European Humanities University

Faculty of cultural heritage and tourism

on the course "Introduction to Belarusian Studies"

Vilna University and the Polotsk Academy of the early 19th century: Role in the development of Belarusian culture

Completed: 2nd year student

Department of tourism

Lazovskaya Alina Alexandrovna

Checked by: Teacher S. Khorevsky

Vilnius 2009

Plan

Vilna University

Polotsk Academy

Development of the culture of Belarus

Bibliography

Vilna University

Vilna University was established by an act signed by Alexander I in 1803 and became the main educational institution and institution managing education in eight provinces of the Russian Empire (Vilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Volyn, Podolsk, Kyiv). The university consisted of 4 faculties: physical and mathematical sciences, medical or medical knowledge, moral and political sciences and sciences, verbal and free or fine arts. Stroynovsky and Snyadetsky were the first rectors and organizers of the university. The university, independent and well-endowed in material resources and rich in scientific forces, successfully fought against the Jesuits hostile to it and quickly followed the path to prosperity. The main ruler in all scientific affairs in the district was Prince Adam Czartoryski. He was a strong man who served the renewal of Poland all his life. Initially, doctoral and master's degrees were awarded at Vilna University in a wide range of scientific disciplines - literature, government revenue and trade management, foreign state relations, jurisprudence, architecture, and others. In 1819, the university was deprived of the right to confer master's and doctoral degrees; graduates could receive a Ph.D. In 1821, it was forbidden to issue candidate diplomas.

The rector and deans were elected for three years. The rectors were Ieronim Stroynovsky (1799-1806), Jan Sniadecki (1807-1814), Szymon Malevsky (1817-1822), mathematician Józef Twardowski (1823-1824). In 1824/25, the surgeon Professor Vaclav Pelikan, who participated in the commission for the liquidation of the university in 1832, was appointed rector, later a member of many scientific societies and president of the Imperial St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy from 1851 to 1856.

The number of students grew from 290 in 1804 to 1,321 in 1830. By 1823 it became the largest university in Russia and Europe, surpassing Oxford University in the number of students. Since 1855, the University buildings housed the Museum of Antiquities, later the Public Library, an archive, and two men's gymnasiums.

Vilna University became the center of Polish patriots who dreamed of returning to their homeland its former independent position. Under him, various patriotic societies began to arise (filomats, filarets, "radiant"), most of which were closed with the appointment of the trustee of the district to replace Czartorysky Novosiltsev in 1824. Polish propagandists came out of his midst in large numbers, and finally, almost in his entirety, he took part in the Polish uprising of 1830-31. The latter circumstance served as the main reason for its closure by decree of May 1, 1832, so that the medical and theological departments were transferred to the department of the Ministry of the Interior to transform the first into a medical-surgical academy, and the second into a religious school.

By closing Vilnius University, the government did not want to deprive the region of higher education. By a decree of the same year, the organization of a higher lyceum in the city of Orsha was prescribed and work was started, but in 1834 they were stopped, and the sums of money assigned for them were transferred to the device of Kyiv University.

Polotsk Academy

On July 10, 1812, the grand opening of the academy took place in the presence of the Duke of Wirtenberg, the then Governor-General of Belarus. The Polotsk Academy consisted of three faculties: linguistic, which taught languages ​​and literature; faculty of liberal sciences, namely: philosophy, poetry, rhetoric, moral philosophy, logic, metaphysics, physics, chemistry and mathematics, civil and military architecture, natural law, Roman and popular law, general and natural history; faculty of theology, which taught moral theology, dogmatic, sacred scripture, canon law and church history. People of all ranks and religions could join the academy. The Academy existed under the leadership of the famous figure of the Jesuit order - Peter Skarga.

The number of students stretched to 600. There were 39 teachers. The Polotsk Collegium received the status of the Academy on March 1, 1812, and already in 1813 there were 84 students in the Polotsk Academy, and in 1820 there were about 700 students and 30 teachers. The academic year began on September 5 and continued until July 5. For the maintenance of the student was charged 600 rubles a year.

The library of the Polotsk Jesuits was very significant and was famous as one of the best in the region. The museum of sights was also famous, as well as various cabinets with scientific aids, of which, in particular, the physical one was very rich and excellently compiled. Richer than the others was the mechanical office, excellently arranged by Gruber. Here were placed many objects, invented by him. The chemistry lab was also very interesting.

