Unrecognized states - the general name of regions that have declared themselves sovereign states and have such signs of statehood as the presence of a population, control over the territory, systems of law and government, but at the same time do not have diplomatic recognition from the UN member states, and their territory , as a rule, is regarded by UN member states as being under the sovereignty of one or more UN member states.

Partially recognized states

Partially recognized states that effectively control their territory

1. , proclaimed after the Turkish military invaded Cyprus in 1974, declared its independence in 1983. In 2004, the territory of the TRNC was formally included in the European Union as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognized by Turkey and Abkhazia. All other UN member states recognize the territory of Northern Cyprus as part of the Republic of Cyprus.
2. - according to the constitution of Georgia, is an autonomous republic within that state; since 1992 it has been virtually independent; on November 26, 1994, the constitution of Abkhazia was adopted, according to which the republic is declared a sovereign state and a subject of international law. The state independence of Abkhazia has been recognized since 2008 by 6 UN member states - Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Vanuatu and Tuvalu. All other UN member states recognize the territory of Abkhazia as part of Georgia.
3. - According to the constitution of Georgia, the territory of South Ossetia is part of several regions of Georgia. In 1991, it gained de facto independence, which since 2008 has been recognized by 5 UN member states: Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru and Tuvalu. All other UN member states recognize the territory of South Ossetia as part of Georgia.
4. - In 1987, the creation of the "independent" state of Khalistan was announced. Gurmeet Singh Aulah (a highly respected emigrant who led the Sikh diaspora in the United States) became the president of the "new state". Independence was proclaimed in the US capital.

Partially recognized states that control part of the territory claimed

1. , which controls the island of Taiwan and several smaller islands. After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, she lost diplomatic recognition. The seat in the UN was transferred to the People's Republic of China on October 25, 1971 by Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly. It is currently recognized by 23 states. The Republic of China actually carries out diplomatic relations through its so-called. economic and cultural representations.
2. recognized by 48 states, is a member of the African Union. Much of the country's claimed territory is controlled by Morocco.

Unrecognized states

1. (since 1990) - an unrecognized state proclaimed on part of the territory of the Moldavian SSR. The PMR authorities consider the republic to be the legal successor of the Moldavian ASSR, which existed from 1924 to 1940 as part of the Ukrainian SSR, despite the fact that the former borders of the MASSR and the present borders of the PMR do not coincide. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is not recognized by any state with wide international recognition, but it was recognized by Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
2. (since 1991) - an unrecognized state proclaimed within the borders of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAR), as well as the former Shahumyan region of the Azerbaijan SSR adjacent to it, within these borders was an enclave within the Azerbaijan SSR.
3. (since 1991). Located in northwestern Somalia. In May 1991, the northern clans proclaimed the Independent Republic of Somaliland, which included 5 of the 18 administrative regions of Somalia. Continues to defend its independence.
4. (since 1998). He planned to become part of the federal Somali state, until 2010 he was its main support in the fight against radical Islamists.
5. (1998-1999, since 2011). Plans to become part of the federal Somali state. As of 2008, was under the control of the Interim Somali Federal Government only nominally. In early 2011, a new government, allied to the Transitional Federal Government and opposed to Al-Shabaab, was effectively established in northern Jubaland.
6. (since 2006). Plans to become part of a federal Somali state; not mentioned in the English language press since December 2006.
7. Himan and Heb(since 2008). Plans to become part of the federal Somali state.
8. (since 2010). Considers itself independent from Somaliland (having declared itself an autonomous state in Somalia), plans to become part of a federal Somali state.
9. (since 2011). Created in April 2011 in the part of Jubaland bordering Kenya. Plans to become part of a federal Somali state; according to some reports - already recognized by Kenya.
10. (ASWJ) (since 1991)
11. (since 2004)
12. (since 1989).
13. State (since 1996).
14. Islamic in Yemen (since 2011).
15. Islamic in Yemen (since 2012).
16. in Pakistan (since 2006).
17. Democratic Republic of Bakassi in Nigeria (since 2012)
18. in Mali (since April 6, 2012).
19. in Malaysia (since November 17, 2010).
20. in India.
21. Republic of How Pakumoto(since January 19, 2010) on the island of Moorea, French Polynesia.
22. in Australia (since March 30, 2013).
23. People's Republic of Euahlai - Queensland, Australia since August 3, 2013.
24. in the Philippines. The Moro National Liberation Front declared the independence of Bangsamoro on August 12, 2013 in Talipao, Sulu and declared the capital of Bangsamoro the city of Davao.
25. or Western Kurdistan. On November 12, 2013, the "Democratic Union" - the largest Kurdish party in Syria - announced plans to establish a transitional government in the Kurdish regions in the north-east of the country. Iraqi Kurdistan does not recognize the autonomy of the Syrian Kurds.
26. Islamic State of Fallujah in Iraq. The military group Islamic State of Iraq captured the city of Fallujah and declared independence on January 3, 2014.

