In any poetic work, not only the content is important, but also the form, first of all, the size. The size of the poem determines its tempo, music, mood. The main poetic meters are two-syllable iambic or trochee and three-syllable dactyl, amphibrach and anapaest. Each of these meters has its own rhythm, which gives the poem certain features.
How to determine the size in a poem
Instruction
First of all, to determine the size, you need to read the poem rhythmically, making a power accent, not paying attention to the meaning of the words, as if beating out a drum roll.
Write a line of poetry and underline all the syllables (or vowels) that are stressed. For example:
my uncle of the most honest rules
when not in jest zanemOg ...
Now count how many unstressed syllables are between stressed ones. In our example, there is one unstressed syllable per stressed syllable, which means that this is a two-syllable size - iambic or trochee. Remember: in chorea, the stress falls on the first of the two syllables, in iambic - on the second. So, the example we have taken from "Eugene Onegin" is iambic.
Chorea example:
my cheerful sonorous ball
Where did you rush off
With a little practice, you will learn to determine the size of the verse in your mind, without marking stressed and unstressed syllables on paper.
In the same way, three-syllable poetic meters are distinguished. The only difference is that in this case there will be one stressed and two unstressed syllables in one foot. If the stress falls on the very first syllable - this size is called dactyl, if on the second - amphibrach, on the third - anapaest.
Dactyl example:
clouds of heaven, eternal wanderers
Amphibrach example:
will stop a galloping horse,
will enter the burning hut
Anapaest example:
I love you life
which in itself is not new
To determine the number of feet (a foot is a group of syllables, one of which is stressed), that is, to find out whether it is a three-foot trochee or, for example, an iambic pentameter, you need to count the number of stressed syllables. In the example from "Eugene Onegin" we see that this is iambic tetrameter. S. Marshak's poem about the ball is a four-foot trochee.
Remember that stressed syllables in rhythmic reading may not correspond to the usual stress in words! For example, in the word "zanemOg" from our first example, the actual stress is one (on "O"), but in rhythmic reading we also hear a second one, on "A".
IF DIFFICULT, HINT!
Iambic, trochee, dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest
Yamb
Yamb is energetic, businesslike;
Like an eternal democrat
He's always in a hurry
And I am glad to all poets.
But there is a great secret
In simple verses:
After all, a sonnet is written in iambic, -
Tradition says.
Chorey
The chorea has a two-syllable rhythm.
Unstressed - on the second.
Cheerful road song
He suddenly wonders sometimes
That drop wakes the morning
It will scream like a cuckoo ...
Like nature given to people,
Often he sounds around.
Dactyl
Dactyl is thoughtful and full of peace,
With a wave of your finger, counting the size.
This is his six-foot line
In the world, the hexameter was glorified by Homer.
There is a strange power in him,
The echo of the question, the daring of the saints,
And dear, dear in the old way,
A true brilliance of uncomplicated beauty.
Amphibrachius
Amphibrach is good for Russian hearing,
It has breadth and space,
Despair of daring in a snowy sweep,
Slow steppe conversation
Endless forests hidden thickets,
In the vastness of the rivers - clouds,
They suddenly spells reading ancestor
Look into the eyes through the ages.
Anapaest
The anapaest has a difficult temper:
And stubborn he is sometimes heard by us,
Highlighting with an invisible line
Sounds in a harmonious alternation.
It contains an order, an affirmation, a pressure...
With an echo of everyday speech.
Can he rhyme cute nonsense
And decorate our evening with romance.
Poet's assistant
The original computer program from the developers of the Poetry.ru server will help you choose a rhyme for any word. The program offers a dictionary of rhymes that were used by the authors of our server, as well as in the verses of the classics. We do not guarantee the exact match of all rhymes, since the database also contains blank verses without rhymes.
A poem differs from prose by composing a certain pattern from words, not only semantic, but also sound. Putting together a certain mosaic from them, the poet is able to convey the deepest experiences and vivid scenes. To create the rhythm and harmony of the work, certain rules of versification are used: observing the alternation in a certain order of strong and weak syllables (stressed and unstressed), called the foot; vigilance about meter or a constant number of repetitions of stops in each line.
disyllabic foot
In order to understand what iambic is, you need to carefully understand the stops in general. If we are talking about a two-syllable foot, to which iambic and trochee belong, then in this case unstressed syllables alternate with stressed ones, one after one. The stress falling on the first of the two syllables indicates that the foot belongs to the chorea:
A quiet pond here and there,
Rise up, walking on the waves...
