The Republic of Tuva (capital - the city of Kyzyl) is a subject of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Siberian Federal District. This region has a significant tourism potential, which, unfortunately, is still little used. This article is intended to shed light on the sights of Tuva unfamiliar to the general public. They are mostly natural. The whole region is located in the picturesque region of the Western Sayan. So in the Republic of Tuva there are snow-capped peaks with eternal glaciers, and tundra, and taiga, as well as steppes and even semi-deserts. In terms of tourism, the region is also interesting because, due to its geographical isolation, the national color and ancient traditions of nomads have been preserved intact here. And the local beliefs of the Tuvans - an interesting mix of Buddhism and pagan shamanism - put religious scholars into a stupor. People come here in search of Asian spirituality, admire the beauty of the mountains and improve their health in local healing springs.
Tuva or Tyva?
Where is
Where is the Republic of Tuva located? The capital of the region, the city of Kyzyl, is located just 20 kilometers west of the geographical center of Asia. In the south, Tuva borders on Mongolia, and on the other three sides - on such subjects of the Russian Federation as Buryatia, Khakassia, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region. The territory of the Republic is thus located in Eastern Siberia, in the very south of our country. Eighty percent of its land is occupied by peaks ranging from two to three kilometers above sea level. The lands rise in the west. The highest points of the Republic are concentrated here: Mongun-Taiga (3976 m), Ak-Oyuk and Mongulek. In the Sayans, in the upper reaches of the Great Yenisei, there is a plateau of Derby-Taiga basalt, where there are sixteen volcanoes considered to be extinct.
How to get there
By train you will not get to the original region of Tuva. The Tuva Republic knows only air, bus and river communications. The nearest railway station is located 44 kilometers from Kyzyl - in the city of Abakan. The small airport of the capital of the Republic accepts only a few flights. Pilatus planes fly daily from Krasnoyarsk. In summer three times a week you can get to Kyzyl from Novosibirsk. Bus service has been established to Irkutsk and Tomsk. From the end of April until freezing up, a motor ship runs along the Great Yenisei from Kyzyl to the village of Toora-Khem. Helicopters deliver tourists to hard-to-reach places.
Climate
The Republic of Tuva is surrounded by mountains on all sides. Its capital is in the basin. This geographical position causes a sharply continental climate. There is a frosty (in the basin with little snow) winter and a very hot but rainy summer. The temperature in January is usually - 30 ° C (there are frosts and up to 40 degrees). In July, the thermometer shows +25 ... +35 ° C. In the basin, the summer is dry - only 200 mm of precipitation per year, while on the slopes of the mountains they fall up to a thousand millimeters. The most favorable time for visiting the republic for the purpose of tourism is May and September. Then comfortable temperatures prevail here, the risk of falling under a downpour is reduced.
The capital of the Republic of Tuva - Kyzyl
The view of the city, standing at the confluence of two rivers, Biy-Khem and Kaa-Khem (Big and Small Yeniseev), is simply amazing. Mountains rise in the background, and this primeval beauty transforms the prefabricated Soviet buildings of the Khrushchev period. You will not find any antiquities in Kyzyl - after all, the city is barely a hundred years old. But an attentive tourist can still find local flavor in this Soviet depersonalization. It has become especially pronounced in recent years. These are raised "Chinese" corners of the roofs, a stadium in the form of a giant yurt. Kyzyl is able to surprise a visiting tourist and even plunge him into a culture shock. So, on Mount Lenin, the mantra “Om-mane-padme-hum” is laid out of stones, calling the Dalai Lama to the city. And if you visit the museum, you will learn the Tuvan version of the origin of the Homo sapiens species. There, under the effigy of the clubfoot owner of the forest, there is such an inscription: "The bear is the ancestor of people."
Where to stay and what to see
There are only four hotels in Kyzyl. The largest is the Buyan-Badyrgy hotel complex. Lovers of small family-type hotels are waiting for a cozy "Cottage". You should start getting acquainted with the city from Arat Square. It houses the Drama Theater and the Government House. The Republic of Tuva, whose capital strikes with exoticism, clearly prefers muses rather than officialdom. The Temple of Arts looks much more imposing than the Government House. But the main attraction of the square is the prayer wheel. It contains over a million mantras. One turn of the drum cleanses the soul better than Great Lent - so the locals assure. It is also worth visiting the local temples. In the most visited Buddhist shrine - Tsechenling datsan - they study the philosophy of Enlightenment, practice meditation and yoga, and pray. Shamanism in Tuva is also in honor. There are several centers where you can undergo a purification ceremony or find out the future.
Events
Most tourists come to Kyzyl in transit - on the way to healing springs and mud lakes. But there are dates on the calendar when you should definitely visit the Republic of Tuva. First, it's New Year's. It is celebrated here according to the lunar calendar (end of January or beginning of February). There are games, horse races, sports competitions "khuresh" everywhere. In these battles, men fight one on one. In August, when the shepherds descend from the mountains, the traditional Naadym holiday takes place. Day of the Republic of Tuva is celebrated on the second Sunday of September. Literally all holidays are accompanied by horse races, wrestling of bogatyrs “khuresh” and archery. During the performance of local bands, you can hear throat singing. This is another attraction in the culture of the Tuvan people.
TUVA AUTONOMIC SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Tuva, - as part of the RSFSR. Became part of the USSR on 11 Oct. 1944, from 13 Oct. - auth. region RSFSR. Converted to ASSR on 10 Oct. 1961. Located in the extreme south of Siberia, between Zap. and Vost. Sayanami in the north and the basin of the Big Lakes in the south, along the border with the MPR. B. h. terr. T. is in the bass. top. Yenisei. Area - 170.5 thousand km 2. Us. according to the 1970 census - 231 thousand hours, including urban - 87 thousand hours, rural - 144 thousand hours (Tuvans - about 59%, Russians, etc. - more than 41%). In T. there are 12 districts, 5 cities, 2 villages in the mountains. type (1971). The capital is the city of Kyzyl.
