Physics
Andrew Game. Photo: ITAR-TASS / Stanislav Krasilnikov
In the new millennium, the Nobel Prize in physics went to Russian-speaking scientists three times, though only in 2010 for a discovery made in the 21st century. MIPT graduates Andrey Game and Konstantin Novoselov For the first time in the laboratory of the University of Manchester, they were able to obtain a stable two-dimensional carbon crystal - graphene. It is a very thin - one atom thick - carbon film, which, due to its structure, has many interesting properties: excellent conductivity, transparency, flexibility, and very high strength. For graphene, new and new areas of application are constantly being found, for example, in microelectronics: flexible displays, electrodes, and solar panels are created from it.
Mikhail Lukin. Photo: ITAR-TASS / Denis Vyshinsky
Another graduate of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and now a professor of physics at Harvard University Mikhail Lukin , did the seemingly impossible: he stopped the light. For this, the scientist used supercooled rubidium vapor and two lasers: the control one made the medium conductive for light, and the second served as a source of a short light pulse. When the control laser was turned off, the particles of the light pulse stopped leaving the medium, as if stopping in it. This experiment was a real breakthrough in the creation of quantum computers - machines of a completely new type that can perform an enormous number of operations in parallel. The scientist continued research in this area, and in 2012 his group at Harvard created the longest-lived qubit at that time, the smallest element for storing information in a quantum computer. And in 2013, Lukin for the first time received photonic matter - a kind of substance, only consisting not of atoms, but of particles of light, photons. It is also planned to be used for quantum computing.
Yuri Oganesyan (center) with Georgy Flerov and Konstantin Petrzhak. Photo from the JINR electronic archive
Russian scientists in the 21st century have significantly expanded the periodic table. For example, in January 2016, elements with numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 were added to it, three of which were first obtained at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna under the guidance of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Oganesyan . He also has the honor of discovering a number of other superheavy elements and the reactions of their synthesis: elements heavier than uranium do not exist in nature - they are too unstable, so they are created artificially in accelerators. In addition, Oganesyan experimentally confirmed that there is a so-called "island of stability" for superheavy elements. All these elements decay very quickly, but first theoretically, and then experimentally, it was shown that among them there should be those whose lifetime significantly exceeds the lifetime of their neighbors in the table.
Chemistry
Artem Oganov. Photo from personal archive
Chemist Artem Oganov , head of laboratories in the United States, China and Russia, and now also a professor at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, has created an algorithm that allows a computer to search for substances with predetermined properties, even impossible from the point of view of classical chemistry. The method developed by Oganov formed the basis of the USPEX program (which reads like the Russian word for "success"), which is widely used around the world ("Attic" in detail). With its help, new magnets were discovered, and substances that can exist in extreme conditions, such as under high pressure. It is assumed that such conditions may well exist on other planets, which means that the substances predicted by Oganov are there.
Valery Fokin. Biopharmaceutical cluster "Severny"
However, it is necessary not only to simulate substances with predetermined properties, but also to create them in practice. To do this, a new paradigm was introduced in chemistry in 1997, the so-called click chemistry. The word “click” imitates the sound of a latch, because a new term has been introduced for reactions that must, under any conditions, combine small constituents into the desired molecule. At first, scientists were skeptical about the existence of a miracle reaction, but in 2002 Valery Fokin , a graduate of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, now working at the Scripps Institute in California, discovered such a “molecular latch”: it consists of azide and alkyne and works in the presence of copper in water with ascorbic acid. With the help of this simple reaction, completely different compounds can be combined with each other: proteins, dyes, inorganic molecules. Such a "click" synthesis of substances with previously known properties is primarily necessary for the creation of new drugs.
Biology
Evgeny Kunin. Photo from the personal archive of the scientist
However, in order to treat a disease, it is sometimes necessary not only to neutralize a virus or bacterium, but also to correct one's own genes. No, this is not a plot for a science fiction movie: scientists have already developed several "molecular scissors" systems capable of editing the genome (more on the amazing technology in the Attic article). The most promising among them is the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which is based on the mechanism of protection against viruses that exists in bacteria and archaea. One of the key researchers of this system is our former compatriot Evgeny Kunin , who has been with the US National Center for Biotechnology Information for many years. In addition to CRISPR systems, the scientist is interested in many issues of genetics, evolutionary and computational biology, so it’s not without reason that his Hirsch index (the citation index of a scientist’s articles, reflecting how much his research is in demand) has exceeded 130 - this is an absolute record among all Russian-speaking scientists.
