VIDEO LESSON

biological system

- an integral system of components that perform a specific function in living systems. Biological systems include complex systems of different levels of organization: biological macromolecules, subcellular organelles, cells, organs, organisms, populations.

Signs of biological systems

- criteria that distinguish biological systems from objects of inanimate nature:

1. The unity of the chemical composition. The composition of living organisms includes the same chemical elements as in objects of inanimate nature. However, the ratio of various elements in living and non-living is not the same. In inanimate nature, the most common elements are silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, and oxygen. In living organisms, 98% of the elemental (atomic) composition is accounted for by only four elements: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.

2. Metabolism. All living organisms are capable of exchanging substances with the environment. They absorb nutrients from the environment and excrete waste products. In inanimate nature, there is also an exchange of substances, however, during a non-biological cycle, they are simply transferred from one place to another or change their state of aggregation: for example, washing away the soil, turning water into steam or ice, etc. In living organisms, the metabolism has a qualitatively different level . In the cycle of organic substances, the most significant are the processes of synthesis and decay (assimilation and dissimilation - see below), as a result of which complex substances break down into simpler ones and the energy necessary for the reactions of synthesis of new complex substances is released.
Metabolism ensures the relative constancy of the chemical composition of all parts of the body and, as a result, the constancy of their functioning in continuously changing environmental conditions.

3. Self-reproduction (reproduction, reproduction) - the property of organisms to reproduce their own kind. The process of self-reproduction is carried out at almost all levels of life. The existence of each individual biological system is limited in time, so the maintenance of life is associated with self-reproduction. Self-reproduction is based on the formation of new molecules and structures, due to the information embedded in the nucleic acid - DNA, which is located in the parent cells.

4. Heredity - the ability of organisms to transmit their characteristics, properties and features of development from generation to generation. Heredity is ensured by the stability of DNA and the reproduction of its chemical structure with high accuracy. The material structures of heredity transmitted from parents to descendants are chromosomes and genes.

5. Variability - the ability of organisms to acquire new features and properties; it is based on changes in the material structures of heredity. This property is, as it were, the opposite of heredity, but at the same time is closely connected with it. Variability provides a variety of material for the selection of individuals most adapted to specific conditions of existence, which, in turn, leads to the emergence of new forms of life, new types of organisms.

6. Growth and development. The ability to develop is a universal property of matter. Development is understood as an irreversible directed regular change in objects of animate and inanimate nature. As a result of development, a new qualitative state of the object arises, its composition or structure changes. The development of the living form of matter is represented by individual development (ontogenesis) and historical development (phylogenesis). The phylogeny of the entire organic world is called evolution.
During ontogenesis, the individual properties of organisms gradually and consistently manifest themselves. This is based on the phased implementation of hereditary programs. Individual development is often accompanied by growth - an increase in the linear dimensions and mass of the entire individual and its individual organs due to an increase in the size and number of cells.
Historical development is accompanied by the formation of new species and the progressive complication of life. As a result of evolution, all the diversity of living organisms on Earth has arisen.

7. Irritability is a specific selective response of organisms to environmental changes. Any change in the conditions surrounding the organism is an irritation in relation to it, and its response is a manifestation of irritability. By responding to environmental factors, organisms interact with it and adapt to it, which helps them survive.
The reactions of multicellular animals to stimuli, carried out and controlled by the central nervous system, are called reflexes. Organisms that do not have a nervous system are devoid of reflexes, and their reactions are expressed in a change in the nature of movement (taxis) or growth (tropism).

8. Discreteness (from Latin discretus - divided). Any biological system consists of separate isolated, that is, isolated or delimited in space, but nevertheless, closely connected and interacting with each other, forming a structural and functional unity. So, any individual consists of individual cells with their special properties, and organelles and other intracellular formations are also discretely represented in the cells.
The discreteness of the structure of the body is the basis of its structural order. It creates the possibility of constant self-renewal of the system by replacing worn-out structural elements without stopping the functioning of the entire system as a whole.

9. Self-regulation (autoregulation) - the ability of living organisms to maintain the constancy of their chemical composition and the intensity of physiological processes (homeostasis). Self-regulation is carried out due to the activity of the nervous, endocrine and some other regulatory systems. The signal for turning on one or another regulatory system can be a change in the concentration of a substance or the state of a system.

10. Rhythm is a property inherent in both living and inanimate nature. It is due to various cosmic and planetary causes: the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and around its axis, the phases of the Moon, etc.
Rhythm is manifested in periodic changes in the intensity of physiological functions and shaping processes at certain equal intervals of time. The daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness in humans, the seasonal rhythms of activity and hibernation in some mammals, and many others are well known. Rhythm is aimed at coordinating body functions with periodically changing living conditions.

11. Energy dependence. Biological systems are "open" to energy input. By "open" they mean dynamic, i.e. systems that are not at rest, stable only under the condition of continuous access to them by substances and energy from the outside. Living organisms exist as long as they receive energy and substances from the environment in the form of food. In most cases, organisms use the energy of the Sun: some directly are photoautotrophs (green plants and cyanobacteria), others indirectly, in the form of organic substances of food consumed, are heterotrophs (animals, fungi and bacteria).

