial, but stylistically neutral, unlike its other form - "mother". How to distinguish them? Neutral vocabulary does not seem "foreign" in book styles.

Among the colloquial vocabulary, several groups can be distinguished:

• Slang vocabulary.
• Argo vocabulary.
• Neologisms.
• Professional words.
• Slang.
• Dialectisms.

Slang vocabulary (slang) is a vocabulary used by a narrow circle of people united by something. Examples of colloquial words in jargon: gerych (heroin), birthday (birthday), chocolate (in good relations), bodyaga (long, tedious conversation), paddle (spoon), lave (money), golimy (stupid), nishtyak (fine), hamster (browser homepage).

Vocabulary slang (argotisms) - words or expressions of a closed group of people. This section of the vocabulary was formed thanks to prison or camp conversations, the information in which they tried to classify as much as possible. Examples of colloquial and colloquial words among argotisms: blot (thieves), tramp (correct criminal), guard / cyric (detention center employee), wolf ticket (certificate of release), load (testify), drek (nonsense, something worthless) , sting / sharpening (face), rat (stealing from his own), malyava (note), murka (concepts), lean back (free himself).

Neologisms are expressions created to describe new phenomena, most often borrowed. Due to the large abundance of new expressions, neologisms soon lose their status and become part of an active vocabulary. Examples of colloquial words: hype (hype), trash (something terrible), demisexual (a person who can only enter into a relationship with someone who is close to him), riter (writer), harassment (harassment, threats, harassment).

Professionalisms are vocabulary used only in certain professions. Examples of colloquial words: blunder (typo), bagel (steering wheel), saucepan (synchrophasotron), stick (fluorography), cargo-200 (killed soldiers), film (EKG), tube (tuberculosis), physio (saline solution).

Slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups. Examples: tap/stipukha (scholarship), dorm (dormitory), tails (academic debts), shipper/pair (imagining someone as a couple, it doesn't matter if they are a real couple), crash (object of adoration), stanit/fanate (love some famous person, be a fan), academy (academic leave), spurs (cribs), clave (keyboard), DR (birthday).

Dialectisms are phrases whose scope of use is limited to a certain territory. Examples of colloquial words among dialectisms: balyak / gutarit (talk), beetroot (beetroot), kochet (rooster), zenki (eyes), shaberka (neighbor), popelitsa (ashes), dezhka (wooden barrel), base (yard), kryga (floe), gomonok (purse).

word formation

But colloquial vocabulary is replenished not only thanks to new expressions or new figurative meanings. Often, old words from book speech easily turn into colloquial ones due to various ways of merging phrases: sliders, street child, microwave, smoking room, mobile phone; abbreviations: IMHO (I have an opinion, I want to voice it), BUR (high-security barrack); and morphemic units:

• The suffix -yag is a tramp, goner, dude, hard worker.
• Suffix -hedgehog - clamor, whining, cramming.
• Confix in-____-onka slowly, gently.
• Suffix -isch- bag, tooth, cat.
• Various diminutive suffixes -k-, -ek-, -ik-, -ok- son, fungus, baby.

Conclusion

Now you know what colloquial vocabulary is, you have seen examples of it. After reading, try to follow your speech: do you use these phrases a lot? The fewer of them in your speech, the better. But these words cannot be completely excluded from your vocabulary. Otherwise, how can you convince a bully you met somewhere in the alley that your phone and wallet will not be useful to him in any way?

Spoken words: examples of use in Russian. What words are colloquial? - all interesting facts and achievements of science and education on the site

Ranks of colloquial vocabulary

In the most general terms, two groups of colloquial vocabulary can be distinguished: these are commonly used, neutral words (day, year, work, sleep, early, you can, good, old) and actually colloquial words (reader, real, sit down). Zherebilo T.V. Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography: Dictionary-reference book. [Electronic document]

Spoken words, in turn, are divided into colloquial and everyday and vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary mainly includes lexemes that are neutrally stylistically colored, describing everyday phenomena, but having external signs of colloquial speech (five, talk, keep up).

The colloquial lexicon includes the words actually colloquial and rude familiar. The use of the latter is not always appropriate and must be stylistically justified. The expressive coloring of such words varies from negative to offensive, derogatory (drunk, donkey, bitch, yap, little mind). The composition of the same layer includes swearing, obscene vocabulary. Interestingly, the meaning of vernacular expressions in some cases can be determined depending on the context (the phrase oh you son of a bitch can mean both contempt and admiration) and indicated by intonation.

The use of colloquial vocabulary in conversation with strangers and unfamiliar people is a violation of not only linguistic, stylistic, but also cultural norms.

Functions of colloquial vocabulary in a work of art

The colloquial style of speech is realized mainly in oral form. In writing, it can manifest itself, for example, when communicating via electronic means (chat messages, SMS), when exchanging small notes, etc.

However, elements of colloquial speech - some lexemes or syntactic constructions - can be used in the artistic style of speech. The artistic style, due to its specificity, can include elements of a wide variety of styles in order to fill the narrative with imagery, clarity, bring it closer to the described reality, and sometimes to create a comic effect.

In works of art, various colloquial vocabulary can be used. The main role in this will be played by suffixes that carry a certain stylistic coloring: ice, twig, river - words with the suffix k indicate the small size of objects; son, eyebrows, steps - we understand that the author feels sympathy for the characters in relation to whom he uses these words; words with suffixes av, yav, at can serve as a means of creating a portrait of a hero: Black-haired, pot-bellied; etc.

We can single out the following main functions that the words of the colloquial style perform in works of art:

2. An indication of the size of objects. Huge, small, house, hut.

3. Creating a comic effect.

4. Transfer of color of the described era, area. For this, dialect vernacular is often used: Gutarili about him on the farm wonderful Sholokhov M. Quiet Don. [Electronic document]

5. Creation of the speech characteristics of the character.

We will pay the most attention to the last point: in the second chapter of the term paper, we will be interested in the manifestation of this particular function. The way this or that character speaks allows us to judge the level of his education, how he perceives the world around him, what he feels in relation to other characters. All this helps us to follow the course of the author's thought, to understand what role each character plays in the story.

vocabulary colloquial style artistic

Colloquial vocabulary is used in everyday communication (at home, at work with friends, in an informal setting). Colloquial words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting.