The curriculum at the academy did not differ from the programs of other Jesuit educational institutions in Lithuania.

After the division of the Commonwealth and under the influence of the Russian administration, changes began in the curricula.

The Polotsk Jesuit Academy existed for 8 years. The Minister of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education, Prince Golitsyn, was not a benefactor of the Jesuits. According to his report, in which the Jesuits were mainly accused of seducing the Orthodox youth entrusted to their care into the Roman Catholic faith, Emperor Alexander I on March 13, 1820 ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits under the supervision of the police outside the state, as well as the abolition of the Polotsk Jesuit academy and its subordinate schools.

Many books, especially rare ones, have disappeared from the Polotsk Academy. Most of them were transported to St. Petersburg, to Moscow, and a small number entered the Vitebsk gymnasium. Most of the physical and other offices were sent to St. Petersburg. The printing house was moved to Kyiv.

The Jesuits acted and enlightened the nobility in Belarus for 240 years from 1580 to 1820. Such a long, constant, unchanging, persistent implementation of preconceived ideas and the system of education, of course, could not but affect the inhabitants, their character and mental direction.

Development of the culture of Belarus

A distinctive feature of the development of the culture of Belarus was the strengthening of its Polonization in the first third of the 19th century. This was due to the policy of Emperor Alexander I, which was aimed at the formation of Polish statehood, and found support among the Polish magnate and Polonized gentry. The Polish language was the language of the absolute majority of the educated population, the language of education, literature and theatre. The Jesuits were especially active in this direction until they were expelled from Russia in 1820. They had a number of educational institutions. Education in them was conducted in Polish. The Polotsk Jesuit Collegium was especially active, and in 1812, by decree of the tsar, it was awarded the degree of the Academy.

After the uprising of 1830-1831. the tsarist government changes its policy in the field of education. On May 1, 1832, Vilna University was closed. The Medical-Surgical Academy, established on the basis of the Faculty of Medicine, remains in Vilna. Education in all types of schools is translated into Russian. Teachers who do not speak Russian are suspended from teaching.

Events of social and political life were reflected in the oral folk art of that time. A significant role in the formation of Belarusian literature was played by Ya. Borshevsky, Ya. Chechot, A. Ripinsky and others.

In the culture of Belarus in the first half of the XlX century, a significant place belonged to the theater. Both amateur and professional theatrical art developed. An event in the theatrical life of Belarus was the emergence of the first troupe of the Belarusian national theater of V. Dunin-Martinkevich.

The development of architecture was determined by urban planning: the construction of city centers with houses for special and state purposes. The architecture was characterized by the change of baroque style to classicism.

The decisive role in the development of painting was played by the pupils of the Vilna School of Painting - the Department of Fine Arts of the Faculty of Literature and Art of the Vilna University. The founder of the school was Professor F. Smuglevich.

Thus, in the conditions of Polonization and Russification, the Belarusian people managed to preserve their ethnic appearance, form and develop a national culture, which manifested itself in the formation of the Belarusian language, new Belarusian literature and art.

Bibliography

www.65-k.com

Narysy on the history of Belarus. T. 1. - Mn., 1994.

Encyclopedia of History of Belarus. Mn., 1994.