Option 1.

one! Cells are made up of:

a) plants

b) mushrooms

c) people

d) rocks

a) water

b) any substances

c) substances necessary for growth

d) substances necessary for life

a) breathing

b) selection

c) nutrition

d) movement

a) people

b) animals

c) mushrooms

d) plants

b) animals grow throughout their lives

c) animals move all their lives

a) a seed becomes a plant

b) the puppy has grown into a dog

d) a small tree became a big one

Test number 1 on the topic: "The main properties of the living"

Option 2.

a) cats

b) rowan

c) snakes

d) TV

a) energy for life

b) substances for the "building" of the body

d) only the substances necessary for growth

a) breathing

b) reaction

c) movement

d) irritability

a) all living organisms are made up of cells

b) plants feed on ready-made organic substances

c) all living organisms reproduce

a) they need more food

b) they need more energy

c) they must catch or find their food

d) they are made up of cells and multiply

Test number 1 on the topic: "The main properties of the living"

Option 3.

one! From cells invisible to the eye are built:

a) the moon

b) your parents

c) cabbage

d) wooden bench

2!* Living organisms get energy thanks to:

a) food

b) movement

c) breathing

d) allocation

3! Can move:

a) microbes

b) plants

c) animals

d) only plant leaves

4! Find the false statements:

a) bacteria are made up of one cell

b) animals grow throughout their lives

c) animals move all the time

d) plants release oxygen

5! Excretion helps the body get rid of:

a) extra nutrients

b) poisonous substances

c) undigested substances

d) extra energy

6. Find the correct statements:

a) if it moves, then it is alive

b) only animals breathe

c) only animals are capable of excreting waste

d) if it reproduces, then it is alive

Test number 1 on the topic: "The main properties of the living"

Option 4.

one! Cells are made up of:

a) rocks

b) plants

c) people

d) mushrooms

2! Nutrition is the intake of:

a) substances necessary for life

b) substances necessary for growth

c) any substances

d) water

3. Toxic, unnecessary and excess substances are removed by organisms using:

a) selection

b) breathing

c) nutrition

d) movement

4! Growing throughout life

a) mushrooms

b) animals

c) people

d) trees

5! Find the correct statements:

a) bacteria are made up of one cell

b) plants release oxygen

c) only fungi respire

d) animals grow throughout their lives

6! We can talk about development if:

a) a small tree became a big one

b) the seed turned into a plant

c) the leaves turned towards the light

d) the puppy has grown into a dog

Test number 1 on the topic: "The main properties of the living"

Option 5.

one! There are many small cells inside:

a) perch

b) rowan

c) TV

d) snakes

2! Through food, living organisms receive:

a) only the substances necessary for growth

b) energy for life

c) substances for the "repair" of the body

d) substances for the "building" of the body

3!* Response actions are called:

a) reaction

b) movement

c) irritability

d) breathing

4! Find the correct statements:

a) plants feed on ready-made organic substances

b) all living organisms reproduce

c) all living organisms are made up of cells

d) Plants are the main source of oxygen on Earth.

5. Animals move more than plants because:

a) they need more food

b) they must catch or find their food

c) they are made up of cells and multiply

d) they need more energy

Signs of living organisms:

1. Living organisms studied by biology contain biopolymers: proteins and nucleic acids that determine their characteristic properties.
2. Most organisms have a cellular structure (except viruses).
3. The exchange of matter and energy with the environment: living beings feed, plastic and energy metabolism is based on this, maintain the constancy of the internal environment - homeostasis and release waste products into the environment.
4. Ability to reproduce: the reproduction of offspring inheriting the characteristics of the parents.

The combination of these features distinguishes living organisms from bodies of inanimate nature. The most important difference is the ability to process information received from the environment and to respond to external irritation.

Also note the complexity of the organization, the ability to evolve, adaptability to the environment.

It is easy to see that many living organisms do not have all of these properties (for example, bacterial spores in a frozen state). At the same time, in inanimate nature, there are systems that have many of the above features (for example, saturated solutions, space bodies, human-made computers and automated systems).

There is a point of view (vitalism, etc.) that the fundamental and fundamental difference between the living and the non-living is the presence of a special substance (soul) that leaves the physical body after death. This point of view is not popular among biologists, despite the failure of numerous attempts to obtain a living being from inanimate matter.

2. Ecological (biotic) factors, their influence on the body. Give examples of competitive relations in nature and reveal their meaning. How does a person use knowledge about competition in practice?

Biotic factors include the impact on the body of surrounding living beings. Depending on whether these interactions positively or negatively affect the state of organisms, there are:

Competition as an essential factor in the struggle for existence contributes to different specialization (evolutionary divergence of needs), which increases the species diversity and sustainability of ecosystems.

In practical human activities, it is important to take into account undesirable competition: to prevent fields from being clogged with weeds, fish ponds for weedy low-value fish species. Particular care is required when introducing new species into ecosystems that may displace valuable native species.

Power circuit example:

Pine → gypsy moth caterpillar → cuckoo → hawk → bacteria
The arrows show the direction of biomass and energy transfer.

Food chains in an ecosystem are connected to each other, forming a food web:

3. Explain why the pancreas is classified as a gland of mixed secretion. How is a constant amount of glucose in the blood maintained? What precautions should be taken to prevent diabetes?