Colloquial vocabulary is predominantly a colloquial style of speech. It does not violate the generally accepted norms of literary speech, although it is characterized by a certain freedom in the choice of means. For example, instead of the expressions blotting paper, reading room, dryer, the words blotter, reader, dryer are often used (quite acceptable in colloquial speech, they are inappropriate in official, business communication).

In colloquial vocabulary, there are also positive words: daughter, dove, butuz, laughter and expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called: small fry, zealous, giggle, brag

The colloquial style is opposed to the book style and is used in casual conversations, more often in an informal setting. The main form of existence is oral, but it can also be carried out in writing (notes, private letters, fixing the speech of characters, and sometimes the author's speech in works of art).

The task of speech is communication, the exchange of impressions. Distinctive features of the conversational style are informality, ease, unpreparedness, emotionality, the use of facial expressions and gestures.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of the following language means:

at the phonetic level:

a greater degree of vowel reduction, pronunciation compression of words (now [sh'as], hello [(z) dra? s't'i]);

varied intonation with relatively free word order;

at the level of vocabulary and word formation:

the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, jargon (hard worker, electric train, meticulous, quietly, fawn);

the predominant use of specific vocabulary, a slight use of abstract, terminological words;

expressiveness and evaluativeness in vocabulary and word formation (awesome, boo, little book, hefty);

frequent use of phraseological units;

at the level of morphology:

the most frequent use of personal pronouns of all styles;

the predominance of the use of verbs over the use of nouns;

rare use of participles and short adjectives, non-use of gerunds;

inflexibility of complex numerals, inclination of abbreviations;

the use of particles, interjections;

frequent figurative use of morphological means (for example, the use of tenses and moods in a meaning that is unusual for them in book styles);

at the syntactic level:

the use of one-part and incomplete sentences;

lack of complex syntactic constructions;

non-union of a complex sentence;

frequent use of incentive, interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

use of appeals.

As an example, let us cite the statement of one of the characters in A.P. Chekhov's story "Revenge":

- Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of conversational style:

- interrogative and exclamatory sentences

– colloquial interjection gosh

- personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

Shame on you, lady. You are angry with me, not understanding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter calmed me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, however funny, is not at all funny to me. What is the desire to wander into a nasty provincial town to see nasty actors performing nasty old, nasty opera?<...>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you have such a nature.

In this passage, the following linguistic features of the conversational style appeared:

- the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, drag, nasty, drive around, what a hunt, union yes in the meaning of 'but', the particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible,

- a word with an evaluative derivational suffix town,

- inverted word order in some sentences,

- lexical repetition of the word bad,

- appeal,

- the presence of an interrogative sentence,

- the use of personal pronouns 1 and 2 person singular,

- the use of verbs in the present tense,

- the use of the plural form of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga), which is absent in the language, to designate all small provincial towns.

We do not speak the way we write, and if we write down colloquial speech, it will look so unusual that we involuntarily want to amend it in accordance with the norms of written speech. However, this should not be done, because conversational style obeys its own norms and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in a casual conversation.

The colloquial style performs the main function of the language - the function of communication, its purpose is the direct transmission of information, mainly orally (with the exception of private letters, notes, diary entries). The linguistic features of the conversational style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication, the absence of a preliminary selection of language means, automatism of speech, everyday content and dialogic form.

The situation has a great influence on the conversational style - the real, objective situation of speech. This allows you to reduce the statement to the maximum, in which individual components may be absent, which, however, does not interfere with the correct perception of colloquial phrases. For example, in a bakery, the phrase does not seem strange to us: Please, with bran, one; at the station at the ticket office: Two to Odintsovo, for children and adults, etc.

In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and the emotionality of style.

Like any style, conversational has its own special scope, a certain theme. Most often, the subject of conversation is the weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices ... It is possible, of course, to discuss the political situation, scientific achievements, news in cultural life, but these topics also obey the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure, although in such cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words and terms.

For a relaxed conversation, a necessary condition is the absence of officiality, trusting, free relations between the participants in the dialogue or polylogue. The attitude towards natural, unprepared communication determines the attitude of speakers to language means.

In the colloquial style, for which the oral form is the original, the sound side of speech plays the most important role, and above all, intonation: it is it (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of colloquialism. Casual speech is distinguished by sharp rises and falls in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the tempo of speech. By sound, one can easily distinguish the full (academic, strict) pronunciation style inherent in a lecturer, orator, professional announcer broadcasting on the radio (all of them are far from conversational style, their texts are other book styles in oral speech), from incomplete, characteristic colloquial speech. It notes a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich, we say San Sanych, instead of Marya Sergeevna - Mary Sergeevna. Less tension of the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and even sometimes to their complete disappearance (“hello”, not hello, does not say, but “grit”, not now, but “lose”, instead of we will hear “buim”, instead of what - "cho", etc.). This “simplification” of orthoepic norms is especially noticeable in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in common speech.

Radio and television journalism has special rules for pronunciation and intonation. On the one hand, in improvised, unprepared texts (conversation, interview), it is natural and natural to follow the pronunciation norms of conversational style, but not vernacular options, but neutral ones. At the same time, the high culture of the speaker's speech requires the accuracy of pronunciation of words, the placement of stresses, and the expressiveness of the intonation pattern of speech.

Colloquial vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used words (day, year, work, sleep, early, you can, good, old); 2) colloquial words (potato, reader, real, nestle). It is also possible the use of colloquial words, professionalisms, dialectisms, jargon, that is, various non-literary elements that reduce the style. All this vocabulary is predominantly everyday content, specific. At the same time, the circle of book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings is very narrow. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced color here. Characteristic is the use of occasional words (neologisms that we come up with just in case) - opener, goody, nutcrackers (instead of a nutcracker), to promote (accept according to the model).

In a colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - evening, condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-story house - five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are converted and one word is used instead of two: forbidden zone - zone, academic council - council, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave - decree.

A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or indefinite meaning, which is concretized in the situation: thing, thing, business, history. “Empty” words are close to them, acquiring a certain meaning only in context (bagpipes, bandura, jalopy). For example: And where will we put this bandura? (about the closet); We know this music!

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature (at hand, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back, etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere, etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; they differ from bookish and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reducedness. Compare: to die - to play in the box, to mislead - to hang noodles on your ears (rub glasses, suck from your finger, take from the ceiling).