Vyacheslav Epshtein. Photo by Northwestern University
However, the danger today is provided not only by damage to the genome, but also by the most common microbes. The fact is that over the past 30 years not a single new type of antibiotics has been created, and bacteria are gradually becoming immune to old ones. Fortunately for mankind, in January 2015, a group of scientists from the US Northeastern University announced the creation of a completely new antimicrobial agent. To do this, scientists turned to the study of soil bacteria, which had previously been considered impossible to grow in the laboratory. To get around this barrier, an employee of Northeastern University, a graduate of Moscow State University Vyacheslav Epshtein Together with a colleague, he developed a special chip for growing recalcitrant bacteria right on the ocean floor - in such a cunning way, the scientist circumvented the problem of increased "capriciousness" of bacteria that did not want to grow in a Petri dish. This technique formed the basis of a large study, which resulted in the antibiotic teixobactin, which can cope with both tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus.
Mathematics
Grigory Perelman. Photo: George M. Bergman - Mathematisches Institut Oberwolfach (MFO)
Even people who are very far from science have probably heard about mathematics from St. Petersburg Grigory Perelman . In 2002-2003 he published three papers proving the Poincaré conjecture. This hypothesis belongs to the branch of mathematics called topology and explains the most general properties of space. In 2006, the proof was accepted by the mathematical community, and the Poincaré conjecture was thus the first to be solved among the so-called Seven Millennium Problems. These include classical mathematical problems whose proofs have not been found for many years. For his proof, Perelman was awarded the Fields Prize, often referred to as the Nobel Prize for mathematicians, as well as the Clay Mathematical Institute's Millennium Prize. The scientist refused all awards, which attracted the attention of the public far from mathematics.
Stanislav Smirnov. Photo: ITAR-TASS / Yuri Belinsky
Working at the University of Geneva Stanislav Smirnov in 2010 he also won the Fields Medal. His most prestigious award in the mathematical world was his proof of the conformal invariance of two-dimensional percolation and the Ising model in statistical physics, a thing with an unpronounceable name used by theorists to describe the magnetization of a material and used in the development of quantum computers.
Andrey Okunkov. Photo: Radio Liberty
Perelman and Smirnov are representatives of the Leningrad School of Mathematics, graduates of the notorious School No. 239 and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University. But there were also Muscovites among the nominees for the mathematical Nobel Prize, for example, a professor at Columbia University who worked in the United States for many years, a graduate of Moscow State University Andrey Okounkov . He received the Fields Medal in 2006, at the same time as Perelman, for achievements connecting probability theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry. In practice, Okounkov's work of various years has found application both in statistical physics for describing the surfaces of crystals and in string theory, a field of physics that attempts to combine the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.
Story
Petr Turchin. Photo: Stevens Technological University
A new theory at the intersection of mathematics and the humanities was proposed by Petr Turchin . Surprisingly, Turchin himself is neither a mathematician nor a historian: he is a biologist who studied at Moscow State University and now works at the University of Connecticut and studies populations. The processes of population biology have been developing over a long period of time, and their description and analysis often require the construction of mathematical models. But modeling can also be used to better understand social and historical phenomena in human society. This is exactly what Turchin did in 2003, calling the new approach cliodynamics (on behalf of the muse of history, Clio). Using this method, Turchin himself established "secular" demographic cycles.
Linguistics
Andrey Zaliznyak. Photo: Mitrius/wikimedia
Every year in Novgorod, as well as in some other ancient Russian cities, such as Moscow, Pskov, Ryazan and even Vologda, more and more new birch bark letters are found, the age of which dates back to the 11th-15th centuries. In them you can find personal and official correspondence, children's exercises, drawings, jokes, and even love messages at all - "Attic" about the funniest ancient Russian inscriptions. The living language of letters helps researchers understand the Novgorod dialect, as well as the life of the common people and the history of Russia. The most famous birch bark researcher is, of course, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Andrey Zaliznyak : it is not for nothing that his annual lectures on newly found letters and deciphering the old ones are filled with a full hall of people.