Ancient archeology. monuments studied on the territory. T., ch. arr. in the river basin Khemchik (the largest left tributary of the Yenisei), belong to the top. "Paleolithic" (sites of Iime and others). Main The occupation of the people of this time was hunting and gathering, they lived in small primitive communities. In the Neolithic era, fishing also became important; bow and arrows, pottery production appeared. In the Bronze Age, agriculture and cattle breeding (small and cattle, horses) begin to develop in the Tuva Basin and other steppe districts. The manufacture of certain types of weapons and tools from copper and bronze, as well as jewelry, is being mastered. In the taiga districts of the Sayan continue to preserve the main. value in x-ve hunting, fishing, gathering. In so-called. Scythian time (7-3 centuries BC) further development of cattle breeding takes place, life becomes semi-nomadic. Bronze casting production has reached a relatively high level, the development of iron begins. In societies. life was dominated by patriarchal-tribal relations. A rich tribal elite stands out. The art of the steppe tribes (mainly in the form of decorations, drawings on stone steles) was distinguished by great perfection. The images of art were dominated by zoomorphic motifs (the so-called Scythian-Siberian animal style). Anthropological type of population was in the main. Caucasian. The tribes of T. were characterized by a local culture, which received the name. Kazylgan (according to the burial ground in the Western T.), or Uyuk (according to the burial grounds on the Uyuk River, the right tributary of the Biy-Khem River). Its bearers were closely connected culturally and probably ethnically with the tribes of Altai, Cf. Asia, Kazakhstan and north-west. Mongolia.
At the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries. BC e. Tribes, apparently of kinship, invaded T. "Hunnam" Center. Asia. The largest monuments of this time are the burial grounds of Syinchurek, Kokel, and others. The former inhabitants of T. were partially driven out, partly mixed with newcomers. The new population was heterogeneous in anthropological terms. relation and included Mongoloid and Caucasoid components. In the Hun times, the role of cattle breeding increased significantly among the steppe tribes, but they were also engaged in hunting, fishing and hoe farming.
From the 2nd century n. e. tribal unions of Xian-bi and then "Zhuzhan" dominated in T. From Ser. 6th c. and to ser. 8th c. T. was a member of the "Turkic Khaganate". On the territory At that time, tribes of nomadic cattle-breeders Turk-Tugyu, who knew how to extract and process iron, penetrated the T., they had a developed craft and, probably, primitive weaving. The society of the Tugu Turks was early class. There is no consensus among researchers about its character (some consider it early feudal, others consider it military-democratic, some consider it slave-owning). The ancient Turks knew the so-called. Orkhon-Yenisei script (see "Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions"). Monuments of the ancient Turks in T. - mounds, memorial structures, including kam. statues of people preserved in the steppe districts. In Turkic times, certain tribes also lived in T., which later became part of the Tuvan people (for example, "tuba", with the ethnic name of which the modern self-name of Tuvans is associated). During the era of the Turkic Khaganate, the population of T. had close cultural and ethnic backgrounds. communication with residents of neighboring districts Yuzh. Siberia, Center. and Wed. Asia. All R. 8th c. the Tugu Turks were defeated by the "Uyghurs", who conquered T. Apparently, the Uyghur kagan Moyunchur were built in the middle. 8th c. palace and fortress Por-Bazhyn on about. Tere-Khol, in the south-east. T. The Uighur groups who settled in T. were engaged in ch. arr. agriculture and animal husbandry. In order to enslave the local population and protect the Yenisei Kyrgyz living in the Minusinsk Basin from attacks, the Uighurs built in the center. and app. T. a number of fortresses, most of which were connected by defense. shaft length approx. 100 km. The ruins of these Uighur fortresses (Bazhyn-Alaak and others) have been preserved. After the fall in the middle of the 9th c. under the blows of the Kyrgyz of the Uyghur Khaganate, part of the Uyghur us. remained in T. Later, it participated in the ethnogenesis of the Tuvan people (the Uigur-Ondar groups, etc.). The Yenisei Kyrgyz, who conquered T., partially settled in its steppe districts. Along with cattle breeding, they were engaged in plow farming using complex irrigation systems. systems. They developed handicrafts. production, including highly artistic. metal processing. The Kyrgyz used the Orkhon-Yenisei script. Subsequently, certain groups of Kyrgyz also became part of the Tuvan people, their descendants inhabit Ch. arr. southeast and northwest. districts T.
In 1207 T. was subjugated by the troops of "Genghis Khan", who brutally oppressed the local people. Individual Mongs moved to T. tribes, which were later Turkified and became part of the Tuvans. In the 13th-14th centuries. T. was under the dominion of the Mong. the Yuan Dynasty that ruled China. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, T. included Ch. way into the Mong. principalities. From the end of the 16th century and up to the 2nd floor. 17th century T. was part of the West.-Mong. state-va Altyn-khanov. In the beginning. 17th century Russian The government sent a number of embassies to the Altyn Khans. Information collected in T. Rus. ambassadors V. Tyuments and I. Petrov (1615), are of great ethnographic value.
Part of the Tuvan tribes that inhabited the Sayans, from the 17th century. was under the citizenship of Russia as part of the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk districts. In the 16th and 17th centuries "Lamaism" is spreading in T. In the 18th century the first lamaist khures (monasteries) were built. To the beginning 20th century there were 22 of them, and the number of lamas was approx. 4 thousand people (St. 10% of the male population of T.).