The word formation of colloquial speech is characterized by features due to its expressiveness and evaluativeness: here suffixes of subjective assessment are used with the meanings of flattery, disapproval, magnification, etc. as well as suffixes with a functional coloring of conversation, for example, for nouns: suffixes -k- (locker room, overnight stay, candle, stove); -ik (knife, rain); -un (talker); -yaga (hard worker); -yatin (yummy); -sha (feminine nouns for job titles: doctor, conductor, usher, etc.). Non-suffixed formations are used (snoring, dancing), word compositions (couch potato, windbag). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives with an estimated meaning: eye-eye, spectacles-eye, toothy; biting, brawling; thin, healthy, etc., as well as verbs - prefix-suffixal: to-shal-vot, to-speak, to-game-vat, suffixal: der-anut, spe-kul-nut; healthy; prefixal: to lose weight, to drink, to drink, etc. In order to enhance expression, doubling of words is used - adjectives, sometimes with additional prefixation (He is so huge-huge; the water is black-black; it is big-eyed-big-eyed; smart-premature), acting in superlatives.

In the field of morphology, the conversational style is distinguished by a special frequency of verbs, they are used here even more often than nouns. Indicative and especially frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns. As Professor G.Ya. Solganik, "personal pronouns are widely used because of the constant need to designate the participants" of the conversation. “Any dialogue (and this is the main form of colloquial speech) presupposes I - the speaker, you - the inspirer, who alternately takes on the role of the speaker, and he - the one who is not directly involved in the conversation. In the formula I - you - he can put any content. Demonstrative pronouns and others are necessary for colloquial style due to their inherent breadth, generalization of meaning. They are concretized by a gesture, and this creates the conditions for a very concise transmission of this or that information (for example: It's not here, but there). Unlike other styles, only colloquial allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without first mentioning a specific word (I will not take this; This does not suit me).

Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones (mother's work, grandfather's gun) are used, but short forms are rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found here at all, and for particles and interjections colloquial speech is a native element (What can I say! That's the thing! God forbid about this and remember something! Surprise on you!).

In a colloquial style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns (in the workshop, on vacation, at home; a glass of tea, honey; workshops, a locksmith), numerals (fifty, five hundred), verbs (I will read, but not read, raise, but not raise, do not see, not hear). In a live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found, which have the meaning of an instant and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump, knock, etc. For example: And this one grabs his sleeve; And the grasshopper jumped - and into the grass. Colloquial forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives (better, shorter, harder than everyone), adverbs (quickly, more conveniently, most likely) and pronoun endings (the hostess herself, in their house) are used. Even colloquial forms are found here in playful contexts (her boyfriend, evon comrades). In colloquial speech, zero endings have been fixed in the genitive plural of such nouns as kilogram, gram, orange, tomato, etc. (one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).

Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the colloquial style allows the use of real nouns in combination with numerals (two milk, two fermented baked milk - in the meaning of "two portions"). Peculiar forms of address are common here - truncated nouns: mom! dad! Kat! Van!

Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: here the nominative dominates, which in oral replicas replaces book controlled forms. For example: He built a cottage - the station is nearby; I bought a fur coat - gray astrakhan fur; Kasha - look! (conversation in the kitchen); House of shoes - where to go? (in the bus); Turn left, crossing and sporting goods store. Especially consistently, the nominative case replaces all the others when numerals are used in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (instead of: three hundred); with one thousand five hundred and three rubles (with one thousand five hundred and three); had three dogs (three dogs).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very peculiar, due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most diverse structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, and others) and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in the speech, which is quite understandable to the speakers: Please show in a line (when buying notebooks); I don't want a Taganka (when choosing theater tickets); To you from the heart? (in a pharmacy), etc.

In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: Did you wear a hat here? They like to watch up to sixteen (meaning movies). As a result of the unpreparedness of the speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. Such fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall the details and completes the statement.

Complex sentences are not typical for colloquial speech, non-union ones are used more often than others: I will leave - it will be easier for you; You talk, I listen. Some non-union constructions of the colloquial type are not comparable with any "lower phrases. For example: Is there a rich choice or have you not been?; And for the next time, please, this lesson and the last one!

The order of words in live speech is also unusual: as a rule, the most important word in the message is put in the first place: Buy me a computer; He paid with the currency; The worst thing of all is that nothing can be done; Palace Square, coming out?; These are the qualities I value. At the same time, parts of a complex sentence (main and subordinate clauses) are sometimes intertwined: I don’t know where to get water anyway; And I know hunger, and what cold is; Are you asking about her and what did I do? As Professor N.S. Valgin, “simple and complex sentences can be contaminated when subordinate clauses are included in a simple sentence as its members.” For example: Literature is when the reader is as talented as the writer (Light.); Kizh Lake is where the fishermen used to fish for seven years, and for the other seven years they mowed the grass in the same place (Prishv.). The subordinate clauses are included in the listed series of homogeneous members of a simple sentence (You ask about your faces and what I noticed in them (Dost.)).

Typical colloquial complex sentences are characterized by weakening the function of the subordinate clause, merging it with the main one, structural reduction: You could talk about whatever you wanted; You will work with whom they will order; Call whoever you want; I live as I please.

In a number of conversational types of sentences, question-answer constructions can be combined and the structural features of dialogic speech can be reflected, for example: Whom I respect on the course is Ivanova; What I need is you.

The following features of colloquial syntax should also be noted:

The use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Vera, she comes late; The policeman, he noticed it.

Putting at the beginning of the sentence an important word from the subordinate part: I love bread, so that it is always fresh.

Use of sentence words: Okay; It's clear; Can; Yes; Not; From what? Certainly! Still would! Well, yes! Well no! Maybe.

The use of insert structures that introduce additional, additional information that explains the main message: I thought (then I was still young) he was joking; And we, as you know, are always glad to have a guest; Kolya - he is generally a kind person - wanted to help ...

Activity of introductory words: maybe, it seems, fortunately, as they say, so to speak, let's say so, you know.

Widespread lexical repetitions: So-so, just about, barely, far, far, fast, fast, etc.

In conclusion, we note that the colloquial style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a bright originality of linguistic features that go beyond the normalized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary one. Each of the functional styles has developed its own norms that should be reckoned with. This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm can fluctuate depending on the intra-style stratification of the colloquial style. It has varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular, which has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the bookish one, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

The Russian national language, which is the object of study of the science of language, consists of several varieties. The basic element of the language as a single sign system of communication and transmission of information is the Russian literary language, which is considered the highest exemplary form of the national language. This type of language developed gradually, and it is still in a state of constant development. It is influenced by writers, poets and other masters of the word, creating new literary norms.