Climatology
Vasily Titov. Photo from noaa.gov
On the morning of December 26, 2004, on the day of the tragic tsunami in Indonesia, which claimed the lives of 200-300 thousand people, according to various estimates, an NSU graduate working at the Tsunami Research Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle (USA) Vasily Titov woke up famous. And this is not just a figure of speech: having learned about the strongest earthquake that occurred in the Indian Ocean, the scientist, before going to bed, decided to run a tsunami wave forecasting program on the computer and posted its results on the network. His prediction turned out to be very accurate, but, unfortunately, it was made too late and therefore could not prevent human casualties. Now the MOST tsunami forecasting program developed by Titov is used in many countries of the world.
Astronomy
Konstantin Batygin. Photo from caltech.edu
In January 2016, another piece of news shocked the world: in our own solar system. One of the authors of the discovery was born in Russia Konstantin Batygin from the University of California. After studying the movement of six cosmic bodies located beyond the orbit of Neptune - the last of the currently recognized planets, scientists using calculations showed that at a distance seven times greater than the distance from Neptune to the Sun, there must be another planet orbiting the Sun. Its size, according to scientists, is 10 times the diameter of the Earth. However, in order to finally be convinced of the existence of a distant giant, it is still necessary to see it with a telescope.
Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC)
Every student knows: "In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs." But few people know that Pythagoras was still a philosopher, religious thinker and politician, it was he who introduced the term “philosophy” into our language, which means “love of wisdom”. He founded a school whose students were called Pythagoreans, and he was the first to use the word "cosmos".
Democritus (460-c. 370 BC)
Democritus, like other philosophers of the ancient world, was always interested in the question of what is the fundamental principle of the universe. Some sages believed that water, others - fire, others - air, and fourth - all together. Democritus was not convinced by their arguments. Reflecting on the fundamental principle of the world, he came to the conclusion that it is the smallest indivisible particles, which he called atoms. There are a great many of them. The whole world is made up of them. They connect, they separate. He made this discovery by logical reasoning. And after more than two thousand years, scientists of our time with the help of physical instruments proved him right.
Euclid (c. 365-300 BC)
A student of Plato - Euclid wrote the treatise "Beginnings" in 13 books. In them, the scientist outlined the basics of geometry, which means in Greek "the science of measuring the Earth", which for many centuries was called Euclidean geometry. The ancient Greek king Ptolemy I Soter, who ruled in Egyptian Alexandria, demanded that Euclid, who explained the laws of geometry to him, make it shorter and faster. He replied: “Oh, great king, there are no royal roads in geometry ...”
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes went down in history as one of the most famous Greek mechanics, inventors and mathematicians, who amazed his contemporaries with his amazing machines. Watching the work of builders who moved stone blocks with the help of thick sticks, Archimedes realized that the longer the lever, the greater the force of its impact. He told the Syracusan king Hieron: "Give me a foothold, and I will move the Earth." Hieron didn't believe it. And then Archimedes, with the help of a complex system of mechanisms, with the effort of one hand, pulled a ship ashore, which was usually pulled out of the water by hundreds of people.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
The great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci showed himself to be a universal creator. He was a sculptor, architect, inventor. A brilliant master, he made a huge contribution to art, culture and science. In Italy, he was called a sorcerer, a magician, a man who can do anything. Infinitely talented, he created various mechanisms, designed unprecedented aircraft such as a modern helicopter, and invented a tank.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Nicolaus Copernicus in the scientific world gained fame for his astronomical discoveries. His heliocentric system replaced the former, Greek, geocentric. He was the first to scientifically prove that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa. The earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Nicolaus Copernicus was a versatile scientist. Widely educated, he was engaged in the treatment of people, was well-versed in the economy, he himself made various instruments and machines. Nicolaus Copernicus wrote in Latin and German all his life. Not a single document written by him in Polish has been found.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
The young Florentine Galileo Galilei, who studied at the University of Pisa, attracted the attention of professors not only with clever reasoning, but also with original inventions. But the gifted student was expelled from the 3rd year, as his father did not have money for his studies. But Galileo was lucky - the young man found a patron, the rich Marquis Guidobaldo del Moite, who was fond of science. He supported the 22-year-old Galileo. Thanks to the Marquis, the world received a man who showed his genius in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. Even during his lifetime, Galileo was compared with Archimedes. He was the first to declare that the universe is infinite.