The pancreas belongs to the glands of mixed secretion. It produces digestive juice containing enzymes and entering through the duct into the duodenum (external secretion). At the same time, the pancreas synthesizes the most important hormone - insulin, which is secreted into the blood (internal secretion). With an increase in blood glucose, insulin produced increases the consumption of glucose and its conversion into glycogen, a reserve substance. After that, excess insulin is quickly destroyed.

With a lack of insulin, a disease develops -. Patients with diabetes mellitus are injected with insulin preparations into the blood.

In order not to get sick with diabetes, you need to lead a mobile lifestyle, do not abuse carbohydrates, and avoid nervous overload. The prevention of diabetes is facilitated by the inclusion in the diet of a cereal called spelt and some other products.

It would seem that the differences between living and non-living are immediately visible. However, everything is not quite simple. Scientists argue that such basic skills as eating, breathing and communicating with each other are not only a sign of living organisms. As people who lived during the Stone Age believed, everyone, without exception, can be called alive. These are stones, and grass, and trees.

In a word, all the surrounding nature can be called living. Nevertheless, modern scientists distinguish clearer distinguishing features. At the same time, the factor of coincidence of absolutely all the features of an organism that exudes life is very important. This is necessary in order to thoroughly determine the differences between living and non-living.

Essence and fundamental features of a living organism

Banal intuition allows each person to approximately draw a parallel between living and non-living.

Sometimes people have difficulty in correctly identifying the main differences between living and non-living. According to one of the brilliant writers, a living body consists entirely of living organisms, and an inanimate body consists of non-living ones. In addition to such tautologies in science, there are theses that more accurately reflect the essence of the question posed. Regrettably, but even these hypotheses do not fully provide answers to all existing dilemmas.

One way or another, the differences between living organisms and bodies of inanimate nature are still being studied and analyzed. For example, Engels' reasoning is very widespread. His opinion is that life literally cannot continue without the metabolic process inherent in protein bodies. This process, accordingly, cannot take place without the process of interaction with objects of wildlife. Here is an analogy between a burning candle and a live mouse or rat. The differences are that the mouse lives due to the process of respiration, that is, due to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and in the candle only the combustion process takes place, although these objects are at the same stages of life. From this illustrative example, it follows that mutual exchange with nature is possible not only in the case of living objects, but also in the case of non-living ones. Based on the above information, metabolism cannot be called the main factor in the classification of living objects. This shows that it is a very time-consuming mission to accurately determine the differences between a living and non-living organism.

This information has reached the minds of mankind for a very long time. According to the test philosopher from France D. Diderot, it is quite possible to understand what one tiny cell is, and it is a very big problem to delve into the essence of the whole organism. According to many scientists, only a combination of specific biological characteristics can give an idea of ​​what a living organism is and what is the difference between living nature and inanimate nature.

List of properties of a living organism

The properties of living organisms include:

• The content of the necessary biopolymers and substances bearing hereditary characteristics.
• The cellular structure of organisms (everything except viruses).
• Energy and material exchange with the surrounding space.
• The ability to reproduce and reproduce similar organisms that carry hereditary characteristics.

Summarizing all the information described above, it is worth saying that only living bodies can eat, breathe, and reproduce. The difference between the inanimate is that they can only exist.

Life is a code

It can be concluded that the basis of all life processes are proteins (proteins) and nucleic acids. Systems with the presence of such components are complexly organized. The shortest and, nevertheless, capacious definition was put forward from America by the name of Tipler, who became the creator of a publication called "Physics of Immortality". According to him, only that which contains nucleic acid can be recognized as a living being. Also, according to the scientist, life is a certain kind of code. Adhering to this opinion, it is worth assuming that only by changing this code, one can achieve eternal life and the absence of human health disorders. It cannot be said that this hypothesis resonated with everyone, but nevertheless some of its followers appeared. created with the aim of isolating the ability of a living organism to accumulate and process information.

Taking into account the fact that the issue of distinguishing living from non-living remains the subject of numerous discussions to this day, it makes sense to add a detailed consideration of the structure of the elements of living and non-living to the study.

The most important properties of living systems

Among the most important properties of living systems, many professors of biological sciences distinguish:

• Compactness.
• The ability to make order out of existing chaos.
• Material, energy and information exchange with the surrounding space.

An important role is played by the so-called "feedback loops", which are formed within autocatalytic interactions.

Life far surpasses other varieties of the existence of material in terms of the variety of chemical components and the dynamics of the processes that take place in a living personification. The compactness of the structure of living organisms is a consequence of the fact that the molecules are rigidly ordered.

In the composition of non-living organisms, the cellular structure is simple, which cannot be said about living ones.
The latter have a past, which is justified by cellular memory. This is also a significant difference between living organisms and non-living ones.

The life process of an organism is directly related to factors such as heredity and variability. As for the first case, the characters are transmitted to young individuals from older ones, and are little affected by the environment. In the second case, the opposite is true: each particle of the body changes due to interaction with the factors of the surrounding space.

The beginning of earthly life

The differences between living non-living organisms and other elements excite the minds of many scientists. According to them, life on earth has become known from the moment the concept of what DNA is and why it was created appeared.

