Where are the Ural Mountains located? and got the best answer

Answer from Vakhit Shavaliyev[guru]
The Ural Mountains are located in Eurasia. The conditional border between Europe and Asia runs along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains.
The Ural Mountains are a mountain system between the East European and West Siberian plains. The length is more than 2000 (with Pai-Khoi and Mugodzhary - more than 2500) km, the width is from 40 to 150 km.
In a narrow strip, almost meridional, for more than 2000 km, the Ural Mountains stretch from the Arctic seas to the sultry steppes of Kazakhstan.
The territory of the Urals is located between the great rivers Volga - Kama and Ob - Irtysh. From west to east, the Urals are conditionally divided into three parts.
The first part is the Western Urals, or Cis-Urals, Cis-Urals. Here the western foothills of the Ural Mountains gradually pass into the Russian Plain.
The second part is the Ural Range, or the Ural Mountains. The Ural Range from north to south is divided into Polar, Subpolar, Northern, Middle and Southern.
The third part is the Trans-Urals. The eastern slope of the Ural Range breaks off with a ledge into the West Siberian Lowland.
The Ural Range, stretching for more than 2,000 km, begins beyond the Arctic Circle, and its southern spurs end in Central Asia. It crosses the tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. Here are the sources of the rivers of the Volga and Ob basins.

Answer from IFRA[guru]
Mountain system between the East European and West Siberian plains.

Answer from Yergey Sviridov[guru]
In Russia. Between Asia and Europe.

Answer from Author[guru]
Between the Alps and the Carpathians Not far from Elbrus there is also Everest not far

Answer from Ildar Akhmadullin[active]
... look at the globe of Russia ...

Answer from Striped giraffe Alik[guru]
You won't believe... In the Urals.

Answer from Ivan Krotov[newbie]
In the Urals

Answer from Irina Petrak[active]
in Eurasia in the Urals!!!

Answer from Alisher begmatov[newbie]
between Asia and Europe

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: where are the Ural Mountains?

1 in what tales of Bazhov is it told about sysert? 2 where is the copper mountain and what do you know about it that gives tanya
1. In what tales of Bazhov is it told about Sysert?
Sysert is mentioned in the following tales.

The Russian Plain, which we have just met, is bounded from the east by a well-defined natural boundary - the Ural Mountains. These mountains have long been considered to be beyond the border of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Despite its low altitude, the Urals are quite well isolated as a mountainous country, which is greatly facilitated by the presence of low plains to the west and east of it.

"Ural" is a word of Turkic origin, which means belt in translation. Indeed, the Ural Mountains resemble a narrow belt or ribbon thrown by someone on the plains of northern Eurasia from the shores of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. The length of the mountains from north to south is about 2000 km (from 68°30′ to 51° N), and the width is 40-60 km and only in some places more than 100 km. In the northwest, through the Pai-Khoi ridge and the island of Vaigach, the Urals are connected to the mountains of Novaya Zemlya; in the south, it is continued by Mugodzhary.

Many Russian and Soviet researchers took part in the study of the Urals. The first researchers of its nature were P. I. Rychkov and I. I. Lepekhin (second half XVIII in.). In the middle XIX in. E. K. Hoffman worked in the Northern and Middle Urals for many years. A great contribution to the knowledge of the landscapes of the Urals was made by Soviet scientists V. A. Varsanofyeva (geologist and geomorphologist) and I. M. Krasheninnikov (geobotanist).

The Urals represent the oldest mining region in our country. In its depths there are huge reserves of a wide variety of minerals. Iron, copper, nickel, chromites, aluminum raw materials, platinum, gold, potassium salts, precious stones, asbestos - it is difficult to list everything that the Urals is rich in. The reason for such a wealth of minerals lies in the peculiar geological history of the Urals, which also determines the relief and many other elements of the landscape of this mountainous country.

Geological history. The Ural is one of the ancient folded mountains. In its place in the Paleozoic there was a geosyncline, the seas rarely left its territory. They changed their boundaries and depth, leaving behind powerful layers of sediments. Twice in the Paleozoic, the Urals experienced mountain building. The first, Caledonian folding, which manifested itself in the Silurian and Devonian, although it covered a significant territory, was not the main one for the Ural Range. The main folding is the second, Hercynian. It began in the Middle Carboniferous in the east of the Urals, and in the Permian it spread to the western slopes.

The Hercynian folding proceeded most intensively in the east of the ridge. It was accompanied here by the formation of strongly compressed, often overturned and recumbent folds, complicated by large thrusts, leading to the appearance of scaly structures. Folding in the east of the Urals was supplemented by deep splits and intrusions of powerful granite intrusions. Some of the intrusions in the Southern and Northern Urals reach enormous sizes: up to 100-120 km long and 50-60 km wide.

Mountain building proceeded much less vigorously on the western slope; as a result, simple folds predominate there, thrusts are rare, and there are no intrusions.

Tectonic pressure, which resulted in folding, was directed from east to west. The rigid foundation of the Russian platform prevented the spread of folding to the west. The folds are most compressed in the region of the Ufimsky plateau, where even on the western slope they are very complex. In the north and south of the Urals, folded structures diverge in the form of a fan, forming the Pechora and Aral virgations.

After the Hercynian orogeny, folded mountains arose on the site of the Ural geosyncline, and the later tectonic movements here were in the nature of block uplifts and subsidence. These block uplifts and subsidences in places, in a limited area, were accompanied by intense folding and faulting. In the Triassic-Jurassic, most of the territory of the Urals remained dry land, on its surface there was an accumulation of coal-bearing strata, well developed along the eastern slope of the ridge.

The geological structure of the Urals reflects its geological history and especially the nature of the manifestation of the Hercynian orogeny. Along the entire length of the ridge, when moving from west to east, a regular change of rocks is observed, differing from one another in age, lithology and origin. It has long been customary to distinguish six such meridional zones in the Urals, showing a connection with the largest tectonic structures. The first zone is formed by Paleozoic sedimentary deposits (Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian). It is developed along the western slope of the ridge. East of it is a zone of crystalline schists of Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic age. The third zone is represented by igneous basic rocks - the gabbro zone. In the fourth zone, outflowing rocks, their tuffs, and Paleozoic shales emerge. The fifth zone consists of granites and gneisses of the eastern slope. In the sixth zone, metamorphic Paleozoic deposits intruded by igneous rocks are common. The folded Paleozoic in this last zone is largely covered by horizontal Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments typical of the West Siberian Lowland.

The distribution of minerals in the Urals is subject to the same meridional zonality. Deposits of oil, state-owned coal (Vorkuta), potash salt (Solikamsk), rock salt, and gypsum are associated with the Paleozoic sedimentary deposits of the western slope. Platinum deposits gravitate towards the intrusions of the main gabbro rock zone. The most famous deposits of iron ore - mountains Magnitnaya, Blagodat, Vysokaya are associated with intrusions of granites and syenites. Deposits of indigenous gold and precious stones are associated with granite intrusions, among which the Ural emerald has become world famous.

Orography and geomorphology. The Ural is a whole system of mountain ranges, elongated parallel to one another in the meridional direction. As a rule, there are two or three such parallel ranges, but in some places, with the expansion of the mountain system, their number increases to four or more. So, for example, the Southern Urals between 55 and 54 ° N is distinguished by great orographic complexity. sh., where there are at least six ridges. Between the ridges lie narrow depressions occupied by river valleys.

Relatively low areas are replaced in the Urals by elevated ones - a kind of mountain knots in which the mountains reach not only their maximum heights, but also their greatest width. It is remarkable that such knots coincide with the places where the Ural Range changes its strike. The main of these nodes are Subpolar, Middle Ural and South Ural. In the Subpolar node, lying at 65 ° N. sh., the Ural changes its strike from the southwest to the south. Here rises the highest peak of the Ural Range - Mount Narodnaya (1894 m). The Middle Urals junction is located at about 60°N. sh. where the strike of the Urals changes from south to south-southeast. Among the peaks of this knot, Mount Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 m) stands out. The South Ural node is located between 55° and 54° N. sh. Here the strike of the Ural ranges changes from

from the southwest to the south, and from the peaks Iremel (1566 m) and Yaman-Tau (1638 m) attract attention.

A common feature of the relief of the Urals is the asymmetry of its western and eastern slopes. The western slope is more gentle, it passes into the Russian Plain more gradually than the eastern one, which steeply descends towards the West Siberian Lowland. The asymmetry of the ridge is due to tectonics, the history of its geological development.

In connection with the asymmetry, there is another orographic feature of the Urals - the displacement of the main watershed ridge to the east, closer to the West Siberian lowland. This watershed range in different parts of the Urals has different names - Ural-Tau in the Southern Urals, Belt Stone in the Northern Urals. At the same time, almost everywhere the main watershed ridge separating the rivers of the Russian Plain from the rivers of Western Siberia is not the highest. The largest peaks, as a rule, lie to the west of the watershed ridge. Such a hydrographic asymmetry of the Urals is the result of an increased "aggressiveness" of the rivers of the western slope, caused by a sharper and faster uplift of the Cis-Urals in the Neogene compared to the Trans-Urals.

Even with a cursory glance at the hydrographic pattern of the Urals, the presence of sharp, elbow turns in most rivers on the western slope is striking. In the upper reaches of the river flow in the meridional direction, following the longitudinal intermountain depressions. Then they turn sharply to the west, sawing often high ridges, after which they again flow in the meridional direction or retain the old latitudinal direction. Such sharp turns are well expressed in Pechora, Shchugor, Ilych, Belaya, Aya, Sakmara and many others. It has been established that the rivers saw through the ridges in places where the axes of the folds are lowered. In addition, many rivers, apparently, are older than mountain ranges and their incision flowed simultaneously with the uplift of mountains.

A small absolute height determines the predominance of low-mountain and mid-mountain geomorphological landscapes in the Urals. The tops of the ridges are flat, at some mountains they are domed with more or less soft contours of the slopes. In the Northern and Polar Urals, near the upper forest boundary and above it, where frosty weathering is vigorously manifested, stone seas (“kurums”) are widespread. These places are also characterized by upland terraces resulting from solifluction processes and frost weathering.

Alpine landforms in the Urals are a rarity. They are known only in the most elevated parts.

Polar and Subpolar Urals. The bulk of modern glaciers of the Urals are connected with the same mountain ranges.

"Lednichki" is not an accidental expression in relation to the glaciers of the Urals. Compared to the glaciers of the Alps and the Caucasus, the Urals look like miniature dwarfs. All of them belong to the type of cirque and cirque-valley glaciers and are located below the climatic snow limit. The total area of ​​50 glaciers known so far in the Urals is only 15 sq. km. km. The most significant region of modern glaciation is located in the polar watershed to the southwest of Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye. Caro-valley glaciers up to 1.5-2 km long have been found here (LD Dolgushin, 1957).

The ancient Quaternary glaciation of the Urals was not very intense either. Reliable traces of glaciation can be traced to the south no further than 61 ° N. sh. Such glacial landforms as kars, cirques and hanging valleys are quite well expressed in the Urals. At the same time, the absence of ram foreheads and well-preserved glacial-accumulative forms - drumlins, eskers, and terminal moraine ridges - attracts attention. The latter suggests that the ice sheet in the Urals was thin and not active everywhere; large areas, apparently, were occupied by slow-moving firn and ice.