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Like many great thinkers of antiquity, Descartes was universal. He laid the foundations of analytical geometry, created many algebraic notations, discovered the law of conservation of motion, explained the root causes of the motion of celestial bodies. Descartes studied at the best French Jesuit college in La Flèche. And there, at the beginning of the 17th century, strict orders reigned. The disciples got up early and ran to prayer. Only one, the best pupil, was allowed to stay in bed due to poor health - it was Rene Descartes. So he developed the habit of reasoning, finding solutions to mathematical problems. Later, according to legend, it was during these morning hours that he had a thought that spread all over the world: "I think, therefore I exist."
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Isaac Newton - a brilliant English scientist, experimenter, researcher, he is also a mathematician, astronomer, inventor, made a lot of discoveries that determined the physical picture of the world around him. According to legend, Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation in his garden. He watched a falling apple and realized that the Earth attracts all objects to itself, and the heavier the object, the stronger it is attracted to the Earth. Reflecting on this, he deduced the law of universal gravitation: All bodies are attracted to each other with a force proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
James Watt (1736-1819)
James Watta is considered one of the creators of the technological revolution that transformed the world. They tried to tame the energy of steam in ancient times. The Greek scientist Heroes, who lived in Alexandria in the 1st century, built the first steam turbine, which rotated when wood was burned in a heater. In Russia in the 18th century, the mechanic Ivan Polzunov also tried to tame the energy of steam, but his machine was not widely used. And only the English, or rather, the Scottish self-taught mechanic James Watt managed to design such a machine, which they began to use first in mines, then in enterprises, and then on steam locomotives and steamships.
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - diversified, he was successfully engaged in financial transactions, but was especially fond of chemistry. He made many discoveries, to his liking became the founder of modern chemistry and would have done a lot if it were not for the radicalism of the French Revolution. In his youth, Antoine Lavoisier participated in the competition of the Academy of Sciences for the best way to light the streets. To increase the sensitivity of his eyes, he upholstered his room with black cloth. Antoine described the acquired new perception of light in the work that he submitted to the Academy, and received a gold medal for it. For scientific research in the field of mineralogy, he was elected a member of the Academy at the age of 25.
Justus Liebig (1803-1873)
Justus Liebig is credited with creating food concentrates. He developed the technology for the production of meat extract, which today is called the "bouillon cube". The German Chemical Society erected a monument to him in Munich. The outstanding German professor of organic chemistry, Justus Liebig, spent his whole life researching the methods of plant nutrition and solving the issues of rational use of fertilizers. He did a lot to increase crop yields. Russia awarded the scientist two Orders of St. Anne for the help rendered to her in the rise of agriculture, England made him an honorary citizen, in Germany he received the title of baron.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur is a rare example of a scientist who had neither medical nor chemical education. He made his way into science on his own, without any protégés, based on personal interest. But scientists showed interest in him, who noticed considerable abilities in the young man. And Louis Pasteur became an outstanding French microbiologist and chemist, a member of the French Academy, created the process of pasteurization. Especially for him, an institute was created in Paris, later named after him. Ilya Mechnikov, a Russian microbiologist and Nobel Prize winner in physiology and medicine, worked at this institute for 18 years.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896)
Alfred Bernhard Nobel - Swedish chemical engineer invented dynamite, who patented it in 1867 and suggested using it for tunneling. This invention glorified Nobel all over the world, brought him enormous income. The word dynamite in Greek means "strength". This explosive, which consists of nitroglycerin, potassium or sodium nitrate and wood flour, depending on the volume, can smash a car, a house, destroy a rock. In 1895, Nobel made a will, according to which most of his capital was directed to prizes for outstanding achievements in chemistry, physics, medicine, literature, and the promotion of peace.
Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (1843-1910)
Close contact with nature later determined the choice of profession - Robert Koch became a microbiologist. And it started in childhood. Robert Koch's grandfather on his mother's side was a great lover of nature, he often took his beloved 7-year-old grandson with him to the forest, told him about the life of trees, herbs, talked about the benefits and harms of insects. Microbiologist Koch fought against the most terrible diseases of mankind - anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis. And he emerged victorious. For his achievements in the fight against tuberculosis in 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)
In 1895, a photograph of the hand of the wife of Wilhelm Roentgen, made using x-rays (x-ray, later named after their discoverer x-rays), was published in a German scientific journal, aroused great interest in the scientific world. Before Roentgen, none of the physicists did anything like this. This photograph testified that penetration into the depths of the human body took place without its physical opening. It was a breakthrough in medicine, in the recognition of diseases. For the discovery of these rays, William Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
During his life, Edison improved the telegraph, telephone, created a microphone, invented the phonograph and, most importantly, with his incandescent light bulb lit up America, and behind it the whole world. There has never been a more inventive man in American history than Thomas Edison. In total, he is the author of over 1,000 patented inventions in the United States and about 3,000 in other countries. But before achieving such an outstanding result, he, according to his own frank statements, made many tens of thousands of unsuccessful experiments and experiments.
Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934)
Maria Skłodowska Curie graduated from the Sorbonne, the largest institution of higher education in France, and became the first woman teacher in its history. Together with her husband Pierre Curie, she first discovered radium, a decay product of uranium-238, then polonium. The study and use of the radioactive properties of radium played a huge role in the study of the structure of the atomic nucleus, the phenomenon of radioactivity. Maria Skłodowska-Curie occupies a special place among world-class scientists; she won the Nobel Prize twice: in 1903 in physics, in 1911 in chemistry. Such an outstanding result is rare even among men.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein - one of the founders of theoretical physics, Nobel Prize winner, public figure. But he made a strange impression on his contemporaries: he dressed casually, loved sweaters, did not comb his hair, could show his tongue to a photographer, and generally did God knows what. But behind this frivolous appearance was a paradoxical scientist - a thinker, the author of over 600 works on various topics. His theory of relativity revolutionized science. It turned out that the world around us is not so simple. Space-time is curved, and as a result, gravity changes, the course of time changes, the sun's rays deviate from the direct direction.
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
Alexander Fleming, a native of Scotland, an English bacteriologist, spent his whole life looking for medicines that could help a person cope with infectious diseases. He was able to detect a substance that kills bacteria in the penicillum mold. And the first antibiotic appeared - penicillin, which revolutionized medicine. Fleming was the first to discover that human mucous membranes contain a special fluid that not only prevents the penetration of microbes, but also kills them. He isolated this substance, it was called lysozyme.
Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)
Robert Oppenheimer, an American physicist, creator of the atomic bomb, was very worried when he learned about the terrible victims and destruction caused by the American atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. He was a conscientious person and further urged scientists around the world not to create weapons of enormous destructive power. He entered the history of science as the "father of the atomic bomb" and as the discoverer of black holes in the universe.
photo from internet
It is not uncommon to hear anti-Russian articles on the Web on the topic: Russians are worthless people, they only know how, like the Chinese, to copy and steal achievements from the West. All this is fundamentally wrong and the best way to dispel the myths is to provide facts.