Whereas the stress falling on the second syllable suggests that the examples:
WHEN THE WINTER WINTER rages,
And the heart prays for a friend,
Able to protect the soul ...
Then, and I'll take an arrow
And, there is no burning malice,
The aunt's fingers will let go...
Pyrrhic
These are two vivid examples that can give you an idea of what iambic is. When faced with serious classical poetry, it can be more difficult to determine the size of the foot. This is due to the distribution of stresses in them, which do not always coincide with the above scheme. What to do in this case:
Dawn blushed asking,
The river murmured on the sand,
And there, uphill, a foal
Listened to the breeze.
The foot is difficult to determine due to the uneven distribution of stress in words. What is it? Yamb? Chorea?
For such cases, there is a popular way to determine the size of the foot, which consists in "minting" a verse like a first-grader on a ruler, not paying attention either to the meaning of the words or to the correct placement of stresses in them. With such a recitation of the verse, one can notice the following pattern:
Za-rya-ru-mya-ni-las-ask-sonok,
Zhur-cha-la-rech-ka-po-pes-ku,
A-tAm-na-vzgO-rye-same-re-be-nok
At-hear-shi-val-sya-kve-ter-ku.
When reading a verse in this way, a number of additional stresses that are not inherent in words are revealed. You should pay attention to the sixth syllable in the first and third lines, the fourth and sixth - in the last, clearly demonstrating this poetic phenomenon. In literary criticism, it is called pyrrhic and is applicable to all sizes of the syllable.
In such a simple way, in the cited verse, every second syllable is stressed, and a typical iambic is exposed. Along with the chorea, it was the most popular syllable among the works of poets of the 19th century. Poems in iambic were preferred by: A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. S. Griboyedov and many other classics.
Trisyllabic foot
Trisyllabic feet include dactyl, amphibrach, and anapaest. These foot sizes are characterized by one stressed and two unstressed syllables accompanying it. The difference lies in the number of syllables on which the stress falls: dactyl has the first syllable stressed, amphibrach - the second, anapaest - the third. This can be seen in examples:
BRANCHES,
Dropping into the water,
She drinks the sky
Early on...
Amphibrachius:
When the world that is in me,
Restless will fall, in the spring ...
LOVE! Do not skimp on the madness of feelings,
No need to save a heart of fire!
Pour into me as into a vessel that is withered and empty...
Poetic size
The number of repeating stops in one line of a poem creates a certain meter. In the last example given, we are talking about the repetition of four three-syllable feet. Literally, this is called a four-foot anapaest.
The most common poetic meters characteristic of Russian classics are four-foot, three-foot and two-foot.
For example:
Goddess, who decorated the sky with herself,
Throws his eyes into my dreams ...
This example outlines the four-fold use of amphibrach in one line and has a corresponding name: four-foot amphibrach.
And the above passage, characterizing the dactyl foot, is two-footed.
What is an iamb three-foot or four-foot is easy to understand on the following
Examples:
sometimes delirium, and without knowing
Where am I going. And is it important to know...
This verse was written. It is also recognized in the immortal "Eugene Onegin", by A. S. Pushkin.
The following verse refers to iambic trimeter, and A. S. Griboedov resorts to it in his "Woe from Wit":
You can't shout prayers,
Prayers are silent ...
Now, when it is clear what is a trochee, and what is a dactyl, iambic or amphibrach, you can start writing your works. What is iambic for a poet? Probably the most comfortable size. You should start with him.
Versification(or versification) - from lat. versus - verse and facio - I do. Versification- organization of poetic speech, elements that underlie a particular poetic system. At the heart of poetic speech lies, first of all, a certain rhythmic principle.Terminology
Rhythm- repetition of any elements of the text at certain intervals. In Russian, rhythm is formed with the help of stress. Rhyme- consonance of the ends of verses (or half-verses). Stanza- an organized combination of poems (verse - poetic line), regularly repeated throughout the poetic work or part of it.The simplest and most common way to connect verses into a stanza is to connect them with a rhyme. The most common type of stanza is the quatrain, the smallest is the couplet. Couplet- the simplest strophic formation of two verses fastened with a rhyme:
Eat pineapples, chew grouse,Quatrain- strophic formation of four verses.
your last day is coming, bourgeois.
(V. Mayakovsky - 1917)
How can I forget? He walked out, staggeringFoot(lat. leg, foot) - a structural unit of the verse. Foot(lat. - leg, foot, foot) is a sequence of several unstressed (weak) and one stressed (strong) syllable, alternating in a certain order.
Mouth twisted painfully...
I ran away without touching the railing
I followed him to the gate
(A. Akhmatova - 1911)
For classical sizes, the foot consists of either two syllables (trochee and iambic) or three (dactyl, amphibrach and anapaest).
The foot is the smallest structural unit of a verse.
The number of feet in a line of poetry specifies the name of the measure, for example, if a poem is written in iambic eight-foot, then there are 8 feet (8 stressed syllables) in each line.
Foot - a group of syllables, separated and combined single rhythmic beat(iktom). The number of stressed syllables in a verse corresponds to the number of feet. Feet - combinations strong and weak (weak) positions are regularly repeated throughout the entire verse.
A simple foot happens:
- disyllabic, when two syllables are constantly repeated - stressed and unstressed, or vice versa (trochee, iambic ...);
- three-syllable, when one stressed and two unstressed syllables are repeated (anapaest, amphibrach, dactyl ...).
Accent ( speech) versification systems are divided into three main groups:
- syllabic,
- tonic,
- Syllabo-tonic - a way of organizing a poem, in which stressed and unstressed syllables alternate in a certain order, unchanged for all lines of the poem.
| Systems of versification | Characteristic | Example |
| 1. Syllabic (the number of syllables is fixed) |
A system of versification in which rhythm is created by the repetition of verses with the same number of syllables, and the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables is not ordered; obligatory rhyme |
From one country thunder Thunder from another country Trouble in the air! Terrible in the ear! Clouds came running Carry water The sky is closed Confused in fear! (V.K. Trediakovsky - Description of a thunderstorm) |
| 2. Tonic (the number of strokes is fixed) |
The system of versification, the rhythm of which is organized repetition of stressed syllables; the number of unstressed syllables between stresses varies freely |
Winding street-snake. Houses along the snake. The street is mine. Homes are mine. (V.V. Mayakovsky - the poem "Good!") |
| 3. Syllabo-tonic (the number of syllables and the number of stress positions are fixed) |
The system of versification, which is based on the evenness of the number of syllables, the number and place of stress in poetic lines | Do you want to know what I saw At will? - lush fields, Crowned hills Trees growing all around Noisy fresh crowd, Like brothers in a circular dance. (M.Yu. Lermontov - Mtsyri) |
All groups are based on repetition. rhythmic units(rows), the commensurability of which is determined by the given location stressed and unstressed syllables within lines.
System versification, is based on an equal number of stressed syllables in a poetic line, while the number of unstressed syllables in a line is more or less free. Syllabo-tonic measurements
AT Russian syllabo-tonic versification became widespread five stop:
- Chorey
- Dactyl
- Amphibrachius
- Anapaest
The size is usually defined as a sequence of several feet. Poetic measurements are never performed exactly in a poem, and there are often deviations from a given scheme.
The omission of stress, that is, the replacement of a stressed syllable by an unstressed one, is called pyrrhic, the replacement of an unstressed syllable by a stressed one is called spondeem.
Conventions
__/ - stressed syllable __ - unstressed syllablePoetic dimensions
(in the syllabic-tonic system of versification)- Bisyllabic meter:
__/__
- foot Chorea
Chorey- a two-syllable meter in which stressed syllable comes first , on the second unstressed.
For memorization:
Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding,
On the trochee they fly
__ __/ - foot YambaYamb- a two-syllable meter in which first syllable unstressed , the second shock.
- Trisyllabic meter:
__/__ __
- foot Dactyl
Dactyl- a three-syllable meter of the verse, in which the first syllable is stressed, the rest are unstressed.
For memorization:
You are a dig yes ktil i m deep
__ __/__ - foot amphibrachiaAmphibrachius- a three-syllable meter of the verse, in which the second syllable is stressed, the rest are unstressed.
__ __ __/ - foot AnapestaAnapaest- the three-syllable meter of the verse, in which the third syllable is stressed, the rest are unstressed.
To remember names trisyllabic sizes poems to be learned word LADY.
DAMA stands for:
D- dactyl - stress on the first syllable,
AM- amphibrach - stress on the second syllable,
BUT- anapaest - stress stress on the third syllable.
Examples
Poem |
Poetic size |
Example trochaic tetrameter: The storm covers the sky |
Chorey __/__ |
Example pentameter trochaic: I go out alone on the road; |
Chorey __/__ |
Example three-foot trochaic: Swallows are gone, |
Chorey __/__ |
Example iambic tetrameter: My uncle for the most honest rules, |
__ __/ |
Example iambic tetrameter: I remember a wonderful moment |
__ __/ |
Example iambic pentameter: We dressed up the wife together to give the city, |
__ __/ |
Example iambic pentameter: You will be sad when the poet dies, |
__ __/ |
Example trimeter dactyl: Whoever calls - I don't want |
Dactyl __/__ __ |
Example tetrameter dactyl: Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers! |
Dactyl __/__ __ |
Example tetrameter dactyl: Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous |
Dactyl __/__ __ |
Example trimeter amphibrach: Not the wind is raging over the forest, |
Amphibrachius __ __/__ |
Example tetrameter amphibrach: Dear father, did not know anything |
Amphibrachius __ __/__ |
Example trimeter amphibrach: There are women in Russian villages |
Amphibrachius __ __/__ |
Example trimeter amphibrach: Among the noise, a lot of balls happen by chance, |
Amphibrachius __ __/__ |
Example three-foot anapaest: Oh, spring without end and without edge - |
Anapaest __ __ __/ |
Example three-foot anapaest: There are in the tunes of your innermost |
Anapaest __ __ __/ |
Example three-foot anapaest: I will disappear from melancholy and laziness, |
Anapaest __ __ __/ |
How to determine the poetic size?
|
Before describing specific definitions (they say, amphibrach is ... etc.), one should understand what versification is. Usually, it is understood as the principles of organizing poetic speech into one rhythmic whole. Literary critics share the metric and accent systems, and the first, represented by ancient works, Russian folk verses, is more ancient. Accent versification is subdivided, in turn, into tonic, syllabic and syllabic-tonic systems.
The poet's appeal to one of them is dictated by the peculiarities of his language. For syllabic versification, the number of syllables is important, for tonic - stress. That is why syllabic versification is common in national literatures that use a language with a fixed accent. These include Polish, French. Russian and Ukrainian literature also knows examples of syllabic versification, but, for obvious reasons, it did not take root here. For syllabo-tonic versification (namely, it is most inherent in Russian poetry), the number of stressed and unstressed syllables is important; the scheme of their alternation is called poetic size. It is two-syllable and three-syllable. The first group includes iambic and trochee, the second - dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest.
Yamb
As M. Gasparov testified, about half of all poetic texts of the second half of the 19th century account for this meter. In iambic, the foot (combination of stressed and unstressed components) consists of two syllables. The first is unstressed, the second is stressed (for example: “Again I am standing over the Neva ...”). In the most common was iambic 6-foot. It was used mainly in the so-called high genres - odes or messages. Subsequently, the 6-foot, as well as the free iambic amphibrachs and other trisyllabic sizes will completely replace.
Chorey
In this case, the first syllable of a two-syllable foot is stressed (for example, the familiar lines from children's poetry "My cheerful sonorous ball"). Especially often in the poetry of the past and the century before last, there is a 5-foot trochee.
Dactyl
Let's move on to triads. These include, as already mentioned, dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest. The first measure from this list begins with a stressed syllable, while the other two remain unmarked. An example of a dactyl is a line from Lermontov's poetry: "Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers ..."
Amphibrachium is...
The stressed syllable may not be at the beginning, but in the middle of a three-syllable foot. Such a rhythmic organization of the line clearly indicates that we have an amphibrach in front of us. It was he who wrote the famous "He will stop a galloping horse ...", which is almost the official anthem of all Russian women.
Anapaest
Finally, the stress may fall on the last, third syllable, then we are dealing with an anapaest. It is clearly manifested, for example, in the lines: “It sounded over a clear river ...” Anapaest, amphibrach and dactyl were especially widespread in poetic texts of the century before last. As M. Gasparov points out, initially they were 4-foot, but then they were replaced by a variant with three feet.
If you need to indicate the poetic size in accordance with the assignment, do not take it at random to determine whether it is an amphibrach or, perhaps, a trochee. Or even Russian folk verse. To begin with, we advise you to read the text aloud, not particularly paying attention to the meaning of what is written, but simply minting each phrase. It's like you're knocking out a fraction. After that, write down the line, designate the shock sections, draw a diagram of the versification system - and the task is completed.
However, not all so simple. The poem may contain stops consisting entirely of stressed (spondei) or unstressed (pyrrhic) syllables. Initially, these terms were applied to ancient poetry. In relation to the syllabo-tonic system, they simply denote the omission (or presence) of stress where it should not be. In addition, the text can be written in dolnik. This means that there is a rhythmic organization in it, but the intervals between different syllables are not constant. A vivid example of this is Blok's lines: "The girl sang in the church choir ..."
In the poetry of the twentieth century, the form of accent verse was also used (already mentioned by Blok, Mayakovsky). It differs by an equal number of stressed syllables and has a different number of unstressed components. That is, in fact, accent verse is the embodiment of the tonic system of versification in modern literature. There are also more exotic cases - a combination of one stressed and three unstressed syllables (the so-called peon). He wrote the famous lines: "Do not think about seconds down ..." It is also necessary to remember the poetic experiments of the futurists, which ran counter to any theoretical ideas.
Finally, the poem may be generally white. This means that it has no rhyme, but the rhythmic organization is still present. So white anapaest or white iambic exist in nature.
We examined what two-syllable meters are in the syllabic-tonic system of versification, and also paid attention to four-syllable ones. Today we will study trisyllabic meter.
First, compare two lines from the poems of Nikolai Gumilyov:
He did not lie to us, a sadly strict spirit ...
Today, I see, your look is especially sad ...
Draw their diagrams and you will see that the first line is a typical iambic. But the second one is more difficult. This is a three-syllable meter, and it is called amphibrach. Its rhythmic scheme is as follows:
– / – – / – – / – – / – – /
Let's denote the feet with brackets:
(– / –) (– / –) (– / –) (– / –) (– /)
We see that in trisyllabic meter are in one foot two unstressed and one stressed syllable. The question arises: a how to distinguish a three-syllable size from a two-syllable one? As a rule, all beginner poets and first-year students of the Faculty of Philology face this question. Many do not understand how to determine which foot is in front of them - two-syllable or three-syllable - if they do not know in advance the size of the poem.
And it's very simple.
In two-syllable- between two stressed syllables one unstressed: /–/.
In three syllables- between two stressed syllables are two unstressed: /– –/.
In four syllables (peony)- between two stressed syllables are three unstressed: / – – – /.
Did you notice the system? Now pay attention to the diagrams of the given lines again and try to determine which size is in front of you - two-syllable or three-syllable.
Now about the names. There are three trisyllabic sizes, as the name implies. They are called like this:
- DACTIL;
- AMPHIBRACHY;
- ANAPEST.
Dactyl - three-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable of the foot(stressed syllables in line 1, 4, 7, 10, etc.):
Village suffering is in full swing...
Share you! - Russian woman's share!
Hardly harder to find.
(N. Nekrasov)
Amphibrach - three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable of the foot(stressed syllables in line 2, 5, 8, 11, etc.):
It is not the wind that rages over the forest,
Streams did not run from the mountains -
Frost-voivode patrol
Bypasses his possessions. (N. Nekrasov)
Anapaest - three-syllable size with stress on the third syllable of the foot(stressed syllables in line 3, 6, 9, 12, etc.):
I accept you, failure
And good luck, hello to you!
In the enchanted realm of weeping,
In the secret of laughter - there is no shame!
Trisyllabic sizes in Russian-language poetry is currently very popular. Probably, this can be partially explained by the fact that, using trisyllabic meters, one can use longer words, find more interesting intonational and syntactic constructions.
However, the above dimensions should not be limited. we will talk with you about "non-standard" sizes - dolniks, free verse, Russian hexameter, etc.
Practice.
1. Find three-syllable meters in your poems and compare them with poems in which you use two-syllable meters.
2. Try to remake any poem written in two syllables into "trisyllabic" or vice versa. Draw your own conclusions.