A remarkable feature of the relief of the Urals is the ancient leveling surfaces. They were first studied by V. A. Varsanofyeva in 1932 in the Northern Urals and then described by other researchers in the Middle and Southern Urals. Various researchers for different places in the Urals find from one to seven ancient alignment surfaces. These ancient leveling surfaces serve as convincing evidence of the uneven uplift of the Ural Mountains in time. The highest leveling surface corresponds to the most ancient peneplanation cycle, falling on the lower Mesozoic, the youngest, lower surface, is of Tertiary age.

IP Gerasimov (1948) denies the existence of leveling surfaces of different ages in the Urals. In his opinion, there is one leveling surface in the Urals, which was formed during the Jurassic-Paleogene and then subjected to deformation as a result of the latest tectonic movements and erosional erosion.

It is difficult to agree that for such a long time as the Jurassic-Paleogene, there was only one undisturbed cycle of denudation. But I. P. Gerasimov is undoubtedly right, emphasizing the great role of neotectonic movements in the formation of the modern relief of the Urals. After the Cimmerian folding, which did not deeply affect the Paleozoic structures, the Urals during the Cretaceous and Paleogene existed in the form of a strongly peneplanated country, on the outskirts of which there were also shallow seas. The modern mountainous nature of the Urals acquired only as a result of tectonic movements that took place in the Neogene and Quaternary period. Where neotectonic movements had a large scale, in the Urals there are the most elevated mountainous areas, where they manifested themselves weakly - there are little changed ancient peneplains.

Karst landforms are widespread in the Urals. They are characteristic of the western slope and Cis-Urals, where Paleozoic limestones, gypsums and salts serve as karst rocks. The Kungur ice cave is very famous in the Cis-Urals. It has about 100 beautiful grottoes and up to 36 underground lakes.

Climatic conditions. Due to the large extent from north to south in the Urals, there is a zonal change in climate types from tundra in the north to steppe in the south. The contrasts between north and south are most pronounced in summer. The average July temperature in the north of the Urals is below 10°, in the south it is above 20°. In winter, these differences smooth out and the average January temperature is equally low both in the north (below -20°) and in the south (about -16°).

The small height of the mountains with an insignificant length, from west to east, does not create conditions for the formation of its own special mountain climate in the Urals. Here, in a slightly modified form, the climate of the plains adjacent to the west and east is repeated. At the same time, in the Urals, climate types seem to be shifting to the south. For example, the mountain-tundra climate continues to dominate at a latitude where the taiga climate is already developed in the adjacent lowland regions; the mountain-taiga climate penetrates the latitude of the forest-steppe climate of the plains, etc.

The Urals are stretched across the direction of the prevailing westerly winds. In this regard, its western slope is more often visited by cyclones and is better moistened than the eastern one; on average, it receives 100-150 mm more precipitation. Thus, the annual amount of precipitation on the western slope is: in Kizel (260 m above sea level) - 688 mm, in Ufa (173 m) - 585 mm; on the eastern slope it is equal to: in Sverdlovsk (281 m) - 438 mm, in Chelyabinsk (228 m) - 361 mm. Very clearly, the differences in the amount of precipitation between the western and eastern slopes can be traced in winter. While on the western slope the Ural taiga is buried in snowdrifts, on the eastern slope the snow remains shallow all winter.

The maximum precipitation - up to 1000 mm per year - falls on the western slopes of the Subpolar Urals. In the extreme north and south of the Ural Mountains, the amount of precipitation decreases, which is associated, as in the Russian Plain, with a weakening of cyclonic activity.

The rugged mountainous terrain creates an exceptional variety of local climates in the Urals. Mountains of unequal height, slopes of different exposure, intermountain valleys and basins - they all have their own special climate. In winter and during the transitional seasons of the year, cold air rolls down the slopes of the mountains into depressions, where it stagnates, causing the phenomenon of temperature inversion, which is very common in the mountains. In the Ivanovsky mine in winter, the temperature is higher or the same as in Zlatoust, although the latter is located 400 m below the Ivanovsky mine (the height of the Ivanovsky mine is 856 m, Zlatoust is 458 m).

Soils and vegetation. In accordance with the climatic conditions, the soils and vegetation of the Urals show latitudinal zonality from the tundra in the north to the steppes in the south. However, this zonality is special, mountain latitude, differing from zoning on the plains in that the soil-vegetation zones are displaced here far to the south.

The extreme north of the Urals from the foot to the top is covered with mountain tundra. Mountain tundra, however, very soon (to the north of 67°N) pass into a high-altitude landscape belt, at the foothills being replaced by mountain taiga forests.

Forests are the most common type of vegetation in the Urals. They stretch like a solid green wall along the ridge from the Arctic Circle to 52 ° N. sh., interrupted at high peaks by mountain tundra, and in the south, at the foot, by steppes.

The forests of the Urals are diverse in composition: coniferous, broad-leaved and small-leaved. Ural 3 coniferous forests have a completely Siberian appearance: in addition to Siberian spruce and pine, they also contain Siberian fir, Sukachev's larch and cedar. The Urals does not pose a serious obstacle to the distribution of Siberian conifers; they all cross the ridge, and the western border of their distribution runs along the Russian Plain.

Coniferous forests are most common in the northern part of the Urals, north of 58 ° N. sh. True, they are also found south of this latitude, but their role here sharply decreases due to an increase in the area of ​​small-leaved and broad-leaved forests. The least demanding coniferous species in terms of climate and soils is Sukachev's larch. It goes farther than other rocks to the north, reaching 68 ° N. sh., and together with pine further than other species, it descends to the south, only slightly short of the latitudinal segment of the Ural River. Despite the fact that Sukachev's larch has such a vast range, it does not occupy large areas and almost does not form pure stands. The main role in the coniferous forests of the Urals belongs to spruce-fir and pine plantations.

Broad-leaved forests begin to play a significant role south of 57 s. sh. Their composition in the Urals is very depleted: there is no ash and oak is found only on the western slope of the ridge. The Ural broad-leaved and mixed forests are characterized by linden, which often forms pure plantations in Bashkiria.

Many broad-leaved species do not go further east than the Urals. These include oak, elm, holly maple. But the coincidence of the eastern border of their distribution with the Urals is an accidental phenomenon: the advance of oak, elm and maple into Siberia is hindered not by the severely destroyed Ural Mountains, but by the Siberian continental climate.

Small-leaved forests are scattered throughout the Urals, but there are more of them in its southern part. The origin of small-leaved forests is twofold - primary and secondary. Birch is one of the most common tree species in the Urals.

Mountain podzolic soils of varying degrees of swampiness and podzolization are developed under forests in the Urals. In the south of the distribution of coniferous forests, where these forests acquire a southern taiga character, typical mountain podzolic soils give way to mountain soddy podzolic soils. Even further south, under the mixed, broad-leaved and small-leaved forests of the Southern Urals, gray forest soils are common.

The farther south, the higher and higher the forest belt of the Urals rises into the mountains. Its upper border in the Northern Urals lies at an altitude of 450-600 m above sea level, in the Middle Urals it rises to 600-750 m, and in the Southern Urals to 1000-1100 m.

Between the mountain forest belt and treeless mountain tundra stretches a narrow transitional belt, which P. L. Gorchakovsky (1955) calls the subbalt. In the subalpine belt, thickets of shrubs and twisted low-growing forests alternate with clearings of wet meadows on dark mountain meadow soils. Winding birch, cedar, fir and spruce entering the subalpine belt in places form a dwarf form.

South of 57° N. sh. first, on the foothill plains, and then on the slopes of the mountains, the forest belt is replaced by forest-steppe and steppe on chernozem soils. The extreme south of the Urals, like its extreme north, is treeless. Mountain chernozem steppes, interrupted in places by mountain forest-steppe, cover the entire range here, including its peneplanated axial part.

Animal world The Urals is composed of three main complexes - tundra, forest and steppe. Following vegetation, northern animals in their distribution along the Ural Range move far to the south. Suffice it to say that until recently the reindeer lived in the Southern Urals, and the brown bear still sometimes comes to the Orenburg region from the mountainous Bashkiria.

Typical tundra animals inhabiting the Polar Urals are: reindeer, arctic fox, ungulate lemming, Middendorf's vole, white and tundra partridges; in summer there are many waterfowl of commercial importance (ducks, geese).

The forest complex of animals is best preserved in the Northern Urals, where it is represented by taiga species. Typical taiga-Ural species include: brown bear, sable, wolverine, otter, lynx, squirrel, chipmunk, red-backed vole; of game birds - hazel grouse and capercaillie.

The distribution of steppe animals is limited to the Southern Urals. As on the plains, there are many rodents in the steppes of the Urals: small and reddish ground squirrels, large jerboa, marmot, steppe pika, common hamster, common vole, etc. Of the predators, the wolf, corsac fox, and steppe polecat are common. The composition of birds in the steppe is diverse: steppe eagle, steppe harrier, kite, bustard, little bustard , saker falcon, gray partridge demoiselle crane, horned lark, black lark.

From the history of development Ural landscapes. In the Paleogene, on the site of the Ural Mountains, a low hilly plain rose, resembling a modern Kazakh hillock. From the east and south it was surrounded by shallow seas. The climate was then hot, evergreen tropical forests and dry woodlands with palms and laurels grew in the Urals.

By the end of the Paleogene, the evergreen Poltava flora is replaced by the Turgai deciduous flora of temperate latitudes. Already at the very beginning of the Neogene, forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, chestnut, alder, and birch dominated in the Urals. During this period, major changes occur in the relief: as a result of vertical tectonic movements, the Urals from a small hillock turns into a middle-mountain country. Together with uplifts, a process of altitudinal differentiation of vegetation takes place: the tops of the mountains are captured by mountain taiga, bald vegetation is gradually formed, which is facilitated by the restoration in the Neogene of the continental connection of the Urals with Siberia, the birthplace of mountain-tundra vegetation.

At the very end of the Neogene, the Akchagyl Sea approaches the southwestern slopes of the Urals. The climate at that time was cold, the ice age was approaching; coniferous taiga becomes the dominant type of vegetation in the Urals.

In the era of the Dnieper glaciation, the northern half of the Urals is hidden under the ice cover, in the south at this time there is a cold birch-pine-larch forest-steppe, in some places spruce forests, and near the valley of the Ural River and along the slopes of the Common Syrt - the remains of broad-leaved forests.

After the death of the glacier, the forests moved to the north of the Urals, and the role of dark coniferous species increased in their composition. In the south of the Urals, broad-leaved forests have become more widespread, while the birch-pine-larch forest-steppe has degraded. Birch and larch groves found in the Southern Urals are direct descendants of those birch and larch forests that were characteristic of the cold Pleistocene forest-steppe.

- Source-

Milkov, F.N. Physical geography of the USSR / F.N. Milkov [and d.b.]. - M .: State publishing house of geographical literature, 1958. - 351 p.