All the processes described above are a consequence of the development of civilization at the present stage. In the conditions of a post-industrial society (it is also called informational), the role of information is constantly increasing. It should be noted that a significant share in the information flow belongs to print media: newspapers, magazines, etc. In order to isolate the most important material from the general mass, media representatives have to resort to various methods of expression. This is often achieved by violating the stylistic uniformity of the text or by using colloquial words, vernacular, jargon and slang terms. Any article in the newspaper is an author's text that reflects the author's position on the event in question. Such materials are characterized by some evaluativeness, stylistic coloring of words. Expression plays the main role in the composition of the evaluative vocabulary of publicistic texts. It includes words that enhance the expressiveness of written speech. It should be noted that a significant part of the vocabulary is stylistically neutral, i.e. can be used in any kind of oral and written speech, without giving it any stylistic shades. However, when using words, one cannot ignore their belonging to a particular style of speech. In modern Russian, book and colloquial types are distinguished. The book type includes scientific, journalistic, official business. Media of the journalistic type are newspapers and other printed periodicals.

The theme of the proposed work is "Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary in newspaper publications on the pages of the newspaper Izvestia".

The relevance of the topic under consideration is due to the following circumstances: the information and analytical part of the newspaper is devoted mainly to politics and economics, as a result of which it is of particular interest not only to ordinary readers, but also to political scientists, social scientists, and economists; - the publication promptly covers all the events taking place in the world, gives them a balanced, professional assessment; - "Izvestia" is an all-Russian newspaper that most fully covers the entire spectrum of current events, both in the life of Russia and abroad.

The object of research in the work is colloquial speech.

The subject of the study is the classification of colloquial and colloquial words in the newspaper "Izvestia".

The purpose of the work is to describe and try to classify the types of colloquial words in the newspaper "Izvestia".

The set goals led to the following tasks:

Consider the concept of "colloquial speech";

Describe the use of different-style vocabulary in journalistic speech;

Classify colloquial and colloquial words in the Izvestia newspaper.

The course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.

Chapter I The concept of colloquial speech and its features

1.1 The relationship of the literary language and colloquial speech

The problem of the penetration of colloquial words into the literary language worries many scientists. A certain "boom" in the number of publications on this topic falls on the eighties. This was due to a number of social and political processes to which the language reacted. At that time there was a "restructuring" of the existing system. The easing of censorship affected the stylistic characteristics of newspaper articles. (5, p. 73).

Spoken language is a special functional variety of the literary language. If the language of fiction and functional styles have a single codified basis, then colloquial speech is opposed to them as an uncodified sphere of communication. Codification is the fixation in various dictionaries and grammar of those norms and rules that must be observed when creating texts of codified functional varieties. The norms and rules of conversational communication are not fixed (1, p. 130).

For a long time it was believed that they speak the same or about the same as they write. Only in the 60s. of our century, when it became possible to record colloquial speech with the help of tape recorders and this speech came to the full attention of linguists, it turned out that the existing codifications are not quite suitable for linguistic comprehension of colloquial speech.

Conversational speech as a special functional variety of language, and, accordingly, as a special object of linguistic research, is characterized by three extralinguistic, external to the language, features.

The most important feature of colloquial speech is its spontaneity, unpreparedness. If, when creating even such simple written texts as, for example, a friendly letter, not to mention complex texts such as a scientific work, each statement is considered, many "difficult" texts are first written in draft, then a spontaneous text does not require such operations. The spontaneous creation of a spoken text explains why neither linguists, nor even just native speakers, noticed its big differences from codified texts: linguistic spoken features are not recognized, not fixed by consciousness, unlike codified language indicators.

The second distinguishing feature of colloquial speech is that conversational communication is possible only with informal relations between speakers.

And, finally, the third sign of colloquial speech is that it can be realized only with the direct participation of the speakers. Such participation of speakers in communication is evident in dialogic communication (5, p. 186).

The pragmatic factor plays a special role in colloquial communication. Pragmatics are such conditions of communication that include certain characteristics of the addresser (speaking, writing), addressee (listening, reading) and the situation that affect the language structure of communication (1, p. 193).

As already mentioned, the spontaneity of colloquial speech, its great differences from codified speech, lead to the fact that spoken texts fixed in writing in one way or another leave native speakers with the impression of some disorder, much in these texts is perceived as speech carelessness or simply as a mistake. This happens precisely because colloquial speech is evaluated from the standpoint of codified prescriptions. In fact, it has its own norms, which cannot and should not be assessed as non-normative. Conversational features regularly, consistently manifest themselves in the speech of native speakers who are fluent in codified norms and all codified functional varieties of the literary language.

Thus, colloquial speech is one of the full-fledged literary varieties of the language, and not some kind of language formation, which, as it seems to some native speakers, is on the sidelines of the literary language or even beyond it (6, p. 112).

1.2 The use of different-style vocabulary in journalistic speech

The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial (realistic, blurt out, a little); some give speech solemnity (predestinate, will), others sound at ease (work, talk, old, cold). The stylistic characterization of a word takes into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities.

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​communication (5, p. 57).

In modern Russian, book styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business. They are stylistically opposed to colloquial speech, usually speaking in its characteristic oral form.

The stylistic characteristic of a word is determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used. The stylistic fixation of the word is facilitated by its thematic relevance.

Bookish and colloquial words are most clearly contrasted (cf .: intrude - get in, meddle in; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster).

As part of the book vocabulary, one can single out words characteristic of book speech as a whole (subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, presled), and words assigned to specific functional styles. For example, syntax, phoneme, litote, emission, denomination gravitate towards the scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to journalistic; action, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business.

Along with functional styles, expressive styles are also distinguished, for which the most important is the function of influence.

Expressive styles include solemn (high, rhetorical), familiar (reduced), as well as playful (ironic), mocking (satirical). These styles are opposed to neutral, that is, devoid of expression.

The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary. In its composition, three varieties can be distinguished.

1. Words with a bright estimated value. These include the words - "characteristics" (forerunner, herald, grouch, idler, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, destiny, business, fraud, fateful, miraculous, irresponsible , antediluvian; dare, inspire, defame, mischief).

2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: a hat, a rag, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.

3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close - and negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy, etc.

Reduced words sharply differ from all these words, which are marked with marks: playful (believing, newly minted), ironic (deign, praised), familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (painting), contemptuous (toady), derogatory ( squishy), vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).