Partially unrecognized states

Partially unrecognized states that control part of the territory claimed

1. - according to the constitution of Serbia, it is part of this state as the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija. Under Security Council Resolution 1244, the United Nations is under international administration. In 2008, the Kosovo authorities declared independence, which has so far been recognized by 106 UN member states, as well as Taiwan and the Order of Malta. The authorities of the Republic of Kosovo do not actually control its northern part, inhabited by Serbs.
2. currently recognized by 134 UN and SADR member states. It is an observer state in the UN. It is divided into two parts that do not have a common border: the Gaza Strip, controlled by Hamas, and the West Bank, partially controlled by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). According to the Oslo Accords (1993), between Israel and the PLO, the PNA was created, which was transferred to administrative control over the Gaza Strip and part of the West Bank of the Jordan River, and security issues remained with Israel. After Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2006, the leadership of the PNA lost power in the sector, which was seized by the Hamas organization (which won the parliamentary elections in the same year in the autonomy), recognized as a terrorist organization in a number of countries.
North Korea is not recognized by the Republic of Korea, Japan, France and Estonia.
3. not recognized by the DPRK.
4. Syria not recognized by 20 states and the League of Arab States.

There are about 120 unrecognized states on the political map of the world, which are proclaimed on the territory of almost 60 countries. Some of them exist de facto, but de jure are not fully recognized by the international community (the island of Taiwan), some, on the contrary, are recognized, but do not have their own territory (Saharan Arab Democratic Republic - Western Sahara), some are recognized only by individual countries or regional organizations where they have their offices.

Unrecognized states appear, as a rule, in the areas of operation of separatist movements in multinational countries or as a result of changes in state borders that "cut" the areas of residence of ethnic groups.

These states are rarely written about in textbooks, most are not on maps. However, they really exist, people live in them, governments, presidents work, constitutions are adopted, they even try to act in solidarity on the international arena.

Some of them have existed for a long time, such as Taiwan, Palestine, Kurdistan, Azad Kashmir, Tibet.

Asia

In Asia, there are more than 40 unrecognized states on the territory of 20 countries.

The most famous are the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (in the northern part of Cyprus), Taiwan, Tibet (in China), Azad Kashmir, Manipur, Khalistan (in India), Tamil Eelam (in Sri Lanka), Balochistan (in Pakistan), Irian Jaya (in Indonesia), Kurdistan (in Syria, Iraq, Iran, Turkey).

Kurdistan. The Kurds are the largest people (about 40 million people) that do not have their own state. They live in Turkey (about 20 million), Iran (about 8-9 million), Iraq (over 5 million), Syria (about 2 million). The rest are scattered around the world, including about 1 million people living in the states of Western Europe and about the same number in the CIS.

After the end of the First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1921, the Treaty of Sevres was signed, which provided for the possibility of creating a Kurdish state on part of its territory. The agreement was not fulfilled, and the territory of compact residence of the Kurds was divided between Turkey (about half of the proposed territory of Kurdistan), Iran, Iraq and Syria (Fig. 26).

Rice. 26. Proposed territory of Kurdistan

Throughout the 20th century Kurds aspired to national sovereignty and the creation of their own state. The Kurdish movement has the greatest strength in the territories of Northern (Turkish) and Southwestern (Syrian) Kurdistan, which make up more than half of the territory of Kurdistan and include almost 2/3 of the entire Kurdish population.

For many years, a war has been going on in the eastern provinces of Turkey between units of the regular Turkish army and detachments of the Kurdish liberation movement (Fig. 27). The highest representative body of power of the non-existent state of the Kurds - the Kurdistan Parliament since 1995 has been working in The Hague.

Rice. 27. Consequences of the terrorist attack committed by the PKK in Turkey

In South Kurdistan, located on the territory of Iraq, in 1974 the Kurdish Autonomous Region was created with an area of ​​38.7 thousand km 2 with a population of about 5 million people. In 1992, the parliament of Iraqi Kurdistan took advantage of the weakening of Iraq due to international sanctions and announced the formation of the state of Kurdistan within the proposed Federal Iraqi Republic.

