Stolypin's reforms are an unsuccessful attempt by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire Pyotr Alekseevich Stolypin (he held the position from 1906 to 1911), which met with resistance from the Russian society, to create conditions in Russia for its more powerful economic growth while maintaining autocracy and the existing political and social order

Stolypin (1862-1911)

Russian statesman, served as governor of the Saratov and Grodno provinces, minister of internal affairs, and prime minister.

“He was tall, and there was something majestic in his posture: imposing, immaculately dressed, but without any panache, he spoke quite loudly, without tension. His speech floated somehow over the listeners. It seemed that it, penetrating through the walls, sounds somewhere in a large expanse. He spoke for Russia. This was very suitable for a person who, if not "sat down on the royal throne", then under certain circumstances would be worthy to take it. In a word, the All-Russian dictator was visible in his manner and appearance. However, a dictator of a breed who was not characterized by rude attacks. (Having headed the government), Stolypin put forward as the government's program of action the fight against revolutionary violence, on the one hand, and the fight against inertia, on the other. Repulse of the revolution, patronage of evolution - that was his slogan ”(V. Shulgin“ Years ”)

Reasons for Stolypin's reforms

- exposed a lot of problems preventing Russia from becoming a powerful capitalist country
- The revolution spawned anarchy that had to be fought
- In the ruling class of Russia there was too different understanding of the ways of development of the state

Problems of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century

• Antediluvian agrarian relations
• Dissatisfaction with their position of workers
• Illiteracy, uneducated people
• Weakness, indecision of power
• national question
• The existence of aggressive, extremist organizations

The goal of Stolypin's reforms was to transform Russia in an evolutionary way into a modern, developed, strong, capitalist power.

Stolypin's reforms. Briefly

- agrarian reform
- Judicial Reform
- Local Government Reform in the Western Governorates

The reform of the judiciary was expressed in the establishment of courts-martial. Stolypin took Russia in a period of unrest. The state, which was guided by the previous legislation, could not cope with the wave of murders, robberies, banditry, robberies, terrorist attacks. The "Regulation of the Council of Ministers on courts-martial" allowed proceedings for violations of laws to be carried out in an expedited manner. The court session was held without the participation of a prosecutor, a lawyer, without defense witnesses behind closed doors. The sentence was to be delivered no later than 48 hours later and carried out within 24 hours. Military field courts handed down 1102 death sentences, 683 people were executed.

Contemporaries noticed that the people whose portraits were created by Repin, and he was considered a popular portrait painter, immediately left this world. He wrote Mussorgsky - he died, Pirogov - followed the example of Mussorgsky, Pisemsky died, the pianist Mercy de Argento died, he was just about to portray Tyutchev, he fell ill and soon died. “Ilya Efimovich! - the writer Oldor once jokingly addressed the artist - write, please, Stolypin ”(from the memoirs of K. Chukovsky)
The reform of local self-government in the Vitebsk, Volyn, Kyiv, Minsk, Mogilev and Podolsk provinces consisted in dividing the electoral congresses and assemblies into two national branches, Polish and non-Polish, so that the non-Polish branch would elect a larger number of zemstvo vowels.

The reform provoked criticism not only from deputies of the State Duma, but also from government ministers. Only the emperor supported Stolypin. “Stolypin was unrecognizable. Something broke in him, his former self-confidence had gone somewhere. He himself, apparently, felt that everyone around him, silently or openly, was hostile ”(V.N. Kokovtsov“ From my past ”)

agrarian reform

Target

• Overcoming patriarchal relations in the Russian countryside that impede the development of capitalism
• Elimination of social tension in the agricultural sector of the economy
• Increasing the productivity of peasant labor

Methods

• Granting the right to the peasant to withdraw from the peasant community and assigning to him an allotment of land in private ownership

The peasant community was made up of peasants who previously belonged to one landowner and lived in the same village. All peasant allotment land was owned by the community, which regularly redistributed the land among the peasant households, depending on the size of the families. Meadow, pasture lands and forests were not divided among the peasants and were jointly owned by the community. The community could at any time change the size of the plots of peasant families in accordance with the changed number of workers and the ability to pay taxes. The state dealt only with the communities, and the amount of taxes and fees collected from the lands was also calculated for the community as a whole. All members of the community were bound by mutual responsibility. That is, the community was collectively responsible for the payment of all types of taxes by all its members.