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The Russian Plain is bounded in the east by a well-defined natural boundary - the Ural Mountains. These mountains have long been considered to be beyond the border of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Despite its low height, the Urals are quite well isolated as a mountainous country, which is greatly facilitated by the presence of low plains to the west and east of it - Russian and West Siberian.

"Ural" is a word of Turkic origin, which means "belt" in translation. Indeed, the Ural Mountains resemble a narrow belt or ribbon stretching across the plains of Northern Eurasia from the shores of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. The total length of this belt from north to south is about 2000 km (from 68 ° 30 "to 51 ° N), and the width is 40-60 km and only in places more than 100 km. In the northwest through the Pai-Khoi ridge and Vaigach Ural Island passes into the mountains of Novaya Zemlya, so some researchers consider it as part of the Ural-Novaya Zemlya natural country.In the south, the continuation of the Urals are Mugodzhary.

Many Russian and Soviet researchers took part in the study of the Urals. The first of them were P. I. Rychkov and I. I. Lepekhin (second half of the 18th century). In the middle of the XIX century. E. K. Hoffman worked in the Northern and Middle Urals for many years. A great contribution to the knowledge of the landscapes of the Urals was made by Soviet scientists V. A. Varsanofyeva (geologist and geomorphologist) and I. M. Krasheninnikov (geobotanist).

The Urals is the oldest mining region in our country. In its depths there are huge reserves of a wide variety of minerals. Iron, copper, nickel, chromites, aluminum raw materials, platinum, gold, potassium salts, precious stones, asbestos - it is difficult to list everything that the Ural Mountains are rich in. The reason for such wealth is in the peculiar geological history of the Urals, which also determines the relief and many other elements of the landscape of this mountainous country.

Geological structure

The Ural is one of the ancient folded mountains. In its place in the Paleozoic, a geosyncline was located; the seas rarely then left its territory. They changed their boundaries and depth, leaving behind powerful layers of sediments. The Urals experienced several mountain building processes. The Caledonian folding, which manifested itself in the Lower Paleozoic (including the Salair folding in the Cambrian), although it covered a significant territory, was not the main one for the Ural Mountains. The main folding was Hercynian. It began in the Middle Carboniferous in the east of the Urals, and in the Permian it spread to the western slopes.

The most intense was the Hercynian folding in the east of the ridge. It manifested itself here in the formation of strongly compressed, often overturned and recumbent folds, complicated by large thrusts, leading to the appearance of scaly structures. Folding in the east of the Urals was accompanied by deep splits and intrusions of powerful granite intrusions. Some of the intrusions in the Southern and Northern Urals reach enormous sizes - up to 100-120 km long and 50-60 km wide.

Folding was much less vigorous on the western slope. Therefore, simple folds prevail there; overthrusts are rarely observed, there are no intrusions.

Geological structure of the Urals. I - Cenozoic group: 1 - Quaternary system; 2 - Paleogene; II. Mesozoic group: 3 - Cretaceous system; 4 - Triassic system; III. Paleozoic group: 5 - Permian system; 6 - coal system; 7 - Devonian system; 8 - Silurian system; 9 - Ordovician system; 10 - Cambrian system; IV. Precambrian: 11 - Upper Proterozoic (Riphean); 12 - lower and undivided by Proterozoic; 13 - archaea; V. Intrusions of all ages: 14 - granitoids; 15 - medium and basic; 16 - ultrabasic.

Tectonic pressure, which resulted in folding, was directed from east to west. The rigid foundation of the Russian platform prevented the spread of folding in this direction. The folds are most compressed in the area of ​​the Ufimsky plateau, where they are very complex even on the western slope.

After the Hercynian orogeny, folded mountains arose on the site of the Ural geosyncline, and the later tectonic movements here were in the nature of block uplifts and subsidence, which were accompanied in places, in a limited area, by intense folding and faults. In the Triassic-Jurassic, most of the territory of the Urals remained dry land, erosional processing of the mountainous relief took place, and coal-bearing strata accumulated on its surface, mainly along the eastern slope of the ridge. In the Neogene-Quaternary time, differentiated tectonic movements were observed in the Urals.

In tectonic terms, the entire Urals is a large meganticlinorium, consisting of a complex system of anticlinoria and synclinoria separated by deep faults. In the cores of anticlinoria, the most ancient rocks emerge - crystalline schists, quartzites and granites of the Proterozoic and Cambrian. In synclinoria, thick strata of Paleozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks are observed. From west to east in the Urals, a change in structural-tectonic zones is clearly traced, and with them a change in rocks that differ from one another in lithology, age and origin. These structural-tectonic zones are as follows: 1) zone of marginal and periclinal troughs; 2) zone of marginal anticlinoria; 3) zone of shale synclinories; 4) zone of the Central Ural anticliporium; 5) zone of Greenstone synclinorpy; 6) zone of the East Ural anticlinorium; 7) zone of the East Ural synclinorium1. The last two zones north of 59° N. sh. submerge, overlapping with Meso-Cenozoic deposits common in the West Siberian Plain.

The meridional zonality in the Urals is also subject to the distribution of minerals. Deposits of oil, coal (Vorkuta), potash salt (Solikamsk), rock salt, gypsum, bauxite (eastern slope) are associated with the Paleozoic sedimentary deposits of the western slope. Platinum deposits and pyrite ores gravitate towards intrusions of basic and ultrabasic rocks. The most famous locations of iron ores - mountains Magnitnaya, Blagodat, High - are associated with intrusions of granites and syenites. In granite intrusions, deposits of native gold and precious stones are concentrated, among which the Ural emerald has received world fame.

Orography and geomorphology

The Ural is a whole system of mountain ranges, stretched parallel to one another in the meridional direction. As a rule, there are two or three such parallel ranges, but in some places, with the expansion of the mountain system, their number increases to four or more. So, for example, the Southern Urals is orographically very complex between 55 and 54 ° N. sh., where there are at least six ridges. Between the ridges lie vast depressions occupied by river valleys.

The orography of the Urals is closely related to its tectonic structure. Most often, ridges and ridges are confined to anticlinal zones, and depressions are confined to synclinal ones. Inverted relief is less common, associated with the presence of rocks more resistant to destruction in synclinal zones than in adjacent anticlinal zones. Such a character has, for example, the Zilair plateau, or the South Ural plateau, within the Zilair synclinorium.

Lower areas are replaced in the Urals by elevated ones - a kind of mountain nodes, in which the mountains reach not only their maximum heights, but also their greatest width. It is remarkable that such knots coincide with the places where the strike of the Ural mountain system changes. The main ones are Subpolar, Middle Ural and South Ural. In the Subpolar node, which lies at 65 ° N, the Urals deviate from the southwestern direction to the south. Here rises the highest peak of the Ural Mountains - Mount Narodnaya (1894 m). The Middle Urals junction is located at about 60°N. sh., where the strike of the Urals changes from south to south-southeast. Among the peaks of this knot, Mount Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 m) stands out. The South Ural node is located between 55 and 54 ° N. sh. Here, the direction of the Ural ridges becomes south-western instead of south-western, and Iremel (1582 m) and Yamantau (1640 m) attract attention from the peaks.

A common feature of the relief of the Urals is the asymmetry of its western and eastern slopes. The western slope is gentle and passes into the Russian Plain more gradually than the eastern one, which steeply descends towards the West Siberian Plain. The asymmetry of the Urals is due to tectonics, the history of its geological development.

Another orographic feature of the Urals is associated with asymmetry - the displacement of the main watershed ridge separating the rivers of the Russian Plain from the rivers of Western Siberia to the east, closer to the West Siberian Plain. This ridge in different parts of the Urals has different names: Uraltau in the Southern Urals, Belt Stone in the Northern Urals. At the same time, it is not the highest almost everywhere; the largest peaks, as a rule, lie to the west of it. Such a hydrographic asymmetry of the Urals is the result of an increased "aggressiveness" of the rivers of the western slope, caused by a sharper and faster uplift of the Cis-Urals in the Neogene compared to the Trans-Urals.

Even with a cursory glance at the hydrographic pattern of the Urals, the presence of sharp, elbow turns in most rivers on the western slope is striking. In the upper reaches of the river flow in the meridional direction, following the longitudinal intermountain depressions. Then they turn sharply to the west, sawing often high ridges, after which they again flow in the meridional direction or retain the old latitudinal direction. Such sharp turns are well expressed in Pechora, Shchugor, Ilych, Belaya, Aya, Sakmara and many others. It has been established that the rivers saw through the ridges in places where the axes of the folds are lowered. In addition, many of them, apparently, are older than mountain ranges, and their incision proceeded simultaneously with the uplift of the mountains.

A small absolute height determines the predominance of low-mountain and mid-mountain geomorphological landscapes in the Urals. The peaks of many ranges are flat, while some mountains are domed with more or less soft outlines of the slopes. In the Northern and Polar Urals, near the upper border of the forest and above it, where frosty weathering is vigorously manifested, stone seas (kurums) are widespread. These places are also characterized by upland terraces resulting from solifluction processes and frost weathering.

Alpine landforms are extremely rare in the Ural Mountains. They are known only in the most elevated parts of the Polar and Subpolar Urals. The bulk of modern glaciers of the Urals are connected with the same mountain ranges.

"Lednichki" is not an accidental expression in relation to the glaciers of the Urals. Compared to the glaciers of the Alps and the Caucasus, the Urals look like dwarfs. All of them belong to the cirque and cirque-valley type and are located below the climatic snow boundary. The total number of glaciers in the Urals is 122, and the entire area of ​​glaciation is only slightly more than 25 km2. Most of them are in the polar watershed part of the Urals between 67-68 ° N. sh. Caro-valley glaciers up to 1.5-2.2 km long have been found here. The second glacial region is located in the Subpolar Urals between 64 and 65°N. sh.

The main part of the glaciers is concentrated on the more humid western slope of the Urals. It is noteworthy that all Ural glaciers lie in cirques of eastern, southeastern, and northeastern exposures. This is explained by the fact that they are inspired, that is, they were formed as a result of the deposition of snowstorm snow in the wind shadow of mountain slopes.

The ancient Quaternary glaciation did not differ in great intensity in the Urals either. Reliable traces of it can be traced to the south no further than 61 ° N. sh. Such glacial landforms as kars, cirques and hanging valleys are quite well expressed here. At the same time, the absence of ram foreheads and well-preserved glacier-accumulative forms, such as drumlins, eskers, and terminal moraine ridges, draws attention. The latter suggests that the ice sheet in the Urals was thin and not active everywhere; significant areas, apparently, were occupied by slow-moving firn and ice.

A remarkable feature of the Ural relief is the ancient leveling surfaces. They were first studied in detail by V. A. Varsanofyeva in 1932 in the Northern Urals and later by others in the Middle and Southern Urals. Various researchers in different places of the Urals count from one to seven leveled surfaces. These ancient leveling surfaces serve as convincing proof of the uneven uplift of the Urals in time. The highest of them corresponds to the most ancient cycle of peneplanation, falling on the lower Mesozoic, the youngest, lower surface is of Tertiary age.

