The study of individual differences, in particular character accentuations, belongs to a separate discipline - the field of this industry, the works of many scientists - Western and domestic - are devoted.

Rationale for research on character traits

Why it is necessary to study the types of accentuation of differences between individuals pursues two tasks. Firstly, this is a research goal - to identify as many groups as possible, to develop specific advice for representatives of each of them. The more classes will be allocated, the more effective will be psychological recommendations for their representatives.

Secondly, it is necessary to know the types so that the person himself understands the features and causes of his behavior, and can, in accordance with this, correct it.

In this respect, everyday psychology is often not enough. For example, there is a common belief about the kindness of fat people. Conversely, a thin person is sometimes perceived as anxious, wary. Of course, such a division into categories may be partly true. Even Hippocrates did not escape such an error in classification, although already in the medical field: once an ancient doctor directly connected the disposition to apoplexy with fullness.

The Soviet psychologist A.E. Lichko, like the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, used the concept of "accentuation" in their studies. When applied to a certain property, this term means that it is highlighted brighter than others, as if underlined. In other words, accentuation is the expression of a certain character trait. For a person with this or that quality, certain social situations will be very painful, while others will be easily tolerated. This article will consider the types of accentuation according to Lichko and Leonhard.

The psychology of difference is not a strict discipline. Types of accentuation are always descriptive in nature, and are practically never found in their pure form. Each person can find himself in two or more types.

It should also be noted that the assignment of oneself to a certain category should not be aimless. Having fun with psychological tests, you need to ask yourself the question: "Why am I doing this?" If a person understands that he belongs to one or another group, he needs to develop for himself an appropriate strategy of compensation, self-help. To do this, you need to study the advice that psychologists give to representatives of different classes, and apply them in life.

Classification by A. E. Lichko

The Soviet psychologist studied the types of accentuation of adolescents. In total, he identified eleven groups. Features of the types of character accentuation in his theory have much in common with the classification of Karl Leonhard. Let's consider them in order.

Hyperthymic type

A high level of energy, the ability to quickly find contact with people, the desire for leadership - all this distinguishes the hyperthymic type of accentuation. Lichko considered hyperthymia to be a common characteristic characteristic of adolescence. High emotional tone makes representatives of this category leaders in any company. They are not aggressive. They can come into conflict, but only if they encounter a sharp opposition to their activity. Therefore, it is better not to stand in their way, but, on the contrary, to encourage them to work.

The superficiality of interests is a negative feature that the hyperthymic type of accentuation has. Its representatives may have many abilities, but their interests are unstable.

Cycloid type

The main characteristic of this category is mood volatility. The elevated state is replaced by despondency, irritability. And this happens at intervals of two to three weeks.

labile type

The emotional tone of these adolescents, Lichko noted, cannot be defined as consistently low or high. Their mood is unstable, its change can occur very quickly. Within this category, two subtypes can also be distinguished: reactive-labile and emotionally labile. The former are prone to mood swings due to external factors. The state of others is more due to inner experiences.

Representatives of the labile type sometimes seem indifferent to others. But this is far from the case - the real problem for some of them can be the ability to correctly express their feelings. Having deep attachments to loved ones, they do not know how to communicate them.

Astheno-neurotic type

Those who belong to this category are the main visitors to medical institutions. Their main difference is the concentration of attention on the state of their body. As soon as they feel unwell, they may suspect a fatal illness in themselves - their suspiciousness reaches such proportions.

sensitive type

The main characteristic of adolescents in this category, Lichko noted, is hypersensitivity, which is reflected in their behavior. People of the sensitive type are also distinguished by painful irritability. Their weak point is big companies. They always feel uncomfortable in them, try to carefully observe what is happening, and sometimes copy the behavior of others. Representatives of the sensitive type can attract the attention of the whole company, for example, go on some kind of trick. But they succeed poorly, and they again return to the previous state only with even more aggravated timidity.

The advantage of representatives of the sensitive type is diligence, responsibility, the ability to make and maintain deep friendships.

Psychasthenic type

Differs in indecision. Any everyday situation can become a source of painful uncertainty for a psychasthenic. They are distinguished by high intelligence and confidence in their conclusions. But the latter is rarely confirmed by deeds. Psychasthenics are prone to impulsive actions just at those moments when it is worth weighing the pros and cons.