• Granting the right to the peasant to sell and mortgage his allotments and transfer them by inheritance
• Granting peasants the right to create separate (outside the village) farms (farms)
• Issuance by the Peasants' Bank of a loan to peasants secured by land for a period of 55.5 years for the purchase of land from a landowner
• Preferential lending to peasants secured by land
• Resettlement of small-land peasants to state lands in sparsely populated areas of the Urals and Siberia
• State support for agronomic measures aimed at improving labor and increasing productivity

Results

• 21% of peasants left the community
• 10% of the peasants made an attempt to stand out in the farm
• 60% of migrants to Siberia and the Urals quickly returned to their villages
• To the contradictions between the peasants and the landlords, contradictions were added between those who left and those who remained in the community.
• The process of class stratification of the peasantry accelerated
• An increase in numbers caused by the exit of peasants from the community
• Growth in the number of kulaks (rural entrepreneurs, bourgeoisie)
• Growth of agricultural production due to the expansion of sown areas and the use of machinery

Only today Stolypin's actions are called correct. During his lifetime and during the Soviet Power, the agrarian reform was criticized, although it was not carried through to the end. After all, the reformer himself believed that the result of the reform should be summed up no earlier than after “twenty years of inner and outer peace”

Stolypin's reforms in dates

• July 8, 1906 - Stolypin became prime minister
• 1906, August 12 - an attempt on Stolypin, organized by the Socialist-Revolutionaries. He was not injured, but 27 people died, two of Stolypin's children were injured.
• 1906, August 19 - establishment of courts-martial
• 1906, August - transfer of specific and part of state lands to the Peasants' Bank for sale to peasants
• 1906, October 5 - a decree on granting peasants the same rights as other estates in relation to public service, freedom to choose a place of residence
• 1906, October 14 and 15 - decrees expanding the activities of the Peasant Land Bank and facilitating the conditions for the purchase of land by peasants on credit
• 1906, November 9 - a decree allowing peasants to leave the community
• 1907, December - acceleration of the process of resettlement of peasants to Siberia and the Urals, encouraged by the state
• 1907, May 10 - Stolypin's speech to the deputies of the Duma with a speech containing a detailed program of reforms

“The main idea of ​​this document was as follows. There are periods when the state lives a more or less peaceful life. And then the introduction of new laws, caused by new needs, into the thickness of the old age-old legislation is quite painless. But there are periods of a different nature, when, for one reason or another, social thought goes into ferment. At this time, new laws can run counter to the old ones, and great tension is required in order to rapidly move forward and not turn public life into some kind of chaos, anarchy. It was precisely such a period, according to Stolypin, that Russia experienced. To cope with this difficult task, the government had to hold back with one hand the anarchic principles that threatened to wash away all the historical foundations of the state, and with the other hand, hastily build scaffolding necessary for the erection of new buildings dictated by urgent needs. In other words, Stolypin put forward as the government's program of action the struggle against revolutionary violence, on the one hand, and the struggle against inertia, on the other. Rebuff to the revolution, patronage of evolution - that was his slogan. Without delving this time into a set of measures to combat the revolution, that is, without threatening anyone so far, Stolypin set about outlining the reforms proposed by the government in the evolutionary direction ”(V. Shulgin“ Years ”)

