The meaning of the Old Russian language. Old Russian language: interesting facts

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………

1. History of the origin of the Old Russian language……………………………………

2. Features of the change in the Old Russian language.…………………………………

3. Reasons for the archaization of words…………………………………………….

4. Old Russian words and Old Russian expressions their real analogues……………………………………………………………………………………

5. The fate of Old Russian words in the Russian language…………………………………….

6. The fate of ancient Russian "winged expressions" in the modern Russian language……………..

7. References and used Internet resources……………………

Introduction

This work is devoted to the origin of Old Russian words and their further fate in the Russian language. At the same time, a comparative description of the meanings of some words and their modern counterparts is also presented in order to understand the reason for the disappearance of ancient words from the language.

I have always been interested in studying various ancient languages, I am especially attracted to the Old Russian language, and I would like to say separately about the words and expressions in this language, about which, in fact, most people do not know anything specific. Have you ever thought about the true meaning of the word "guest"? In the days of Ancient Russia, someone who was engaged in trade with other cities and countries was called a guest. Today, a guest is a person who visits his friends and relatives in a friendly way. Indeed, the history of such words is of great interest to society and the language of any ethnic group as a whole, so it is necessary to study them in detail.

Target: study of the position of archaisms in the modern Russian language and their comparison with modern words and expressions.

Tasks: the revival of the meaning of some Old Russian words and expressions (their actual meaning), to study the way these words change in the language, to give examples of their use in everyday life, to familiarize people with the history of these words and expressions, it is necessary to find an effective way to preserve these words in their native speech and language.

Research methods: In order to work with words in any language, to study their history and origin, it is necessary to resort to work
with different dictionaries. My work is based on the following types of dictionaries: explanatory, etymological, and also a dictionary of archaisms
and historicism. For me, the Internet is one of the indispensable sources of information, so I actively used data about some words from there.

The history of the origin of the Old Russian language

In order to understand the history of Old Russian words, it is necessary to get acquainted with its origin.

The Old Russian language is the language of the Eastern Slavs in the period from about the 6th to the 13th-14th centuries, the common ancestor of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages.

It is no secret that the Old Russian dictionary, as well as the language, makes it possible to read and understand the history of the formation of many historical monuments of writing. In addition, it was this language that formed the modern rules of literary pronunciation, spelling, and punctuation. The history of the Old Russian language helps to understand exactly how human thinking developed, to learn about how exactly the appearance of writing influenced the life of the Old Russian tribes. One cannot fail to say that the study of this language is necessary for modern man in order to find out exactly how writing was born and to understand the most important stages of this process. Thanks to special books, you can understand Old Russian as it is written, which is quite interesting.

Self-name rѹssk (-ꙑi) ꙗꙁꙑкъ. The name "Old Russian language" does not mean continuity exclusively with the modern Russian language, but is explained, first of all, by the self-name of the Eastern Slavs of this period (Russians).

It is assumed that the "Old Russian" language, which existed approximately in the 6th-14th centuries, was the common language for all the Eastern Slavs, numerous Slavic tribes that made up the so-called Old Russian nationality - the ancestors of Belarusians, Russians, Ukrainians. In the history of the Old Russian language, two periods are distinguished: pre-written - up to the 10th-11th centuries, and written - from the 11th century. In the 11th-14th centuries, in connection with the division of the Old Russian state into feudal principalities, the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the formation of new states on the Old Russian lands, the Old Russian language disintegrated, dialect differences intensified. The first written monuments date back to the 11th century; The oldest inscription on a vessel found during excavations of the Gnezdovsk barrows near Smolensk dates back to the 10th century.

Like other Slavic languages, the Old Russian language goes back to the Proto-Slavic language and is the result of its disintegration and division into different Slavic language groups. By the X century. the Eastern Slavs developed a number of linguistic features that separated them from the southern and western Slavs.

The existence of pre-Cyrillic writing among the Eastern Slavs is possible in the pre-Christian era, but at the moment there is no evidence in the form of surviving monuments. Old Russian was always written in Cyrillic; no literary Glagolitic monuments have been found on the territory of the Old Russian state (however, some graffiti made in the Glagolitic script and their fragments have survived, for example, in the St. Sophia Cathedral of Novgorod the Great).

The legacy of Cyril and Methodius brought the Cyrillic alphabet to Russia, called the First South Slavic Influence. The Old Bulgarian language, into which the Bible was translated, strongly influenced the then Old Russian language.

It is important to note that the modern Russian literary language is a combination of two old dialect traditions of the Old Russian language: North-West and Center-East.

Old Russian language: interesting facts

OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE- the language of the Eastern Slavs in the period from about the 6th to the 13th-14th centuries.The common ancestor of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages. The name "Old Russian language" does not mean continuity exclusively with the modern Russian language, but is explained primarily by the self-name of the Eastern Slavs of this period (Rus). The Old Russian language included many different dialects and was the result of their convergence, which was facilitated by the unification of the Eastern Slavs as part of Kievan Rus. By the XI-XII centuries.

In the Old Russian language, dialect zones are distinguished: southwestern (Kiev and Galician-Volyn dialects), western (Smolensk and Polotsk dialects), southeastern (Ryazan and Kursk-Chernigov dialects), northwestern (Novgorod and Pskov dialects), north -Eastern (Rostov-Suzdal dialects) Sometimes the northern zone (Yaroslavl and Kostroma dialects) is distinguished, which was formed as a result of the “imposition” on the northwestern dialects of the northeastern (as well as southeastern and southwestern dialects).

Old Russian dialect differences do not coincide with modern East Slavic ones.For example, in the Old Russian language there was no "akanya", which has been noted since the 14th century (although the question of its possible occurrence in an earlier historical period has not been finally resolved).

"Clicking", on the contrary, has existed since very ancient times - an example can beancient Novgorod and ancient Pskov dialects. Some Ukrainian scholars believe that the contrast between stop [g][g] in northern dialects and fricative [h] in southern ones is very ancient. Nasal vowels (õ, ẽ) in Old Russian were lost in the pre-literate period. In the XII-XIII centuries, the Old Russian language underwent a radical restructuring due to the drop of the reduced vowels (ъ, ь).

The Old Russian language was significantly different from the modern East Slavic languages, not only in its sound system, but also in grammar. So, in the Old Russian language there were three numbers: singular, plural and dual; five types of declension several forms of the past tense (aorist, imperfect, pluperfect), etc.

Distinguished by great originalitydialect of ancient Novgorod, known from found birch bark letters.

As shown by recent studies of the language of Novgorod birch bark letters (A. A. Zaliznyak), the Old Novgorod dialect developed from the Proto-Slavic language, independently of Old Kiev. In addition to many oral dialects, there was also a relatively standardized written form of the Old Russian language, which was used mainly for legal documents. It is believed that this written language in Kievan Rus was based on the ancient Kievan dialect. The graphic and spelling system of the Old Russian language began to take shape in the middle of the 11th century. At the same time, the bulk of literature (chronicles, religious writings, etc.) was written in Church Slavonic, the Old Russian version of the Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) language.

At the same time, the pronunciation of the Church Slavonic language began to be based on the Moscow dialect; in Church Slavonic, it is customary to pronounce the stop sound [g], and not the fricative [h]. Exception: the word "God" in the nominative case. This is done to distinguish the word "God" from the word "bok" after the dropping of sparkling vowels. In all other cases in the word “God” (“about God”, “with God”, etc.) there is a Russian literary (stop) sound [r].

MYTHS AND TRUTH ABOUT THE LANGUAGE OF THE ANCESTORS

Vadim DERUZHINSKY "Analytical newspaper"Secret Research"MYTH ABOUT "OLD RUSSIAN LANGUAGE".http://mihail-shahin.livejournal.com/192585.html

... the population of Ancient Russia allegedly had the "Old Russian" language as its spoken language. However, a political cataclysm happened: the Tatar-Mongols captured most of Russia, and its “remainder” fell into the ON. Living under the Tatars in the Horde, the Russians for some reason managed to keep their language similar to "Old Russian", but the Belarusians and Ukrainians were influenced by the Letuvis and Poles - their languages are no longer similar to "Old Russian".

The Belarusian writer Ivan Laskov (1941-1994) wrote in his essay “Where did the Belarusian language come from?”:

"... the Old Russian language" was formed already in the 7th-8th centuries, and in the 14th-15th centuries it "split" into three separate East Slavic languages. This seems to be confirmed by the observation that until the 15th century and even later, ancient literature created on the territory of modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was written in the same language, then texts from Belarus and Ukraine deviate more and more from it. But is this an indicator of the "disintegration of the language", or is it something completely different?

First of all, it is striking that this mythical “Old Russian language” should have been best preserved on the territory of Belarus, where there was never a “Tatar-Mongol yoke”. Instead, it is “preserved” in Belarus worst of all.

Secondly: if the fable about “Polish influence” is true, then in this case it should be observed as much as possible in the regions bordering Poland - but this is not the case. Instead, not only the eastern regions of Belarus are equally “corrupted by Polish influence”, but - which is generally absurd! - equally the language of the villagers of the Smolensk region, Bryansk region, parts of the Tver and Pskov regions - that is, the territory of the Krivichi. And where did the “Polish influence” come from? This already shows that no "polonisms" could arise there, and that theselinguistic realities are the legacy of their KREV language of the Krivichi.

... The theory of "Polonization of Russian" and the emergence of Little Russian in this way(Ukrainian) was invented by Lomonosov. ... In addition - what is generally called "polonism"? The Polish language itself took shape only by the 16th-17th centuries - therefore, it did not exist at a time that Russian linguists attribute to the period of supposedly “polonism influence”. Instead, before that there were two completely different languages.

The first is the Lyash language of Krakow, the purest Slavic, completely identical to the language of Polabian Rus (that is, the language of Rurik's obodrites) and the language of Novgorodian letters (that is, obodrite). The second substratum of the current Polish language is the Western Baltic language of the Masurians of Warsaw. It was from him that pshekanya and Baltic vocabulary appeared in the Polish language.

... It is easy to see that most often "polonisms" are understood as the realities of the Polish language, "adopted" from the Western Balts of the Masurians. And in this case, it must be said that the medieval Mazov supposedly had some kind of political or cultural, religious influence on the GDL. But there has never been such an impact. And the common linguistic realities of the language of the Masurians and Litvins (Yatvingians, Dainoviches, Krivichi) are explained only by the fact that all these Slavic tribes were originally Western Baltic. Well, the East Baltic Zhemoitsky language (now erroneously called "Lithuanian") could not have any influence on the language of the Litvin-Belarusians. By virtue of the very status of Zhemoitia as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a colony (it was ruled by the gentry), and due to the cultural backwardness of this area (the Zhemoyts were the last to acquire writing in Europe), and due to the small number of Zhemoyts.

By the way, there was no “Old Belarusian” language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, just as there were no “Old Belarusians” people. This name refers to the people of ON LITVINS, whose Lithuanian language linguists attributed together with Masurian to the family of Slavic languages. The name "Belarusians" appeared on the territory of Belarus only in the 19th century - as a replacement for the ancient names "Litvins" and "Lithuania".

Ivan Laskov supplements this series of questions with his own:

“And another mysterious phenomenon. Why, within the limits of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, two new languages were formed from the "Old Russian" - Belarusian and Ukrainian? Why is Ukrainian not close to Russian, although Kyiv was "torn off" from Russia 200 years less than Belarus? [Here Laskov is mistaken - the State of Polotsk / ON / Belarus has never in its history been something "in common" with Zalesye, the Horde, Muscovy, Russia - before the divisions of the Commonwealth. - Approx. V.D.] (Until the middle of the XIV century, Kyiv, together with Moscowwas part of the Golden Horde, and in 1654 was annexed to Russia, while Belarus was annexed to Russia only at the end of the 18th century, and did not know Tatar domination at all.) ... ".

LANGUAGE OF NOVGOROD

In addition, it is not clear on what basis the historians of the Russian Federation consider the language of Novgorod and Pskov allegedly "Old Russian" - and in general they see Moscow as the alleged "heir" of Ancient Novgorod. The language of ancient Novgorod was not destined to develop.

After the defeat and capture of Novgorod by the Moscow principality in 1478, the local language was banned by a special decree of the Moscow prince, and the nobility and princes were resettled in Moscow. The ancient Novgorod dialect, and in fact the language, was destroyed. (Novgorod was annexed to Moscow under Ivan III Vasilievich in 1478, in 1484-1499 the lands of the Novgorod boyars were confiscated, and the landowners themselves were evicted to the central regions of the Moscow state, and their possessions were distributed to the Moscow nobles. N. Kostomarov).

The Novgorod language was the language of Rurik's encouragers and, as discovered by Professor of Moscow State University A.A. Zaliznyak according to the excavations of 2002-2005, it actually did not differ in any way from the ancient Lyash language of Krakow (because it cannot be called "Old Russian" - after all, Krakow was not "Russian"). Obodrites were an alien element, and the Sami were the indigenous population of the region. They learned the "Russian" language from Obodrites for three centuries. Here is how the phonetically famous Novgorod birch bark monument of the 13th century, written in Cyrillic in the Sami language, is read:

yumolanuoliiimizhi

noulisehanoliomobow

yumolasoudniiohovi.

In translation:

God's arrow with dozens of names

God's arrow

Executes God's judgment.

Here we see in the Sami language of the XIII century. borrowing from the Church Slavonic "soudni" i.e. doomed. Here is another example of the Novgorod language of the 12th-13th centuries. from a 2005 report on the Novgorod charters: Diploma - Zhirochka and? Shka to Vdovinou. Mlvi Shiltsevi: “Tsemou, do you beat the pig? tsyuzh?? And Ndrka brought it. And if you disgraced the horse in Lyudin: from this half of the grammar about the book, then you did it.” This is an example of the living spoken language of Novgorod of the XII-XIII centuries, with its own characteristics, in which the Church Slavonic influence is almost completely absent and which gives an idea of the real spoken language of Novgorod.

In the 1950-70s, for ideological reasons, birch bark researchers often interpreted incomprehensible places in birch bark written in the Novgorod or Smolensk, Galician, Volyn dialects as errors of illiterate scribes written in the "wrong Old Russian" language. However, the letters were written correctly - in local spoken languages.

The “problem” was that these examples of living speech refuted the myth of a “single Old Russian language”. As Academician Valentin Yanin recently admitted in the journal Science and Life, birch bark documents show that the languages of Novgorod and Kyiv are initially completely different languages. Kievan was close to the Balkan languages, while Novgorod was identical to the dialects of Polabya, Pomorye and Lyakhia. This completely destroys Lomonosov's theory of "corruption by Polish influence", since it could not have been in the ancient Novgorod State, and even in the era of the supposedly "single language". And most importantly - this shows that, unlike the language of Novgorod, Kyiv, Pskov, Polotsk, the language of Muscovy was formed on the basis of Church Slavonic, which historians speculatively call "Old Russian" ....

The language of Ukraine of the 16th-17th centuries is distinctly displayed in the 17th century Chronicle of Self-Vision, which tells about the events in Ukraine at that time. However, the printing of books in this literary old Ukrainian language of the 17th century was forbidden by the decree of Peter I, according to the decision of the Synod, in 1720. After another 20 years in 1740-48. its use in church services and affairs will be prohibited. But, despite the prohibitions, it is the works of the 18th century in the Ukrainian language - the poetry of G.S. The frying pans of the 1750s and the Aeneid by I. Kotlyarevsky of 1798 are already becoming classics of Ukrainian literature, which has become the basis of the modern Ukrainian language.The Belarusian (Litvinian) language was banned in exactly the same way in 1839.

SCIENTIFIC FRAUD?

Philologists of the USSR and now the Russian Federation claim that there were allegedly two written languages in Kievan Rus. One is the one that came here with Christianity, the language of the Holy Scriptures. Graphically, this is an offshoot from classical Greek writing (together with Coptic, Gothic, Armenian, Georgian and Slavic-Glagolic; by the way, Latin also came from Greek archaic writing, therefore “Russian writing” has the same roots with Latin).

And in terms of content, this is the Bulgarian language, into which they were translated into Byzantine church books. The date of birth of this artificial language with Greek writing and Bulgarian content, which is called Church Slavonic, is 863 Church Slavonic was used as a written language in many countries of Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Bohemia (Czech Republic), the lands of Poland, the Grand Duchy, the principalities of Muscovy and the lands of Russia and as a written for non-Slavic languages of Moldova. In the texts of that time themselves, this language was called not Church Slavonic, but Slovene from “sloven”. However, this language has never been a spoken proto-language and common Slavic.

Another language of Kievan Rus - allegedly has been here "CONVERSATIONAL" since the 7th-8th centuries, philologists call it "Old Russian". An amazing “coincidence” lies in the fact that the transition of Belarusians and Ukrainians from the “Old Russian language” to their national ones exactly coincides in time with the rejection of the Church Slavonic language.

A similar REFORMATION OF THE LANGUAGE occurred with a delay in Russia, where too(but much later than Lithuania-Belarus and Russia-Ukraine) published the Bible in their "Moscow dialect".The complete "blindness" of Russian historians and linguists is surprising, who do not see in this the "third act" of "rejection of the Old Russian language" as Church Slavonic - already from the side of the Russian language ...

* This separation of the “Moscow dialect” from the “Old Russian language” is not advertised by scientists because it can no longer be explained by “Polish influence” or “Zhemoitsky influence”.

What is the difference between Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages? Ivan Laskov writes: “N. Samsonov, the author of the textbook “Old Russian Language” (M., 1973), answers this question. An interesting thing - it turns out, only phonetics! Moreover, the phonetic differences - the cat cried: in Church Slavonic - head, milk, breg, helmet, deer, lake, south, south; in "Old Russian" - head, milk,shore, helmet, deer, lake, oug, dinner.

And a few more independent words - in "Old Russian" pravda (in Church Slavonic - truth), vidok (witness), wedding (marriage). And that's it! There are no morphological differences, the prefixes and suffixes of Old Russian are Church Slavonic (pp. 71-75). And are they two different languages? You can't even talk about dialects here! Nevertheless, scientists "experts" divide Kiev literature: this work is written in Church Slavonic, and these ("Russian Truth", "Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh", "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener") - in Old Russian … Despite the fact that “Old Russian” is generously interspersed with “all the features” of Church Slavonic.

Here is a small but telling example. At the beginning of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"there is such a turnover: “Oh boyana, the nightingale of the old time! And if only you would have stole away, jumping, glory, according to the mental tree. As you can see, in one sentence - Church Slavonic glory and "Old Russian" nightingale, which means the same thing - nightingale.,

Ivan Laskov concludes:

“It's time to dot the i's: the Old Russian single language dialect NEVER EXISTED - neither written nor spoken. There were dialects of glades, drevlyans, krivichi and others. And what is left of Kievan Rus on parchment and paper is written in the Church Slavonic language of the Bible. It couldn't be otherwise. The language of the Bible at that time was considered sacred and the only one possible for use in writing. It was the same with the Latin language in Western Europe. To come to the conclusion that their natural language can also be used for writing, people had to experience a revolution in consciousness. It is no coincidence, for example, that the first written monument of the Polish language dates back to the middle of the 14th century. [In Poland, Latin was the state language, precisely because it was the language of religion. And there, too, there was a “language revolution”, like ours, but later than Belarus and Ukraine, but earlier than Russia. - Approx. V.D.]

And for several more centuries throughout Europe they wrote in Latin not only religious books, but also laws, scientific treatises, fiction ... Church Slavonic played the same role in Eastern Europe as Latin in Western Europe. However, knowledge of a foreign language is never one hundred percent. Therefore, the Kievan authors, using Church Slavonic, made mistakes in it: instead of “glory” - “nightingale”, instead of “grad” - “city”, instead of “mleko” - “milk”, etc. They could also insert some word known to them from birth, especially if in the Biblewas not suitable for him. This explains the deviations from the language of Scripture in some works. Is it correct to declare mistakes in a language as a "second" language?

… Church Slavonic- comes from the extreme south of the Slavic area. Bible translators Cyril and Methodius [Currently it is proved that Cyril (c. 827-869) and Methodius (820-885) were from Syria, Christian Arabs, and were not related to each other. - Approx. VD] lived in the Greek city of Thessaloniki, where there were many Bulgarians then.

Of course, they did not know the dialects of Thessaloniki Bulgarians thoroughly and therefore actively introduced Greek words and Greek grammatical forms into translation, such as gerunds, vocatives, paired numbers and others. So the Church Slavonic language is South Slavic, moreover, Hellenized ...

***

The classical Russian language is just a modified Church Slavonic, which has little relation to Old Russian proper. In the process of baptism of the Slavic peoples, which, as we know, stretched for many centuries, the ruling bureaucracy needed a tool to introduce Christianity to such a large territory. And the social order was just fulfilled by Cyril and Methodius. Of course, they did not invent any alphabet. Their merit is just adding a few Greek letters to the Old Slavic alphabet, which helped to correctly pronounce the names of Christian saints in their translations. Well, in fact, church books were rewritten in this alphabet. Here is the translation of these books and there is a "merit" of Cyril associates. It is clear that it was long and tedious to translate into the language of each Slavic people. Therefore, the "enlighteners" acted simply - they took one of the Bulgarian dialects as a base, which actually became Church Slavonic. Church Slavonic had its own dialects, "exclusions".

Among such would be the Russian dialect of Church Slavonic. But he had little to do with Old Russian proper. The “Russification” of Church Slavonic was carried out to a minimum sufficient degree so that the poorly educated village priests,at least in the distance they understood what they were broadcasting to the flock. In the course of Christianization, written artifacts of the Old Russian language were ruthlessly destroyed. We can only judge their distribution by numerous Novgorod birch bark letters.

Therefore, for centuries, two languages \u200b\u200bhave existed in parallel - written Church Slavonic and spoken proper Russian in numerous dialects and dialects. Education, of course, began to be built on the only language in Russia that had a written equivalent - Church Slavonic. For example, The Tale of Bygone Years was already written on it, which we, modern Russians, understand almost without translation. Enoughchange the text to a modern font.

But the language of the same Novgorod birch bark letters, even if of the same 12th century, are already obscure for us. For this reason, it was the simplified Church Slavonic that was taken as the national language. It was on it that the state layer began to speak - the nobles, it was on it that laws, books, plays, poems were written. It was he who began to teach populists in schools. And it is precisely in it, though after a serious linguistic evolution, that we speak even now, in it - on the product of intelligentsia education. But, I repeat, in fact, to Old Russian, this language has a weak relation.

By the way, there was also a historical alternative. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, for several centuries, the so-called. written Western Russian, which had a slight influence of Church Slavonic. But with the disappearance of the GDL, this amazing heir to the Old Russian language was forgotten, although he left a fair imprint on the Belarusian language.

The question is whether it is necessary to restore the Old Russian language.In the end, if the evolution of the Old Russian language had not been interrupted, it would inevitably have changed, modernized. In fact, it is surprising that with a variety of source material - the sameNovgorod birch bark letters, there are still so few studies on this subject.

The Old Russian language is the language of the Old Russian people, formed in the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus), mainly on the basis of dialects of closely related East Slavic tribes. It is usually dated to the 8th-14th centuries. It belongs to the East Slavic group of Slavic languages. Predecessor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

The Old Russian language is the language of the Old Russian people, formed in the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus), mainly on the basis of dialects of closely related East Slavic tribes. It is usually dated to the 8th-14th centuries. It belongs to the East Slavic group of Slavic languages. Predecessor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Monuments of writing have been known since the middle of the 11th century (manuscripts and entries in books). The inscriptions on individual items date back to the beginning of the 10th century. As part of the Tale of Bygone Years, the treaties of Russia with the Greeks of 911, 944, 971 have come down to us.

The linguistic community of the East Slavic tribes developed in the bowels of the Proto-Slavic linguistic community during the 1-8 centuries. n. e., when the Eastern Slavs developed linguistic features that distinguish them from the language of the southern and western Slavs.

Separate phonetic, grammatical and lexical features bring the Old Russian language closer to the South Slavic and West Slavic languages; all or some. But the Old Russian language also differed in a number of features that are absent in other Slavic languages or that gave different results in them. So for the Old Russian language is typical:

Full-voice - (lexico-phonetic phenomenon of the modern Russian language: the presence of combinations in root morphemes: oro, olo, barely between consonants, characterizes the phonetic appearance of many modern Russian words).

[h,] [f,] (instead of [w, t,], [f, d,] - among the southern Slavs and [c,] [d, h] - among the western ones), develops from *tj, *dj ( svcha, boundary) and from *Rt, *qt before front vowels: night, stoves, dychi (compare: bake, urine), urine.

Since the 10th century, the absence of nasal vowels [o], [e]: instead of them they began to pronounce [y] and im A and others [a]> [, a]: rouka, maso.

The phonetic system of the language of the era of the most ancient monuments was characterized by the following features. The syllable was open; could not end with a consonant, the sounds in the syllable were distributed according to increasing sonority, in other words, the syllable began with a less sonorous sound and ended with a more sonorous one (doim, sled, pravida). In this regard, until the 12th-13th centuries, when the reduced [b] and [b] fell and new closed syllables appeared, there were no conditions for opposing consonants according to sonority-glasnost. There were 10 vowel phonemes: front vowels - [i], [e], (b), [e], [b], [a] [leaf, lchyu, (lchiti), fly (fly), day, n Am ] and the back row - [s], [y], [b], [o], [a] [try, pout, pita (bird), chop, break]. There were 27 consonants. The sound [v] was either labial-tooth [v], bilabial [w] (a similar pronunciation is preserved even now in dialects: [lauka], [, deuka], [low]). The sound [f] was in borrowed words in the written language of educated people. In the colloquial language, instead of it, the sound [p] or [x] is pronounced in borrowed words: Osip (Josif), Khoma, Khovrony. Hardness-softness couples formed only sounds [n] - [n,], [r] - [r,], [l] - [l,], [s] - [s,], [s] - [s ,]. The rest of the consonants were or only soft: [j], [h], [c,], [g,], [w,], [w, t, w,], [g, d, g,] (modern. [`sh,], [`zh,] - push, yeast), or only solid: [g], [k], [x] (death, jelly, hytr), [n], [b], [c ], [m], [t], [d]. Before front vowels, hard consonants became semi-soft. Consonants [g], [k], [x] before front vowels could only be in borrowed words (geona, cedar, chiton).

The grammatical structure, inflectional in type, inherited many features of the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European languages.

Nouns differed: by gender: m., cf., f.; by numbers: singular, dual, when it was about two objects (two, tables, houses, dvb, leh, zhen, legs), pl.

There were 6 cases: I., R., D., V., T., Local (modern prepositional); some nouns also had a vocative form, used in education (father - father, wife - wife, son - son).

According to the system of case forms, nouns were combined into 6 types of declensions, each of which could include words of different genders. The destruction of this system of declination occurred towards the end of the Old Russian period.

Adjectives (qualitative and relative) had a full and short form and were declined in both forms.

The verb had the form of the present (future) tense (I wear, I will say), 4 forms of the past tense: 2 simple - aorist (wear, tell) and imperfect (wear, hozhah), and 2 complex - perfect (I wore) and pluperfect - a long time ago - came (dah wore or was worn), each of the forms of the past tense had a special meaning associated with an indication of the course of action in the past, 2 forms of a complex future: before the future (I will wear) and the analytical future, which largely retained its character compound verbal predicate [Imam (I want, I will start) wear]. The -l form (like bore) was a past participle and participated in the formation of complex verb tense forms, as well as the subjunctive mood (was bore). In addition to the infinitive, the verb had another invariable form - supin (or the infinitive of the goal), which was used with verbs of motion ("I'm going to catch fish").

According to the dialectal features within the Old Russian language, the northwestern territories with clatter were contrasted (non-distinguishing [ts,], and [h,], [g] of explosive formation, the form R.p. singular f.r. on -b ( in zhen) and the southern and southeastern regions with the fricative distinction [ts,], [h,], [g] and the form of R.p. However, the dialectical features did not destroy the unity of the Old Russian language, as evidenced by the written monuments of the 12-13th centuries, created in different territories of the Old Russian state. Old Russian was the language of the Old Russian nationality, which developed in the Kievan state.Business and legal writings were created in the Old Russian language, in complex combination with elements of the Church Slavonic language, the Old Russian language appeared in monuments of hagiographic literature and in chronicles. The formation of a common spoken language of the center of the Old Russian state - Kyiv, whose population was formed from people from different dialectical territories, also contributed to the development of the Old Russian language. The single spoken language of Kyiv - Kievan Koine - is characterized by the smoothing of dialectal features and the spread of common phonetic, morphological and lexical features in the speech of its inhabitants.

The strengthening of dialect features and, as a result, the weakening of linguistic ties between the territories of the distribution of the Old Russian language was associated with the loss by Kiev from the end of the 11th and especially in the 2nd half of the 12th century of its political significance and the strengthening of the role of new centers of social life. Monuments of the 13th century reflect a number of local linguistic phenomena, which indicates the formation of new linguistic communities. According to a number of such features in the 13th century, after the completion of the process of loss of the reduced ones common to the Eastern Slavs, the south and southwest (Kyiv, Galicia-Volyn, Turov-Pinsk lands - the territories of the future Ukrainian and Belarusian languages) turned out to be opposed to the north and northeast ( territories of the future Russian language), where, in turn, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Rostov-Suzdal dialects began to form, as well as the dialect of the upper and middle reaches of the Oka and the interfluve of the Oka and the Seim. In the 14th century, the territory of the southwest and west of Russia came under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, which further separated them from the northern and northeastern territories, where the Russian state and the language of the Great Russian people were formed. In the 14-15 centuries. the Old Russian language broke up into 3 separate East Slavic languages.

Below we present to your attention an electronic Internet version of the dictionary of the Old Russian language. This resource also deserves to be added to the "Favorites" pages of your search engines.

Dictionary of Old Russian words with meaning and interpretation (ed. I. I. Sreznevsky).

The dictionary, published at the end of the 19th century after the death of the compiler, contains more than 40,000 dictionary entries and more than 17,000 derivative forms of words from the Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic languages.

Title page of the electronic version of the dictionary on the page oldrusdict.ru

The site provides a search by dictionary entries and meanings, phonetic search, as well as a dictionary table of contents for independent search of dictionary entries. If you wish, you can contact the developer if you find shortcomings in the project.

A small instruction on how to use the advanced search is also given on the main page of the dictionary.

Table of contents of the subdivisions of the dictionary of the Old Russian language

Detailed presentation with words typed in Russian and links to the desired page of the original.

Link to the page of the dictionary of Old Russian words from the table of contents of the electronic edition

Happy using!

Note to Rodnover

Despite the fact that the compiler of the above dictionary devoted much time to the study of pre-Christian traditions, cults and languages, the publication and other works of the researcher do not mention the special value of birch bark artifacts. Today, archaeologists of the Russian Academy of Sciences began to “find” them in large numbers in excavation sites of the 21st century, mainly with large state funding. By the way, the words “Veles” were also not found in the book. What can we say about the newfangled?!

In the middle of the 19th century, scientists did not know about Veles and Vedas. It’s just that Mikhail Zadornov has not yet been born - for nothing that he is a humorist.

Another feature that requires philological reflection is contained in the list of names of scientists who have devoted themselves to the study of antiquities. A note from Wikipedia attracts attention with a set of characteristic nationalities, in which Great Russian surnames are a rare exception.

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Review of the site site for the historical study of A. V. Pyzhikov "The Edge of the Russian Schism". Video and transcript of a lecture by a scientist during the presentation of a new book.

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A selection of materials on the topic of the relationship between religious and secular perception of the world, including the headings "", "", materials "", information, as well as readers of the site "Old Believer Thought".

Visit the Customs section of our website. You will find in it a lot of interesting things from the undeservedly forgotten. . .

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A rich photo report on the appointment of the bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church and a sketch of the modern life of the true Church.

The Old Russian language is the language of the Old Russian people, formed in the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus), mainly on the basis of dialects of closely related East Slavic tribes. It is usually dated to the 8th-14th centuries. It belongs to the East Slavic group of Slavic languages. Predecessor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Since the 10th century, the absence of nasal vowels [o], [e]: instead of them they began to pronounce [y] and im A and others [a]> [, a]: rouka, maso.

The grammatical structure, inflectional in type, inherited many features of the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European languages.

Nouns differed: by gender: m., cf., f.; by numbers: singular, dual, when it was about two objects (two, tables, houses, dvb, leh, zhen, legs), pl.

There were 6 cases: I., R., D., V., T., Local (modern prepositional); some nouns also had a vocative form, used in education (father - father, wife - wife, son - son).

Adjectives (qualitative and relative) had a full and short form and were declined in both forms.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Dictionary of Old Russian words with meaning and interpretation (ed. I. I. Sreznevsky).

Note to Rodnover

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