www.student.km.ru

www.slovo.ws

P.G. Chigrinov. Essays on the history of Belarus. Mn., 2002

It was the first institution of higher education in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Directly related to its foundation was the Order of the Jesuits, who created the most advanced education system for its time in Europe.
The first rector of the Vilna Academy opened by the privilege of Grand Duke Stepan Batura was Piotr Skarga, a well-known Catholic preacher, writer and polemicist, who, by the way, had a good command of the Belarusian language and wrote a number of works in it.
Initially, the Vilna Academy had theological and philosophical faculties, as 1641 years - and legal.
AT 1586 A printing house was opened at the academy.
With 1773 year, after the decree of the Pope on the abolition of the Jesuit Order, the academy came under the control of the Educational Commission (in fact, the first ministry of education in Europe) and in 1781 was transformed into the Main School of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. According to the university archives, academic degrees were awarded here to 4076 persons.
AT 1803 year this school became known as the Imperial University of Vilnius. At that time, there were faculties of literature and liberal sciences, moral and political sciences, medical and physical and mathematical faculties. The university was the center of the Vilna educational district.
Throughout its history, a very significant part of the students and teachers of Vilna University were from Belarusian lands. The preacher and orator Piotr Skarga gave lectures in this center of science; famous New Latin poet, philosopher and literary theorist XVII century Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski; his contemporary, a brilliant connoisseur of rhetoric, Zhigimont Lauksmin; Belarusian educator and astronomer Marcin Pachobut Odlenitsky; Polish historian, author of the winged appeal of the rebels 1830 of the year "For our and your freedom!" Joachim Lelewel and other scientists with a European name. Among the students of the university are Simeon Polotsky, the outstanding Polish poet Juliusz Slovatsky, the Lithuanian historian Simonas Daukantas, one of the first researchers of legislative and annalistic monuments of Belarus Ignat Danilovich... the secret societies of philomaths and philaretes destroyed by the tsarist police.

In the first third XIX century at Vilna University there were art departments of engraving, sculpture, painting and drawing, where students received serious preparation for entering the academy of arts. Famous painters and graphic artists Franciszek Smuglevich, Jan Rustem, sculptor Kazimir Elsky taught here. The pupils of the Vilna Art School were Belarusian painters and graphic artists Iosif Oleshkevich, Valenty Vankovich, Ivan Khrutsky, Napoleon Orda, Heinrich and Vikenty Dmakhovsky After the forcible annexation of Belarus to the Russian Empire, the university was a powerful center of spiritual opposition to the colonialists. A number of Vilna teachers and students took an active part in the national liberation uprising of 1830-1831. This played a decisive role in the closure of the university by the tsarist authorities in 1832 year.
On the basis of the former university faculties, the Medical-Surgical and Theological Academy were created, but after ten years of existence, the first was transferred to Kyiv, and the second to St. Petersburg.

Large courtyard of the university. Ser. 19th century

higher educational institution and education management body of the Vilna educational district in 1803-1832.

Story

The higher educational institution in Vilna was founded in 1579 by King Stefan Batory and Pope Gregory XIII as the Academy and University of the Vilna Society of Jesus. In 1773, as a result of the reform under the auspices of the Educational Commission, the Academy and the University was transformed into the “Main Lithuanian School” and received all educational institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under its control, and after the third partition of the Commonwealth, the Main Lithuanian School was transformed into the Main Vilna School.

Signed on April 4, 1803 by Emperor Alexander I, the Main Vilna School was transformed into the Imperial Vilna University. The educational institutions of the Vilna educational district, which covered eight provinces of the Russian Empire, were transferred to the jurisdiction of the university. In 1803, Prince Adam Czartoryski was appointed trustee of the Vilna educational district, which contributed to the flourishing of the university. Czartoryski held the position of trustee for twenty years, combining it with the posts of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

In accordance with the “Charter or General Decree of the Imperial Vilna University and the Schools of its District” approved on May 18, 1803, the university was at the same time an educational, scientific and educational and administrative local institution that elected directors of gymnasiums, superintendents of county schools and other officials that controlled the educational and methodological , disciplinary, economic activities of district educational institutions, published and censored educational and methodological literature. Qualified school teachers were trained in the teacher's seminary at the university.

Aula University

The university was the richest among all Russian universities: in addition to the regular amount of 130 thousand rubles a year allocated to all universities, the funds amounted to annual receipts of 105 thousand rubles from the income of former Jesuit estates, as well as additional one-time appropriations (in 1804, 70 thousand rubles of award from Alexander I, in 1807 a subsidy of 30 thousand rubles, in 1811 - 60 thousand rubles.The number of students grew from 290 in 1804 to 1321 in 1830. By 1823 it became the largest university in Russia and Europe, surpassing Oxford University in the number of students Initially, Vilna University awarded doctoral and master's degrees in a wide range of scientific disciplines - literature, government revenue and trade, foreign public relations, jurisprudence, architecture, etc. In 1819, the university was deprived of the right to confer master's and doctoral degrees; graduates could to receive the degree of Candidate.In 1821 It was forbidden to issue and candidate diplomas.