Schizoid type

Despite the fact that they are very vulnerable internally, schizoids have practically no ability to empathize - they are not sensitive to someone else's pain. The schizoid type of accentuation has a positive side - good inventors come out of them. Most of those people who moved forward the progress of mankind were schizoids. Their main feature, which immediately catches the eye, is eccentricity. “Not of this world” - this can be safely said about schizoids.

epileptoid type

The most pedantic and meticulous type. It would seem that what is good in these qualities of character? But representatives of other types are difficult to imagine in some professions. For example, the best teachers of mathematics or physics are epileptoids. Their accuracy and attention to detail are undeniable advantages in teaching the exact sciences.

hysteroid type

For this category, all life is one huge stage. Some people may initially find it unpleasant to be in a society with a hysteroid. After all, their main quality is the constant desire to be in the spotlight. But for certain professions, belonging to this class (its counterpart in Leonhard's is a demonstrative type of accentuation) is an advantage. For example, great sellers, actors, singers come out of hysteroids.

Unstable type

Lichko's representatives of this category turned out to be the most irresponsible teenagers. These were those who did not have stable interests, practically did not think about their future. The unstable cannot concentrate on work for a long time, they are distinguished by a constant craving for idleness and entertainment.

Conformal type

A distinctive feature of conformists is the desire not to differ from the environment. Their credo is "to be like everyone else." A negative feature of this category is the tendency to betray in a difficult situation. A conforming person will not suffer from remorse - he will always find an excuse for his actions.

Types of character accentuation according to Leonhard

Karl Leonhard identified twelve. In many ways, his classification intersects with Lichko's theory, and some types are identical in them. Leonhard created three categories: the first was associated with character accentuations, the second - with temperament accentuations. The criterion for the selection of the third group is personal characteristics (focus on oneself or on the outside world).

To begin with, it is necessary to clarify the difference between temperament and character. People who are not familiar with psychology often confuse these concepts. But even some psychologists tend to believe that temperament and character are one and the same.

Temperament is the speed of a person's reaction to ongoing events. This quality is rather a physiological property of the nervous system. Temperament includes emotionality, degree of response, balance. Character is a public education. Starting from birth, the people around leave their mark on the child. Such social interactions mold his personality.

So, he carried out a classification in accordance with the character, temperament and personality traits, and the styles of human social interaction served as criteria for distinguishing categories.

Accentuations associated with temperament

• Hyperthymic type. The main characteristics are mobility, sociability. In childhood, hyperthyms have a good memory and are easily trained. In adolescence, conflicts are possible, since the group does not always allow hyperthym to take a leading position. As adults, representatives of this category remain sociable and energetic. It is easy to find a common language with them, if you do not oppose.
• Dysthymic type. Gloominess, phlegm, inhibition of reactions are the main features of dysthymics. They are silent and seem to be incorrigible pessimists. The positive side of the dysthymic type is responsibility, a developed sense of justice.
• Labile type. It, as in Lichko's classification, is distinguished by the ability to quickly change mood. Even a roughly spoken word can affect a representative of a labile type. A good mood can be ruined even by the rain.
• exalted type. Representatives of this type are non-conflict, love society, attentive to others. The exalted type of accentuation is distinguished by amorousness, a tendency to elevated feelings, and sociability. Such people are very quickly influenced by the events of the outside world - from the positive they are easily delighted, from the negative they give in to panic. Many designers, musicians and artists have an exalted type of accentuation.

• Anxious type. The main feature is a feeling of anxiety for no apparent reason. are quickly recognized by peers, and because of their indecision, they can become an object of ridicule. As adults, they remain no less suspicious than they were children. It is difficult for such people to insist on their own. However, the disturbing type of accentuation has its advantages - its representatives have a rich inner world, and are also always able to adequately assess their capabilities. Among other types, they perceive reality most clearly.
• It is believed that representatives of this category “think” with feelings. Their main characteristics are kindness, responsibility, empathy, low conflict. People of the emotive type can feel relaxed only in the company of close people. They are soft-hearted, compassionate, and also appreciate the beauty of nature more than others. In communication with them, their feelings are always recognized. The main value for them is good relationships in the family and in the workplace. Representatives of the emotive type are very vulnerable to callousness and rude behavior.

Accentuations according to character traits

• Stuck type. A person belonging to this category can carry certain feelings in himself for years. If these are negative emotions that have not been properly expressed, then they torment the stuck person for a long period of time. The desire for a goal is the main characteristic of this accentuation. The stuck type will get his way no matter what. Often, for this, he seeks to pick up good fellow travelers. Those who get stuck make good leaders in any activity. However, if their fate is not so rosy, they can become leaders of gangs. In addition, like the demonstrative, stuck type of accentuation, it needs to be recognized by society. However, this should be really well-deserved respect, glory, which has a basis.