IP Gerasimov denies the existence of leveling surfaces of different ages in the Urals. In his opinion, there is only one leveling surface here, formed during the Jurassic-Paleogene and then subjected to deformation as a result of the latest tectonic movements and erosional erosion.

It is difficult to agree that for such a long time as the Jurassic-Paleogene, there was only one undisturbed denudation cycle. But I. P. Gerasimov is undoubtedly right, emphasizing the great role of neotectonic movements in the formation of the modern relief of the Urals. After the Cimmerian folding, which did not affect the deep Paleozoic structures, the Urals during the Cretaceous and Paleogene existed in the form of a strongly peneplanated country, on the outskirts of which there were also shallow seas. The modern mountain appearance of the Urals acquired only as a result of tectonic movements that took place in the Neogene and Quaternary period. Where they reached a large scale, now the highest mountains rise, and where tectonic activity was weak, ancient peneplains lie little changed.

Karst landforms are widespread in the Urals. They are characteristic of the western slope and Cis-Urals, where Paleozoic limestones, gypsums and salts karst. The intensity of the manifestation of karst here can be judged by the following example: for the Perm region, 15 thousand karst sinkholes have been described in detail surveyed 1000 km2. The largest in the Urals is the Sumgan Cave (South Ural) 8 km long, the Kungur Ice Cave with numerous grottoes and underground lakes is very famous. Other large caves are Divya in the area of ​​​​Polyudova Ridge and Kapova on the right bank of the Belaya River.

Climate

The huge length of the Urals from north to south is manifested in the zonal change of its climate types from tundra in the north to steppe in the south. The contrasts between north and south are most pronounced in summer. The average air temperature in July in the north of the Urals is 6-8°, and in the south about 22°. In winter, these differences smooth out, and the average January temperature is equally low both in the north (-20°) and in the south (-15, -16°).

The small height of the mountain belt with its insignificant width cannot cause the formation of its own special climate in the Urals. Here, in a slightly modified form, the climate of the neighboring plains is repeated. But the types of climate in the Urals seem to be shifting to the south. For example, the mountain-tundra climate continues to dominate here at a latitude where the taiga climate is already common in adjacent lowland areas; the mountain-taiga climate is distributed at the latitude of the forest-steppe climate of the plains, etc.

The Urals are stretched across the direction of the prevailing westerly winds. In this regard, its western slope encounters cyclones more often and is better moistened than its eastern one; on average, it receives precipitation 100-150 mm more than the eastern one. So, the annual amount of precipitation in Ki-zel (260 m above sea level) is 688 mm, Ufa (173 m) is 585 mm; on the eastern slope in Sverdlovsk (281 m) it is 438 mm, in Chelyabinsk (228 m) - 361 mm. Very clearly, the differences in the amount of precipitation between the western and eastern slopes can be traced in winter. If on the western slope the Ural taiga is buried in snowdrifts, then on the eastern slope there is little snow all winter. Thus, the average maximum thickness of the snow cover along the line Ust-Shchugor - Saranpaul (to the north of 64 ° N) is as follows: in the Ural part of the Pechora Lowland - about 90 cm, at the western foot of the Urals - 120-130 cm, in the watershed part of the western slope Ural - more than 150 cm, on the eastern slope - about 60 cm.

Most precipitation - up to 1000, and according to some sources - up to 1400 mm per year - falls on the western slope of the Subpolar, Polar and northern parts of the Southern Urals. In the extreme north and south of the Ural Mountains, their number decreases, which is associated, as in the Russian Plain, with the weakening of cyclonic activity.

The rugged mountainous relief causes an exceptional variety of local climates. Mountains of unequal height, slopes of different exposure, intermountain valleys and basins - all of them have their own special climate. In winter and during the transitional seasons of the year, cold air rolls down the slopes of the mountains into depressions, where it stagnates, resulting in the phenomenon of temperature inversion, which is very common in the mountains. In the Ivanovsky mine (856 m abs. alt.), in winter the temperature is higher or the same as in Zlatoust, located 400 m below the Ivanovsky mine.

Climatic features in a number of cases determine a pronounced inversion of vegetation. In the Middle Urals, broad-leaved species (holly maple, elm, linden) are found mainly in the middle part of the mountain slopes and avoid the frost-prone lower parts of the mountain slopes and hollows.

Rivers and lakes

The Urals has a developed river network belonging to the basins of the Caspian, Kara and Barents Seas.

The magnitude of the river runoff in the Urals is much greater than in the adjacent Russian and West Siberian plains. Opa increases when moving from the southeast to the northwest of the Urals and from the foothills to the tops of the mountains. The river runoff reaches its maximum in the most humid, western part of the Polar and Subpolar Urals. Here, the average annual runoff module in some places exceeds 40 l / s per 1 km 2 of the area. A significant part of the Mountain Urals, located between 60 and 68 ° N. sh., has a drain module of more than 25 l / s. The runoff module sharply decreases in the southeastern Trans-Urals, where it is only 1-3 l/sec.

In accordance with the distribution of runoff, the river network on the western slope of the Urals is better developed and more abundant than on the eastern slope. The rivers of the Pechora basin and the northern tributaries of the Kama are the most water-bearing, the Ural River is the least water-bearing. According to the calculations of A. O. Kemmerich, the volume of the average annual runoff from the territory of the Urals is 153.8 km 3 (9.3 l / s from 1 km 2 of area), of which 95.5 km 3 (62%) falls on the Pechora basin and Kama.

An important feature of most of the rivers of the Urals is the relatively low variability of the annual runoff. The ratio of the annual water discharges of the most abundant year to the water discharges of the least water year usually ranges from 1.5 to 3. The exception is the forest-steppe and steppe rivers of the Southern Urals, where this ratio increases significantly.

Many rivers of the Urals suffer from industrial waste pollution, so the issues of protection and purification of river waters are especially relevant here.

There are relatively few lakes in the Urals and their areas are small. The largest lake Argazi (basin of the river Miass) has an area of ​​101 km2. According to the genesis, the lakes are grouped into tectonic, glacial, karst, suffusion ones. Glacial lakes are confined to the mountain belt of the Subpolar and Polar Urals, lakes of suffusion-subsidence origin are common in the forest-steppe and steppe Trans-Urals. Some tectonic lakes, subsequently developed by glaciers, have significant depths (such is the deepest lake in the Urals, Big Shchuchye - 136 m).

Several thousand reservoir ponds are known in the Urals, including 200 industrial ponds.

Soils and vegetation

The soils and vegetation of the Urals exhibit a special, mountain-latitudinal zonality (from the tundra in the north to the steppes in the south), which differs from the zonality on the plains in that the soil-vegetation zones are shifted far to the south. In the foothills, the barrier role of the Urals is noticeably affected. Thus, as a result of the barrier factor in the Southern Urals (foothills, lower parts of the mountain slopes), instead of the usual steppe and southern forest-steppe landscapes, forest and northern forest-steppe landscapes were formed (F. A. Maksyutov).

The extreme north of the Urals from the foot to the peaks is covered with mountain tundra. However, very soon (to the north of 67°N) they pass into a high-altitude landscape belt, being replaced at the foothills by mountain taiga forests.

Forests are the most common type of vegetation in the Urals. They stretch like a solid green wall along the ridge from the Arctic Circle to 52 ° N. sh., interrupted at high peaks by mountain tundra, and in the south - at the foot - by steppes.

These forests are diverse in composition: coniferous, broad-leaved and small-leaved. The Ural coniferous forests have a completely Siberian appearance: in addition to Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) and pine (Pinus silvestris), they also contain Siberian fir (Abies sibirica), Sukachev's larch (Larix sucaczewii) and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica). The Urals do not present a serious obstacle for the distribution of Siberian conifers; they all cross the ridge, and the western border of their range runs along the Russian Plain.

Coniferous forests are most common in the northern part of the Urals, north of 58 ° N. sh. True, they are also found further south, but their role here is sharply reduced, as the areas of small-leaved and broad-leaved forests increase. The least demanding coniferous species in terms of climate and soils is Sukachev's larch. It goes farther than other rocks to the north, reaching 68 ° N. sh., and together with the pine further than others, it spreads to the south, only a little short of the latitudinal segment of the Ural River.

Despite the fact that the range of larch is so extensive, it does not occupy large areas and almost does not form pure stands. The main role in the coniferous forests of the Urals belongs to spruce and fir plantations. A third of the forest region of the Urals is occupied by pine, plantations of which, with an admixture of Sukachev's larch, gravitate towards the eastern slope of the mountainous country.

1 - arctic tundra; 2 - tundra gley; 3 - gley-podzolic (surface-gleyed) and illuvial-humus podzolic; 4 - podzolic and podzols; 5 - sod-podzolic; 6 - podzolic-marsh; 7 - peat-bog (upland bogs); 8 - humus-peat-marsh (lowland and transitional bogs); 9 - sod-carbonate; 10 - gray forest and - leached and podzolized chernozems; 12 - typical chernozems (fat medium thick); 13 - ordinary chernozems; 14 - ordinary chernozems solonetzic; 15 - southern chernozems; 16 - southern solonetsous chernozems, 17 - meadow chernozems (mostly solonetsous); 18 - dark chestnut; 19 - solonetzes 20 - alluvial (floodplain), 21 - mountain tundra; 22 - mountain meadow; 23 - mountain-taiga podzolic and acid non-podzolized; 24 - mountain-forest, gray; 25 - mountain chernozems.

Broad-leaved forests play a significant role only on the western slope of the Southern Urals. They occupy approximately 4-5% of the area of ​​the forest Urals - oak, linden, maple, elm (Ulmus scabra). All of them, with the exception of linden, do not go further east than the Urals. But the coincidence of the eastern border of their distribution with the Urals is an accidental phenomenon. The advance of these rocks into Siberia is hindered not by the severely destroyed Ural Mountains, but by the Siberian continental climate.

Small-leaved forests are scattered throughout the Urals, mostly in its southern part. Their origin is twofold - primary and secondary. Birch is one of the most common species in the Urals.

Mountain podzolic soils of varying degrees of swampiness are developed under the forests. In the south of the region of coniferous forests, where they acquire a southern taiga appearance, typical mountain podzolic soils give way to mountain soddy podzolic soils.

The main zonal divisions of the vegetation cover on the plains adjacent to the Urals and their mountain counterparts (according to P. L. Gorchakovsky). Zones: I - tundra; II - forest-tundra; III - taiga with subzones: a - preforest-tundra sparse forests; b - northern taiga; c - middle taiga; d - southern taiga; e - preforest-steppe pine and birch forests; IV - broad-leaved forest with subzones: a - mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests; b - deciduous forests; V - forest-steppe; VI - steppe. Borders: 1 - zones; 2 - subzones; 3 - Ural mountain country.

Further south, under the mixed, broad-leaved and small-leaved forests of the Southern Urals, gray forest soils are widespread.

The farther south, the higher and higher the forest belt of the Urals rises into the mountains. Its upper limit in the south of the Polar Urals lies at an altitude of 200 - 300 m, in the Northern Urals - at an altitude of 450 - 600 m, in the Middle Urals it rises to 600 - 800 m, and in the Southern Urals - up to 1100 - 1200 m.

Between the mountain-forest belt and treeless mountain tundra stretches a narrow transitional belt, which P. L. Gorchakovsky calls the subbalt. In this belt, thickets of shrubs and twisted low-growing forests alternate with clearings of wet meadows on dark mountain meadow soils. The winding birch (Betula tortuosa), cedar, fir and spruce entering here form a dwarf form in places.

Altitudinal zonality of vegetation in the Ural mountains (according to P. L. Gorchakovsky).

A - the southern part of the Polar Urals; B - northern and central parts of the Southern Urals. 1 - belt of cold bald deserts; 2 - mountain-tundra belt; 3 - subalpine belt: a - birch thickets in combination with park fir-spruce forests and meadow glades; b - subalpine larch woodlands; c - subalpine park fir-spruce forests in combination with meadow glades; d - subalpine oak forests in combination with meadow glades; 4 - mountain-forest belt: a - mountain larch forests of preforest-tundra type; b - mountain spruce forests of preforest-tundra type; c - mountain fir-spruce southern taiga forests; d - mountain pine and birch steppe forests derived from them; e - mountain broad-leaved (oak, purple, maple) forests; 5 - belt of mountain forest-steppe.

South of 57° N. sh. first, on the foothill plains, and then on the slopes of the mountains, the forest belt is replaced by forest-steppe and steppe on chernozem soils. The extreme south of the Urals, like its extreme north, is treeless. Mountain chernozem steppes, interrupted in places by mountain forest-steppe, cover the entire range here, including its peneplanated axial part. In addition to mountain-podzolic soils in the axial part of the Northern and partly the Middle Urals, peculiar mountain-forest acidic non-podzolized soils are widespread. They are characterized by an acid reaction, unsaturation with bases, a relatively high content of humus and its gradual decrease with depth.

Animal world

The fauna of the Urals is composed of three main complexes: tundra, forest and steppe. Following vegetation, northern animals in their distribution along the Ural mountain belt move far to the south. Suffice it to say that until recently the reindeer lived in the Southern Urals, and the brown bear still sometimes comes to the Orenburg region from the mountainous Bashkiria.

Typical tundra animals inhabiting the Polar Urals include reindeer, arctic fox, hoofed lemming (Dycrostonyx torquatus), Middendorf's vole (Microtus middendorfi), partridges (white - Lagopus lagopus, tundra - L. mutus); in summer there are a lot of waterfowl (ducks, geese).

The forest complex of animals is best preserved in the Northern Urals, where it is represented by taiga species: brown bear, sable, wolverine, otter (Lutra lutra), lynx, squirrel, chipmunk, red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus); from birds - hazel grouse and capercaillie.

The distribution of steppe animals is limited to the Southern Urals. As on the plains, there are many rodents in the steppes of the Urals: ground squirrels (small - Citelluspigmaeus and reddish - C. major), large jerboa (Allactaga jaculus), marmot, steppe pika (Ochotona pusilla), common hamster (Cricetuscricetus), common vole (Microtus arvalis) and others. Of the predators, the wolf, corsac fox, and steppe polecat are common. Birds are diverse in the steppe: steppe eagle (Aquila nipa-lensis), steppe harrier (Circus macrourus), kite (Milvus korschun), bustard, little bustard, saker falcon (Falco cherruy), gray partridge (Рrdix perdix), demoiselle crane ( Anthropoides virgo), horned lark (Otocorus alpestris), black lark (Melanocorypha yeltoniensis).

Of the 76 species of mammals known in the Urals, 35 species are commercial.

From the history of the development of landscapes in the Urals

In the Paleogene, on the site of the Ural Mountains, a low hilly plain rose, resembling the modern Kazakh hills. From the east and south it was surrounded by shallow seas. The climate was then hot, evergreen tropical forests and dry woodlands with palms and laurels grew in the Urals.

By the end of the Paleogene, the evergreen Poltava flora was supplanted by the Turgai deciduous flora of temperate latitudes. Already at the very beginning of the Neogene, forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, chestnut, alder, and birch dominated in the Urals. Great changes during this period take place in the relief: as a result of vertical uplifts, the Urals from a small hillock turns into a middle-mountainous country. Along with this, altitudinal differentiation of vegetation occurs: the tops of the mountains are captured by the mountain taiga, the vegetation of the loaches is gradually formed, which is facilitated by the restoration in the Neogene of the continental connection of the Urals with Siberia, the birthplace of the mountain tundra.

At the very end of the Neogene, the Akchagyl Sea approached the southwestern slopes of the Urals. The climate at that time was cold, the ice age was approaching; coniferous taiga became the dominant type of vegetation.

In the era of the Dnieper glaciation, the northern half of the Urals hid under the ice cover, and the south at that time was occupied by cold birch-pine-larch forest-steppe, sometimes spruce forests, and near the valley of the Ural River and along the slopes of the General Syrt, the remains of broad-leaved forests remained.

After the death of the glacier, the forests moved to the north of the Urals, and the role of dark coniferous species increased in their composition. In the south, broad-leaved forests became more common, while the birch-pine-larch forest-steppe gradually degraded. Birch and larch groves found in the Southern Urals are direct descendants of those birch and larch forests that were characteristic of the cold Pleistocene forest-steppe.

In the mountains it is impossible to distinguish landscape zones similar to the plains, so mountainous countries are divided not into zones, but into mountainous landscape areas. Their selection is made on the basis of geological, geomorphological and bioclimatic features, as well as the structure of altitudinal zonality.

Landscape areas of the Urals

Tundra and forest-tundra region of the Polar Urals

The tundra and forest-tundra region of the Polar Urals extends from the northern margin of the Ural belt to 64 ° 30 "N. Lat. Together with the Pai-Khoi ridge, the Polar Urals form an arc with its convex side facing east. The axial part of the Polar Urals runs at 66 ° E. - 7° east of the Northern and Middle Urals.

The Pai-Khoi ridge, which is a small hillock (up to 467 m), is separated from the Polar Urals by a strip of lowland tundra. Actually, the Polar Urals begins with a low mountain Konstantinov Kamen (492 m) on the shore of the Baydaratskaya Bay. To the south, the height of the mountains increases sharply (up to 1200-1350m), and Mount Pai-Er north of the Arctic Circle has a height of 1499 m. The maximum heights are concentrated in the southern part of the region at about 65 ° N. sh., where Mount Narodnaya rises (1894 m). Here, the Polar Urals expands greatly - up to 125 km, while breaking up into at least five or six parallel elongated ridges, the most significant of which are Research in the west and Narodo-Itinsky in the east. In the south of the Polar Urals, the Sablya mountain range (1425 m) advanced far to the west towards the Pechora Lowland.

In the formation of the relief of the Polar Urals, the role of frosty weathering is exceptionally great, accompanied by the formation of stone placers - kurums and structural (polygonal) soils. Permafrost and frequent fluctuations in the temperature of the upper soil layers in summer contribute to the development of solifluction processes.

The predominant type of relief here is a flattened plateau-like surface with traces of ice cover, dissected along the margins by deep trough-like valleys. Peaked alpine forms are found only on the highest mountain peaks. Alpine relief is better represented only in the very south of the Polar Urals, in the region of 65 ° N. sh. Here, in the area of ​​the Narodnaya and Sablya mountains, modern glaciers are found, the peaks of the mountains end in sharp, jagged ridges, and their slopes are corroded by steep-walled cirques and cirques.

The climate of the Polar Urals is cold and humid. Summer is cloudy, rainy, the average July temperature at the foot is 8-14°. Winter is long and cold (average January temperature is below -20°C), with blizzards sweeping huge snowdrifts in depressions. Permafrost is a common occurrence here. The annual amount of precipitation increases in a southerly direction from 500 to 800 mm.

The soil and vegetation cover of the Polar Urals is monotonous. In its northern part, the plain tundra merges with the mountainous one. In the foothills, moss, lichen and shrub tundra spread, in the central part of the mountainous region - stony placers, almost devoid of vegetation. Forests are found in the south, but their role in the landscape is insignificant. The first low-growing larch sparse forests are found along the river valleys of the eastern slope at about 68°N. sh. The fact that they appear for the first time on the eastern slope is not accidental: there is less snow here, the climate is generally continental, and therefore more favorable for the forest compared to the western slope. Near the Arctic Circle, spruce forests join the larch forests, at 66 ° N. sh. cedar begins to come across, south of 65 ° N. sh. - pine and fir. On Mount Saber, spruce-fir forests rise to 400-450 m above sea level, higher they are replaced by larch woodlands and meadows, which at an altitude of 500-550 m turn into mountain tundra.

It has been noted that near the Arctic Circle, spruce and larch forests grow better on the ridge itself than in the foothills and on the plains covered with forest-tundra woodlands. The reason for this is the better drainage of the mountains and temperature inversion.

The Polar Urals is still poorly developed economically. But even this remote mountainous region is being gradually transformed by the Soviet people. It is crossed from west to east by a railway line connecting Ust-Vorkuta with Salekhard.

Taiga region of the Northern Urals

This region of the Urals extends from 64° 30" N to 59° 30" N. sh. It starts immediately to the south of the Saber mountain range and ends with the Konzhakovsky Kamen peak (1569 m). Throughout this section, the Urals stretches strictly along the meridian 59 ° E. d.

The central, axial part of the Northern Urals has an average height of about 700 and consists mainly of two longitudinal ridges, of which the eastern, watershed, is known as Poyasovy Kamen. On the western ridge south of 64 ° N. sh. the two-headed mountain Telpos-Iz (Stone of the winds) rises - the highest peak of the region (1617 m). Alpine landforms are not widespread in the Northern Urals, most of the peaks are domed.

Three or four ancient leveling surfaces are distinctly expressed in the Northern Urals. Another, no less characteristic feature of the relief is the wide distribution of upland terraces, developed mainly above the upper forest line or near it. The number and size of terraces, their width, length and height of the ledge are not the same not only on different mountain peaks, but also on different slopes of the same mountain.

From the west, the axial part of the Northern Urals is bordered by a wide strip of foothills formed by low, flat-topped ridges of Paleozoic rocks. Such ridges, stretched parallel to the main ridge, received the name Parm (High Parma, Ydzhidparma, etc.).

The strip of foothills on the eastern slope of the Northern Urals is less wide than on the western one. It is represented here by low (300-600 m) ridges of strongly crumpled Devonian rocks cut by intrusions. The transverse valleys of the Northern Sosva, Lozva and their tributaries divide these ranges into short isolated massifs.

The climate of the Northern Urals is cold and humid, but it is less severe than the climate of the Polar Urals. The average temperature in the foothills rises to 14 - 16°C. There is a lot of precipitation - up to 800 mm or more (on the western slope), which significantly exceeds the evaporation rate. Therefore, there are many swamps in the Northern Urals.

The Northern Urals differ sharply from the Polar Urals in the nature of vegetation and soils: tundra and bare rocks dominate in the Polar Urals, forests with a narrow green border cling to the foothills, and even then only in the south of the region, and in the Northern Urals the mountains are completely covered with dense coniferous taiga; treeless tundra is found only on isolated ridges and peaks rising above 700-800 m above sea level.