The forces of the international community established a line of demarcation between the Kurds and the government forces of Iraq along the 36th parallel: "Free Kurdistan" began to be located north of it in the provinces of Erbil, Dohuk, Suleymaniye. This territory is under the patronage of UN agencies and interested states - the USA, Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc.

In the early 80s. 20th century Turkey and Iraq have reached an agreement on the pursuit by the Turkish armed forces of Kurdish rebels in Iraqi territory up to 10-15 km from the border. Taking advantage of this, the Turkish army repeatedly attacked Kurdish military facilities and settlements in Iraq. The territorial issue is complicated by oil problems: the southern route for transporting Caspian oil runs through the territory of Turkish Kurdistan.

In addition, Turkey plans to create a 5 to 10 km buffer zone in northern Iraq by deporting the Kurdish population from this zone. Despite the fact that this is an act of blatant annexation of part of the territory of Iraq, such plans are supported by neighboring states.

The problem of the national-cultural autonomy of the Kurds in Iran and Syria is also acute.

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus proclaimed in 1983 in the north of the island of Cyprus. It occupies about 36% of its territory, about 200 thousand people live here (23% of the island's population), including 80 thousand immigrants from Turkey and 35 thousand Turkish military personnel (Fig. 28). The capital is Lefkosa (northern part of Nicosia).

Cyprus - a former colony of Great Britain - gained independence in 1960. Turkey, Greece and Great Britain, which deployed military forces on the island, were recognized as guarantors of its territorial integrity. The UK has two military bases here - Dhekelia and Akrotiri. After the coup d'état and the attempt to annex the island to Greece in 1974, Turkey sent its troops to Cyprus, occupying more than 1/3 of its territory. In fact, Cyprus split into two parts: Turkish, where the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, not recognized by the world community, was proclaimed, and Greek - the Republic of Cyprus itself. Turkish Cypriots (about 18% of the population) moved to the north of the island, the ethnic minority was reinforced by immigrants from Turkey; Greek Cypriots concentrated in the south of the island. The UN Security Council condemned the occupation and partition of Cyprus, demanding the withdrawal of Turkish armed forces from the island, UN peacekeeping forces were stationed in Cyprus.

Rice. 28. Stand of the Ministry of Tourism of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus at an exhibition in Moscow

Negotiations between the two parts of the country are mediated by the UN, which stands for the preservation of a single state and the political equality of communities.

In 2004, before the entry of Cyprus into the European Union, a referendum on unification was held, during which the population spoke out against a single state.

Tamil Eelam. Tamils ​​live in India (the state of Tamil Nadu) and in Sri Lanka (Fig. 29), they profess Hinduism. Tamil neighbors in Sri Lanka - Sinhalese - Buddhists. The difference in religious affiliation, as well as the predominance of Sinhalese in the power structures of Sri Lanka, are the main causes of the conflict.

Rice. 29. The territory of the self-proclaimed (1980-2009) state of Tamil Eelam (Sri Lanka)

Military operations against the regular units of the Sri Lankan army were militants from the organization "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam".

In the 1980s At the request of the Government of Sri Lanka, an Indian peacekeeping force was stationed on the island. In 2002, the Tamil Eelam Liberation Tigers signed a peace treaty with the government, and by 2009, the territory of the self-proclaimed state came under the complete control of government forces.

Azad Kashmir. In August 1947, two states were formed on part of the territory of British India - India (with a predominantly Hindu population) and Pakistan (with a predominantly Muslim population). In accordance with the partition plan provided for in the Indian Independence Act of 1947, a small principality in northern India, inhabited by Muslims and Hindus, Kashmir, had the right to become part of either India or Pakistan. Its accession to India became a point of contention between the two countries, and hostilities broke out between them that same year. As a result, most of Kashmir remained part of India (Fig. 30). Pakistan got only hard-to-reach mountainous regions in the north and a small territory in the south-west of the principality - Azad Kashmir. In July 1949, India and Pakistan signed an agreement to establish a line of fire controlled by observers. In 1965, the Pakistanis repeated their attempt to take control of Kashmir, but failed. At the end of 1971 hostilities between India and Pakistan resumed again. In July 1972, India and Pakistan signed an agreement defining a line of control in Kashmir, which, with minor deviations, corresponded to the cease-fire line established in 1949.