As for information on the transition of simple protein compounds to more complex ones, reliable data on this matter have not yet been received. There is a theory about biochemical evolution, but it is presented only in general terms. This theory says that between the coacervates, which are by nature clots of organic compounds, molecules of complex carbohydrates can “wedged in”, which led to the formation of a simple cell membrane, which gave stabilization to the coacervates. As soon as a protein molecule was attached to the coacervate, another similar cell appeared, which had the ability to grow and further divide.

The most time-consuming step in the process of proving this hypothesis is the argumentation of the ability of living organisms to divide. There is no doubt that the models of the emergence of life will include other knowledge, supported by new scientific experience. However, the more the new surpasses the old, the more difficult it becomes to actually explain how exactly this “new” appeared. Accordingly, here we will always talk about approximate data, and not about specifics.

Creation processes

One way or another, the next important stage in the creation of a living organism is the reconstruction of a membrane that protects the cell from harmful environmental factors. It is the membranes that are the initial stage in the appearance of the cell, which serves as its distinctive link. Each process, which is a feature of a living organism, takes place inside the cell. A huge number of actions that serve as the basis for the life of the cell, that is, the provision of the necessary substances, enzymes and other material, occurs inside the membranes. Enzymes play a very important role in this situation, each of which is responsible for a specific function. The principle of action of enzyme molecules is that other active substances immediately seek to join them. Thanks to this, the reaction in the cell occurs almost in the blink of an eye.

Cell structure

From the elementary school biology course, it is clear that the synthesis of proteins and other vital components of the cell is mainly the responsibility of the cytoplasm. Almost any human cell is capable of synthesizing more than 1000 different proteins. In size, these cells can be both 1 millimeter and 1 meter, an example of which are the components of the nervous system of the human body. Most types of cells have the ability to regenerate, but there are exceptions, which are the already mentioned nerve cells and muscle fibers.

From the moment life first arose, the nature of planet Earth has been constantly evolving and modernizing. Evolution has been going on for several hundred million years, however, all the secrets and interesting facts have not been revealed to this day. Life forms on the planet are divided into nuclear and pre-nuclear, unicellular and multicellular.

Unicellular organisms are characterized by the fact that all important processes occur in a single cell. Multicellular, on the contrary, consist of many identical cells capable of dividing and, nevertheless, arranged into a single whole. occupy a huge space on Earth. This group includes people, animals, plants, and much, much more. Each of these classes is divided into species, subspecies, genera, families, and so on. For the first time, knowledge about the planet Earth was obtained from the experience of wildlife. The next stage is directly related to interaction with wildlife. It is also worth studying in detail all the systems and subsystems of the surrounding world.

Organization of living organisms

• Molecular.
• Cellular.
• Fabric.
• Organ.
• ontogenetic.
• Population.
• Species.
• Biogeocentric.
• Biospheric.

In the process of studying the simplest molecular-genetic level, the highest criterion of awareness has been achieved. The chromosomal theory of heredity, the analysis of mutations, the detailed study of cells, viruses, and phages formed the basis for the discovery of fundamental genetic systems.

Approximate knowledge about the structural levels of molecules was obtained through the influence of discoveries about the structure of living organisms. In the middle of the 19th century, people did not know that the body consists of many elements, and they believed that everything is closed on the cell. Then it was compared to an atom. The famous French scientist of that time, Louis Pasteur, suggested that the most important difference between living organisms and non-living organisms is molecular inequality, which is characteristic only of living nature. Scientists called this property of molecules chirality (the term is translated from Greek and means "hand"). This name was given due to the fact that this property resembles the difference between the right hand and the left.

Simultaneously with the detailed study of protein, scientists continued to uncover all the secrets of DNA and the principle of heredity. This question became most relevant at the moment when it was time to reveal the difference between living organisms and inanimate nature. If, in determining the boundaries of the living and the lifeless, one is guided by the scientific method, one may well encounter a number of certain difficulties.

Viruses - who are they?

There is an opinion about the existence of the so-called boundary stages between living and non-living. Basically, biologists have argued and are still arguing about the origin of viruses. The difference between viruses and ordinary cells is that they can multiply only with the aim of harming, but not with the aim of rejuvenating and prolonging the life of an individual. Also, viruses do not have the ability to exchange substances, grow, respond to irritating factors, and so on.

Viral cells outside the body have a hereditary mechanism, however, they do not contain enzymes, which are a kind of foundation for a full-fledged existence. Therefore, such cells can exist only thanks to the vital energy and useful substances taken from the donor, which is a healthy cell.

The main features of the difference between living and non-living

Any person, without special knowledge, can see that a living organism is somewhat different from a non-living one. This is especially evident when cells are viewed under a magnifying glass or microscope lens. In the structure of viruses, there is only one cell endowed with one set of organelles. In the composition of an ordinary cell, on the contrary, there are many interesting things. The difference between living organisms and inanimate nature lies in the fact that strictly ordered molecular compounds can be traced in a living cell. The list of these same compounds includes proteins, nucleic acids. Even the virus has a shell of nucleic acid, despite the fact that it does not have the rest of the "chain links".

The difference between animate and inanimate nature is obvious. The cell of a living organism has the functions of nutrition and metabolism, as well as the ability to breathe (in the case of plants, it also enriches the space with oxygen).