The taiga of the Northern Urals is dark coniferous. The championship belongs to the Siberian spruce; fir dominates on more fertile and drained soils, and cedar dominates on marshy and stony soils. As in the Russian Plain, the taiga of the Northern Urals is dominated by green moss spruce forests, and among them are blueberry spruce forests, which, as you know, are characteristic of the landscape of a typical (middle) taiga. Only near the Polar Urals (to the north of 64°N), at the foot of the mountains, does the typical taiga give way to the northern taiga, with more sparse and swampy forests.

The area of ​​pine forests in the Northern Urals is small. Green moss forests acquire landscape significance only on the eastern slope south of 62°N. sh. Their development is facilitated here by a drier continental climate and the presence of stony gravelly soils.

Sukachev's larch, common in the Polar Urals, is rarely observed in the Northern Urals, and, moreover, almost exclusively as an admixture with other conifers. It is somewhat more common at the upper border of the forest and in the subalpine belt, which is especially characterized by birch crooked forests, and in the north of the region - thickets of shrubby alder.

The coniferous taiga vegetation of the Northern Urals determines the features of its soil cover. This is an area of ​​distribution of mountain podzolic soils. In the north, in the foothills, gley-podzolic soils are common, in the south, in a typical taiga zone, podzolic soils. Along with typical podzols, weakly podzolic (hidden podzolic) soils are often found. The reason for their appearance is the presence of aluminum in the absorbing soil complex and the weak energy of microbiological processes. In the south of the region in the axial part of the Urals, at an altitude of 400 to 800 m, mountain-forest acidic non-podzolized soils are developed, which form on the eluvium and deluvium of greenstone rocks, amphibolites and granites. In different places on Devonian limestones, "northern carbonate soils" are described, boiling up at a depth of 20-30 cm.

The most characteristic representatives of the taiga fauna are concentrated in the Northern Urals. Only here is found sable adhering to cedar forests. The wolverine, the red-gray vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus) almost do not go south of the Northern Urals, and among the birds - the nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus), spruce crossbill (Loxia curvirostra), hawk owl (Surnia ulula). Until now, the reindeer is known here, which is no longer found in the Middle and Southern Urals.

In the upper reaches of the Pechora, along the western slopes of the Urals and the adjacent Pechora lowland, there is one of the largest in our country, the Pechoro-Ilych State Reserve. It protects the landscapes of the mountain taiga of the Urals, passing in the west into the middle taiga of the Russian Plain.

In the vast expanses of the Northern Urals, virgin mountain-taiga landscapes still prevail. Human intervention becomes noticeable only in the south of this region, where such industrial centers as Ivdel, Krasnovishersk, Severouralsk, Karpinsk are located.

The region of the southern taiga and mixed forests of the Middle Urals

This region is bounded by the latitudes of Konzhakovsky Kamen in the north (59c30" N) and Yurma Mountain (55C25" N) in the south. The Middle Urals are well isolated orographically; The Ural Mountains are lowered here, and the strictly meridional strike of the mountain belt is replaced by a south-southeast one. Together with the Southern Urals, the Middle Urals forms a giant arc, with its convex side turned to the east, the arc goes around the Ufimsky plateau - the eastern ledge of the Russian platform.

The latest tectonic movements had little effect on the Middle Urals. Therefore, it appears before us in the form of a low peneplain with isolated, softly defined peaks and ridges, composed of the densest crystalline rocks. The railway line Perm - Sverdlovsk crosses the Urals at an altitude of 410 m. The elevation of the highest peaks is 700-800 m, rarely more.

Due to the severe destruction, the Middle Urals essentially lost its watershed significance. The Chusovaya and Ufa rivers start on its eastern slopes and saw through its axial part. River valleys in the Middle Urals are relatively wide and developed. Only in some places picturesque steeps and cliffs hang right above the riverbed.

The zone of western and eastern foothills in the Middle Urals is even wider than in the Northern. The western foothills abound in karst forms resulting from the dissolution of Paleozoic limestone and gypsum. The Ufa plateau, dissected by the deep valleys of the Aya and Yuryuzan rivers, is especially famous for them. The landscape feature of the eastern foothills is formed by lakes of tectonic and partially karst origin. Two groups stand out among them: Sverdlovskaya (lakes Ayatskoye, Tavotuy, Isetskoye) and Kaslinskaya (lakes Itkul, Irtyash, Uvildy, Argazi). The lakes, having picturesque shores, attract a lot of tourists.

Climatically, the Middle Urals are more favorable for humans than the North. Summers are warmer and longer here, and at the same time, precipitation is less. The average July temperature in the foothills is 16-18°, the annual precipitation is 500-600 mm, in the mountains in some places more than 600 mm. These climatic changes have an immediate impact on soils and vegetation. The foothills of the Middle Urals in the north are covered with southern taiga, and to the south - with forest-steppe. The steppe nature of the Middle Urals is much stronger along the eastern slope. If on the western slope there are only individual forest-steppe islands surrounded on all sides by the southern taiga (Kungursky and Krasnoufimsky), then in the Trans-Urals the forest-steppe goes in a continuous strip up to 57 ° 30 "N. latitude.

However, the Middle Urals itself is an area not of a forest-steppe, but of a forest landscape. Forests here completely cover the mountains; in contrast to the Northern Urals, only very few mountain peaks rise above the upper border of the forest. The main background is provided by spruce-pelt-fir southern taiga forests, interrupted by pine forests on the eastern slope of the ridge. In the south-west of the region there are mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests, which include a lot of linden. Throughout the Middle Urals, especially in its southern half, birch forests are widespread, many of which arose on the site of a cut down spruce-fir taiga.

Under the southern taiga forests of the Middle Urals, as well as on the plains, soddy-podzolic soils are developed. At the foothills in the south of the region, they are replaced by gray forest soils, in some places by leached chernozems, and in the upper part of the forest belt by mountain forest and acid non-podzolized soils, which we have already met in the south of the Northern Urals.

The animal world is changing significantly in the Middle Urals. Due to the warmer climate and the diverse composition of forests, it is enriched with southern species. Along with the taiga animals living in the Northern Urals, there are common hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), steppe and black polecat (Putorius putorius), common hamster (Cricetus cricetus), badger (Meles meles) is more common; nightingale (Luscinia luscinia), nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), oriole (Oriolus oriolus), greenfinch (Chloris chloris) join the birds of the Northern Urals; the fauna of reptiles becomes much more diverse: the legless spindle lizard (Angnis fragilis), the viviparous lizard, the common snake, the copperhead (Coronella austriaca) appear.

Clearly expressed foothills make it possible to distinguish three landscape provinces in the region of the southern taiga and mixed forests of the Middle Urals.

The province of the Middle Cis-Urals occupies an elevated (up to 500-600 m) plain - a plateau, densely indented by river valleys. The core of the province is the Ufa Plateau. Its landscape feature is the wide development of karst (failure funnels, lakes, caves), associated with the dissolution of the Upper Paleozoic limestones and gypsum. Despite the increased moisture, there are few swamps, which is explained by good drainage. The vegetation cover is dominated by southern taiga spruce-fir and mixed (dark-coniferous-broad-leaved) forests, broken in places by islands of the northern forest-steppe.

The central province of the Middle Urals corresponds to the axial, most elevated part of the Ural Mountains, which is characterized here by a relatively low altitude and almost continuous forest cover (dark coniferous and small-leaved forests).

The province of the Middle Trans-Urals is an elevated plain - peneplain, gently descending to the east, towards the West Siberian Plain. Its surface is disturbed by remnant hills and ridges composed of granites and gneisses, as well as by numerous lake basins. In contrast to the Cis-Urals, pine and pine-larch forests dominate here, and in the north, significant areas are covered with swamps. In connection with the general increase in dryness and continentality of the climate here, further north than in the Cis-Urals, the forest-steppe, which has a Siberian appearance (with birch pegs), is advancing.

The Middle Urals is the most densely populated landscape region of the Ural Mountains. Here is the bulk of the old industrial cities of the Urals, including Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil, etc. Therefore, the virgin forest landscapes in many places of the Middle Urals have not been preserved.

Forest-steppe and steppe region of the Southern Urals with a wide development of forest high-altitude belts

The Southern Urals occupies the territory from Mount Yurma in the north to the latitudinal section of the Ural River in the south. It differs from the Middle Urals in significant heights, reaching 1582 m (Mount Iremel) and 1640 m (Mount Yamantau). As in other places in the Urals, the Uraltau watershed ridge, composed of crystalline schists, is shifted to the east and is not the highest in the Southern Urals. The predominant type of relief is mid-mountain. Some bald peaks rise above the upper border of the forest. They are flat, but with steep rocky slopes, complicated by upland terraces. Recently, on the Zigalga Ridge, on the Iremel and some other high peaks of the Southern Urals, traces of ancient glaciation (trough valleys, remains of kars and moraines) have been discovered.

To the south of the latitudinal section of the Belaya River, a general drop in altitude is observed. The South Ural peneplain is clearly expressed here - a highly elevated plain with a folded base, dissected by deep canyon-like valleys of the Sakmara, Guberli and other tributaries of the Urals. Erosive dismemberment in places gave the peneplain a wild, picturesque appearance. Such are the Guberlinsky mountains on the right bank of the Urals, below the city of Orsk, composed of igneous gabbro-peridotite rocks. In other areas, different lithology caused the alternation of large meridional ridges (absolute heights of 450-500 m and more) and wide depressions.

In the east, the axial part of the Southern Urals passes into the Trans-Ural peneplain - a lower and smoother plain compared to the South Ural peneplain. In its alignment, in addition to the processes of general denudation, the abrasion and accumulative activity of the Paleogene Sea was important. The foothill parts are characterized by ridge hills with ridged-hilly plains. In the north of the Trans-Ural peneplain, many lakes with picturesque rocky shores are scattered.

The climate of the Southern Urals is drier and more continental than the Middle and Northern Urals. Summer is warm, with droughts and dry winds in the Urals. The average July temperature in the foothills rises to 20-22°. Winter continues to be cold, with significant snow cover. In cold winters, rivers freeze to the bottom and ice forms, mass death of moles and some birds is observed. Precipitation is 400-500 mm per year, in the mountains in the north up to 600 mm or more.

Soils and vegetation in the Southern Urals show a distinct altitudinal zonality. The low foothills in the extreme south and southeast of the region are covered with cereal steppes on ordinary and southern chernozems. Thickets of steppe shrubs are very typical for the Cis-Ural steppes: chiliga (Caragana frutex), blackthorn (Prunus stepposa), and in the Trans-Ural steppes, along granite outcrops, there are pine forests with birch and even larch.

In addition to the steppes, the forest-steppe zone is widespread in the Southern Urals. It occupies the entire South Ural peneplain, the small hills of the Trans-Urals, and in the north of the region it descends to the low foothills.

The forest-steppe is not the same on the western and eastern slopes of the ridge. The west is characterized by broad-leaved forests with linden, oak, Norway maple, smooth elm (Ulmus laevis) and elm. In the east and in the center of the ridge, light birch groves, pine forests and larch plantations predominate; Pribelsky district is occupied by pine forests and small-leaved forest. Due to the dissected relief and the variegated lithological composition of the rocks, forests and forb steppe are intricately combined here, and the highest areas with outcrops of dense bedrock are usually covered with forests.