Secret student patriotic organizations operated at the university. In 1823, dozens of students from the university, including Adam Mickiewicz, were arrested on charges of belonging to them. 108 of them were put on trial. After a long stay in custody during the investigation and trial, 20 people were deported to various cities in Russia. Adam Czartoryski was deposed. His place was taken by N. N. Novosiltsev. In connection with the process of philomaths, on the initiative of Novosiltsev from the university, by decree on August 14, 1824, in order to “suppress the harmful influence that the party opposing the university authorities had,” professors Józef Goluhovsky, Ignatius Danilovich, Joachim Lelewel, and also Michal Bobrovsky were dismissed and expelled from Lithuania

Due to the direct participation or indirect involvement of students and teachers in the uprising of 1831, on May 1, 1832, the university was abolished by the rescript of Nicholas I. The medical faculty was transformed into the Medico-Surgical Academy, the theological - into the Catholic Theological Academy.

Since 1855, the University buildings housed the Museum of Antiquities, later the Public Library, an archive, and two men's gymnasiums. At different times, the writer and collector A. V. Zhirkevich, the Polish statesman Yu. Pilsudsky, the Soviet statesman F. E. Dzerzhinsky, the actor V. I. Kachalov, the artist M. V. Dobuzhinsky, the Lithuanian composer K. Galkauskas , literary theorist M. M. Bakhtin.

The tradition of student organizations in 1932-1936 was continued by the Front, a legal organization. She worked under the influence of the Communist Party of Western Belarus, united about half of the Polish, Belarusian, Lithuanian students, influenced the intelligentsia and national organizations. The printed organ of the Front is the newspaper "Zew"; published popular in Poland newspapers "Po Prostu" and "Karta", in which Maxim Tank, Jerzy Putrament collaborated; illegal revolutionary leaflets. The Polish authorities banned the activities of the organization, the leaders were imprisoned.

Bestuzhev courses

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VILNA IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY

I don't know if Jews studied at this university, I'm afraid not. It existed for a rather short time, and even during the period when the Haskalah played a rather insignificant role among Russian Jewry.
Nevertheless, for the sake of completeness, I consider it necessary to talk about it.

Vilna University(Uniwersytet Wileński) was founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory as the Wilno Academy and University (Akademia i Uniwersytet Wileński). In 1773, as a result of a reform under the auspices of the National Education Commission (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), the university was renamed "Main Lithuanian school"("Szkoła Główna Litewska", and the Jagiellonian University similarly became the "Main Crown School" - "Szkoła Główna Koronna") and received all the educational institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under its control. as a result of the divisions of the Commonwealth, for a short time the school lost the status of a higher educational institution. However, already in 1803 the status was again received along with the new name - Imperial Vilnius University.

Faculties

It consisted of four faculties - physical and mathematical, medical, moral and political (with theology), literary with fine arts. There were 32 departments, 55 subjects were taught. The university owned a botanical garden, an anatomical museum, a clinic, physical and chemical laboratories, a library of 60,000 volumes.
Teaching was predominantly Polish and Latin. After the removal of Czartoryski, the reading of certain subjects in Russian was gradually introduced.

Patriot movement and university closure

Vilna University early became the center of Polish patriots who dreamed of returning to their homeland its former independent position. Under him, various patriotic societies began to arise, most of which were closed with the appointment of the trustee of the district to replace Czartorysky Novosiltsev in 1824. Polish propagandists came out of his midst in large numbers, and finally, almost in his entire composition, he took part in the Polish uprising of 1830-31
The latter circumstance was the main reason for his closing by decree of May 1, 1832., in order, however, to medical and theological departments were transferred to the department of the Ministry of the Interior for the conversion of the first into medical and surgical academy(in 1842 it was merged into the Kyiv Imperial University of St. Vladimir, later the Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University), and the second - to the Catholic Theological Academy(transferred to St. Petersburg in 1844).

By closing V. University, the government did not want to deprive the region of higher education. By a decree of the same year, a higher lyceum in the city of Orsha was prescribed and work was started, but in 1834 they were stopped, and the sums of money assigned for them were transferred to the device of Kyiv University (St. Vladimir).