Rice. 30. Disputed territories: India and Pakistan, Tibet and China

Military operations in Kashmir were carried out in 2001-2002, which forced Pakistan to declare its readiness to use nuclear forces to protect the country's territorial integrity.

Taiwan- one of the provinces of China, located on the island of the same name between the East China and South China Seas. In 1949, after the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the overthrown Kuomintang government moved to the island of Taiwan, and the Republic of China was proclaimed. For a long time (from 1949 to 1971), the representative of Taiwan occupied China's seat in the UN.

The PRC regards Taiwan as its integral part and seeks to reunite with it on the basis of the "one state, two systems" principle. In the second half of the XX century. Taiwan had one of the highest economic growth rates in the world, today it is included in the group of newly industrialized countries, and since 1997, according to the classification of the International Monetary Fund, among economically developed countries.

Tibet. The Tibetan state arose even in the 7th century. In the 17th century the head of the Buddhist sect Gelugba Dalai Lama became the spiritual and secular head of the country. China established its sovereignty over Tibet in 1720, but formally the state continued to be ruled by the religious leader, the Dalai Lama. In 1903-1904. British troops occupied Tibet (because of the actions of the Tibetans in the areas bordering Sikkim), and in 1906, under the Anglo-Chinese convention, Great Britain recognized Tibet as a sphere of influence of China. In 1910, Chinese troops occupied Tibet, and it was declared part of China, the Dalai Lama emigrated to India (Fig. 30). In 1911, after the revolution in China, the Dalai Lama returned and declared the independence of Tibet.

After the formation of the People's Republic of China, Chinese troops entered Tibet. In 1951, an agreement was concluded between the PRC government and the Tibetan authorities on measures for the peaceful liberation of Tibet. In 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama emigrated to India, supporting the movement from there for the separation of Tibet from China (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Dalai Lama - head of the unrecognized government of Tibet

Since 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region has been part of the PRC (1200 thousand km2, over 2 million people), in 2006 the construction of a high-mountain railway was completed, which connects Tibet with the central regions of China.

Europe

In Europe, the centers of separatism and the territories of self-proclaimed states are tied to areas where national minorities live. Potentially, there are quite a lot of such centers, but only in some of them the desire for national self-determination is expressed quite strongly. Self-proclaimed states (there are about 30 of them in Europe) are located on the territory of 16 countries.

The most famous are Northern Ireland (Ulster) in the UK, the Basque Country (on the border of Spain and France), the Saami State in Finland, Sweden and Norway and the self-proclaimed states on the Balkan Peninsula.

Rice. 32. Proposed territory of the Basque Country

Basque Country. The Basques live compactly in the northeast of Spain and in the southwest of France (Fig. 32), their language (euskara) is an isolate language and does not belong to any language family. The Basques and the ETA organization (ETA - Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) are fighting for the creation of an independent Basque state, organizing terrorist attacks, street pogroms (Fig. 33).

Rice. 33. Consequences of the explosion at the Atocha station in Madrid

Northern Ireland(Ulster) is an administrative part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

For almost 700 years Ireland was a British colony. In 1921, after three centuries of struggle for independence, the southern part of Ireland received the status of a dominion (a republic was proclaimed in 1949), the northern part (six counties) remained part of Great Britain. The majority of the population in Ulster are Protestants, descendants of the British and Scots who colonized the territory after the suppression of the Irish rebellion of 1641-1652. Indigenous Irish Catholics make up a third of the population here, and for centuries they have traditionally been assigned the most unskilled jobs.

Reunification with Ireland is supported by the Sinfein party and its paramilitary wing, the Irish Republican Army (IRA). They are opposed by the Protestant Order of the Orangemen.

In 1969, a real war broke out between Protestants and Catholics. British troops tried to eliminate the conflict, direct rule was introduced in Northern Ireland - the leadership began to be carried out by the British Minister for Northern Ireland.

In 1973 Ulster held a referendum on the status of a province. Since the majority of the population were Protestants, the outcome of the referendum was predetermined - the majority voted against secession from the UK. The IRA began terror in the UK - bombings were organized in London, shelling of Heathrow Airport, an attempt to blow up Buckingham Palace. Then the IRA announced the end of terror, and the British Prime Minister undertook to return the provinces to self-government, subject to the rights of all residents. In December 1999 London's direct rule was abolished. In 2000, in response to the violation of the agreements (refusal of the IRA to disarm), the Queen of Great Britain approved a law on the restoration of direct rule, thus, the self-government of Northern Ireland lasted only two months.

Africa

There are about 15 self-proclaimed states in Africa. As a rule, they arise in compact ethnic areas, in territories rich in natural resources and having colonial state borders that divide the natural areas of the tribes.

Saharan Arab Democratic Republic proclaimed in 1976 by the Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara - POLISARIO - on the lands occupied by the troops of Morocco (Fig. 34). It has been a member of the African Union since 1984, is recognized by almost 70 states, has neither a capital nor a functioning government.

Rice. 34. Western Sahara

Western Sahara and Morocco - territories in northwestern Africa, formerly belonged to Spain and France, respectively. In 1956, the former colony of France Morocco gained independence, in 1976 Spain ceased its presence in Western Sahara, the territory of which came under the temporary administrative control of Morocco and Mauritania, the latter actually occupied it. In 1979, Mauritania renounced its claims to Western Sahara, after which Morocco occupied the areas from which the Mauritanian troops were withdrawn.

In the 80s. 20th century the Moroccans built a defensive shaft about 2.5 thousand km long to protect against the actions of the Polisario front (Fig. 35). Since 1983, the UN has called on Morocco to create conditions for the self-determination of Western Sahara, which is included in the so-called UN Colonial List.

Rice. 35. The Frente POLISARIO is considered to be the representative of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic

unrecognized state- this is the general name of the regions that have declared themselves sovereign states and have such signs of statehood as the presence of a population, control over the territory, systems of law and government, but at the same time do not have diplomatic recognition from the UN member states, and their territory, generally regarded by UN member states as being under the sovereignty of one or more UN member states.

Unrecognized states have their own classification: unrecognized states, partially recognized and partially unrecognized states. Partially recognized and partially unrecognized states differ from each other only in the number of countries that have recognized them.

For example, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is recognized by Turkey (UN member) and Abkhazia (the same partially recognized state). All other UN member states recognize the territory of Northern Cyprus as part of the Republic of Cyprus. The Republic of Kosovo has been recognized by 108 countries, 19 are going to do so, and 64 states have refused recognition.

Well-known unrecognized states in Ukraine are Kosovo, Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. But there are many such states. Here are some of them: In Europe, the Republic of Kosovo; Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus; Principality of Sealand. In Asia - Khalistan in the state of Punjab; the Republic of China, which controls the island of Taiwan; the state of Wa and the state of Shan, unrecognized states on the territory of Myanmar; the Islamic Emirate of Abyan and the Islamic Emirate of Shabwa in Yemen; Waziristan in Pakistan; Islamic State of Azawad in Mali; Sultanate of Sulu in Malaysia; People's Republic of Nagalim in India; Republic of How Pakumoto on Moorea Island, French Polynesia; Republic of Banksamoro in the Philippines; Syrian Kurdistan or Western Kurdistan; Islamic State of Fallujah in Iraq; State of Palestine.

On the African continent - the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic, most of which is controlled by Morocco; There are nine unrecognized states on the territory of Somalia - Somaliland, Puntland, Jubaland, Galmudug, Himan and Cheb, Avdaland, Azania, Al Sunna Walama'a, Jamaat Ash-Shabaab. In Australia - the Republic of Murrawarri and the People's Republic of Euahlai - Queensland.

On the territory of the former USSR - the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on part of the territory of the former Moldavian SSR;

The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is an unrecognized state proclaimed within the borders of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region; Abkhazia and South Ossetia on the territory of Georgia; and, finally, the Republic of Crimea on the territory of Ukraine.

Today, there are several ways to form unrecognized states. States can arise as a result of revolutions and people's liberation struggle (separatism), during the division of territories after the end of wars, when colonies gain independence from mother countries, and, finally, states can arise due to foreign policy conflicts of states.

Taiwan is one of the provinces of China, located on the island of the same name between the East China and South China Seas. This state arose as a result of the revolution and civil war in China. In 1949, after the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the overthrown Kuomintang government moved to the island of Taiwan and the Republic of China was proclaimed. For a long time (from 1949 to 1971), the representative of Taiwan occupied China's seat in the UN. The PRC regards Taiwan as its integral part and seeks to reunite with it on the basis of the "one state, two systems" principle. In the second half of the XX century. Taiwan had one of the highest economic growth rates in the world, today it is included in the group of newly industrialized countries, and since 1997, according to the classification of the International Monetary Fund, among economically developed countries.