At the end of the 17th century means. part of T. was conquered by the Jungars (see "Oirat Khanate"), who were in the 18th century. destroyed by the Manchus. The Manchurian yoke was very difficult for the Tuvan people. Against military-feud. oppression of the conquerors, the Tuvans repeatedly raised uprisings, which were brutally suppressed. During the period of Manchu domination, T. was divided into a number of districts - khoshuns, which were headed by "noyons". Some khoshuns (Todzhinsky, Salchaksky, Khemchiksky) were ruled by an ambyn-noyon, who was subordinate to the Manchu governor. Other khoshuns were directly under the rule of the Manchu rulers. The domination of the Manchus with bloody methods of oppression of the population of T., their colonial policy aimed at preserving backward societies.-Economic. relations, hindered the economic. The development of agriculture remained mostly natural, in the steppe districts nomadic pastoralism dominated, combined with primitive farming, hunting and gathering. In the north-east. districts T. main. The occupation of the population was reindeer herding, hunting, gathering and fishing. Mn. Tuvan peasant cattle breeders (arats), fleeing the Manchu oppression, fled to Russia - to Altai and Khakassia. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Russians begin to settle in T. peasants and merchants. By 1917 Russian. the population of T. totaled 12 thousand people. As a result, the national-liberate. In 1912 the Manchurian yoke was abolished in 1912. In the context of increased social contradictions and the struggle of various feuds. groups for power and taking into account the cravings of many others. aratov to rapprochement with the Russian. people, the ambyn-noyon Kombu-Dorzhu, the influential wealthy cattle breeder Agban-Demchi, and others applied in February. 1912 to Russian. to the tsar with a request to annex T. to Russia. Then in 1913 with similar requests to Rus. Some other feudal lords, officials, and higher female clergy (Noyon Buyan-Badorkhu, Khambu Lama Chamza, and others) also addressed the pr-vu. In 1914, T. (then called the Uryankhai Territory) was taken under the protectorate of Russia, which was of progressive importance for T., for it contributed, albeit to a small extent, to its economic development. and cultural development, contributed to the familiarization of the Tuvan people with Russian. revolutionary movement. The construction of the Usinsk tract through the Sayan Mountains was launched to connect T. with the Trans-Siberian. well. d.
After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Russia in T. on March 24, on the initiative of local Socialist-Revolutionaries in the city of Belotsarsk (modern Kyzyl), the First Congress of the Russian. population, representing the interests of Ch. arr. former tsarist officials, merchants and kulaks. Bourgeois was elected. authority - Uryankhai Provisional Regional Committee. Ross. Temporary production in Aug. 1917 confirmed the protectorate of Russia over T. Revolyuts. traffic in T., although slowly, but steadily increased. The influence of the Bolsheviks increased (leaders N. G. Kryuchkov, M. Ya. Kryuchkov, S. K. Bespalov and others), who actively participated in the subsequent congresses of the Russian. population (II - Oct. 1917, III - Dec. 1917). After the victory of Vel. Oct. socialist. revolution in Russia, the working people of T. launched a struggle for the Sov. power. On March 16, 1918, the IV Congress of the Russian. us. T., on which there were many delegates from the workers and the cross. poor, most of them supported the Bolsheviks. The congress proclaimed the Sov. power and formed the regional Council of workers and the cross. deputies (prev. - Bolshevik S. K. Bespalov). The activities of the Soviet authorities, expressing the fundamental interests of all workers, met with the support of the indigenous nat. local population. In June 1918, a congress of representatives of the Tuvan people and the Fifth Congress of the Rus. population. On June 18, at a joint meeting of both congresses, an agreement was adopted on the self-determination of T., friendship and mutual assistance of the Rus. and the Tuvan population. This agreement, which was one of the manifestations of the Leninist nat. politics of the Soviets. power, accelerated the class process. demarcation, contributed to the preparation of anti-imperialist., anti-feud. revolution in T.
However, peaceful construction was thwarted by the military. intervention and civil war. The working people of T. had to fight against the White Guard detachments of A. V. "Kolchak", whale. militarists and mong. feudal lords who tried to occupy T. Sib. partisan army under the leadership of A. D. "Kravchenko" and P. E. "Shchetinkin". In 1921, the defeat of the white gangs and invaders by the Red Army was completed, Rus. and Tuvan partisans. Revolutionary fight. forces of the Tuvan people in 1918–21 for the liberation of their country from the interventionists, aimed at solving the anti-imperialist. tasks nat.-liberate. revolution, had at the same time and anti-feud. character. In 1921, the All-Tuva Institute was convened. Khural (congress), to-ry 14 Aug. proclaimed the formation of the People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva with the capital in the city of Kyzyl and approved its constitution. The victory of the national-liberate. revolution in 1921 and the creation of the Tuva People's Republic (TNR) were the result of the Great Oct. revolution and the Leninist national politics of the Soviets. Russia. In the subsequent period, technology developed along non-capitalist lines. path to socialism under the leadership of the Tuva People's Revolution. party, formed in 1922. In the first years of the existence of the TNR, its leading bodies retained the meaning. the role of Bai and feudal-theocratic. elements, to-rye were in the late 20's. expelled from leadership. VIII Congress of the Tuvan People's Revolution. Party (October-November 1929) more clearly defined the course towards building socialism in Tajikistan, in which the formation of socialist was taking place. way of life x-ve. There were productions. associations of arats: partnerships for the cultivation of the land (TOZ) and partnerships for the improvement of animal husbandry (TUZH). The first collective farms and state farms are being created. Great cultural and social significance was the creation of the Tuvan nat. writing (1930), the struggle for the elimination of illiteracy. Means have been achieved. progress in the development of health care and Nar. education. In 1931, the feudal lords were liquidated as a class, their property was confiscated and transferred to state farms, collective and individual arat farms. Under the influence of the development of culture and education, the arats reduced the supply of food to the monasteries and stopped working for them for free. Monasteries began to close. The USSR provided T. constant political, economic. and cultural assistance.