An old saying goes: "When the cannons speak, the muses are silent." However, Stefan Batory, during the Livonian War, took care of creating a haven for the muses - Vilna University. It is clear that the need for a higher education institution was already brewing in society, the decision to establish a university was greatly influenced by the competition between the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation. Lithuanian Catholics - and the bishop of Vilna himself Valerian Protasevich (Valerijonas Protasevichius) - tried to get ahead of the Protestants in their intention to found a collegium. Therefore, the Jesuits, who arrived in Vilna in 1569 at the invitation of the bishop, received funds to open their collegium and provided for the possibility of its transformation into a university. The college was officially opened on July 17, 1570. The Jesuits set ambitious goals for themselves – to spread science and Catholicism through Vilna University not only in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and neighboring countries, but also in Scandinavia and even in the far eastern regions (up to China! ).

Stefan Batory establishes Vilna University. Hood. V. Smokovsky, 1828

To turn the collegium into a higher educational institution, a lot of funds were required, qualified teachers were needed. An indispensable condition was also the consent of Pope Gregory XIII, which was received in 1577. However, the support of the ruler played a major role. On April 1, 1579, King Stefan Batory, approving the plan and efforts of Bishop Valerian Protasevich, issued a privilege for the opening of the Vilna Academy, and on October 29, 1579, Pope Gregory XIII issued a bull confirming the transformation of the Vilna Collegium into a university. The new school was called the Academy and University of the Vilna Society of Jesus ( Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu).

Until its closure in 1832, Vilna University was not only the main Lithuanian educational institution, but also the most important cultural center. The Jesuits, who determined the cultural content of the Baroque era, spread their ideas through Vilna University. It is believed that the level of education at the ancient university was in no way inferior to the universities of Prague, Krakow, Vienna or Rome. Professors invited to Vilnius University from these and other Catholic

The Great Yard of Vilna University and St. John's Church. From

"Vilna Album" by Ya. K. Vilchinsky. Hood. F. Benois, A. Baio, 1850

universities of Western and Central Europe, brought with them the principles of education, high requirements, a system of intensive education, formed under the influence of the reform of Catholicism, and the influence of Vilnius scholars was felt not only in all of Lithuania (first of all, these were the works on Lithuanian studies by K. Sirvydas and Albert Viyuk-Kojalović (Albertas Viiukas-Koyalavičius), but also far beyond the borders of ethnic Lithuania and the multinational and multi-confessional ON.

Frontispiece of the work "Artis magnae artilleriae" by the famous military engineer of the GDL, the creator of the theory of multi-stage rockets K. Semenovich, 1650

impact on the whole of Europe - this applies to his schools of theology, philosophy, logic, rhetoric and poetics. The works of professors at Vilna University even reached Protestant England - for example, on

The "logic" of Martin Smiglecki (1618) was cited by scholars not only of the Sorbonne, but also of Oxford, and the poetry of Matej Casimir Sarbiewski in 1646 was translated from Latin into English and read in European universities instead of the usual Horace.

Vilnius University is one of the oldest universities in Central Europe - only the universities of Prague, Krakow, Pest, Buda and Koenigsberg are older than it. It should be noted, however, that in Vilna the university was founded only two hundred years after the baptism of the country, while in the more progressive Czech Republic this event

Drawings of rockets by K. Semenovich. Amsterdam, 1650

occurred 400 years after baptism. There is a second aspect of the historical significance of the ancient Vilna University. From the 14th century and for two centuries the easternmost university in all of Europe was the University of Krakow, and from the 16th century. for the next 200 years (before the establishment of Moscow and St. Petersburg universities), this title was rightfully taken over by Vilna University. The founders of the academy, the Jesuits, already understood that this role of the university was far from formal. One of them then wrote: “We should also not forget that from here the doors to Muscovy open wide for us, and from there through the Tatars we will be able to reach China. Also, don't forget about Sweden and Livonia." These plans cease to seem geographically naive if one recalls Andrius Rudamine, a graduate of Vilna University, who brought the ideas of the Society of Jesus all the way to China, where he preached in 1626-1634. and wrote works on asceticism in Chinese. The most northern Catholic and the most eastern European - this is what is the most important significance of the ancient Jesuit university.