Emotionally expressive coloring is superimposed on the functional one, complementing its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral usually belong to common vocabulary. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

The journalistic style, unlike other book styles, is open to the use of foreign-style vocabulary. You can often find terms in it (For example, Canon, computer fax, facsimile, inkjet printer, scanner and photocopier, PC facsimile) Scientific vocabulary, terminological here can be next to expressively colored colloquial, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech and enhances its effectiveness.

A characteristic feature of modern journalistic texts is the combination of book and colloquial vocabulary. A mixture of styles is often found even in articles on political and economic topics. For example: It is no secret that our government is heavily in debt and, apparently, will decide on a desperate step by launching a printing press. However, Central Bank experts believe that a collapse is not expected. Unsecured money is being issued even now, so if bills are drawn, this is unlikely to lead to a collapse of the financial market in the near future.

Mistakes in the use of stylistically colored vocabulary should not be confused, however, with a deliberate mixing of styles, in which publicists find a life-giving source of humor and irony. The modern journalistic style is experiencing a strong expansion of vernacular. In many magazines and newspapers, a reduced style dominates, saturated with evaluative literary vocabulary.

The peculiarity of colloquial words lies in the fact that these words are characteristic of everyday, colloquial speech, characterize an ordinary phenomenon. The paper also explores the main characteristics of colloquial words. Vernacular is a word characteristic of literary urban colloquial speech, used in the literary language as a stylistic means to give speech a specific shade. In addition to vernacular and colloquial words, jargons penetrate into the literary language, especially into the journalistic style, as the most expressive and stylistically brightly colored representatives of the colloquial genre (2, 130).

Conclusions on the first chapter

There is a certain trend of mixing styles in modern journalistic texts. This is due to the fact that the journalistic style allows the use of different styles of vocabulary.

Under the vocabulary of different styles, we mean words that are stylistically unevenly colored.

In the journalistic style, along with common and book vocabulary, colloquial words with varying degrees of expressive coloring and colloquial words are widely used.

Chapter II Classification of colloquial and colloquial words in the texts of the Izvestia newspaper

2.1 The style of the journalistic text of the newspaper "Izvestia"

It should be noted that newspaper articles are a typical example of journalistic style. Recently, however, elements of other styles are increasingly penetrating into them. To meet a scientific article with complex terms in an ordinary newspaper is almost an everyday thing for the reader.

When analyzing the style of the articles in the Izvestia newspaper we are considering, it is necessary to take into account its features. About 10 thousand daily newspapers are published in the world, but only dozens of them are recognized by the international community as authoritative and influential national publications. In Russia, this is Izvestia. This newspaper occupies a leading position among the country's periodicals. Its history spans over 80 years.

It is necessary to note the special structure of the object of our study. If in the seventies the newspaper was a 4-6 page publication with two main sections: news and international panorama, now Izvestia is a 12-15 page publication. The main sections are "News. People", "News. Events", "Economy", "Culture", "Expertise". Of particular interest is the column of the browser, where you can find interesting publications on a topical topic. A feature of the newspaper of the 70-80s was the regular appearance on its pages of a pamphlet ridiculing the vices of Soviet society of that time.

Despite the general nature of the inclination towards expression, its actual implementation, of course, for the most part is tied to content and design.

Issues of various periods were used to analyze the style of Izvestiya newspaper articles. Articles from different ("News. People", "News. Events", "Economy", "Culture", "Expertise") sections of the newspaper "Izvestia" were selected for the study. A total of forty articles and their headings were examined. Of these, vernacular words are thirteen; colloquial words twenty-seven. Articles were selected randomly.

2.2 Colloquial and colloquial words in the newspaper "Izvestia"

When working on the material, we paid attention to a large number of colloquial and colloquial words. We have tried to divide them into the following thematic groups:

1. Colloquial and colloquial words denoting the names of persons by profession, occupation, or position:

1. Television people appeared.

The underlined word is colloquial. The colloquial name of a specialist working in television.

2. Why are these movie bastards rewriting the plot?

Filmmakers is a colloquial name for representatives of professions related to cinema.

3. "The Big Lies of a Petty Politician"

An unscrupulous politician, and also (in colloquial speech) a generally dexterous and unprincipled businessman.

4. "Transport strike."

Colloquial name for transport workers.

5. "Tunnelers"

Drifters (colloquial) - workers working in mine workings, as well as speleologists engaged in exploration of the cave.

6. Georgian mountain shooters will speak differently.

Colloquial name for magnetic mine detectors.

Colloquial name for British police officers. .

8. "Field of bunglers"

Colloquial contemptuous name for people who do business irresponsibly and stupidly.

9. "The First Deputy of the Ministry of Finance, who avoided even ordinary interviews, did not appear.

Conversational. Abbreviated title of the Deputy Minister of Finance.

10. "Russian youth will not go to Israel"

Colloquial, closer to slang. Abbreviated name of the youth team of Russian athletes.

2. Nouns and other parts of speech that have equivalents in common vocabulary. In this group we have considered the following words:

1. Cashless profit.

Profit - profit, material gain. Spoken word.

2. Auto-drinking bowls in the Ural cities were called untidy establishments selling beer.

Autodrinkers are a colloquial word of a certain region.

3. We now have such a thing.

A thing is generally about a thing, an object or a person. Conversational.

4. "I love getting high and I get paid for it"

Colloquial, closer to slang. Kaif - pleasure, enjoyment.

5. It is not surprising that young people react to standardized writing with "cool slang."

Conversational. A particular style of spoken language for a closed group of people (youth, people engaged in certain specific professions)

6. The dollar will jump to 35 rubles.

Jump - jump up. Conversational. In this case, the use of a colloquial word in relation to economic concepts takes place.

7. The action is pleasantly brazen.

Insolent - boldly shameless, shameless. Get impudent - colloquial.

8. It is necessary to speed up or dull the plot.

The word accelerate in its semantics is close to the word "accelerate". However, the word used by the author seems to us less harmonious for an article in the "Culture" section of a periodical of this level.

To stupefy - the form of the verb from the word "stupid" (become dumb, dumber - that is, stupid), characteristic of colloquial speech.

9. It is not surprising that young people react to standardized writing with "cool slang."

Conversational. To say something “cool” is to kill, stab (in a figurative sense) with a sharp object.

10. "The First Deputy of the Ministry of Finance, who avoided even ordinary interviews, did not appear.

Conversational. Fearfully avoiding communication with someone.