Another distinctive ability of a living organism lies in self-reproduction with the transfer of all integral hereditary features (for example, the case when a child is born similar to one of the parents). We can say that this is the main difference between the living. An inanimate organism with this ability does not exist.

This fact is inextricably linked with the fact that a living organism is capable not only of single, but also of team improvement. A very important skill of any living element is the ability to adapt to any conditions, and even to those in which it was not necessary to exist before. A good example is the ability of a hare to change color to protect itself from predators, and a bear to hibernate in order to survive the cold season. These properties include the habit of animals to omnivores. This is the difference between the bodies of living nature. An inanimate organism is not capable of this.

Inanimate organisms are also subject to changes, only somewhat different, for example, birch changes the color of foliage in autumn. On top of that, living organisms have the ability to make contact with the outside world, which representatives of inanimate nature cannot. Animals can attack, make noise, raise their hair in case of danger, release needles, wag their tails. As for the higher groups of living organisms, they have their own mechanisms of communication within the community that are not always subject to modern science.

findings

Before determining the difference between living organisms, inanimate bodies, or discussing the fact that an organism belongs to the categories of animate or inanimate nature, it is necessary to thoroughly study all the signs of both. If only one of the signs does not correspond to the class of living organisms, then it can no longer be called living. One of the main features of a living cell is the presence of a nucleic acid and a number of protein compounds. This is the fundamental difference between living objects. Inanimate bodies with such a feature on Earth do not exist.

Living organisms, unlike non-living ones, have the ability to reproduce and leave offspring, as well as get used to any living conditions.

Only living organisms have the ability to communicate, while their "language" of communication is not subject to the study of biologists of any level of professionalism.

Using these materials, each person will be able to distinguish the living from the non-living. Also, a distinctive feature of animate and inanimate nature is that representatives of the living natural world can think, but samples of the inanimate cannot.

What is animate and inanimate nature: signs, description, examples

Sometimes children drive their parents into a dead corner by asking tricky questions. Sometimes you don’t even know how to answer them, and sometimes you just don’t find the right words. After all, children need not only to explain correctly, but also to speak in a language that is accessible to them.

The theme of animate and inanimate nature begins to interest children even before the start of school life, and it is of great importance in correctly perceiving the world around them. Therefore, you need to thoroughly understand the topic of nature and understand why they distinguish and what it is - animate and inanimate nature.

What is wildlife: signs, description, examples

Let's first understand (or just remember) what nature is in general. There are a lot of living organisms and inanimate objects around us. Everything that can appear and develop without human intervention is called nature. That is, for example, forests, mountains, fields, stones and stars belong to our nature. But cars, houses, airplanes and other buildings (as well as equipment) have nothing to do even with the inanimate area of ​​​​nature. This is what man himself has created.

What are the criteria for distinguishing wildlife.

• A living organism will in any case grow and develop. That is, he will definitely go through a life cycle from birth to death (yes, how sad it does not sound). Let's look at an example.
  • Take any animal (let it be a deer). He is born, learns to walk after a certain time, grows. Then, already in the adult individual, their children appear, the same deer. And in the final stage, the deer grows old and leaves this world.
  • Now let's take a seed (any, let it be a sunflower seed). If you plant it in the ground (by the way, this process is also thought out by nature). After a certain time, a small process appears, which gradually grows and increases in size. It begins to bloom, it has seeds (which then fall to the ground and repeat a new cycle of life). In the end, the sunflower dries up and dies.
• reproduction, as a constituent and important component of any living object. We have already given some examples above that all living organisms reproduce. That is, each animal has children, each tree sprouts shoots from which new trees grow. And flowers and various plants scatter their seeds so that they germinate in the ground and from them new and young plants turn out.
• Nutrition is an integral part of our life. All those who eat any food (it can be other animals, plants or water) belong to wildlife. To maintain life and development, living organisms simply need food. After all, from it we find the strength to develop and grow.

• Breath- Another important component of wildlife. Yes, some animals or small organisms do this function in the same way that humans do. We breathe in oxygen through our lungs. We breathe out carbon dioxide. Fish and other inhabitants that live under water have gills for this purpose. But here, for example, trees and grasses breathe through the leaves. By the way, they do not need oxygen, but, on the contrary, carbon dioxide. Moreover, through special tiny cells (they also perform important metabolic processes), oxygen is released, which is necessary for animals and humans.
• Motion- that's life! There is such a motto, and it fully characterizes the living world. Try sitting or lying down all day. Your arms and legs will simply ache. Muscles need to work and develop. By the way, children often have a question - how do trees or flowers move in a flower bed. After all, they have no legs and they do not move around the city. But note that the plants turn to follow the sun.
  • Do an experiment! Even at home, on the windowsill, watch the flower. If you turn it in the other direction from the window, then after a while it will again look out the window. It's just that plants make their movements very slowly and smoothly.
• And the last and final step is dying. Yes, we mentioned in the first paragraph that everything completes its life cycle. By the way, in this matter, too, there is a fine line.
  • For example, a tree that grows is related to wildlife. But the already cut down plant will not breathe, move or multiply. This means that automatically it will already refer to inanimate nature. By the way, the same applies to a plucked flower.