Khalistan can be considered an example of the emergence of a state as a result of separatism. Khalistan (literally the Land of the Pure) is a project to create a national Sikh state on the territory of the Indian state of Punjab, where a synthesis of Islam and Hinduism was established. The capital of the Sikhs is the city of Amritsar. The government of this state is in exile, and the territory is controlled by India.

Unrecognized states can become full-fledged independent states (for example, Eritrea), can be absorbed by the mother country after a certain period of independence (for example, Ichkeria, Adjara), or can retain their transitional status for a long time (for example, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since 1983). Some of the unrecognized states are permanently ceasing to exist. The reasons for this process vary: one part of the territorial entities seeks recognition (this was the case, for example, with the new post-communist states), the other part, which has no prospect of recognition and is deprived of assistance from other states or international organizations, is gradually disappearing into oblivion. This happened, for example, with the Republic of Herceg-Bosna, which was actually abolished by the international community before the signing of the Dayton Accords, with the tacit consent of the Croatian authorities. The self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra, created by the separatist forces of Nigeria in May 1967, was able to exist for three years, during which the country was in a civil war. The military defeat of the rebels also marked the collapse of the unrecognized state. It can be assumed that the status of Kosovo, which is changing before our eyes, will continue to cause numerous disputes for a long time to come, and many scientists and jurists will continue to attribute this territorial entity to unrecognized states in a number of ways.

Consider the political structure, legal system, legal personality and economic models of some of these states.

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is a republic that is governed by a president and has a parliament - the Republican Assembly - consisting of 50 members elected through a proportional electoral system. On the territory of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus there is an embassy of only one country - Turkey. Diplomatic institutions and consular missions of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus itself are located in several states: in Turkey - an embassy, ​​in Azerbaijan, Great Britain, Italy, the USA, Pakistan, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates - representative offices, in Kyrgyzstan, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has an economic and tourist office .

Currency - Turkish lira. All export-import operations are carried out through Turkey. Of the types of business in the republic, the real estate construction industry is the most developed, but at the same time, foreign citizens who have bought real estate in the territory of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus face problems with registration of ownership of this property. Moreover, this problem is widespread. One of the significant income items is the gambling business for foreigners.

To make international phone calls, the dialing code "+90 392" is used, which uses the numbers of the international dialing code of Turkey "+90" and the usual Turkish area code. All seaports of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus are open only to Turkish ships; ships from other countries have not entered there since 1974. Air communication is subject to the mandatory landing of all aircraft flying to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus at one of the airports in Turkey.

South Ossetia is a presidential republic and also has its own parliament. Today there are three embassies of South Ossetia: in Abkhazia, in the Russian Federation and in the city of Tskhinvali, which also houses the Nicaraguan embassy with a residence. The only currency that has free circulation in the republic is the Russian ruble. Other foreign currency does not have circulation, despite the presence of exchange offices where only three types of currency can be exchanged: Russian rubles, euros, US dollars. The main products produced in South Ossetia are fruits, which are supplied to the Russian Federation. The only mode of transport in the republic is road, there are no rail and air links in the republic.

Citizens of unrecognized states, as a rule, have passports issued by these states. However, these passports are not recognized by other countries that have not recognized this state. For citizens, this means, first of all, the inability to travel abroad with their passport. Residents of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, for the most part, also have Russian Federation passports, which they use outside their countries.

From all this, we can conclude that the unrecognized states are politically and economically very dependent on those countries that support them.

If we summarize information about the level of economic development of unrecognized states, then their economies are in poor condition and are very dependent on the support of countries that recognize them. Probably the only exception is Taiwan, which is an advanced economy.

Crimea, unlike most unrecognized states, has a large territory - 26,860 sq. km and a population of over 2 million people. For comparison, the unrecognized states of the post-Soviet space are territorially small, their population is not numerous even by European standards. So, South Ossetia has a territory of 3900 square meters. km, population - 70 thousand people and is the smallest (in terms of territory and population) unrecognized state of the post-Soviet space. Transnistria controls an area of ​​4163 sq. km, where 555.5 thousand people live. Abkhazia covers an area of ​​8600 sq. km with a population of 250 thousand people. Only 146.6 thousand people live in Nagorno-Karabakh, who manage to hold the territory of 11,000 square meters. km, taking into account the six occupied regions of Azerbaijan. All other unrecognized states, if they have their own territory, it is very insignificant.