WHAT THE RUSSIANS CREATED:
P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin (the world's first electric light bulb)
A.S. Popov (inventor of Radio)
V.K. Zworykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)
A.F. Mozhaisky (inventor of the world's first aircraft)
I.I. Sikorsky (The great aircraft designer created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber)
A.M. Ponyatov (the world's first video recorder)
S.P. Korolev (the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first Earth satellite)
A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov (the world's first quantum generator - maser)
S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor)
CM. Prokudin-Gorsky (the world's first color photograph)
A. A. Alekseev (creator of the needle screen)
F. Pirotsky (the world's first electric tram)
F. A. Blinov (the world's first caterpillar tractor)
V.A. Starevich (3D animated film)
EAT. Artamonov (invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, steering wheel, turning wheel),
O.V. Losev (the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device)
V.P. Mutilin (the world's first construction harvester)
A. R. Vlasenko (the world's first grain harvester)
V.P. Demikhov (the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart)
A.D. Sakharov (the world's first hydrogen bomb)
A.P. Vinogradov (created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry)
I.I. Polzunov (the world's first heat engine)
G. E. Kotelnikov (the first backpack rescue parachute)
I.V. Kurchatov (the world's first nuclear power plant)
M. O. Dolivo - Dobrovolsky (invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer)
V. P. Vologdin (the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry)
S.O. Kostovich (created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879)
V.P. Glushko (the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine)
V. V. Petrov (discovered the phenomenon of an arc discharge)
N. G. SLAVYANOV (electric arc welding)
I. F. Aleksandrovsky (invented a stereo camera)
D.P. GRIGOROVICH (CREATOR OF THE SEA-PLANE)
V. G. Fedorov (the world's first automatic machine)
A.K. Nartov (built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper)
M.V. Lomonosov (for the first time in science he formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus)
I.P. Kulibin (Mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge)
V.V. Petrov (Physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; discovered the electric arc)
P.I. Prokopovich (for the first time in the world he invented a frame hive, in which he used a store with frames)
N.I. Lobachevsky (Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry")
D.A. Zagryazhsky (invented the caterpillar)
B.O. Jacobi (invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft)
P.P. Anosov (Metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel)
D.I. Zhuravsky (for the first time he developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world)
N.I. Pirogov (for the first time in the world he compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more)
I.R. Hermann (for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals)
A.M. Butlerov (for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds)
I.M. Sechenov (creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the brain”)
D.I. Mendeleev (discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name)
M.A.Novinsky (Veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology)
G.G. Ignatiev (for the first time in the world he developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable)
K.S. Dzhevetsky (built the world's first submarine with an electric motor)
N.I. Kibalchich (for the first time in the world he developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft)
N.N. Benardos (invented electric welding)
V.V. Dokuchaev (laid the foundations of genetic soil science)
V.I. Sreznevsky (Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera)
A.G. Stoletov (Physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect)
P.D. Kuzminsky (built the world's first radial gas turbine)
I.V. Boldyrev (The first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinema)
I.A. Timchenko (developed the world's first movie camera.)
S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg (created the world's first automatic telephone exchange)
N.D. Pilchikov (Physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system)
V.A. Gassiev (Engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine)
K.E. Tsiolkovsky (the founder of astronautics)
P.N. Lebedev (physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids)
I.P. Pavlov (creator of the science of higher nervous activity)
V.I. Vernadsky (naturalist, founder of many scientific schools)
A.N.Scriabin (Composer, for the first time in the world used lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”)
N.E. Zhukovsky (creator of aerodynamics)
S.V. Lebedev (first received artificial rubber)
G.A. Tikhov (Astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space)
N.D. Zelinsky (developed the world's first carbon highly effective gas mask)
N.P. Dubinin (geneticist, discovered gene divisibility)
M.A. Kapelyushnikov (invented the turbodrill)
E.K. Zavoisky (discovered electric paramagnetic resonance)
N.I. Lunin (proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings)
Svyatoslav N. Fedorov - (the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma)
S.S. Yudin (For the first time he used the blood transfusion of suddenly dead people in the clinic)
A.V. Shubnikov - (Predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures).
L.V. Shubnikov (Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
ON THE. Izgaryshev (discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes)
P.P. Lazarev (creator of the ionic theory of excitation)
P.A. Molchanov (meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde)
ON THE. Umov (a physicist, the equation of motion of energy, the concept of energy flow, by the way, was the first to explain the fallacies of the theory of relativity practically and without ether)
Russian scientists have removed the veil of the unknown, contributing to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in research institutions with a worldwide reputation. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the basis of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.
World in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described the periodic law of chemical elements. The periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world over time and is now used in all corners of our planet.
Sikorsky can be called great in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.
Not only Russian scientists contributed to the aviation business. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, in addition, he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.
Famous Russian scientists were also in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.
On the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of all that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our compatriots glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge to provide us with colossal material for creating new great discoveries.
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of the appearance of life on Earth.
Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize.
Childhood and youth
Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already in childhood, he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.
The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood passed there.
Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.
In the 60s, he became world famous thanks to the scientific substantiation of the way spacecraft flew to the moon.
The trajectory calculated by him was called the “Kondratyuk route”. It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land a man on the lunar surface.
Childhood and youth
This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.
For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.
Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.