During the years of Vel. Fatherland. In the war of 1941–45, the Tuvan workers had a significant impact. financial assistance to the owls. people. Tuva volunteers courageously fought at the front against the Nazis. invaders. Many of them were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. Tanker Kh. N. Churgui-ool was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union. The desire to join the fraternal family of owls grew among the Tuvan people. peoples. VII Extraordinary session of the Lesser Khural of the TNR 17 Aug. 1944 unanimously adopted the Declaration to the Top. Council of the USSR with a request to accept the TNR as part of the Sov. Union. Presidium Top. Council of the USSR 11 Oct. 1944 granted the request of the Tuvan people. Decree of the Presidium of the Top. Council of the RSFSR 13 Oct. 1944 T. was included in Ross. Federation as auth. region In the Sov. T. began an active socialist. construction. The collectivization of individual arat farms, the transfer of arat nomads to settled life were carried out (in early 1944, 92% of the population led a nomadic lifestyle). By the end of 1953, 93% of the farms were united in the collective farms. Modern the collective farms and state farms of T. are large diversified, mechanized farms.
Industry and transport developed rapidly. The volume of prom. production increased 42 times in 1945–71; during the same time, the production of electricity increased 236 times and reached 212 million kWh in 1971; coal mining - 92 times, reaching 598 thousand tons in 1971. The mining industry is developing, especially the extraction of non-ferrous metals and asbestos; in 1971, 38,000 tons of asbestos were mined. The network of highways and power lines is being expanded. Large industrial enterprises are being built. Significant progress has been made in x-ve. The sown area of all crops for 1945-71 increased almost 6 times. Meat production has almost doubled during this time. By the end of 1972, there were 27 collective farms and 27 state farms in T. The number of workers and employees in 1945-71 increased almost 11 times. Increases in T. a network of honey. institutions (in the period 1945–1966 their number more than doubled). In 1944 there were 15 doctors in T., in 1971–579. A cultural revolution took place in T. The number of students in schools increased more than 6 times (in the 1944/45 academic year - 9.3 thousand hours, in the 1966/67 academic year - 56.4 thousand hours). In 1944, 464 teachers worked in T. In 1966 there were approx. 3 thousand hours. In 1971/72, 60.4 thousand hours studied in schools, in secondary special education. institutions - 3.7 thousand hours, at the university - 1.5 thousand hours.
Rep. gas. (in Tuvan) "Shyn" ("Truth"), "Tyvanyn anyyaktary" ("Youth of Tuva") and in Russian. lang. - "Tuvinskaya Pravda", literary art. Almanac "Ulug-Khem" ("Yenisei"). In the Sov. T. edition of books in Tuvan. has almost tripled since 1944. In T. there are Pedagogich. in-t, technical schools, musical-dramatic. theatre. The social status of Tuvan women has changed radically. Today she is a full member of the socialist. society, actively working in all branches of Nar. x-va and culture of the republic. In 1969, there were 1163 women in T. dep. local councils, top. Soviet Tuv. ASSR, RSFSR and USSR.
Over the years Nar. and Owls. power in T. appeared its own nat. intelligentsia. The names of Tuvan scientists Yu. L. Arynchin, A. K. Kalzan, V. Ch. Ochur, M. Kh. Mannai-ool, D. A. Mongush, O. A. Tolgar-ool are widely known; writers - laureate of the State. USSR Prizes S. Tok, O. Sagan-oola; poets Yu. Kunzegesh, S. Saryg-ool, S. Pyurbyu, M. Kenin-Lopsan; composer A. Chirgal-ool; nar. artist of the RSFSR V. Oskal-oola, Honored. artists of the RSFSR Kary-Kys Munzuk, Maxim Munzuk, X. Kongar, V. Kok-oola and others.
In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR Tuv. ASSR in Dec. 1972 was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
East Institutions: Research Institute of Language, Literature and History under the Sov. Min. Tuv. ASSR (ed. "Uch. zap.", since 1953), Rep. local historian museum, State Tuv archive. ASSR, Part. Tuv archive. regional committee of the CPSU.
Lit .: History of Tuva, vol. 1–2, M., 1964; Proceedings of the Tuva Complex Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition, vols. 1–2, M.–L., 1960–66; Mannai-ool M. Kh., Tuva in the Scythian time, M., 1970; Grach D., Ancient Turkic statues of Tuva, M., 1961; Kyzlasov L.R., History of Tuva in the Middle Ages, M., 1969; Grebnev L.V., Tuvan heroic epic. Experience of historical and ethnographic analysis, M., 1960; Rodevich V., Essays on the Uryankhai region, St. Petersburg, 1910; Grum-Grzhimailo G. E., Western Mongolia and Uryankhai region, vol. 1–3, St. Petersburg–Leningrad, 1914–30; Kon F. Ya., Expedition to Soyotia, in his book: For fifty years, Sobr. soch., vol. 3, M., 1934; Dulov V.I., Socio-economic history of Tuva (XIX - early XX centuries), M., 1956; Ochur B. Ch., Great October and Tuva, Kyzyl, 1967; Jezuitov V. M., From feudal Tuva to socialist Tuva, Kyzyl, 1954; Grebnev L.V., Transition of the Tuvan nomadic arats to a settled way of life, Kyzyl, 1955; Kabo R. M., Essays on the history and economy of Tuva, part 1, M.–L., 1934; Seifulin X. M., Formation of the Tuva Autonomous Region of the RSFSR, Kyzyl, 1954; Serdobov N. A., Public education in Tuva, Kyzyl, 1953; Kyzyl - the capital of Soviet Tuva (1914–1964), Kyzyl, 1964; Bibliography of the Tuva Autonomous Region (1774–1958), M., 1959.
S. I. Vainshtein. Moscow.
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Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic(Tuva ASSR) - an autonomous republic within the RSFSR that existed from October 9 to a year.
The administrative center is the city of Kyzyl.
Story
The Tuva ASSR was formed on October 9, 1961 from Tuva Autonomous District, transformed into the ASSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. On October 10, the transformation was approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, on December 8 - by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
On April 21, 1992, the new name was approved by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.