• Pedantic type. As with epileptoids in the Lichko classification, the main features of the representatives of this group are scrupulousness and attention to detail. Pedantic people are highly valued in the office environment for their responsibility and efficiency. Also, this accentuation is manifested in taking care of one's own health, the absence of bad habits. The reverse side of the coin for such people is the constant fear of making a mistake, perfectionism.

• Excitable type. Impulsivity, irritability, the desire to satisfy the surging impulses immediately - this is what characterizes the excitable type of accentuation. People belonging to this group are usually endowed with a high level of conflict, which often prevents them from building full-fledged relationships. The advantage is that they live entirely in the present.
• Demonstrative type. It is easy to determine, already starting at the age of two. Such kids, once having been in the spotlight, then try to win it at all costs. If this trend is supported by parents, then they almost always have an overestimated self-esteem that is not really supported by anything. Students of this type can be set as an example to others. Therefore, it is not always easy to recognize that their abilities in a certain area are hardly above average. On the other hand, a demonstrative type of accentuation is distinguished by artistry, good taste in clothes.

Types of accentuations in accordance with personality traits

• introverted type. It is characterized by focusing on their experiences, avoiding social contacts. Reality for them is secondary in relation to the inner world. Introverts are responsible, unobtrusive, love solitude.
• Extrovert type. Its representatives are self-confident people who love to be among people and receive energy from communication. They do not tend to get hung up on aspects of their inner life, they always act in accordance with what reality presents them.

Currently, Lichko's theory is more widely used among psychologists, since the scientist conducted his research on healthy people (teenagers). Leonhard's classification is more commonly used by psychiatrists. Despite the names presented in both classifications, these groups have nothing to do with mental disorders. The schizoid type of accentuation, for example, in no way means the presence of schizophrenia - all terms are conditional. Different types of accentuation mean the severity of the trait is within the normal range.

ACCENTATION OF CHARACTER

(English) character accentuation) - a high degree of expression of individual features character and their combinations, representing an extreme variant bordering on psychopathy. Wed .

Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

character accentuation

   ACCENTATION OF CHARACTER (with. 31) - excessive expression of individual character traits and their combinations, representing an extreme version of the mental norm, bordering on psychopathy. According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard (he proposed this term), in 20-50% of people some character traits are so pointed (accentuated) that this, under certain circumstances, leads to the same type of conflicts and nervous breakdowns. With character accentuation, a person becomes vulnerable not to any (as in psychopathy), but only to certain traumatic influences addressed to the so-called “place of least resistance” of this type of character while maintaining resistance to others. Accentuation can be expressed in different ways - there are obvious and hidden (latent) accentuations that can turn into each other under the influence of various factors, among which the features of education, social environment, professional activity, physical health play an important role.

Taking shape by adolescence, most accentuations, as a rule, are smoothed out over time, compensated, and only in complex, traumatic situations that affect the “weak link” of the character for a long time, can not only become the basis for acute emotional reactions, neuroses, but also be a condition for the formation psychopathy.

Based on various classifications, the following main types of character accentuations are distinguished:

1) cycloid- alternation of phases of good and bad mood with a different period;

2) hyperthymic- constantly high spirits, increased mental activity with a thirst for activity and a tendency to scatter, not bringing the matter to the end;

3) labile - a sharp change in mood depending on the situation;

4) asthenic- fatigue, irritability, tendency to depression and hypochondria;

5) sensitive- increased susceptibility, timidity, a heightened sense of one's own inferiority;

6) psychasthenic- high anxiety, suspiciousness, indecision, a tendency to introspection, constant doubts and reasoning;

7) - isolation, isolation, introversion, emotional coldness, manifested in the absence of empathy, difficulties in establishing emotional contacts, lack of intuition in the process of communication;

8) epileptoid- a tendency to an angry-dreary mood with accumulating aggression, manifested in the form of attacks of rage and anger (sometimes with elements of cruelty), conflict, viscosity of thinking, scrupulous pedantry;

9) stuck (paranoid)- increased suspicion and painful resentment, persistence of negative affects, the desire for dominance, rejection of the opinions of others and, as a result, high conflict;

10) demonstrative (hysterical)- a pronounced tendency to repress unpleasant facts and events, to deceit, fantasy and pretense, used to attract attention; behavior characterized by adventurism, vanity, "flight into the disease" with an unsatisfied need for recognition;

11) distimic- the predominance of low mood, a tendency to depression, a focus on the gloomy and sad sides of life;

12) unstable- the tendency to easily succumb to the influence of others, the constant search for new experiences, companies, the ability to easily establish contacts, which, however, are superficial;

13) conformal- excessive subordination and dependence on the opinions of others, lack of criticality and initiative, a tendency to conservatism.

Unlike "pure" types, mixed forms of character accentuations are much more common - intermediate (the result of the simultaneous development of several typical features) and amalgam (layering of new character traits on its existing structure) types. I

Accounting for character accentuations is necessary for the implementation of an individual approach to the upbringing of children and adolescents, career guidance, and the choice of appropriate forms of individual and family psychotherapy.

Popular psychological encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo. S.S. Stepanov. 2005 .

See what "character accentuation" is in other dictionaries:

character accentuation- excessive severity of individual character traits and their combinations, representing an extreme version of the mental norm, bordering on psychopathy. According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard (he proposed this term), 20 50% of people ... ... Defectology. Dictionary-reference

character accentuation- a concept introduced by K. Leonhard and meaning the excessive severity of individual character traits and their combinations, representing extreme variants of the norm, bordering on psychopathy. Oh. differ from the latter by the absence of simultaneous manifestation ... ...

The concept introduced by K. Leonhard and meaning the excessive severity of individual character traits and their combinations, representing extreme variants of the norm, bordering on psychopathy. It is actively used by military psychologists in determining ... ... Psychological and pedagogical dictionary of the officer of the educator of the ship unit

character accentuation- excessive severity of individual character traits and their combinations, which is an extreme version of the norm, bordering on personality anomalies. With character accentuations, each type has its own "Achilles heel" that makes a personality ... ... Human psychology: glossary of terms

character accentuation- (lat. accentus stress) excessive strengthening of individual character traits, manifested in the selective vulnerability of the individual in relation to a certain kind of psychogenic influences with good and even increased resistance to others. Despite… … Forensic Encyclopedia

character accentuation- (from lat. accentus stress) excessive strengthening of individual character traits, representing extreme variants of the norm, bordering on personality pathology. Children with A.H. need an individual approach to education. Effective adequate to the features ... ... Correctional pedagogy and special psychology. Vocabulary

ACCENTATION OF CHARACTER- excessive strengthening of individual character traits, manifested in the selective vulnerability of the individual in relation to a certain kind of psychogenic influences (heavy experiences, extreme neuropsychic stress, etc.) with good and even ... Modern educational process: basic concepts and terms Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

They are pointed. One has only to create certain conditions, and conflicts of the same type may arise.

Personality accentuation is a hypertrophied development of some character traits against the background of others, which leads to disruption of relationships with others. In the presence of such a symptom, a person begins to show excessive sensitivity to some factors that cause a stressful state. This is despite the fact that the rest is relatively stable.

Accentuation can be so pronounced that its symptoms will be barely noticeable to close people, but its level of manifestation may be such that doctors may think about making such a diagnosis as psychopathy. But the latter disease is characterized by constant manifestations and regular relapses. And it can eventually smooth out and become close to normal.

As practice shows, this symptom is most often found in adolescents and young men (in about 70% of cases). Personality accentuation does not always manifest itself clearly, therefore it can be determined using specially designed psychological tests. During their conduct, people can behave in a specific way, and it is important for the doctor to be able to anticipate such a reaction.

There are such types of personality in psychology, which depend on the degree of manifestation of accentuation:

1. The hyperthymic type is characterized by high spirits, increased talkativeness, contact. People with this form of the disease, as a rule, very often lose the initial thread of the conversation, do not respond to the comments made and deny all kinds of punishment. They are very energetic, mobile, non-self-critical, they love unreasonable risk.
2. Personality accentuation can be of a dysthymic type, which is the exact opposite of the previous one. The representative of this species is constantly depressed, sad and is a closed person. He is burdened by a noisy society, he does not get close to employees, does not like communication. If he becomes a participant in conflicts (which is extremely rare), then he acts as a passive side in them.
3. characterized by frequent mood swings. If it is elevated, the person actively communicates, which becomes similar to a representative of the hyperthymic type. If a person is in a more depressed state, his behavioral reactions resemble people of a dysthymic type.
4. Emotional Accentuation of personality in this case is manifested by excessive sensitivity of character, vulnerability. A person begins to deeply experience even minimal troubles, perceives remarks and criticism very painfully, is sensitive if he fails, therefore he is often in a dull mood.
5. The demonstrative type is always in the spotlight and achieves the goal at any cost.
6. A person of an excitable type is often unrestrained, quick-tempered, prone to rudeness and too conflicting.
7. Stuck type. Representatives are fixated on their feelings and emotions, in conflicts they act as an active party, they are prone to protracted disputes.
8. The pedantic type is characterized by "nerdiness" in everything, from everyday life to professional activities.
9. fear for themselves and for those around them, they are not confident in themselves, they are hard at defeat.
10. The exalted type is characterized by variability of mood, vivid emotions and talkativeness.
11. Schizoid personality accentuation, as a rule, manifests itself in isolation, immersion in oneself, restraint and coldness in communication.
12. The last type in this classification - extroverted - is characterized by an increased degree of talkativeness, lack of personal opinion, disorganization, and lack of independence.

Each person is a unique personality, with a unique inner world, worldview and life experience. It is the combination of all these features that over time forms the unique structure of the personality of each of us. The complex and lengthy process of its formation takes place in close interaction with the surrounding world and people. We choose our life path, professional field of activity, form a certain social circle.

In this process of vital activity, we manifest the entire palette and intensity of the colors of our character - its various features. If one of the traits is more intense than the others, then we are talking about character accentuation. This complex concept came into use in world psychiatry and psychology in 1981, when the famous German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard in his work “Accentuated Personality” described the concept of accentuation and specific types of character accentuation. If this is a psychiatric concept, then what does it have to do with psychology, which deals with helping mentally healthy people? Character accentuation is an enhanced or excessive manifestation of a specific trait or a combination of individual character traits that make a person vulnerable to certain external influences. Accentuation in psychology is an extreme mental norm, beyond which negative personal changes and mental deviations begin. It is important for a psychologist to identify accentuation in order to correct its negative manifestations in time and prevent the development of a mental illness.

Accentuation or originality?

How can one give a definition of character accentuation, if one can often meet people in whom certain traits are clearly manifested, but do not interfere with their life, but, on the contrary, contribute to success, make them original? Creating a theory about accentuations, Leonhard took into account these features. Each character trait in different people manifests itself to varying degrees, a vivid manifestation of a particular trait does not at all indicate accentuation. The accentuation of character implies a certain polarity: in one circumstance it is the key to social success, and in others it hinders self-realization.

For example, in the professional field, a person with sharpened pedantry can become an indispensable worker who does everything scrupulously and in a timely manner. But on the other hand, in adverse circumstances, this person can get sick with obsessive-compulsive disorder, when he simply ceases to direct his own life, loses self-control.

Consider the specific types of pointed features that form the basis of Leonhard's theory of character accentuations in order to have a general idea of ​​the specifics of accentuations. Leonhard identified the following main types of accentuations:

Accentuations are born in adolescence

In 1977, Andrei Lichko, a professor of Soviet psychiatry, guided by the research of psychiatrists of that time, formed his own concept of character accentuations. In his theory, Lichko emphasized that character accentuations are born and manifest themselves most clearly during adolescence. This age period is characterized by the rapid development of all mental structures, and character formation reaches its climax, a personality is born.

It was Lichko who formed the specific aspects that distinguish accentuations from personality disorders:

• Impact on specific areas of life. If a person with a personality disorder reacts to any external influences, based on the characteristics of this disorder, then the peculiarity of accentuations is that they appear only in specific life situations.
• Instability over time. Accentuations are most often clearly manifested in certain periods of life: adolescence, various crises, traumatic events. The disorders are stable over time, appear at a fairly early age, and increase with age.
• The short duration of social maladjustment. Disorders constantly interfere with a person's adaptation to life, or even stop it altogether. Accentuations do not interfere with this process or cause "temporary inconvenience".

Consider the classification of character accentuation types proposed by Professor Lichko:

To determine specific character accentuations, professional psychology suggests using two qualitative methods:

• K. Leonhard's technique in collaboration with N. Shmishek. This technique is designed to study the accentuations of the character of adults of any age.
• Methodology "PDO". This is a pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire by Andrey Lichko, designed specifically to study the accentuations of the character of adolescents.