Now let's delve a little into the topic, what other signs of wildlife are there:

We have stipulated important and obligatory conditions. And now let's add some scientific facts. Let's just say, in order for your child to shine with intelligence and quick wit even more. After all, do not forget that information in terms of study is never superfluous.

• We mentioned that wildlife must move, breathe, eat, and go through a life cycle. But I would like to add one more small nuance. These are waste products and excrement. Excretion It is the ability of the body to get rid of toxins and waste. Simply put, all living organisms go to the toilet. It's just a necessary chain so as not to poison our cells. Trees, for example, shed their leaves, change their bark.
• By the way, about cells. All living organisms are made up of cells! There are simple creatures that are composed of only one or a few cells (these are the so-called bacteria). But more on that later.
  • Many cells are grouped into a tissue. And those, in turn, put together a whole organ. Organs, or rather their composition (that is, the totality, group) make the finished organism. By the way, all living beings that consist of organs belong to the class of higher representatives. And they are very complex organisms.

IMPORTANT: To make this topic clearer to the child, make a person or other living creature from the designer. Let him imagine that every detail is a cage.

• It is impossible not to note also the energy of the Sun and the Earth. All living beings simply need sunlight and enjoy the gifts of the earth. For example, minerals. The most accessible and understandable are salt or coal, which are mined from its soil.
• Each of us has our own habits in behavior. This is called environmental response. Behavior is a very complex set of reactions. By the way, for each living being they differ from each other.
• We can all adapt to any change. A person, for example, came up with the idea of ​​using an umbrella during the rainy season, while other animals simply hide under a canopy or a tree.

What types of living things are distinguished by biology?

• Microorganisms. These are the most ancient representatives of wildlife. They can develop where there is water or moisture. Even such tiny representatives can grow, multiply and go through a whole complex life cycle. By the way, they can eat water and other nutrients. These usually include bacteria, viruses and fungi (but not the ones we eat).
• Plants or flora(in scientific terms). The variety is simply huge - this is grass, and flowers, and trees, and even single-celled algae (and not only). Give the child full information about why they belong to the living world.
  • Because they breathe. Yes, we remember that plants produce oxygen, and absorb (or absorb) carbon dioxide.
  • They are moving. They turn to follow the sun, twist the leaves or drop them.
  • They are eating. Yes, some do it through soil (like flowers), get their nutrients from water, or do it all from two resources.
  • They grow and multiply. We will not repeat ourselves, since we have already given examples of such an explanation above.
• It's just a huge complex that includes wild or domestic animals, insects, birds, fish, amphibians or mammals. They can breathe, eat, grow, develop and reproduce. Moreover, they have another feature - the ability to adapt to environmental conditions.

• Man. It stands at the very top of wildlife, since all of the above signs are inherent in it. Therefore, we will not repeat them.

What is inanimate nature: signs, description, examples

As you have already guessed, inanimate nature cannot breathe, grow, eat, multiply. Although there are some nuances in these matters. For example, mountains can grow. And huge plates of the earth can move. But we will talk about this in more detail later.

Therefore, let's highlight the main features of inanimate nature.

• They are do not go through the life cycle. That is, they do not grow and do not develop. Yes, mountains can "grow" (increase in volume) or crystals of salt or other minerals can increase. But it's not because of the multiplication of cells. And because of the fact that there are "newly arrived" parts. Also, it is impossible not to note the dust and other layers (this is what is directly related to the mountains).
• They are don't eat. Mountains, stone or our planet do not eat? No, inanimate nature does not need to receive additional energy (for example, the Sun and the same Earth) or any nutrients. Yes, they simply do not need it!
• They are don't move. If you kick a person, he will start to fight back (here the reaction to the environment will also be involved). If you push a plant, it will either stay in place (because it has a root) or lose its leaves (which will then grow back). But if you kick a stone, then it just moves a certain distance. And then it will be immobilized to lie there.
  • The water in the river moves, but not because it is alive. The wind plays a role, the inclination of the terrain and do not forget about such a tiny detail as particles. A person, for example, consists of cells, but water (and other non-living elements) consists of tiny particles. And in those places where the connection between the particles is the smallest, they try to take the lowest place. As they move, they form a current.
• Of course, one cannot ignore them. stability. Yes, the question may arise in my head that sand and earth have a free-flowing state (you can make cakes out of them). But they can easily withstand the weight of not only one person, but a whole billion (even several). And about the stone, you don’t even need to explain.

• Weak variability- another sign of inanimate nature. A stone can change its shape, for example, under the influence of a current. But this will take not even a month or two, but several years.
• And it is necessary to note the point lack of reproduction. Inanimate nature does not give birth to cubs, it does not have offspring, or it does not have additional shoots. And the thing is that their life cycle does not end. Take even our planet - it is already many years old. And the sun, stars or mountains. All of them, too, have been in their place in an unchanged state for many, many years.

IMPORTANT: The only change in nature is the transition from one state to another. That is, for example, a stone can become dust over time. The most obvious example is water. It can evaporate, then accumulate in clouds and fall as precipitation (rain or snow). It can also become ice, that is, take on a solid form. We remind you that there are three states - gaseous, liquid and solid forms.

What are the types of inanimate nature?