11. In Russia, the conveyor for the production of strong sports pairs continues to work poorly - poorly.

Colloquial, outdated. It means that the work is progressing with difficulty.

12. Worked the old fashioned way.

In the old fashioned way - without innovation, conservatively. colloquial

13. Hazing is common.

Hazing - in the army, unequal and offensive behavior of old-timers in relation to young soldiers, recruits. A vernacular non-literary word.

14. Sharon promises to hit Palestinians hard .

Hit - hit hard. Spacious, non-literary.

15. The boys obeyed me at school.

Boy, boy, boy. Spacious, non-literary.

16. ... all the same glass vials filled with anti-Soviet!

Non-literary colloquial interpretation of the term "anti-Sovietism" - agitation and propaganda directed against the USSR

17. "... they say, here are the dirty shelves"

colloquial. A particle used in the transmission of someone else's speech with a touch of distrust.

18. "the rest is" pipes "!

colloquial. A particle expressing refusal, disagreement.

19. "... in his filthy jacket…"

colloquial. Frayed, soiled, used to sharpen criticism.

Feuilleton "Official bruise". Y. Sokolova

20. "... an actress who completely disappeared into the image of the reckless Piggy...."

colloquial. Extremely frivolous and irresponsible person.

21. Abracadabra is found in books.

colloquial. A meaningless set of words (according to the Latin name of a magic spell).

22. "The fat dictionary of Lopatin also helps"

colloquial. Large pages.

23. "But we missed the typo."

colloquial. Missed, missed.

24. "very literate"

Spacious, outdated. Very literate, probably in a figurative sense.

3. Colloquial and colloquial words that are derived from names and surnames:

1. Putin's residence.

A derivative of the surname V.V. Putin. Conversational.

2. Yo-ho-ho and a CD from Gorbushka.

The colloquial name of the DC them. Gorbunov.

4. Numerals obtained by changing the initial form using the colloquial suffix "t":

1. "Half the kingdom for the" nine "

The colloquial name of the car model of the Volga Automobile Plant VAZ No. 9

2. "The G20 format is not yet filled with content"

Conversational.

Section "Policy" Title of the article. A. Lebedev.

So, the most numerous is the group of colloquial and vernacular words that have equivalents in common vocabulary. They do not give newspaper articles a reduced tone, but give additional expression to the material presented.

We have analyzed the ways of formation and appearance of colloquial and colloquial words in modern Russian.

Using the Derivational Dictionary of the Russian Language A.N. Tikhonov and the Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language: A Practical Guide, we divided them into two groups:

1. Words that are formed from words of common vocabulary by adding prefixes, suffixes

Words that are formed from words of common vocabulary by adding suffixes	Words that are formed from words of common vocabulary by adding prefixes	Words that are formed from words of common vocabulary by adding prefixes and suffixes
1. TV people. television box. 2. Filmmakers cinema - sh / nickname. 3. Politician politician. 4. Transport workers transport(-nickname)1 transport(-ik)2 5. Drifters pass(-chik). 6. Golovotyapov head-o-tyap. 7. Nine nine 7. Twenty twenty-k-a. 9. Fat fat-ug-th.	1. Jump to-jump. 2.Dumb o-stupid. 3.Speed ​​up y-quick.	1. Reckless without - towers -n -th. 2. Anti-Soviet anti-advice(s).

Consequently, the main way of forming such constructions is the morphological way: suffix, prefix and suffix-prefix.

2. Words forming or included in synonymous series:

Profit - profit, profit, gain, profit, profit, benefit, revenue, profit.

thing, item, item, item.

Pleasure - bliss, intoxication of bliss, kaif, kaif.

Arrogant - cynical, shameless, shameless.

5. Shy.

To avoid - to shun, avoid, shy away from, shy away from.

6. At the very least.

Minimum, minimum, at least for a bad end, at the very least.

A boy is a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy.

8. Hazing.

Hazing - hazing.

9. Abracadabra

Nonsense - zaum, a set of words, abracadabra.

10. Embed.

Hit - give in the face (or in the face) Give (embed) in the snot.

Very, very strong.

12. Blinked.

Miss - skip, let go, overlook, miss.

13. Filthy

Dirty - Greasy, dirty, dirty.

14. Say.

Say - they say.

No - refusal, what else did you want, wait, there was a hunt, sorry, move over, pipes, pipes with poppy seeds.

We came across words that are not in either one or the other dictionary:

Youth, slang, old-fashioned, cool. We can only make an assumption that the word "youth team" is formed using the suffix -k; the word "slang" is a synonym for such words as slang, jargon, dialect; the word "old-fashioned" with the prefix po and the suffix -ink; the word "cool" is formed using the prefix with and the suffix -n.

Conclusions on the second chapter

The most numerous group of colloquial and vernacular words is the group in which the words have equivalents in common vocabulary. There are 24 such words;

10 words belong to a group in which words designate persons by profession, occupation or position;

2 words belong to the group in which the words are derived from names and surnames;

2 words belong to the group in which the words are numerals, obtained by changing the initial form with the colloquial suffix "t":

When classifying colloquial and colloquial words, we paid attention to fairly common suffixes that have colloquial coloring. There are 9 words formed with the help of such suffixes. We also met words formed with the help of prefixes -3; as well as words formed with the help of both suffixes and prefixes, there are 2 such words.

We also came across words that are not in dictionaries. There are 4 such words.

Conclusion

The proposed work is a study of the problem of mixing colloquial speech and the modern Russian literary language. In this regard, the study touched upon the main issues of the style of publications. The authors of the articles use colloquial and colloquial words to make the material presented more informative and exciting. In the journalistic style, along with common and book vocabulary, colloquial words with varying degrees of expressive coloring and colloquial words are widely used.

Publicistic style allows the use of different styles of vocabulary. Under the vocabulary of different styles, we mean words that are stylistically unevenly colored. The group whose words have equivalents in common vocabulary turned out to be the most numerous (24). This is followed by a group of words denoting persons by profession, occupation or position (10). The groups of numerals and words formed from surnames are small (2 and 2, respectively).

When classifying colloquial and colloquial words, we paid attention to fairly common suffixes that have colloquial coloring. There are 9 words formed with the help of such suffixes (Filmmaker, television man, transport worker). We also met words formed with the help of prefixes -3 (stupefy, jump); as well as words formed with the help of both suffixes and prefixes, there are 2 such words (anti-Soviet, reckless).