• 1908, April 10 - law on compulsory primary education with a phased introduction over 10 years
• 1909, May 31 - The Duma adopted a law on strengthening the Russification of Finland
• 1909, October - Russia came out on top in the world in the production and export of grain
• 1910, June 14 - The Duma adopted a law expanding the possibilities for peasants to leave the community
• 1911, January - student unrest, the autonomy of universities is limited
• 1911, March 14 - the introduction of zemstvos in the western provinces
• 1911, May 29 - a new law that makes it even easier for peasants to leave the community
• 1911, September 1 (old style) - attempt on Stolypin

“It was only at the intermission that I got out of my seat and approached the barrier ... Suddenly there was a sharp crack. The musicians jumped up from their seats. The crack repeated. I didn't realize they were shots. The schoolgirl standing next to me shouted:
- Look! He sat right on the floor!
- Who?
- Stolypin. Out! Near the barrier in the orchestra!
I looked there. The theater was unusually quiet. A tall man with a round black beard and a ribbon over his shoulder was sitting on the floor near the barrier. He groped around the barrier with his hands, as if he wanted to grab it and get up.
Around Stolypin it was empty. Walking down the aisle from Stolypin to the exit doors was a young man in a tailcoat. I didn't see his face at that distance. I only noticed that he was walking quite calmly, not in a hurry. Someone yelled out. There was a roar. An officer jumped down from the box of the benoir and grabbed the young man by the arm. Immediately a crowd gathered around them.
- Clear the gallery! - said a gendarmerie officer behind me.
We were quickly escorted into the corridor. The doors to the auditorium were closed. We stood, not understanding anything. A muffled noise came from the auditorium. Then he died down, and the orchestra began to play "God Save the Tsar."
"He killed Stolypin," Fitzovsky told me in a whisper.
- Don't talk! Leave the theater immediately! shouted the gendarmerie officer.
By the same dark stairs we came to the square, brightly lit by lanterns. The area was empty. Chains of mounted policemen pushed the crowds that were standing near the theater into the side streets and continued to push further and further. The horses, backing away, nervously moved their legs. The sound of horseshoes was heard throughout the square. The horn blew. An ambulance rolled up to the theater at a sweeping trot. Orderlies with a stretcher jumped out of it and rushed to the theater at a run. We left the square slowly. We wanted to see what would happen next. The policemen hurried us, but they looked so confused that we did not obey them. We saw how Stolypin was carried out on a stretcher. They were pushed into the carriage, and it rushed along Vladimirskaya Street. Mounted gendarmes galloped along the sides of the carriage. (The terrorist) was called Bagrov. At the trial, Bagrov behaved lazily and calmly. When the verdict was read to him, he said: “It doesn’t matter to me whether I eat another two thousand cutlets in my life or not” (Paustovsky “Distant Years”)

Prime Minister Stolypin was a brutal politician who uncompromisingly fought the revolutionary movement. He thought out a rather coherent program for the development of Russia. The agrarian question occupied a central place. But in addition to the agrarian reform, he developed:

1. social legislation

2. project for the creation of an interstate parliament

3. draft legislation in the field of relations between employers and employees

4. the gradual transformation of Russia into a state of law.

Stolypin's views were progressive for the time, and he saw how his program would lead to an advanced Russia. He believed that it was unacceptable to destroy the landed estates. It must be placed under conditions of economic competition, and then the majority of the small landowners themselves will go bankrupt. In the political field, he considered it not the parliament that was more important for Russia, but local self-government, which teaches citizen-owners that it is impossible to immediately give the people all rights and freedoms without first creating a broad middle class, otherwise the lumpen, having received freedom, will lead to anarchy and bloody dictatorship. Stolypin was a Russian nationalist, but he did not allow insulting other peoples. He assumed that the future people of Russia would present a national cult. autonomy. But Stolypin was not understood. It affected the interests of almost all social strata. There was no support from the king. 1911 killed in a terrorist attack. The reforms have not been completed, but the foundations of the agrarian reform have nevertheless been put into practice,

The reform was carried out in several ways:

1. the decree of November 9, 1906 allowed the peasant to leave the community, and the law of June 14, 1910 made it mandatory

2. the peasant could demand the unification of allotment plots into a single cut and even move to a separate farm

3. a fund was created from part of the state and imperial lands

4. for the purchase of these and landowners' lands, the Peasant Bank gave money loans

5. encouraging the resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals. The settlers were given loans for settling in a new place, but there was not enough money.