A child already in the primary grades should have elementary ideas not only about living nature, but also about inanimate elements. To make it easier to perceive them, you need to immediately distinguish three groups. Moreover, in the future, in a geography lesson, this will only be a plus.

• Lithosphere. We all live in such a huge house as the Earth (by the way, this is the only planet in space where there is life). It does not consist only of earth, sand and vegetation. This is a relatively small (although its layer is at least 10 km) surface layer.
  • And under it there are more layers of the mantle (they are in a molten state and are tens of times thicker than the uppermost layer), while the core is located inside the planet (it consists of molten metals).
  • And do not forget about such an important condition that our earth's crust consists of puzzles. Yes, they are called lithospheric plates. But for a more understandable perception, they can be attached in the form of pieces of a picture. So they divide the globe into continents and oceans.
    • Where they sink, water bodies (seas, rivers and oceans) are formed.
    • In places of elevation, earth surfaces and even mountains are formed (they appear as a result of the fact that one plate overlapped another).
  • Hydrosphere. Naturally, this is the water part of the Earth. By the way, it occupies almost 70% of the entire surface. These are rivers, lakes, streams, seas and oceans.
  • Atmosphere. In other words, it is air. It has several layers and it has two main components - nitrogen (occupies as much as 78%) and oxygen (only 21%).

IMPORTANT: We need oxygen to sustain life. But nitrogen, diluting it, does not allow excess inhalation of oxygen. So these components are very important to us and they keep each other in balance.

By the way, you still need to highlight separately. After all, without it there would be nothing alive. Yes, in principle, there would be just darkness. It gives us warmth, light and energy.

How do living beings differ from objects of inanimate nature: comparisons, features, similarities and differences

We have already given a complete concept of each aspect, highlighting the main differences between animate and inanimate nature. That is, they showed their main characteristics. Moreover, they provided it in expanded form, so we will not repeat it.

I just want to add what similarities there are between animate and inanimate nature:

• We are all subject to the same physical laws. Throw down a rock or lizard. They will fall down. The only thing is that the bird will fly into the sky. But this is due to the presence of wings. Under water, it will still go to the bottom.
• All chemical reactions have the same effect on living and inanimate nature. A lightning strike leaves a similar mark. Or an even simpler example - the appearance of salt deposits. That on a stone, that on a person there will be white stripes from the drying of sea water.
• Of course, we do not forget about the laws of mechanics. Again, they are all subjected equally, without exception. For example, under the influence of a strong wind, we begin to walk faster (if we follow it), and the clouds begin to move faster across the sky.

• We all have some kind of change. Just a person or any other animal grows, changes shape. The stone also grinds down, the cloud changes shape and color depending on the content of the number of water droplets (that is, moisture).
• By the way, color. Some animals have or can become the same color as objects of inanimate nature.
• The form. Pay attention to the similarity of a shell or lichen to a stone, or the structure of graphite to a honeycomb. And snowflakes with starfish, for example, do not cause any symmetry in the forms in anyone?
• And, of course, we need the light and energy of the Sun.

How to show the relationship between animate and inanimate nature? Invisible threads between animate and inanimate nature: description

We gave not only the differences between animate and inanimate nature, but also showed the common features between them. But it is also necessary to highlight the fact that in nature everything is interconnected.

• For example, the simplest is water. It is necessary for all living representatives. Be it a man, a lion, a squirrel or a flower. The only difference is that plants get moisture through the root, while animals drink it.
• The sun. It belongs to inanimate nature, but it is simply necessary for green plants to produce oxygen. Living beings need it in order to see and develop normally. By the way, the stars and the moon perform a similar function at night, for example, to light the way.
• Some animals live in burrows they dig in the ground. And others, for example, ducks live in reeds. Moss grows on rocks.
• Some minerals serve to nourish many animals and humans. Even take the most banal salt. Coal helps to keep warm, and it is mined from the bowels of the earth. By the way, this also includes the gas that enters our burners and pipes.

• But animals play an important role. For example, fallen leaves, rotting, nourish the soil. Even some animal and human waste contribute to its enrichment. But this does not mean household waste, it does not rot.
• Plants provide shelter for most animals, who in turn pollinate plants, disperse seeds, and drive off pests. For example, a tree or a stone serves as a house for a person (if it is built).
• These are not all examples. Each chain of our life is closely interconnected with other aspects of nature. By the way, I would also like to isolate oxygen, without which not a single representative of wildlife would exist.

What indicates the commonality of animate and inanimate nature?

To do this, remember the course of physics. All living and non-living objects are made up of particles. Or rather, from atoms. But this is a slightly different, more complex science. And I would also like to connect knowledge from chemistry. All representatives of nature have the same chemical composition. No, they are all different in their own way.

• But in any living representative there is the same element that is found in inanimate nature. For example, even water. It is found in all plants, animals, humans and even microorganisms.

The role of soil in the relationship of animate and inanimate nature: description

The role of water and oxygen is simply huge for wildlife. But the soil itself is simply impossible to overestimate. Therefore, we will immediately start with the most important thing.

• The soil serves as a home for most representatives of the animal world. Some live in it, while others just build houses. Plants also "live" in the soil, because otherwise they will not be able to grow.
• She is the most nutritious. Yes, no one compares to her. After all, it has all the necessary minerals and elements. And sometimes the connection can have indirect contact.