We also came across words that are not in dictionaries. There are -4 such words (cool, slang, old-fashioned, cool).

Bibliography

1. Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language -M.: Rolf; Iris-press, 1997. P. 130; 193.

2. Golub I.B. Lecture notes on literary editing -M.: Rolf; Iris-press, 2004.S. 130.

3. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: A practical guide: Ok.11000 synonymous rows. - 11th ed. revised and expanded. -M.: Russ.yaz., 2001 - 358 p.

4. Derivative dictionary of the Russian language: in 2 volumes: More than 145,000 words / A.N. Tikhonov. -3rd ed. correct and supplemented. -M .: LLC "Publishing House Astrel": LLC "Publishing House AST", 2003. - 784 p.

5. Questions of stylistics of oral and written forms of speech. / Ed. ABOUT. Sirotinin. - Saratov, publishing house of Saratov University, 1989. P.57;73; 186.

6. Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech. / Ed. M.V. Kitaygorodskoy, E.N. Shiryaev. – M.: Nauka, 1981. S. 112.

7. Russian colloquial speech. Texts. / Ed. E.A. Zemskoy, G.A. Barimova, L.A. Kapanadze. – M.: Nauka, 1978. – 307 p.

8. Pertishcheva E.F. Stylistically colored vocabulary of the Russian language. – M.: Nauka, 1984. – 222 p.

9. Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern literary language. / Ed. ABOUT. Sirotinina. - Saratov.: Publishing House of Saratov University, 1983. - 253 p.

10. Russian colloquial speech. / Ed. E.A. Zemskoy. –M.: Nauka, 1973.-398 p.

11. Sirotinina O.B. Modern colloquial speech and its features. – M.: Knowledge, 1974. – 260 p.

12. Literary norm and vernacular. / Ed. L.I. Skvortsova. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – 254 p.

13. Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech. / Ed. M.V. Kitaygorodskoy, E.N. Shiryaev. – M.: Nauka, 1981. – 276 p.

14. Zemskaya E.A. Word formation as an activity. / Ed. Russian Academy of Sciences. – M.: Nauka, 1992. – 220 p.

The concept of low style and reduced vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary and its varieties. Spacious vocabulary. Vulgarisms. Swear words.

So, as already mentioned, stylistically colored vocabulary is divided into high (which we have already considered) and reduced. Words with reduced stylistic coloring are predominantly colloquial vocabulary. This is vocabulary that is used in an atmosphere of relaxed conversation, not constrained by any circumstances and conventions. This vocabulary is often expressive, expressive, emotional.

In reduced vocabulary, two layers are usually distinguished: colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

TO colloquial vocabulary include words that, while giving speech ease, are devoid of rudeness at the same time. For example, with the label " unfold." Dictionaries list the following words:

Apparatchik .Razg. Government worker.

wasted .Razg. Without achieving anything, in vain.

milksucker .Razg., neglect. One who is too young to judge something.

youngster .Razg., scorn. A person, usually young, suspicious or dangerous to others.

Strum .Razg. Play a musical instrument.

We see that often the stylistic label "colloquial." accompanied by some expressive-evaluative mark: " joker.», « despises.», « neglected." and etc.

Indeed, many colloquial words are emotionally and expressively colored. The very presence of expressive coloring also colors the vocabulary stylistically, making it non-neutral, moreover, most often in the downward direction. Therefore, one of the signs of colloquial words is their emotional coloring: playful, affectionate, ironic, etc. ( granny, little boy, house, hut- caress; rhymes- irony; writing, domina- disdainful, contemptuous).

Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with a figurative predicative-characterizing meaning: hat("slugger"), Crow("rotosey"), bear("clumsy person") elephant("goof"), a fox("cunning") Hare("coward"), lair, lair,pigsty(“bad housing”).

However, this does not mean that all spoken words are emotionally colored - most of them do not have emotional coloring ( usher, soda, go home, potatoes). A sign of such colloquial words is often word-building elements (for example, suffixes) characteristic of colloquial speech: -sh- ( hairdresser, secretary, doctor); -to- ( reading room, locker room, "Literature"); -onk-/-enk- ( little eyes, little hands, money) and etc.

Sometimes colloquial vocabulary is divided into colloquial-everyday, colloquial-literary and colloquial-vernacular (M.I. Fomina), according to the degree of reduction, however, the criteria for such a division are not entirely clear and stable, therefore, in dictionaries, all colloquial vocabulary is noted equally. It is not always possible to distinguish between colloquial vocabulary and even more reduced - vernacular.

colloquial vocabulary , unlike colloquial, either has a tinge of rudeness ( shabby, belly, steal, eat, sleep, show off, zenki, lair), or non-normativity ( seem, instead, to forgive, the other day, just now, in half, without fail). Lexical vernaculars of the latter type, as violating the norm of the literary language, are usually taken out of the literary language and considered as an independent social sublanguage - urban vernacular, as already mentioned). The colloquial vocabulary of the first type (it is called roughly colloquial, colloquial colloquial or literary colloquial) cannot be taken out of the literary language, because. the language will then lose one of its expressive means - such vernacular words are brightly expressive and semantically capacious (they briefly call the whole dissected concept, which, using interstyle words, would have to be expressed by a number of words or sentences). Let's see how A.P. Evgeniev (“Dictionary of synonyms”, preface) the presence of expressive coloring in colloquial synonyms: “If the word eyes only names the instrument of vision, then the word peepers serves as an expression of disdain. Word burkaly, except for an expression of disdain, contains a certain characteristic: these are bulging, inexpressive eyes.

The issue of vernacular is thus solved in linguistics ambiguously. First of all, the question is whether or not vernacular is included in the literary language (even in the most reduced stylistic layer of vocabulary). According to one point of view, vernacular (both of them) is outside the literary language (D.N. Ushakov, A. Kalinin) and is between the literary language (colloquial speech) and dialects; according to another point of view, both vernaculars are part of the literary language as the lowest stylistic variety of vocabulary (I.S. Ilyinskaya); according to the third point of view (Yu.S. Sorokin, A.N. Gvozdev), the first vernacular, as not violating the norm, enters the literary language as a stylistically reduced layer of vocabulary, and the second vernacular remains outside the literary language as non-normative. Yu.S. Sorokin only calls the first vernacular, and the second - urban koine. Disputes about whether or not colloquial speech is included in the literary language ceased after the publication in 1973 of an article by F.P. Filin "On the structure of the Russian literary language". In it (and subsequent works) F.P. Filin showed that there is not one, but two spaces.