Administrative division
At the time of formation, the Tuva ASSR consisted of 11 districts:
- Bai-Taiginsky,
- Barun-Khemchiksky,
- Dzun-Khemchiksky,
- Kaa-Khemsky,
- Ovyursky,
- Pius-Khemsky,
- Tandinsky,
- Tes-Khemsky,
- Todzhinsky,
- Ulug-Khemsky,
- Erzinsky.
see also
Notes
Links
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That same winter, another unusual “novelty” appeared in me, which could probably be called self-anaesthesia. To my great regret, it disappeared as quickly as it appeared. Just like so many of my "strange" manifestations that suddenly opened very brightly and immediately disappeared, leaving only good or bad memories in my huge personal "brain archive". But even in the short time that this “novelty” remained “active”, two very interesting events took place, which I would like to tell about here ...
Winter has already come, and many of my classmates have begun to go to the skating rink more and more often. I was not a very big fan of figure skating (or rather, I preferred to watch), but our rink was so beautiful that I liked to just go there. It took place every winter in the stadium, which was built right in the forest (like most of our town) and surrounded by a high brick wall, which from afar made it look like a miniature city.
Since October, a huge New Year tree has been dressed up there, and the entire wall around the stadium was decorated with hundreds of multi-colored light bulbs, the reflections of which were woven on the ice into a very beautiful sparkling carpet. In the evenings, pleasant music played there, and all this together created a cozy festive atmosphere around, which one did not want to leave. All the kids from our street went skating, and, of course, I went to the skating rink with them. On one of these pleasant quiet evenings, something happened that was not quite an ordinary incident, which I would like to tell about.
We usually rode in a chain of three or four people, as it was not entirely safe to ride alone in the evening. The reason was that in the evenings there were a lot of "catching" boys, whom no one liked, and who usually spoiled the fun for everyone around. They grappled with several people and, riding very fast, tried to catch the girls, who, naturally, unable to resist the oncoming blow, usually fell onto the ice. This was accompanied by laughter and whooping, which the majority found stupid, but, unfortunately, for some reason, none of the same "majority" was stopped.
I was always surprised that among so many, almost grown-up guys, there was not a single one who would have been offended by this situation or even outraged, causing at least some kind of opposition. Or maybe it did, but only the fear was stronger? .. After all, it’s not for nothing that there is a stupid saying that: impudence is the second happiness ... These “catchers” took everyone else with simple undisguised arrogance. This was repeated every night and there was no one who even tried to stop the impudent people.
It was in such a stupid "trap" that evening that I fell into. Not skating well enough, I tried to stay as far away from the crazy "catchers" as possible, but this did not help much, as they rushed around the court like mad, not sparing anyone around. Therefore, whether I wanted it or not, our clash was almost inevitable...
The push was strong, and we all fell in a moving pile onto the ice. I didn’t hurt myself, but suddenly I felt something hot flowing down my ankle and my leg went numb. I somehow slipped out of the ball of bodies floundering on the ice and saw that my leg was somehow terribly cut. Apparently, I very much collided with one of the falling guys, and someone's skate hurt me so badly.
It looked, I must say, very unpleasant ... My skates had short boots (it was still impossible to get high boots at that time), and I saw that my entire leg at the ankle had been cut almost to the bone ... Others also saw, and then panic began. The nervous girls almost fainted, because the view, frankly, was creepy. To my surprise, I was not frightened and did not cry, although in the first seconds the state was almost like a shock. Holding the incision with all my might, I tried to concentrate and think about something pleasant, which turned out to be quite difficult because of the cutting pain in my leg. Blood seeped through the fingers and fell in large drops on the ice, gradually gathering on it into a small puddle ...
And the successor of TNR
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic
Tuvan People's Republic(Latin - Tuv. Tyʙa Arat Respuʙlik, Cyrillic - Tuv. Tyva Arat Republic) - a partially recognized (USSR - in and Mongolian People's Republic - in) state in Southern Siberia from to years. In 1921-1926 it was officially called Tannu Tuva. It was not recognized by China, part of which was considered by most countries of the world. In 1944, it became part of the USSR as the Tuva Autonomous Region within the RSFSR.
Story
emergence
It originated on the territory of the former protectorate of the Russian Empire, known as the Uryankhai Territory, after the October Revolution in Russia.
In March 1917, after the announcement of the overthrow of the monarchy in Russia, the active creation of Soviets began on the territory of the Uryankhai region. In March 1918, at the IV Congress of the Russian population of the region, Soviet power was proclaimed in Tuva. On June 11, 1918, the 5th Congress of the Russian population of the region opened, and on June 13 - the Congress of representatives of the Tuvan people. The issue of self-determination of Uriankhai was the main item on the agenda of the Uriankhai congress convened by the Regional Council of Deputies (chairmen - Bespalov S.K. (03.25.1918 - 05.02.1918), Terentyev M.M. . On June 18, 1918, a joint meeting of the Russian and Tuvan congresses was held, at which the Treaty on Self-Determination of Tuva, Friendship and Mutual Assistance of the Russian and Tuvan Peoples was unanimously adopted.
In June 1918, a Chinese delegation of high-ranking Chinese officials arrived in the region to get acquainted with the situation in the region for trade expansion. Essential goods of Chinese and Mongolian merchants were much cheaper than Russian ones. Such cheapness naturally aroused the sympathy of the Tuvans for the Mongols and the Chinese. Dissatisfaction with the Russian government was intensified by the bans that they imposed on the entry of Chinese and Mongols into the territory of the region with "the almost complete absence of Russian goods on the market." Chinese merchants carried out Russophobic propaganda among the Tuvans.
On July 7, 1918, the Uryankhai region was captured by Kolchak's troops. In the fall of 1918, the invasion of Tuva by Chinese troops under the command of Yang-Shichiao began. They occupied the southern and western regions. Following the Chinese, Mongolian troops entered Tuva under the command of a large feudal lord Maksarzhab. They set their sights on the capital of the region, Belotsarsk.