For example, soil nourishes plants and, together with water, promotes their growth. And those already become food for other animals. By the way, some animals are food for representatives of the higher chain.

IMPORTANT: We have already mentioned this, that animals and plants also enrich it after their death. And the chain begins again, the resulting substances become food for microorganisms and other plants.

• For people, for example, it also serves as the basis for the extraction of all minerals and minerals. Even the same coal. And also, oil, gas or metal ores.

Factors of inanimate nature affecting living organisms: description

Yes, all factors of inanimate nature affect living organisms. And to a direct extent. You can find a whole lot of them, but we will highlight the most basic and main ones.

1. Light and warmth. Refers to one point, since living organisms receive it from the Sun. Yes, its role is also hard to overestimate, because without the Sun there would simply be no life on Earth.
   • Without light, many organisms would simply die. Light enables many chemical processes in organisms to take place. For example, plants can only produce oxygen when exposed to sunlight. Yes, and you and I would not have looked like that.
   • The temperature in each climate zone is different. For example, at the equator (in the middle of the globe) it is maximum. There is a completely different vegetation and, for example, the skin color of the inhabitants is darker. And the animals there have other characteristics.
   • In the north, on the contrary, people with paler skin live. And you are unlikely to meet a giraffe or a crocodile in the Arctic. Plants also change in the degree of temperature change. The color and shape of the leaves change.
   • And the cold, in general, can be fatal for many living beings. At very low temperatures, neither a person, nor an animal, nor a plant, nor even a bacterium will survive for a long time.
2. Humidity. It is also important for all life on the planet. Without it, both animals and plants will die in the same way. If the humidity falls below the required limit, then vital activity will begin to decrease.
   • By the way, in a hot climate, water vapor is better preserved. Therefore, frequent precipitation in the form of rain is observed. For example, in the tropics, they can be in huge numbers and go for several days.
   • In cold regions, approximately 40-45% of the moisture goes to the formation of dew or snow. We can conclude that the colder the area, the less often it rains. But in hot climates you rarely see snowfall.
3. In the north, the ground is covered with a layer of snow. Therefore, she will not be so rich. In hot countries, sands are more common. Chernozem (that is, black earth) is considered the most fertile.
   • By the way, the shape of the soil is also important. In the mountains, again, there will be other plants and animals that have adapted to live on the slopes. And on the low ground, near the swamps, their own rules reign.

Why are humans classified as living beings?

Man does not just belong to wildlife, he is at the top of the whole chain! We talked at the very beginning about signs. Here we draw conclusions about this. Man breathes, eats, grows and develops. Everyone has their own children, and in the final stage we leave this world.

• Moreover, a person is able to adapt to climate change and other changes in the environment.
• We all have our own reaction to what is happening. Yes, when we are pushed, we do not fly off to the side, but we fight back.
• We make the most of the resources not only of the earth, but also of the ocean and space.
• Man uses heat, light and energy from the sun.
• Man has all the features of living nature, he has a mind and a soul. Moreover, he makes the most of this opportunity.

For example, animals cannot build their own house. And a person even makes a whole work of art. And this is just a small example of his work. We make the most of plants, trees and other animals. Even if you take the lion - the king of beasts. His person can easily win (yes, for these purposes he uses such inventions as a dagger or a pistol).

Video: Living and inanimate nature: objects and phenomena

Question 1. How are plants different from animals?

Question 2. What are the characteristics of living organisms?

Living organisms grow, feed, breathe, develop, multiply, have irritability, release products of their vital activity (metabolism and energy) into their environment. All living organisms are made up of cells (except viruses).

Question 1. What kingdoms of living organisms do you know?

There are four kingdoms: Bacteria, Fungi, Plants and Animals.

Question 2. What features distinguish living organisms from inanimate objects?

Living organisms differ from inanimate objects in the following features: growth, nutrition, respiration, development, reproduction, irritability, excretion, metabolism and energy, mobility. Inanimate objects do not have such features.

Question 3. What is the importance for the existence of life on Earth is the ability of organisms to reproduce?

If reproduction stops at any stage of organisms, all living things will gradually disappear. This speaks to the relationship of living organisms. Reproduction carries out the transfer of hereditary information and the continuity of generations. Reproduction allows the population to exist, to continue its species.

Think

Consider Figure 9. What phenomenon is depicted in it, and why is it called the "food chain"? Make your own food chain that is typical for living organisms that live in your area.

This figure depicts the phenomenon of the "supply chain". It really looks like a chain of certain links that successively replace each other. Examples:

Sun → grass → hare → wolf;

Sun → tree foliage → caterpillar → bird (tit, oriole) → hawk or falcon;

Spruce → squirrel → marten;

Sun → grass → caterpillar → mouse → viper → hedgehog → fox.

Tasks. Plan your paragraph.

Paragraph plan

§3. Diversity of wildlife. kingdoms of living organisms. hallmarks of the living.

Paragraph outline:

1. Kingdoms of living organisms;

2. Differences between living organisms and inanimate objects;

3. The main features of living organisms;

3.1. Cell structure;

3.2. Chemical composition;

3.3. Metabolism;

3.4. Irritability;

3.6. Development;