Video about how certain character traits affect our health:

Karl Leonhard, a German neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, developed the concept of "accentuated personalities" that has gained wide popularity in psychiatry and medical psychology. Accentuation of the character of a person means an excessive expression of individual character traits, which can be hidden or explicit, pass from each other under the influence of various factors: the characteristics of family education, social environment, professional activities and studies, psychophysiological characteristics and physical health.

The nature of human reactions to the environment is multivariate in the sphere of aspirations and inclinations, on the basis of such variations, individualities arise that differ from each other. According to K. Leonard, accentuated character traits tend to turn into pathology and are not as numerous as variant traits. At the level of a generally recognized norm, they leave an individual imprint on a person's personality, but at the same time they retain an essential feature - the possibility of becoming overly pronounced. This does not mean that accentuated individuals should be classified as abnormal, just that their individual characteristics are clearly different from the average and generally accepted standard. Having assessed the character of a person with average manifestations of individual qualities, it can be argued that he is not inclined to develop not only in a negative, but also in a positive manifestation of his traits. A feature of an accentuated personality is readiness for a special, both socially positive and socially negative development. Abnormal personalities should be called only those people who deviate from the average to such an extent that even in the absence of external adverse conditions they experience difficulties in adapting to everyday life.

K. Leonard and A.E. Lichko give the following description of ten "pure" (with a specific pathological manifestation) types of accentuated personalities, noting that mixed types are much more common.

1. Hyperthymic type- a constantly elevated background of mood, combined with a thirst for activity, high activity and enterprise. There is a tendency to scatter, not to finish what has been started .. Self-esteem is somewhat overestimated, easily forgives mistakes and shortcomings, usually blames others. At the same time, he easily forgives, is not vindictive, is not very reliable, promises a lot, but does little. He has a cheerful disposition, loves changing places, communication, new impressions, full of plans and ideas, attracts others to himself, life "boils" around him.

2. Stuck (rigid) type- excessive persistence of emotional excitement, passion, combined with a tendency to form overvalued ideas. Characterized by increased suspicion, resentment, persistence of negative experiences, the desire to dominate others, rejection of other opinions and, as a result, conflict. People of this type are neat, purposeful, proud, make significant strong-willed efforts to achieve their goals, strive for power and leadership.

3. Emotive (labile) type- sensitivity and impressionability, deep feelings, richness of feelings and emotions, high spirituality. A characteristic feature of such people is sentimentality, manifested in increased sensitivity to the events happening to them. They understand well and feel the attitude of others around them, changeable in mood, able to plunge into despondency and gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles and failures.

4. Pedantic type- inertness of mental processes, inflexibility of thinking and behavior. Such people make high demands on themselves and others, on the quality of work, are able to keep their word, often suffer under the burden of responsibility, always doubt, suspicious, suspicious, concerned about their own health. They are usually taciturn, quiet, easily embarrassed, long experiencing failures, respect logic, rationalism, systematization to the detriment of intuition. They are distinguished by a tendency to analyze their thoughts, feelings and actions, which sometimes leads to an inadequate perception of reality.

5. Anxious-fearful type- a tendency to negative emotions, fears, increased timidity and fearfulness, a high level of anxiety. People of this type are characterized by increased impressionability, a heightened sense of their own inferiority, indecision, a tendency to self-flagellation, constant doubts and lengthy reasoning.

6. Cyclothymic type- change of hyperthymic and dysthymic (type 9) types of behavior and experience, i.e. alternation of phases of good and bad moods with different periods.

7. Demonstrative type- a pronounced tendency to oust unpleasant facts and events, one's own mistakes and shortcomings from the consciousness, which manifests itself in deceit, fantasizing, pretense. Such personalities are also characterized by adventurism and vanity. They are extremely selfish, crave attention, often wishful thinking, cunning, adaptable, artistic, gifted with a rich imagination, prone to hysteria.

8. Unbalanced (excitable) type- increased impulsivity, weakening control over drives and urges. These people are irritable, constantly avoid difficulties, often fall into anger and rage, are gloomy in appearance, in a conversation they discuss only what lies on the surface, they answer sparingly.

9. Dysthymic type- low mood, fixation of attention on the gloomy aspects of life, lethargy, a tendency to depression.

10. Affectively - exalted type- a wide range of experienced emotional states. People of this type are characterized by delight from joyful events and complete despair from sad ones. They love pleasure and entertainment, life's pleasures, but they develop a sense of duty and higher values ​​​​with difficulty. In a social environment, they need firm but not rigid control, which is necessary throughout life.