The first is the language means used by all educated people for a rough, reduced image of the subject of thought ( show off, hag, skiff). Such vernacular is a stylistic means of the literary language, i.e. it enters the literary language as a stylistically reduced layer of vocabulary.

The second vernacular is non-literary. This is the speech of people (mainly urban residents) who are not well educated, who have not mastered the literary language enough. This includes linguistic phenomena of all levels (phonetic, lexical, grammatical: choice, who is extreme, lays down, pay the fare), which an educated person under no circumstances can use, unless deliberately, imitating the speech of illiterate people, for the purpose of a language game. Unlike the first vernacular, the use of which is conscious, the second vernacular is used unconsciously, as the only way to express thoughts, which is at the disposal of an illiterate person who has no idea about the culture of speech.

Thus, vernacular-1 (colloquial vocabulary, literary vernacular) should be distinguished from vernacular-2 (urban vernacular, non-literary vernacular), which we considered when we talked about the social differentiation of vocabulary.

Unfortunately, in explanatory dictionaries, both vernaculars are not always distinguished, although the second one should not have a place in them at all. For example, words like make-believe,to there(non-literary vernacular) are marked "simple." along with the words dohlyak,horloder,zhivoglot(literary vernacular). This is due to the fact that vernacular has not yet been sufficiently studied, and there are no clear criteria for distinguishing not only literary and non-literary vernacular, but even colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. So in the same dictionary there, doctor regarded as vulgarity, and this way, watchman like colloquial words.

Colloquial vocabulary, as well as colloquial, also sometimes has distinctive word-building elements: suffixes -yaga-, -uga-, -nya-, etc.: hundred, bandyuga, cunning, chatter, chatter etc.

A colloquial word can only have one of the following meanings:

Raven. 2.transfer. About people seeking to take advantage of smth., plundering smth. ( simple, contempt.).

cudgel 2.transfer. About a stupid, stupid person simple, swear).

As you can see, sometimes in dictionaries for the litter " simple." added, as in the case of colloquial vocabulary, expressive marks: " rude.», « bran." etc. For example:

bulge (rough, simple) Bulge your eyes.

Such litters are usually rudely colloquial and abusive vocabulary ( vulgarisms), standing on the verge of the literary language.

The recently observed stylistic decline in speech, its vulgarization and even the free use of obscene or invective vocabulary (cursing, obscenities) - although understandable from a social point of view, as a reaction to the prohibitions and slogans of the past, but, ultimately, is associated with lack of culture , with a well-known loss of artistic and aesthetic speech ideal. The danger of vulgarization and jargonization of speech (and even fiction) is that it is superimposed on spiritual standardization and poverty, speaks of the involuntary psychological subordination of those who speak the worldview "lesson", "punks", "thieves in law". Therefore, attempts to include some profanity in general dictionaries (as was done in the latest editions of Ozhegov-Shvedova's Dictionary of the Russian Language) are unjustified - there are special dictionaries for this. L.I. Skvortsov, in connection with such a situation, raises the question of the "ecology" of the language, i.e. its cleanliness and preservation.

Thus, the stylistically colored vocabulary indicates, first of all, the limitation of its use within the framework of a certain functional style. However, as already mentioned, there is an opinion that the stylistic coloring of a word (as well as the expressive one) is a component of the semantics of the word, a stylistic connotation, and the very presence of this connotation marks the word, highlighting it against the background of neutral vocabulary. In this case, one speaks not of a functional-stylistic stratification of vocabulary, but of a vocabulary with expressive-stylistic coloring (as opposed to nominative, neutral). However, at the same time, emotionally expressive coloring ( despise, despise, despise, caress) is not always distinguished from the stylistic ( lofty, poetic, colloquial, simple), which is not entirely true. Emotional coloring - an expression of the speaker's attitude to the object of speech (positive or negative) - is an obligatory component of meaning, which can be expressed not only by litter, but also verbally, in a dictionary definition. For example: horse, nag -colloquial, neglected. to the horse / bad horse. Stylistic coloring, on the other hand, is only used in a certain style and is not a component of meaning, therefore it is expressed only by a mark, cf .: eyes (high.) - the same as the eyes; to lie (simple.) - to lie.

The stylistic stratification of vocabulary, as already mentioned, is marked in general explanatory dictionaries with the help of special stylistic marks pointing to the features of the stylistic functioning of the word. Actual in this sense is, as already noted, the absence of a litter. For example: eyes - without litter (neutral, interstyle word), eyes (high, outdated.),Zenki (simple, rough). However, the system of stylistic labels is still far from perfect, as evidenced by the fact that each dictionary has its own system of stylistic labels. Moreover, many dictionaries include stylistic marks that indicate the historical perspective of the word (such as "obsolete"), and the scope of the word's use (such as "region"), which is not entirely true and is an extension of the use of the term. However, marks that indicate only the stylistic coloring of the word should be considered actually stylistic: colloquial, simple, bookish, high, poet. etc.

Concluding the conversation about the various characteristics of the vocabulary of the Russian language, it should be noted that in dictionaries some words often combine different characteristics: neglected." And " simple.», « outdated." And " high." etc. (For example: Abode .Old and tall. Same as housing

Indeed, many characteristics are closely related to each other. So, regional words usually fall into the stylistically reduced layer of the vocabulary of the literary language (vernacular). Obsolete words in the passive vocabulary are usually used in high style. Special vocabulary (terms) - belonging to the book style, etc. Therefore, the markedness of vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries (with the help of special marks) reflects the real stratification of vocabulary by sphere and activity of use and stylistic coloring. Therefore, using an explanatory dictionary, you can determine the place of any word in the vocabulary of the language.

Each word of the dictionary, therefore, occupies a certain place in the lexical system of the language and can be characterized according to the four parameters indicated: origin, social sphere of use, dynamics of use, stylistic coloring. Consider what was said on the example of an excerpt from the “Song of the Prophetic Oleg” by A.S. Pushkin and present the characteristics of the vocabulary of this text in the form of a table (see table No. 4):

Table 4. Vocabulary composition of the text.

word	origin	sphere	dynamics	style
	primordial	commonly used	active
	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
is going	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
		commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
		commonly used	active
take revenge	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch)
unreasonable	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
to the Khazars…		commonly used

All information on this topic is summarized in the reference diagram

(See *Appendix 2. Reference schemes.Scheme No. 5. The vocabulary of the Russian language ).