The birch and pine-deciduous forests of the zone are sparse (especially on the eastern slopes of the Uraltau), strongly lightened, therefore many steppe plants penetrate under their canopy and there is almost no sharp line between the steppe and forest flora in the Southern Urals. Soils developed under light forests and mixed grass steppe - from gray forest to leached and typical chernozems - are characterized by a high content of humus. It is interesting to note that the highest humus content, reaching 15–20%, is observed not in typical chernozems, but in mountain podzolized ones, which is possibly associated with the meadow stage of development of these soils in the past.

Spruce-fir taiga on mountain-podzolic soils forms the third soil-vegetation zone. It is distributed only in the northern, most elevated part of the Southern Urals, occurring at an altitude of 600 to 1000-1100 m.

At the highest peaks there is a zone of mountain meadows and mountain tundra. The peaks of the Iremel and Yamantau mountains are covered with spotted tundra. High in the mountains, breaking away from the upper border of the taiga, there are groves of low-growing spruce forests and birch crooked forests.

The fauna of the Southern Urals is a motley mixture of taiga-forest and steppe species. In the forests of the Bashkir Urals, a brown bear, elk, marten, squirrel, capercaillie, hazel grouse are common, and next to them in the open steppe live ground squirrel (Citellus citellus,), jerboa, bustard, little bustard. In the Southern Urals, the ranges of not only northern and southern, but also western and eastern species of animals overlap one another. So, along with the garden dormouse (Elyomys quercinus) - a typical inhabitant of the broad-leaved forests of the west - in the Southern Urals you can find such eastern species as the small (steppe) pika or Eversmann's hamster (Allocrlcetulus eversmanni).

The mountain forest landscapes of the Southern Urals are very picturesque with patches of meadow glades, less often - rocky steppes on the territory of the Bashkir State Reserve. One of the sections of the reserve is located on the Uraltau ridge, the second - on the South Kraka mountain range, the third section, the lowest, is Pribelsky.

There are four landscape provinces in the Southern Urals.

Province of the Southern Cis-Urals covers the elevated ridges of the General Syrt and the low foothills of the Southern Urals. The rugged relief and continental climate contribute to a sharp manifestation of the vertical differentiation of landscapes: the ridges and foothills are covered with broad-leaved forests (oak, linden, elm, Norway maple) growing on gray forest soils, and relief depressions, especially wide floodplain terraces of rivers, are covered with steppe vegetation on chernozem soils. soils. The southern part of the province is a syrt steppe with dense thickets of dereznyaks on the slopes.

To Mid-mountain province of the Southern Urals belongs to the central mountainous part of the region. On the highest peaks of the province (Yamantau, Iremel, the Zigalga Range, etc.), the bald and pre-bald belts are clearly expressed with extensive stone placers and upland terraces on the slopes. The forest zone is formed by spruce-fir and pine-larch forests, in the southwest - coniferous-broad-leaved forests. In the north-east of the province, on the border with the Trans-Urals, the low Ilmensky Range rises - a mineralogical paradise, according to A.E. Fersman. Here is one of the oldest state reserves in the country - Ilmensky named after V. I. Lenin.

Low-mountain province of the Southern Urals includes the southern part of the Ural Mountains from the latitudinal section of the Belaya River in the north to the Ural River in the south. Basically, this is the South Ural peneplain - a plateau with small absolute marks - about 500-800 m above sea level. Its relatively flat surface, often covered with ancient weathering crust, is dissected by deep river valleys in the Sakmara basin. Forest-steppe landscapes predominate, and steppe landscapes in the south. In the north, large areas are covered with pine-larch forests; everywhere, and especially in the east of the province, birch groves are common.

Province of the Southern Trans-Urals forms an elevated, undulating plain corresponding to the Trans-Ural peneplain, with a wide distribution of sedimentary rocks, sometimes interrupted by granite outcrops. In the eastern, slightly dissected part of the province, there are many basins - steppe depressions, in some places (in the north) - shallow lakes. The Southern Trans-Urals is distinguished by the driest, continental climate in the Urals. The annual amount of precipitation in the south is less than 300 mm, with an average July temperature of about 22°. The landscape of treeless steppes prevails on ordinary and southern chernozems; occasionally, along granite outcrops, pine forests are found. In the north of the province, a birch-spear forest-steppe is developed. Significant areas in the Southern Trans-Urals are plowed under wheat crops.

The Southern Urals is rich in iron, copper, nickel, pyrite ores, ornamental stones and other minerals. During the years of Soviet power, the old industrial cities here grew unrecognizably and changed and new centers of socialist industry appeared - Magnitogorsk, Mednogorsk, Novotroitsk, Sibay, etc. In terms of the degree of disturbance of natural landscapes, the Southern Urals in many places approaches the Middle Urals.

The intensive economic development of the Urals was accompanied by the appearance and growth of areas of anthropogenic landscapes. Field agricultural landscapes are typical for the lower altitudinal belts of the Middle and Southern Urals. Even more widespread, including the forest belt and the Polar Urals, are meadow-pasture complexes. Almost everywhere you can find artificial forest plantations, as well as birch and aspen forests that have arisen on the site of reduced spruce forests, fir forests, pine forests and oak forests. On the Kama, the Urals and other rivers, large reservoirs have been created, along small rivers and hollows - ponds. In places of open-pit mining of brown coal, iron ores and other minerals, there are significant areas of quarry-dump landscapes, in areas of underground mining, sinkholes of pseudokarst are common.

The unique beauty of the Ural Mountains attracts tourists from all over the country. Particularly picturesque are the valleys of the Vishera, Chusovaya, Belaya and many other large and small rivers with their noisy, talkative water and bizarre cliffs - "stones". Vishera's "stones" steeped in legends remain in memory for a long time: Vetlan, Poljud, Pomenny. Unusual, sometimes fantastic underground landscapes of the Kungur ice cave-reserve leave no one indifferent. Climbing the peaks of the Urals, such as Iremel or Yamantau, is always of great interest. The view that opens from there on the wavy forested Ural distances lying below will reward for all the hardships of the mountain climb. In the Southern Urals, in the immediate vicinity of the city of Orsk, the Guberlinsky Mountains, a low-mountainous hillock, the “Pearl of the Southern Urals”, attract attention with their unique landscapes, and not without reason, it is customary to call Lake Turgoyak, located at the western foothills of the Ilmensky Mountains. The lake (an area of ​​about 26 km 2), which is distinguished by highly indented rocky shores, is used for recreation.

From the book Physical Geography of the USSR, F.N. Milkov, N.A. Gvozdetsky. M. Thought. 1976.

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"

1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?

A. Stone; B. Earth belt;

V. Riphean; G. Ice.

2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:

A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;

V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.

3. The length of the Urals from north to south:

A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;

W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.

4.More precipitation falls:

A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;

5.Ural is located between:

A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;

V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;

6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:

A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;

B. table and potassium salts;

7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:

A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;

8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?

A. Mica; B. Asbest;

B. Marble; G. Graphite.

9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:

A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;

V. Tobol; G. Kama.

11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:

A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;

V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.

12. In the polar part of the Urals live:

A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;

B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.

13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:

A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;

V. Southern Urals;

14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:

A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;

V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.

15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:

A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;

V.V.N. Tatishchev;

16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:

A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;

V. Gorst.

17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?

A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;

V. in the 15th century.

18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?

A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;

B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E

19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:

A. Belaya; B. Kama;

V. Pechora; G.Ural.

20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?

A. Ufa; B. Kama;

V. Sylva; G. Vishera.

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V

Basic moments

This mountain system itself, which not only separates both continents, but is also an officially delineated cordon between them, belongs to Europe: the border is usually drawn along the eastern foot of the mountains. Formed as a result of the collision of the Eurasian and African lithospheric plates, the Ural Mountains cover a vast territory. It includes the expanses of the Sverdlovsk, Orenburg and Tyumen regions, the Perm Territory, Bashkortostan and the Komi Republic, as well as the Aktobe and Kustanai regions of Kazakhstan.

In terms of its height, which does not exceed 1895 meters, the mountain system is significantly inferior to such giants as the Himalayas and the Pamirs. For example, the peaks of the polar Urals are average in terms of level - 600-800 meters, not to mention the fact that they are also the narrowest in terms of the width of the ridge. However, there is a definite plus in such geological characteristics: they remain accessible to humans. And this is not so much about scientific research, but about the tourist attractiveness of the places through which they run. The landscape of the Ural Mountains is truly unique. Here, crystal clear mountain streams and rivers begin their run, growing into larger reservoirs. Such large rivers as the Ural, Kama, Pechora, Chusovaya and Belaya also flow here.

For tourists, a wide variety of recreational opportunities open up here: both for real extreme sportsmen and for beginners. And the Ural Mountains are a true treasure trove of minerals. In addition to deposits of coal, natural gas and oil, mines are being developed here, in which copper, nickel, chromium, titanium, gold, silver, and platinum are mined. If we recall the tales of Pavel Bazhov, the Ural zone is also rich in malachite. And also - emerald, diamond, crystal, amethyst, jasper and other precious stones.

The atmosphere of the Ural Mountains, regardless of whether you visit the Northern or Southern Urals, Subpolar or Middle, is indescribable. And their greatness, beauty, harmony and the purest air energize and positive, inspire and, of course, leave vivid impressions for the rest of your life.

History of the Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains have been known since ancient times. In sources that have survived to this day, they are associated with the Hyperborean and Riphean mountains. So, Ptolemy pointed out that this mountain system consists of the mountains Rhymnus (this is the current Middle Urals), Norosa (Southern Urals) and the northern part - the Hyperborean mountains proper. In the first written sources of the 11th century AD, it was called the “Earth Belt” because of its great length.

In the first Russian chronicle, The Tale of Bygone Years, which dates back to the same 11th century, the Ural Mountains were called by our compatriots Siberian, Belt or Big Stone. Under the name "Big Stone" they were also applied to the first map of the Russian state, also known as the "Big Drawing", published in the second half of the 16th century. Cartographers of those years depicted the Urals as a mountain belt, from where many rivers originate.

There are many versions of the origin of the name of this mountain system. E. K. Hoffman, who developed the so-called Mansi version of this toponym, compares the name "Ural" with the Mansi word "ur", which translates as "mountain". The second point of view, also very common, is the borrowing of the name from the Bashkir language. She, according to many scientists, seems to be the most convincing. After all, if we take the language, legends and traditions of this people - for example, the famous epos "Ural-Batyr" - then it is easy to make sure that this place name has not only existed in them since ancient times, but has been maintained from generation to generation.

Nature and climate

The natural landscape of the Ural Mountains is incredibly beautiful and multifaceted. Here you can not only look at the mountains themselves, but also go down into numerous caves, swim in the waters of local lakes, get a portion of thrills while rafting on turbulent rivers. Moreover, each tourist chooses for himself how to travel. Some people like independent trips with a backpack on their shoulders, others prefer the more comfortable conditions of a sightseeing bus or the interior of a personal car.

The fauna of the "Earth Belt" is no less diverse. The dominant position in the local fauna is occupied by forest animals, the habitat of which is coniferous, broad-leaved or mixed forests. So, squirrels live in coniferous forests, the basis of their diet is spruce seeds, and in winter these pretty animals with a fluffy tail feed on pre-stocked pine nuts and dried mushrooms. The marten is widespread in local forests, the existence of which is difficult to imagine without the already mentioned squirrel, for which this predator hunts.

But the real wealth of these places is the fur trade animal, the fame of which extends far beyond the region, for example, the sable that lives in the forests of the Northern Urals. True, it differs from the dark Siberian sable in a less beautiful reddish skin. Uncontrolled hunting for a valuable furry animal is prohibited at the legislative level. Without this ban, it would certainly have been completely destroyed by now.

The taiga forests of the Ural Mountains are also inhabited by the traditional Russian wolf, bear and elk. Roe deer are found in mixed forests. On the plains adjacent to the mountain ranges, the hare and the fox feel at ease. We did not make a reservation: they live precisely on the flat terrain, and the forest for them is just a shelter. And, of course, the crowns of trees are well inhabited by many species of birds.

As for the climate of the Ural Mountains, the geographical position plays an important role in this regard. In the north, this mountain system goes beyond the Arctic Circle, but most of the mountains are located in the temperate climate zone. If you move from north to south along the perimeter of the mountain system, you can notice how the temperature indicators gradually increase, which is especially noticeable in the summer. If in the north during the warm season the thermometer shows from +10 to +12 degrees, then in the south - from 20 to 22 degrees above zero. However, in winter, the temperature difference between north and south is not so sharp. The average monthly temperature in January in the north is 20 degrees with a minus sign, in the south 16-18 degrees below zero.

Air masses moving from the Atlantic Ocean also have a significant impact on the climate of the Urals. And although as atmospheric flows move from the west towards the Urals, the air becomes less humid, you cannot call it 100% dry either. As a result, more precipitation - 600-800 millimeters per year - falls on the western slope, while on the eastern slope this figure varies between 400-500 mm. But the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains in winter fall under the power of a powerful Siberian anticyclone, while in the south, in the cold season, cloudy and cold weather sets in.

A tangible influence on local climate fluctuations is also exerted by such a factor as the topography of the mountain system. As you climb the mountain, you will feel that the weather is getting harsher. Different temperatures are felt even on different slopes, including those located in the neighborhood. Different areas of the Ural Mountains are also characterized by uneven amounts of precipitation.

Sights of the Ural Mountains

One of the most famous protected areas of the Ural Mountains is the Deer Streams park, located in the Sverdlovsk region. Curious tourists, especially those interested in ancient history, make a "pilgrimage" to the Pisanitsa rock located here, on the surface of which drawings made by ancient artists are applied. Of considerable interest are the caves and the Big Failure. Deer Streams has a fairly developed tourist infrastructure: special trails are equipped in the park, there are viewing platforms, not to mention places for recreation. There are also rope crossings.

If you are familiar with the work of the writer Pavel Bazhov, his famous "Malachite Box", then you will certainly be interested in visiting the natural park "Bazhov's Places". Opportunities for proper rest and relaxation are simply magnificent. You can make walks on foot, as well as cycling and horseback riding. Walking along specially designed and thought-out routes, you will take in picturesque landscapes, climb Mount Markov Stone and visit Lake Talkov Stone. Thrill-seekers usually flock here in the summer to raft down mountain rivers in canoes and kayaks. Travelers come here in winter, enjoying snowmobiling.

If you appreciate the natural beauty of semi-precious stones - it is natural, not subject to processing - be sure to visit the Rezhevskaya reserve, which combines deposits of not only precious, but also semi-precious and ornamental stones. It is forbidden to travel to the mining sites on your own - you must be accompanied by an employee of the reserve, but this in no way affects the impressions of what you see. The Rezh River flows through the territory of Rezhevsky, it was formed as a result of the confluence of the Big Sap and Ayati - rivers originating in the Ural Mountains. Shaitan-stone, popular among travelers, is located on the right bank of the Rezhi. The Urals consider this stone to be the focus of mystical natural forces that help in various life situations. You can believe it or not, but the flow of tourists who come to the stone with various requests to higher powers does not dry out.

Of course, the Urals attract like a magnet fans of extreme tourism who enjoy visiting its caves, of which there are a huge number. The most famous are Shulgan-Tash, or Kapova, and the Kungur Ice Cave. The length of the latter is almost 6 km, of which only one and a half kilometers are accessible to tourists. On the territory of the ice cave Kungura there are 50 grottoes, over 60 lakes and countless stalactites and stalagmites. The temperature in the cave is always sub-zero, so for visits here, dress as you would for a winter walk. The visual effect of the splendor of its interior decoration is enhanced by special lighting. But in the Kapova cave, researchers discovered rock paintings, whose age is estimated at 14 or more thousand years. Approximately 200 works of ancient masters of the brush have become the property of our time, although there must have been more of them. Travelers can also admire the underground lakes and visit the grottoes, galleries and numerous halls located on three levels.

If the caves of the Ural Mountains create a winter atmosphere at any time of the year, then some sights are best visited in winter. One of them is an ice fountain, which is located in the Zyuratkul National Park and arose thanks to the efforts of geologists who drilled a well in this place. Moreover, this is not just a fountain in the usual “urban” sense for us, but a fountain of groundwater. With the onset of winter, it freezes and turns into a voluminous icicle of a bizarre shape, which is also impressive with its 14-meter height.

Many Russians, in order to improve their health, go to foreign thermal springs, for example, to the Czech Karlovy Vary or the Gellert baths in Budapest. But why rush beyond the cordon if our native Ural is also rich in thermal springs? To complete a full course of healing procedures, it is enough to come to Tyumen. Hot springs here are rich in trace elements useful for human health, and the water temperature in them ranges from +36 to +45 degrees Celsius, depending on the season. We add that modern recreation centers are built on these sources. Mineral waters are also treated in the Ust-Kachka recreation complex, located not far from Perm and unique in the chemical composition of its waters. Summer recreation here can be combined with boating and catamarans;

Despite the fact that waterfalls are not so typical for the Ural Mountains, they are present here and attract the attention of tourists. Among them, one can single out the Plakun waterfall, located on the right bank of the Sylva River. It overthrows fresh water from a height exceeding 7 m. Its other name is Ilyinsky, it is given by local residents and visitors who consider this source to be holy. There is also a waterfall near Yekaterinburg, named for its roaring "temper" Grokhotun. Its peculiarity is that it is man-made. He throws his waters down from more than 5 meters high. When the summer heat sets in, visitors are happy to stand under its jets, cooling off and receiving hydromassage, and completely free of charge.

Video: South Ural

Major cities of the Urals

Millionth Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the Sverdlovsk region, is called the capital of the Urals. It is also, unofficially, the third capital of Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg and the third capital of Russian rock. This is a large industrial metropolis, especially charming in winter. He is generously covered with snow, under the cover of which he resembles a giant who has fallen asleep in a deep sleep, and you never know exactly when he will wake up. But when you get enough sleep, then, do not hesitate, it will definitely unfold to its full potential.

Yekaterinburg usually makes a strong impression on its guests - first of all, with many architectural sights. Among them are the famous Temple-on-the-Blood, erected on the site of the execution of the last Russian emperor and his family, the Sverdlovsk rock club, the building of the former District Court, museums of various subjects, and even an unusual monument ... to an ordinary computer keyboard. The capital of the Urals is also famous for its shortest subway in the world, listed in the Guinness Book of Records: 7 stations account for only 9 km.

Chelyabinsk and Nizhny Tagil also gained wide popularity in Russia, and primarily thanks to the popular comedy show Our Russia. The characters of the program, beloved by the audience, are, of course, fictitious, but tourists are still interested in where to find Ivan Dulin, the world's first gay miller, and Vovan and Gena, Russian tourists who are unlucky and drink-loving, constantly getting into frankly tragicomic situations. One of the visiting cards of Chelyabinsk are two monuments: Love, executed in the form of an iron tree, and Lefty with a savvy flea. Impressive in the city is the panorama of local factories located above the Miass River. But in the Nizhny Tagil Museum of Fine Arts you can see a painting by Raphael - the only one in our country that can be found outside the Hermitage.

Another city in the Urals that has become famous thanks to television is Perm. It is here that the “real boys” live, who became the heroes of the series of the same name. Perm claims to be the next cultural capital of Russia, and this idea is actively lobbied by designer Artemy Lebedev, who works on the appearance of the city, and gallery owner Marat Gelman, who specializes in contemporary art.

The real historical treasure of the Urals and all of Russia is also Orenburg, which is called the land of endless steppes. At one time, he survived the siege of the troops of Emelyan Pugachev, its streets and walls remember the visits of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko and the wedding of the first cosmonaut of the Earth Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.

In Ufa, another city in the Urals, there is a symbolic sign "Kilometer Zero". The local post office is the very point from which the distance to other points of our planet is measured. Another well-known landmark of the capital of Bashkortostan is the Ufa bronze sign, which is a disk with a one and a half meter diameter and weighing a whole ton. And in this city - at least, so the locals assure - there is the highest equestrian statue on the European continent. This is a monument to Salavat Yulaev, who is also called the Bashkir Bronze Horseman. The horse, on which this associate of Emelyan Pugacheva sits, towers over the Belaya River.

Ski resorts in the Urals

The most important ski resorts of the Urals are concentrated in three regions of our country: the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, as well as in Bashkortostan. Zavyalikha, Bannoe and Abzakovo are the most famous of them. The first one is located near the city of Trekhgorny, the last two are located near Magnitogorsk. According to the results of the competition, which is held within the framework of the International Congress of the Ski Industry, Abzakovo was recognized as the best ski resort in the Russian Federation in the 2005-2006 season.

A whole scattering of ski resorts is also concentrated in the regions of the Middle and Southern Urals. Thrill-seekers and simply curious tourists who want to try their hand at such an "adrenaline" sport as skiing come here almost all year round. Travelers here are waiting for good tracks for skiing, as well as for sledding and snowboarding.

In addition to skiing, descents along mountain rivers are very popular among travelers. Fans of such alloys, which also increase the level of adrenaline, go for thrills to Miass, Magnitogorsk, Asha or Kropchaevo. True, it will not be possible to quickly reach your destination, as you will have to travel by train or by car.

The holiday season in the Urals lasts on average from October-November to April. During this period, snowmobiling and quad biking are another popular pastime. In Zavyalikha, which has become one of the most popular tourist destinations, they even installed a special trampoline. On it, experienced athletes work out complex elements and tricks.

How to get there

Getting to all the major Ural cities will not be difficult, so the region of this majestic mountain system is one of the most convenient for domestic tourists. The flight from Moscow will take only three hours, and if you prefer to travel by train, the journey by rail will take a little over a day.

The main Ural city, as we have already said, is Yekaterinburg, located in the Middle Urals. Due to the fact that the Ural Mountains themselves are low, it was possible to lay several transport routes leading to Siberia from Central Russia. In particular, you can travel through the territory of this region along the famous railway artery - the Trans-Siberian Railway.