Soviet power on the territory of Tuva did not last long: in July 1918, the IV Regional Congress announced the liquidation of the Soviets and the support of the Provisional Siberian Government of P.V. Vologda.
In the spring of 1919, an anti-Russian rebellion broke out in Tuva: clashes between local residents and Russian peasants and merchants began. It was with the Russian population that the Tuvans connected the White Guard robberies and violence. The rebels were led by Tuvan officials. The looting of the Russian population began. The demoralization and weakness of the White Guard troops did not allow them to cope with the rebels, as well as to paralyze the aggressive actions of the Chinese and Mongolian armed forces.
On June 14, 1919, detachments of red partisans of the Badzhey Soviet Republic under the command of A. Kravchenko and P. Shchetinkin, who retreated under strong pressure from Chinese troops, left the territories of the Kansk and Krasnoyarsk districts of Russia and entered the territory of the Uryankhai region. The leadership of the partisans managed to negotiate with the Mongols, promising them to leave Tuva as soon as possible. The Chinese did not dare to launch active military operations against them. The partisans fell into the hands of large "stocks of cartridges ... gunpowder and lead" abandoned by the Whites during the retreat. The Russian population poured into the partisan detachments, fleeing from the rebellious Tuvans, as well as the Mongols and Chinese. On July 18, 1919, the Red partisans won a series of military victories over Kolchak's army and captured the city of Belotsarsk, the capital of the Uryankhai Territory. After the victory over Kolchak, the Red Army defeated the Chinese troops. In late 1920-early 1921, the last Chinese soldiers left Tuva. In the summer of 1921, in connection with the revolution that began in Mongolia, the Mongolian detachment also left Tuva. Soviet power in the region was restored. Now the fate of Tuva was to be decided in Moscow. The Bolshevik leadership, intent on preserving Tuva, was well aware that there were no conditions for successful "Sovietization" there.
In mid-1921, local revolutionaries, supported by the Red Army of the RSFSR, decided to declare the national sovereignty of Tuva. In June 1921, in the center of the western kozhuuns - Chadan - a meeting was held with representatives of two Khemchik kozhuuns, Daa and Beise, where the majority of the Tuvan people lived. The decision adopted by the meeting read: “We, representatives of the two Khemchik kozhuuns, find that the only, most faithful and best way for the future life of our people will be exactly the way to achieve complete independence for our country. We are postponing the decision of the question of the independence of Uriankhai in its final form to the future general Uriankhai congress, where we will insist on our present decision. We ask the representative of Soviet Russia to support us at this congress in our desire for self-determination..
The first official Tuvan delegation in Moscow: the signing of an agreement on friendship and cooperation between Tannu-Tuva and the USSR (1925)
On August 13-16, 1921, in the town of Sug-Bazhy near the village of Atamanovka (now the village of Kochetovo in Tandinsky kozhuun), the All-Tuva Constituent Khural (congress) was held, in which representatives of all kozhuuns of Tuva, consisting of about 300 people (over 200 of them were aratami); it was also attended by a delegation of Soviet Russia and representatives of the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern in Mongolia. On the first day, the Khural adopted a resolution on the creation of an independent Tuvan state of Tannu-Tuva. The resolution stated: "The People's Republic of Tanu-Tuva is a free state of a free people, independent of anyone in its internal affairs, while in international relations the Republic of Tanu-Tuva acts under the auspices of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".
On August 14, 1921, the independence of the Republic of Tannu-Tuva was proclaimed, authorities were created, the first Constitution of 22 articles was adopted. The new Constitution of the TNR, in particular, established freedom of religion. The city of Khem-Beldyr became the capital of the republic. By 1923, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Tuva. Later, agreements were concluded with the USSR (1925) and the Mongolian People's Republic (1926), recognizing the independence of Tuva.
The first official delegation of Tannu-Tuva, consisting of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Kuular Donduk, the chairman of the Small Khural Mongush Nimachap and the manager of affairs Soyan Dalaa-Surun, arrived in Moscow in June 1925. The delegation also included Minister of War K. Shagdyr and a representative of the youth of Badan-ool. On June 22, 1925, the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation was signed between the Government of Tannu-Tuva and the Government of the USSR.
First years of independence
Gun noyon Buyan-Badyrgy became the first head of the Tuvan state. On August 13, 1921, at the Constituent Khural (Congress) of representatives of all the kozhuuns of Tuva, he was elected chairman of the Khural and confirmed Russia's commitment. Under his leadership, the first constitution of the country was developed and adopted, the Tuva Revolutionary Youth Union (TRSM) was created. The 1920s were very difficult for the young state of Tannu-Tuva. The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) claimed its territory, only in 1926 did the MPR recognize the independence of Tuva, but border territorial disputes were not resolved (perhaps this was one of the reasons for the subsequent entry of Tuva into the USSR).
In 1929, the first General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party (TNRP) and the first Chairman of the Government of Tuva, Buyan-Badyrgy, was arrested and executed in 1932. Together with him, the secretary of the Central Committee of the TNRP, Irgit Shagdirzhap, and the former prime minister, Kuular Donduk, were shot.
Tuva in World War II
On June 22, 1941, at the X Great Khural of Tuva, a Declaration was unanimously adopted, which proclaimed:
Thus, the TNR became the first foreign state to officially become an ally of the Soviet Union in the fight against Nazi Germany, after its entry into World War II.
On June 25, 1941, the Tuva People's Republic declared war on Germany. At the same time, she pledged to help the Soviet Union. Moscow was transferred to the gold reserves of the republic (about 30 million rubles). From June 1941 to October 1944, Tuva supplied 50,000 horses, 52,000 pairs of skis, 12,000 sheepskin coats, 15,000 pairs of boots, 70,000 tons of sheep wool, several hundred tons of meat, carts, sledges for the needs of the Red Army, harness and other goods for a total amount of about 66.5 million rubles. Dozens of combat aircraft and tanks were purchased with donations from the population.