The apparatus made it possible to use radio and electrical signals that traveled through the wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18-19 centuries. in the face of growing urbanization and the development of technology, data sharing has become relevant.
This problem was solved by the telegraph, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "to write far away."
Emily Khristianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.
From the school bench, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by the current in the conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.
Another well-known law is the "Lenz's rule", according to which the induction current always moves in the opposite direction to the action that generated it.
early years
The original name of the scientist is Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.
His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist.
Trediakovsky Vasily is a man with a tragic fate. So it was fate that two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.
From schoolboy to philologist
In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old boy went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
But he stayed in it for a short time (2 years) and without regret left to replenish his baggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, suffering need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.
Here he participated in public disputes, comprehended mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.
"Father of Satan", academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I did a part-time job, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from a printing house. At the end of the FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.
MAI student. The beginning of a professional career
In 1931, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in aircraft engineering, and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel settled in the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later, his supervisor to defend his graduation project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin ". Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a designer of the 2nd category, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, engaged in the development of projects for fighters of new modifications.
February 13, 1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States - for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in the cooperation between the USSR and the USA, and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft building, in particular, small arms were purchased (in rather limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.
Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, doctor of technical sciences, professor Mikhail Leontievich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Childhood, education, youth
Mikhail Leontiev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, was engaged in an aircraft modeling circle. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Mishin's model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.
Mikhail graduated from elementary school in Irkutsk, after which, in 1925, he entered the Siberian Institute of Technology.
A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Childhood. Education
The birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There he spent his childhood and youth. This Volga city forever left in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich the warmest and most tender memories. He proudly called himself Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from the elementary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and sent him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of a young man who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.
Fascination with philosophy
Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about the eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Eventually philosophical mysteries led him to study the natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.
A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphony "Bogatyrskaya" and other musical works.
He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.
Origin. early years
A.P. Borodin was the illegitimate son of the 62-year-old Georgian prince L. S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (November 12), 1833.
He was recorded as the son of the serf servants of the prince - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigoryevna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father's house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son free, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, after marrying her to the military doctor Kleineke.
The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as the nephew of Avdotya Konstantinovna. Since Alexander's origin did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.
Russian science is not only one of the greatest in the world, it is also a forge of personnel for other countries. There is even such a term “Russian science” in the world, although many of the scientists who are called so have not lived in Russia for a long time, but studied here.
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3. V.K. Zworykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first aircraft
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first satellite of the Earth
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph
11. A.A. Alekseev - the creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first caterpillar tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - volume-animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction harvester
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester
19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a capacity of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar bomb) with a record power of 52,000 kt.
24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V. P. Vologdin, the world's first high-voltage liquid cathode mercury rectifier, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of an arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented a stereo camera
31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane
32. V. G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. VV Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a frame shop
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry"
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel
42. D.I. Zhuravsky - for the first time developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled an atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the brain"
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V. I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinema
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M.Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F.Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V. I. Vernadsky - naturalist, founder of many scientific schools
66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, for the first time in the world used lighting effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first received artificial rubber
69. GA Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first carbon highly effective gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered gene divisibility
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered insect pedogenesis
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - for the first time used in the clinic the blood transfusion of suddenly dead people
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted existence and created piezoelectric textures for the first time
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion theory of excitation
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N.A. Umov - a physicist, the equation of energy movement, the concept of energy flow; by the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the fallacies of the theory of relativity
84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for gunners
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven banknotes and a method for single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - points Ch. (critical points of phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another, who was the first in the world to equip river ships with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphozoreaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out the semerization of copper matte and get blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist, developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (vinylin)
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Famintsyn - a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for implementing photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - the thermal calculation of aircraft engines and jet engines
105. A.I. Leipunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and
molecules to free electrons in collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by rolling
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (autojector)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov, an inventor, was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian round-the-world trip, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and about. Sakhalin
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker of the modern type - the steamer of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarov.
123. V.N. chev - the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of chemistry of organoelement compounds.
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, for the first time in the world, air-cushion vehicles were created
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet moon rovers
127. P.N. Nesterov - the first in the world to complete a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a "dead loop", later called the "Nesterov loop"
128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder of a new science of seismology