The goal of the reform was to preserve landownership and accelerate the bourgeois evolution of agriculture, overcome communal limitations and educate the peasant as an owner, creating in the countryside the backbone of the government in the person of the rural bourgeoisie.

The reform contributed to the rise of the country's economy. The purchasing power of the population and foreign exchange earnings associated with the export of grain increased.

However, social goals were not achieved. Only 20-35% of the peasants left the community, because. the majority retained a collectivist psychology and traditions. Only 10% of households started farming. The kulaks left the community more often than the poor. The poor went to the cities or became farm laborers.

20% peasants. who received loans from the Peasants' Bank went bankrupt. 16% of migrants were unable to settle in a new place; returned to the central regions. The reform accelerated social stratification - the formation of the rural bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The government has not found a strong social support in the countryside, because. did not satisfy the needs of the peasants in the land. Unfortunately, much did not happen because of the First World War.

Nevertheless, the implementation of the reform had positive consequences:

1. peasant economy required industrial goods => production of industrial goods.

2. revival of the financial sector, strengthening of the ruble, growth in the share of Russian capital in the economy

3. growth of production in agricultural marketable bread, export of bread => growth of the currency

4. reduced the problem of relocation of the center

5. Increasing the influx of workers in the industry

in 1909-1913 there is an industrial boom. The pace of industrialization, railway construction accelerated, production increased 1.5 times, the growth rate of industry over 5 years was 10%.

Stolypin's reforms (1906-1911)

• On the introduction of freedom of religion
• On the establishment of civil equality
• On the reform of higher and secondary schools
• On the reform of local self-government
• On the introduction of universal primary education
• On Income Tax and Police Reform
• On improving the material support of people's teachers
• On the implementation of agrarian reform

Stolypin agrarian reform 1906-1910 (1914,1917)

Goals of the Stolypin Reform:

1. Strengthening the social support in the face of strong peasant owners

2) Create conditions for successful economic development

3) Eliminate the causes that gave rise to the revolution. Distract from the idea of ​​abolishing the landlords' lands

Stolypin's reform measures

1. The main event is the destruction of the peasant community (the way of life of the peasants, the land is the property of the community, the strip) - the transfer of land to private ownership in the form of cuts - a plot of land allocated to the peasant upon leaving the community with the preservation of his yard in the village, and a farm - a plot of land allocated to a peasant when leaving the community with relocation from the village to his own plot. By 1917, 24% of the peasants left the community. 10% left to become strong owners (but there were very few of them)

2) Acquisition of land by peasants through a peasant bank

3) Organization of the resettlement of small-land peasants in empty lands (Siberia, the Caucasus, cf. Asia, the Far East)

The results of Stolypin's reforms

1. The support of the tsar on the wealthy peasants was not created.
2. Failed to prevent a new upsurge of revolutionary activity
3. The second social the war in the villages further complicated the dissatisfaction of the pillars. reform
4. It was possible to create impulsiveness of economic development.
5. High rates of economic growth.
6. The development of early developed regions was not carried out politically and socially.

On the threshold of the 20th century, the Russian Empire was an economically backward, agrarian-oriented state. The chain of transformations of the last quarter of the 19th century, caused by the need to modernize industrial production, did not bring significant results. Stolypin's reforms were ready for implementation. Let us briefly consider the essence of the transformations proposed by the Chairman of the Government of Russia P.A. Stolypin.

The increased dissatisfaction of the population with the authorities became the impetus for the necessary reform of the system that had existed for decades. Initially, peaceful actions began to develop into frank large-scale demonstrations with an abundance of victims.

The revolutionary spirit reached its greatest upsurge in 1905. The authorities were forced not only to continue looking for ways out of the difficult economic situation, but also to fight the growth of revolutionary sentiment.

A prerequisite for the rapid deployment of reforms in the agrarian sector was the terrorist attack that took place in St. Petersburg on Aptekarsky Island on August 12, 1906. About 50 people became victims, and the children of Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin, he himself was miraculously not injured. Urgent reforms were needed, the people demanded fundamental changes.

The draft amendments, formed by the Prime Minister, pursued the following goals:

1. Resolving the problem of insufficient crop areas for rural residents.
2. Excommunication of peasants from the community.
3. Preservation of landownership.
4. The development of agriculture and its transition to bourgeois rails.
5. Formation of a class of peasant owners.
6. Removal of social tension.
7. Strengthening the position of the government through popular support.

Stolypin understood that the implementation of agrarian reform was a necessary and inevitable step to transform the existing order. It is no coincidence that the emphasis was placed on pacifying the peasantry through expanding opportunities for their realization as farmers, a qualitative improvement in the living conditions of the majority of the dissatisfied.

1. In view of the danger of terrorist acts for the population, the government introduced a state of emergency in a number of provinces, and also established courts-martial, whose activities were aimed at speeding up the consideration of crimes and the swift imposition of punishments on the guilty.
2. The start of the work of the State Duma on planning and implementing reforms in the field of agriculture.

Stolypin did not plan to dwell solely on economic and agrarian changes. His plans included the introduction of equality among the citizens of the country, an increase in the salaries of teachers, the organization of compulsory primary education, the establishment of freedom of religion, and the reform of local government. Stolypin and his reforms radically changed the internal situation in Russia, broke the traditions and views that had been established for centuries.

Timeline of reforms

Stolypin decided to start his complex of transformations, consisting of economic reforms, with the elimination of the communal way of life. The activities of the peasants living in the villages were organized by the community and were under its control. For the poor, this was a serious support, for the middle peasants and kulaks it was a limiter to the possibility of developing a personal economy.

The collective spirit of the community, focused on the joint fulfillment of the required indicators in agriculture, hampered the increase in yield growth. The peasants were not interested in productive work, they did not have fertile allotments and effective means for cultivating the land.

On the way to change

The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform, revolutionary in its way, was the date of November 9, 1906, when the community was abolished, the peasant could freely leave it, while retaining property, allotment and means of production. He could combine disparate plots of land, form a farm (an allotment to which the peasant moved, leaving the village and leaving the community) or cut (a piece of land allocated by the community to the peasant while maintaining his place of residence in the village) and start work in his own interests.

The consequence of the first changes was the formation of a real opportunity for independent labor activity of the peasants and the untouchedness of the landed estates.

A prototype of peasant farms focused on their own benefit was created. The anti-revolutionary orientation of the issued decree of 1906 was also visible:

• peasants who have separated from the community are less susceptible to the influence of revolutionary sentiments;
• rural residents orient their interest not to the revolution, but to the formation of their own good;
• it became possible to preserve landownership in the form of private property.

However, few people used the right of free exit from the community. Statistics show the minimum percentage of peasants who wished to separate from collective farming within the community. For the most part, these were kulaks and middle peasants who had the finances and opportunities to increase their income and improve their living conditions, as well as the poor who wished to receive subsidies from the state for leaving the community.

Note! The poorest peasants who left the community returned after some time because of the inability to organize work on their own.

Settling the empty territories of the country

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian Empire, stretching for many thousands of kilometers, was still insufficiently developed territorially. The growing population in Central Russia no longer had enough land suitable for plowing. The Stolypin government was forced to turn its gaze to the east.

Settlers

The policy of resettlement beyond the Urals was aimed primarily at landless peasants. It is important to note that this was a non-violent action, on the contrary, the state tried in every possible way to stimulate the resettlement of everyone with various benefits:

• exemption of peasants from paying taxes for 5 years;
• granting ownership of large areas (up to 15 hectares for each family member);
• the release of the male population from among the settlers from military service;
• providing cash loans for the initial development in the new territory.

Initially, the idea of ​​resettlement aroused enthusiasm among the landless peasants who left the communities. Without hesitation, they set off on the road beyond the Urals. It is worth noting that the state was not ready for such an upsurge in the migratory spirit and could not prepare favorable conditions for living in new lands. Statistics state that about 17% of the 3 million settlers who left in the period from 1906 to 1914 returned.

Interesting! The rather promising idea of ​​Stolypin's agrarian reform was not fully implemented, the flow of peasants wishing to move was constantly declining.

Useful video: Stolypin's reforms

Implications of reforms and evaluation of results

Change plans implemented during the period of P.A. Stolypin, were essential for the destruction of the existing ways and orders in society and the state.

The results of Stolypin's reforms will help evaluate the table, which indicates the strengths and weaknesses of the changes made .

The results of Stolypin's reforms were also expressed in the form of an increase in acreage, an increase in the number of purchased agricultural equipment. The use of fertilizers and new ways of cultivating the land began to stimulate an increase in productivity. There was a grand leap in the industrial sector (up to + 8.8% per year), he brought the Russian Empire to first place in the world in terms of economic growth per year.

Consequences of the Stolypin reform

Despite the fact that Stolypin failed to create a wide network of farms on the basis of the peasants who left the community, his economic reforms should be appreciated. The large role of traditionalism in society and agricultural methods did not allow achieving high efficiency of the transformations.

Important! Stolypin's reforms gave impetus to the creation of peasant cooperatives and artels, focused on making a profit through joint labor and the pooling of capital.

Stolypin's reforms basically implied dramatic changes in the Russian economy. The government was aimed at strengthening agriculture, abandoning the community, preserving landownership, providing opportunities for realizing the potential of strong peasant owners.

Progressive essence of P.A. Stolypin did not find wide support among his contemporaries. The populists advocated the preservation of communal landownership and opposed the popularization of capitalist ideas in domestic politics, the right-wing forces denied the possibility of preserving the landed estates.

Useful video: the whole essence of the Stolypin reform in a few minutes

Stolypin Pyotr Arkadyevich, April 2 (14), 1862 - September 5 (September 18), 1911, - the largest Russian reformer, head of government in 1906-1911. According to AI Solzhenitsyn, he is the greatest figure in Russian history of the 20th century.

Stolypin's opinion on the peasant community

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin came from a noble noble family. He graduated from St. Petersburg University and began public service in the department of agriculture. In 1902 Stolypin became the youngest governor of Russia (Grodno). From February 1903 he was governor in Saratov, and after the beginning of bloody revolutionary unrest in 1905, he boldly fought against anarchy, surviving several assassination attempts.

The tsar, who did not understand the scale of Stolypin's personality and reforms, did not change the celebratory program of celebrations after the shooting on September 1, did not meet with the wounded in the hospital in his last days and did not stay for his funeral, leaving for rest in the Crimea. The court circle rejoiced that an uncomfortable figure left the stage, who interfered with everyone with his energy and talents. Official pygmies did not realize that together with Stolypin, the most reliable support of the Russian state and throne disappeared. According to the figurative expression of A. I. Solzhenitsyn (Red Wheel, chapter 65), Bogrov’s bullets became the first of Yekaterinburg(this is about execution in Yekaterinburg of the royal family).

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (April 2 (14), 1862 - September 5 (18), 1911) - a prominent statesman during the reign of Nicholas II. The author of a number of reforms designed to accelerate the economic development of the Russian economy while maintaining autocratic foundations and stabilizing the existing political and social order. Let us briefly analyze the points of Stolypin's reform.

Reasons for reforms

By the twentieth century, Russia remained a country with feudal remnants. The first Russian revolution showed that the country had big problems in the agrarian sector, the national question was aggravated and extremist organizations were actively working.

Among other things, in Russia the level of literacy of the population remained low, and the proletariat and the peasantry were dissatisfied with their social position. The weak and indecisive government did not want to solve these problems radically until Pyotr Stolypin (1906-1911) was appointed to the post of prime minister.

He was supposed to continue the economic policy of S. Yu. Witte and bring Russia into the category of capitalist powers, ending the era of feudalism in the country.

Let us reflect in the table Stolypin's reforms.

Rice. 1. Portrait of P.A. Stolypin.

agrarian reform

The most important and well-known of the reforms concerned the peasant community.
Its purpose was:

• Increasing the productivity of peasants
• Elimination of social tension in the peasant environment
• The withdrawal of kulaks from communal dependence and the final destruction of the community

Stolypin took a number of measures to achieve these goals. Thus, peasants were allowed to leave the community and create their own separate farms, sell or mortgage their land plots, and also transfer them by inheritance.

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Peasants could receive a loan on preferential terms secured by land or receive a loan to buy land from a landowner for a period of 55.5 years. The resettlement policy of small-land peasants to state lands in the uninhabited territories of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East was also assumed.

The state assumed obligations to support agronomic measures that could increase productivity or improve the quality of labor in agriculture.

The use of these methods made it possible to withdraw 21% of the peasants from the community, the process of stratification of the peasants accelerated - the number of kulaks increased and the productivity of the fields increased. However, there were pros and cons to this reform.

Rice. 2. Stolypin carriage.

The resettlement of the peasants did not give the desired effect, since more than half quickly returned back, and in addition to the contradictions between the peasants and the landlords, a conflict was added between the community members and the kulaks.

The problem with Stolypin's reform was that the author himself set aside at least 20 years for its implementation, and it was criticized almost immediately after its adoption. Neither Stolypin nor his contemporaries could see the results of their labors.

Military reform

Analyzing the experience of the Russo-Japanese War, Stolypin first developed a new Military Charter. The principle of conscription into the army, the regulations of the draft commissions, and the benefits of conscripts were clearly formulated. Financing for the maintenance of the officer corps increased and a new military uniform was developed, strategic railway construction was launched.

Stolypin remained a principled opponent of Russia's participation in a possible world war, believing that the country would not be able to withstand such a load.

Rice. 3. Construction of the railway in the Russian Empire, 20th century.

Other reforms of Stolypin

In 1908, by decree of Stolypin, compulsory primary education was to be introduced in Russia within 10 years.

Stolypin was a supporter of strengthening the royal power. He was one of the main figures in the establishment of the "Third of June Monarchy" in 1907. During this period of the reign of Nicholas II, the Russification of western territories, such as Poland and Finland, intensified. As part of this policy, Stolypin carried out a Zemstvo reform, according to which local self-government bodies were elected in such a way that representatives of national minorities were a minority.

In 1908, the State Duma adopted laws on the provision of medical care to employees in case of injury or illness, as well as payments to the family breadwinner who lost his ability to work.

The influence of the 1905 revolution on the situation in the country forced Stolypin to introduce courts-martial, and in addition, the development of a unified legal space of the Russian Empire began. It was planned to define human rights and areas of responsibility of officials. This was a kind of beginning of a large-scale reform of the country's governance.

What have we learned?

From an article on the history of grade 9, we got acquainted with the activities of Pyotr Stolypin. It can be concluded that Stolypin's reforms affected all spheres of human activity and within 20 years had to solve many issues that had accumulated in Russian society, however, first his death, and then the outbreak of war, did not allow Russia to go this path without bloodshed.

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