In 1942, the Soviet government allowed the recruitment of volunteers from Tuva for military service. Even earlier, the mobilization of Russian-speaking citizens into the Red Army was announced. The first volunteers joined the Red Army in May 1943 and were enlisted in the 25th Separate Tank Regiment (from February 1944 as part of the 52nd Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front), which took part in the hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In September 1943, the second group of volunteers (206 people) was enrolled in the 8th Cavalry Division, where they took part in a raid on the German rear in western Ukraine. In total, during the war years, up to 8 thousand residents of the TNR and Soviet Tuva served in the Red Army.
Joining the USSR
On August 17, 1944, the VII session of the Lesser Khural of the TNR adopted a declaration on the entry of the Tuva People's Republic into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and petitioned the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to accept the TNR as part of the USSR on the rights of an autonomous region in the RSFSR; The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by Decree of October 11, 1944, granted the petition and proposed to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR to accept the TNR as part of the RSFSR as an autonomous region. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of October 14, 1944 "On the admission of the Tuva People's Republic into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", the TNR was admitted to the RSFSR on the rights of the Tuva Autonomous Region; no referendum was held on this issue.
In the 1960s, on the basis of the development of the economy and culture, the process of formation of republican bodies was completed, which was finally fixed at the extraordinary XIII session of the Lesser Khural of the Tuvan nation. Salchak Toka became the first secretary of the Tuva Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - the CPSU.
From October 10, 1961 to 1991, Tuva was the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tuva ASSR) within the RSFSR.
Currently, Tuva is a subject of the Russian Federation called the Republic of Tyva (Tuva).
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State structure
The supreme body of power in the Tuva NR was the Great Khural, which was an analogue of the Congress of Soviets in the USSR. In the intervals between the Great Khurals, the Small Khural operated, which was an analogue of the CECs and worked in a sessional manner. In the intervals between sessions of the Small Khural, its presidium acted. The governing and executive body was the Council of Ministers.
In total, 10 Great Khurals were held:
- On August 14, 1921, the 1st (Constituent) VKh TNR proclaimed Tuva an independent people's republic and adopted its first Constitution;
- II VKh TNR in October 1924 adopted the second Constitution, according to which the Small Khural was established;
- III VX TNR
- IV BH TNR in November 1926 adopted the third Constitution;
- V VH TNR
- VI VX TNR
- VII VX TNR
- VIII VX TNR in October 1930 adopted the fourth Constitution;
- IX VKh TNR in 1935 decided to organize the state Tuvan theater;
- On June 25, 1941, the 10th VKh TNR condemned Germany's aggression against the USSR, expressed a desire to participate in the war on the side of the USSR, and adopted the draft fifth Constitution of the TNR for nationwide discussion.
- Sodnam Balchir (-)
- Kuular Donduk (-) [ ]
- Nimachap (-)
- Chuldum Lopsakovi (-)
- Adyg-Tyulyush Khemchik-ool (-)
- Oyun Polat (-)
- Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchimaa-Toka (-)
Heads of government
- Buyan-Badyrgy Mongush (-)
- Idam Syuryun (-)
- Soyan Oruigu (-)
- Kuular Donduk (-)
- Adyg-Tyulyush Khemchik-ool (-)
Unknown ally — Tuvan People's Republic February 5th, 2013
The history of the Second World War seems to have been studied thoroughly. However, this is not quite true. There are still topics that researchers have not paid enough attention to. One of these is the participation of the Tuva People's Republic (TNR) in the Second World War. Yes, it was this state that was the first to support the USSR in the war against Nazi Germany. However, first things first.
Until the beginning of the Xinghai Revolution in China in 1912, the territory of Tuva was under the rule of the Chinese Qing dynasty and had the name "Tanu-Uriankhai". After the beginning of revolutionary uprisings, the rulers of the Tuvan territories turned to their northern neighbor, Russia, with a request to take these lands under their guardianship.
In April 1914, Nicholas II decided to establish a Russian protectorate over the Tuvan territories. The region was included in the Yenisei province. However, already in the spring of 1917, the active creation of Soviets began in Tuva.
The fact is that a certain number of Russian peasants and workers lived on the territory of Tuva, who became a kind of repeaters of the ideas of Marxism on the territory of the Uryankhai region.
In July 1918, Tuva was occupied by Kolchak's troops. True, a year later the Bolsheviks drove the whites out of the Uryankhai region, and in 1921 the independent People's Republic of Tanu-Tuva was proclaimed, which since 1926 became known as the Tuva People's Republic.
Independence under the Soviet "wing"
In August 1921, the All-Tuva Constituent Khural was held, in which representatives of Soviet Russia also took part. The meeting adopted a declaration on the creation of an independent Tuvan state.
It's amazing, the Bolsheviks suppress any national manifestations everywhere, and here there is such respect for the independence of the former Russian province. In 1923, a completely interesting event takes place: units of the Red Army leave the territory of the TNR. The city of Kyzyl was proclaimed the capital of the republic.
Soldiers of the Tuvan army
Soon, agreements were concluded with the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic on the recognition of the independence of the TPR. In 1925, a Soviet-Tuvan agreement on mutual assistance was signed, according to which young Tuvan “Komsomol members” also went to study in the USSR. Subsequently, they will play a decisive role in the Sovietization of the TPR.
Buyan-Badygry became the first head of the republic. Under his leadership, the country's constitution was developed and adopted. However, in 1929, this man was arrested and 3 years later, on trumped-up charges of spying for Japan, he was executed. In 1930, Stalinists, educated in the USSR, seized power. Immediately began the persecution of Buddhism and shamanism. In the 1930s, about 2 thousand citizens of the TNR were subjected to repressions.
Salchak Toka, a graduate of the Moscow Communist University of the Workers of the East, became the new leader of the republic. Throughout the entire period of independence of the TNR, the Soviet Union closely followed the processes taking place in the seething region. Initially, a powerful factor of Chinese influence in the early 1930s gave way to Japanese. The "Empire of the Rising Sun" did not hide its ambitions in the region and was getting closer and closer to the Soviet borders.
Tuvan soldiers
In 1938, Tuvan volunteer units took part in repelling Japanese aggression near Lake Khasan, and a year later they fought at Khalkhin Gol. In February 1940, the leadership of the TPR decided to create the Ministry of Military Affairs, which was ordered to start rearming and re-equipping the army. It is clear that all these tasks were solved through the supply of Soviet weapons and equipment.
"Second front" from TuvaJune 22, 1941, having learned about the German attack on the Soviet Union, the TNR ... declares war on the Third Reich and its European allies. This happens in a situation where Hitler's Asian ally - Japan, in fact, was at the Tuvan borders.
An interesting fact is that the leadership of the TPR, with its statement of support for the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany, was ahead of Great Britain. The address of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, addressed to the Soviet people, was broadcast by the BBC at 23:00 Moscow time, and the Tuvans accepted the declaration 11 hours earlier.
Soldiers of the Tuvan army
In his address, the British Prime Minister said in part:
“The danger that threatens Russia is the danger that threatens us and the United States, just as the cause of every Russian who fights for his hearth and home is the cause of free people and free peoples in all corners of the globe. Let us learn the lessons already taught to us by such bitter experience, redouble our efforts and fight together as long as we have the strength and life.”
In turn, the delegates of the 10th Great Khural of the TNR declared: "The Tuva people are ready, sparing no life, to participate in the struggle of the Soviet Union against the fascist aggressor with all their might and means until the final victory over him."
Gratitude for the Tuvan leadership from I. Stalin
The next day, the government of the TNR offered Moscow to mobilize parts of the Tuvan army and send them to the front, but Moscow decided to postpone this. Then it was decided to transfer the entire gold reserve of the TNR to the USSR in the amount of 35 million rubles.
In turn, the armed forces of the TPR were transferred to martial law. On August 8, 1941, I. Stalin congratulated the leadership of the TPR on the 20th anniversary of the republic and thanked them for their readiness to help in the war with Germany.
For the period from 1941 to 1944. The USSR received 50,000 war horses from the TPR, and two tank brigades were created with the money raised by the inhabitants of the republic. In March 1943, at the Chkalovsky airfield near Moscow, the TNR delegation handed over 10 Yak-7B fighters built at republican funds to the 133rd Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Red Army.
Aircraft donated by Tuvans to the Soviet army
In the spring of 1944, Tuva gave only 27,500 cows to the liberated Ukraine. In total, during the Great Patriotic War, the TNR delivered over 700 thousand head of cattle to the USSR.
In May 1943, however, a decision was made to send Tuvan volunteers to the Soviet-German front. 200 citizens of the TPR, after a short training, were enrolled in the 25th separate tank regiment of the 52nd army of the 2nd Ukrainian front.
Tuva tankers fought in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia. In September 1943, the second group of volunteers was enrolled in the 8th Cavalry Division. They had to participate in the fighting in the west of Ukraine.
So, on January 31, 1944, near the village of Durazhno in Volyn, Tuvan cavalrymen on short, shaggy, but extremely fast horses with sabers "barely" entered the battle with advanced German units.
Wehrmacht officer G. Remke, who survived after that battle, later said during interrogation that “this attack was terrible and had an extremely demoralizing effect on the Wehrmacht soldiers.” “Hordes of barbarians rode on us, from whom there was no escape,” said the prisoner.
The fact is that the Tuvans, committed to their own ideas about the rules of warfare, did not take the enemy prisoner as a matter of principle.
Memorial plaque in honor of Tuvan soldiers in Rivne
On February 1, 1944, Tuvan cavalry broke through to the city of Rovno. Developing the offensive, the squadron led by Captain Kechil-ool went to the railway and attacked the enemy garrison. Having waited for the approach of the main forces, the Tuvans broke into the city. For that battle, 17 citizens of the TPR were awarded Orders of Glory. It is worth noting that the Tuvans took part in the liberation of 80 Western Ukrainian settlements.
In total, during the war years, 8 thousand citizens of the TNR served in the Red Army, of which about 300 people survived. A large number of Tuvan soldiers were awarded various Soviet orders and medals. There are also Heroes of the Soviet Union. For example, the tanker Khomushku Churguy-ool, who fought in the 25th Tank Regiment.
End of independence
On August 17, 1944, the VII session of the Small Khural adopted a declaration on the entry of the TPR into the Soviet Union as an autonomous region. The "petition" was satisfied by the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in October 1944 . (who would have thought!!!). Tuva soon became part of the RSFSR.
Salchak Toka (the same graduate of the Moscow University - "Historical Truth") became the first secretary of the Tuva regional committee of the CPSU (b). By the way, this man remained in power until his death in 1973. The secret of his political longevity is simple. Even after the death of the “leader of the peoples”, Moscow did not want to remove the ideological “Stalinist” and was afraid that if a “liberal” came to replace the dictator, Tuvans might again remember “independence”.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the entry of Tuva into the Soviet Union
The Tuvan army also ceased to exist. The national units of the TNR, following the example of the Baltic states, were transformed into the Separate 7th Cavalry Regiment of the Red Banner Siberian Military District. In turn, the Tuvan Ministry of Military Affairs became the Regional Military Commissariat.
From October 1961 to 1991, Tuva was an autonomous region within the RSFSR, and after the collapse of the USSR, it became a subject of the Russian Federation.
According to many modern historians, supplies from Mongolia and Tuva for the USSR during the war years were only a third less than the total volume of allied supplies from the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia and other countries.
In 2010, in the capital of the once independent Tuva People's Republic, Kyzyl, a memorial complex was opened in honor of the soldiers and officers of the Tuvan army who died during the Second World War. So Russia honored the memory of those who became her first ally.
These are the milestones of history. Personally, I did not know such details ...
source - http://www.istpravda.ru
The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -
