Turkestan (Kokand) autonomy. Activities of M. Shokay
In the midst of the difficult First World War, on June 25, 1916, Tsar Nicholas II issued a decree “On the requisition of foreigners”, on attracting the indigenous population of Turkestan and the Steppe Territory aged 19 to 43 years to rear work - digging trenches. A powerful uprising began in Turkestan and the Steppe region. Mustafa Shokay entered it as the secretary of the Muslim faction and translator. On February 23, 1917, the February Revolution began. Power everywhere began to seize the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. In March 1917, M. Shokai headed the Muslim Center, formed at the Congress of Muslims in Tashkent. The Muslim center began to prepare for the creation of autonomy. The Turkestans accepted the October Revolution of 1917 with joy, but this joy did not last long, since the Soviet government was resolutely against the Turkestan autonomy. The seizure of power by the Bolsheviks began with Tashkent. On October 29, 1917, the city was already completely in the hands of the Soviets. A decree was issued on the arrest of members of the Turkestan Committee. Mustafa Shokai and his associates left Tashkent and continued their activities in the Ferghana Valley, in Kokand, the former capital of the Kokand Khanate. On November 26-29, 1917, at the IV Extraordinary All-Muslim Congress, held in Kokand, the creation of the Kokand autonomy was announced. The congress declared Turkestan an autonomy in the Federative Democratic Russian Republic. The establishment of forms of autonomy for Turkestan was left to the Constituent Assembly. The creation of the Turkestan people's power - the Provisional Council was proclaimed. M. Tynyshpaev was elected Chairman and Minister of Internal Affairs. Later he was replaced by M. Chokay. The new state formation was called Turkestoni Mukhtariat (Turkestan Autonomy). Islam in the autonomy was recognized as the state religion. At the same time, in Tashkent, the Congress of Soviets of Soldiers, Workers and Peasants' Deputies declared the Council of People's Commissars the power in the Turkestan Territory. So in Turkestan there were two leading centers - revolutionary and national liberation. In January 1918, the Tashkent Soviet decided to liquidate the parallel Muslim government. In February 1918, the Kokand autonomy was defeated. 93. Socio-economic aspects of Khrushchev's "thaw"
After the death of I.V. Stalin (March 1953), his place was taken by a group close to him - Malenkov, Molotov, Beria and Khrushchev. Already at the end of March 1953, the new leadership was taking steps to liberalize the system. An amnesty was declared for all prisoners whose term did not exceed five years, minors and those convicted of economic, administrative and military offenses. the welfare of the people. The main reason for the success of the reforms that went down in history as "Khrushchev's reforms" was that they began with agriculture, revived the economic methods of leadership and received widespread support from the masses. The reforms were not backed up by a consistent democratization of the political system. This was the main reason for their defeat. Having broken the command-repressive system of government that had developed in the 1930s, the reformers retained its basis - the command-administrative system. It gave rise to irresponsible voluntarism in decision-making. Therefore, after 5-6 years, many reforms were curtailed. The new course of the domestic policy of the USSR was proclaimed in August 1953 at the 5th session of the Supreme Soviet of the Union. Head of government G.M. Malenkov was the first to raise the question of turning the economy towards the people, of the priority attention of the state to the needs of the people, their well-being. The new course was supposed to be ensured through the accelerated development of agriculture and the production of consumer goods. Solution of social problems under Khrushchev: 1) Began to build mass housing, solved housing problems. 2) raised the wages of village workers, workers and teachers. 3) allowed young people to leave the village for education and more. 4) the development of virgin and fallow lands solved the food problem.
Dissatisfied with this, representatives of local Muslim organizations convened their regional congress. On November 26, the IV Regional Muslim Congress began its work in Kokand. It was attended by 200 delegates. The most important decision taken at this congress is the decision that Turkestan is part of the Russian Federative Democratic Republic as an autonomous territory. On November 28, a new government was announced - "Turkestan Autonomy" (Turkestan Mukhtoriyati)
The congress elected 8 people to the government
1) Mukhamedzhan Tanishbaev - Prime Minister, Minister of Internal Affairs (railroad engineer). 2) Isloi Shoahmedov - Deputy Prime Minister (lawyer) 3) Mustar Chokaev - Minister of Foreign Affairs (lawyer) 4) Ubaydulla Khodjaev - Minister of War (lawyer) 5) Yurali Agaev - Minister of Land and Water Resources (agronomist) 6) Obidzhan Makhmudov - Minister of Food, Deputy Representative of the Kokand City Duma (public figure) 7) Abdurakhmon Urazaev - Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs (lawyer) 8) Solomoi Abramovich Gertsfeld - Minister of Finance (lawyer)
The remaining 4 places were left to be replaced by their representatives and from the European population. Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was created. It went down in history under the name "Kokand Autonomy" after the name of the city where it was formed. The creation of a national government and the proclamation of the Turkestan autonomy found ardent support among the entire Muslim population of the region. A rally was held in support of the Autonomy in Tashkent on 13. But the leadership of the Tashkent Council gave the order to stop this peaceful action, did not stop even before the use of armed force.
The Turkestan Council of People's Commissars did not recognize the Kokand autonomy. It was decided to destroy the Kokand Autonomous Government. Together with the Kokand Council, work began on preparing a military offensive. Martial law was declared in the Fergana region. 11 echelons with military units were sent to Kokand under the command of military commissar E. O Perfiliev. The Red Army launched an offensive against Kokand. The troops entered the old part of the city. Houses were burned, civilians were killed. As a result of these hostilities, 1/3 of the old city was destroyed, the population was left without shelter, food and clothing. Despair pushed the civilians of the old city to take up arms. Armed with axes, shovels, sticks, they poured into military formations. The Provisional Government took part in the street battles that unfolded these days, in the storming of the fortress. But all their attempts ended in failure.
Panic gripped the population of the old city, throwing and not a new part of the city. It has multiplied tenfold under the influence of various rumors. The desperate population fled in panic from the city, hiding in nearby villages.
On both sides, the population began to demand an end to the senseless war and the resumption of peace negotiations. Irgash, who headed the militia of the Provisional Government, and his supporters carried out a coup. The Cabinet of Ministers was overthrown, the representative of the Military Council of the Provisional Government and his closest associates, Russian officers, were arrested. The members of the Provisional Government, who made up its liberal-democratic wing, were hiding from Irgash and left Kokand.
Supporters of the uncompromising came to power, relying only on the internal national forces of armed resistance for the independence of Turkestan and its separation from Russia. But this reshuffle in the government of Autonomous Turkestan could not stop its approaching end.
On the night of 5 to 6 (from 18 to 19) February, SNKs sent to Kokand arrived. As it was said above, 11 echelons with troops in units “Kokand is now the city of the dead” - this is how the chronicle of the sad Kokand events, recreated by the newspaper “Ulug Turkiston”, ended. Delegations of the old city of Kokand and other cities of the region arrived with a request to start negotiations. On February 9 (22), they signed the “peace treaty” proposed by the Bolsheviks, the first paragraph of which read: “The population recognizes the power of the Council of People's Commissars and local Soviet institutions. This is how the executed, plundered, humiliated population accepted Soviet power.
The defeat of the Turkestan autonomy entered the consciousness of the people as the “Kokand tragedy”, and the “Turkestan autonomy” itself turned into a powerful, effective symbol of the liberation movement of the peoples of the region, a symbol of the struggle for independence.
The Kokand events caused a loud political resonance among the European community of the Turkestan region. Many representatives of public organizations, leaders of the Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionary parties sharply criticized the actions of the Turkestan Bolsheviks in Kokand.
However, confident in the correctness of their actions, the Turkestan Bolsheviks resolutely canceled all announcements addressed to them.
The general meeting of the Turkestan Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, held on February 23, 1918, after hearing Perfilyev's report on the Kokand events, decided to "greet the zealous troops for their steadfastness and energy in the fight against counter-revolution." The final point was put by the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkestan Territory. The representative of the Council of People's Commissars F Kolesov by a special order declared "all the leaders of the counter-revolutionary entry that took place in Kokand outlawed", and their property - "the property of the workers - the peasant government of Turkestan.
The IV Regional Extraordinary Muslim Congress, held in November 1917, decided to form the Kokand (Turkestan) autonomy with the center in Kokand. The government of the autonomy elected by the congress was first headed by M. Tynyshpaev, and later, in early 1918, by the prominent public and political figure M. Shokai. Mustafa Shokai was one of the inspirers and organizers of this formation, who played a significant role in the political and cultural revival of the Muslim peoples. M. Shokai put forward the idea of uniting all of Turkestan into an autonomous republic with its entry into democratic Russia. On April 30, 1918, the Kokand (Turkestan) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed, which included the southern regions of Kazakhstan. Tashkent became the capital of the TASSR. In the spring of 1918, the leading branches of industry (cotton ginning, oil milling, mining, etc.), banks, and railways were nationalized in the TASSR. The Turkestan autonomy was already in the first days of its existence recognized by the great powers, who rightfully saw in it the first independent republic in the history of Turkestan.
The newly created independent state, in order to defend its sovereignty, did not have a serious army, career officers. There were only two and a half thousand militiamen in Kokand.
On January 29, the defeat of the Kokand (Turkestan) autonomy began, the resistance of a relatively small detachment of "autonomists" who defended Kokand was easily broken, the city was captured and burned after three days of massacre and robbery. Bank funds were confiscated, out of 150 thousand inhabitants of the city, as a result of the massacre, no more than 60 thousand remained - the rest were killed or fled. Only on February 4-7, 1918, up to 15 thousand people died. In order to consolidate Soviet power, it was necessary to destroy and break the old state apparatus and create a new, Soviet state governing body. The first sprouts of democracy in the face of Turkestan autonomy were drowned in blood by the Red Guard. The state lasted only sixty-two days. But, despite the short period of existence, the Turkestan autonomy has become an important phenomenon in the life and history of the peoples of present-day Central Asia.
Mustafa Shokay.
The young Kazakh, who graduated with honors from Petrograd University in 1916, was noticed. The former member of the State Duma of the 1st convocation, cadet Alikhan Bukeikhanov, recommended him back in 1913 to the secretary of the Muslim faction of the 4th State Duma of Russia.
On February 23, 1917, the February Revolution began. Power everywhere began to seize the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. In March 1917, M. Shokai headed the Muslim Center, formed at the Congress of Muslims in Tashkent, and began to publish the newspaper Birlik Tuy (Banner of Unity), where he first proclaimed the idea of independence of all Turkic-speaking peoples, as well as the Russian-language newspaper Free Turkestan where he promoted democratic ideas.
The Muslim center began to prepare for the creation of autonomy. The Turkestans accepted the October Revolution of 1917 with joy, but this joy did not last long, since the Soviet government was resolutely against the Turkestan autonomy. The seizure of power by the Bolsheviks began with Tashkent. On October 29, 1917, the city was already completely in the hands of the Soviets. A decree was issued on the arrest of members of the Turkestan Committee. A reward of 1,000 rubles was announced for Shokai's head. The Bolsheviks quickly appreciated the danger of the authority of the young Turkestani politician.
Mustafa Shokai and his associates left Tashkent and continued their activities in the Fergana Valley, in Kokand, the former capital of the Kokand Khanate. On November 27, 1917, at the IV Extraordinary All-Muslim Congress, held in Kokand, the creation of the Kokand autonomy headed by the Provisional Council, headed by Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev, was announced. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was headed by Mustafa Shokay, but soon, due to the departure of Tynyshpaev due to internal disagreements, he became the chairman of the government. Kokand autonomy was conceived as part of the future Russian Federation.
From December 5 to 13, already invited as the head of the Kokand autonomy, Mustafa Shokai took part in the Second All-Kyrgyz Congress in Orenburg, where the Alash (Kazakh) autonomy was proclaimed. He became a member of the Alash-Orda government, whose chairman was Alikhan Bukeikhanov. In January 1918, in response to an ultimatum, Shokai refused to recognize the power of the Soviets. To destroy the Turkestan autonomy, 11 echelons with troops and artillery arrived from Moscow to Tashkent. On February 6, 1918, the Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand and completely destroyed the ancient city in three days. Mustafa Shokai miraculously escaped during the rout and secretly left for Georgia, where he actively helped the democratic movements of the Caucasian peoples.
In 1921, the Red Army captured the Caucasus, on February 16, the troops entered Tiflis. M. Shokay had to emigrate to Turkey. Then he moved through Berlin to France, where he settled. While in exile, in order to educate the peoples of Turkestan, M. Shokai organized the publication of newspapers and magazines in which articles about Central Asia, theoretical studies, and political reviews were published. Since 1926, Mustafa Shokai has been on the editorial board of the Prometheus magazine, an organ of the National Defense of the peoples of the Caucasus, Ukraine and Turkestan. In 1927, he organized in Istanbul the journal Zhana (New) Turkestan, the political organ of the National Defense of Turkestan. Since 1929, he set up the publication of the Yash (Young) Turkestan magazine in Berlin and became its editor-in-chief. The magazine existed until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, with 117 issues published. Knowledge of a number of European languages allows Mustafa Shokay to make presentations and analytical reviews in Paris, London, Istanbul, Warsaw.
On the day of the attack, June 22, 1941, the Nazis in Paris arrested all prominent Russian emigrants and imprisoned them in the Château de Compiègne. Shokai was also there. Three weeks later, he was taken to Berlin and processed for a month and a half, offering to head the Turkestan Legion, which was planned to be recruited from captured Soviet Turks imprisoned in concentration camps. The Germans counted on the authority of Shokai. The Legion was supposed to partially replace the German units in the battles on the Eastern Front against the Soviet troops. Shokai demanded to be acquainted with the conditions of detention of fellow countrymen in these camps and was shocked by the inhuman living conditions of Asians behind barbed wire.
15. Kazakhstan during the civil war (1918-1920): the policy of "war communism". Peasant uprisings.
Even today, in the minds of the masses, the civil war is perceived as a military clash between the "Reds" and the "Whites". But the political spectrum during the years of the Civil War was as wide as in 1917. By the spring of 1918, a sharp confrontation arose between various political forces and social groups in Russia and in its national outskirts. Political parties (Bolsheviks, Cadets and others) did not find a consensus - and did not even try to find one - on the further path of development of Russia and its national outskirts. The political forces of Kazakhstan of the liberal-bourgeois and radical-democratic trends also failed to find a peaceful solution to the issue of ways to develop the region. In the Civil War, the Bolsheviks had to fight not only with the white movement, but also with the "democratic counter-revolution" (supporters of the Constituent Assembly), and with their former allies - the "Left" Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists.
The civil war acquired features of extreme intolerance on the part of the right and left flanks. Each political party believed that it was fighting for a united, free, democratic Russia. Attempts by a part of the intelligentsia (Socialist-Revolutionary V. M. Chernov and others) to restrain the country's slide into a fratricidal slaughter turned out to be fruitless. One of the first centers of civil war in Kazakhstan arose at the end of November 1917 in Orenburg - the administrative center of the Turgay region, where Dutov, the ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army, overthrew the Soviet government and arrested the Revolutionary Committee. Similar events took place at the same time in Verny and Uralsk. By the summer of 1918, the civil war assumed a wide scale due to the activation of the imperialist states, which, in order to overthrow the Soviet power, allied themselves with the White Guards inside the country. Their main striking force was the Czechoslovak corps. Prisoners of war soldiers of Austria-Hungary (50 thousand soldiers and officers), heading through the Far East from the center of Russia To their homeland, using this situation, the counter-revolutionary forces, in collusion with the upper echelon of power of the Czechoslovak corps, rebelled and captured a number of cities in the Urals and Siberia: Penza , Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and other cities. In Kazakhstan, the White Czechs captured Petropavlovsk, Akmolinsk, Atbasar, Kostanay and other settlements, overthrowing the Soviet government. The armed confrontation in Kazakhstan was an integral part of the civil war in Russia. Therefore, not only the course of hostilities on the main fronts of the civil war had a decisive influence on the development and course of the struggle on the Kazakh fronts, but the actions of the Kazakh military associations, the partisan movement and the uprisings of the territories of Kazakhstan occupied by the White Guards provided significant assistance to the main forces of the Red Army fighting in the Eastern and Southern fronts. This was especially evident in the liberation of Orenburg, Uralsk and the final defeat of Kolchak, the expulsion of the White Guards and their allies from northern and northeastern Kazakhstan and the Seven Rivers.
In general, by the end of 1919, the main territory of Kazakhstan was liberated from the White Guards, and in March 1920, the last front of the civil war in Kazakhstan, the Northern Semirechensky, was liquidated. Major military operations on the territory of Kazakhstan were led by such prominent military leaders as M. Frunze, M. Tukhachevsky, V. Chapaev, I. P. Belov, I. S. Kutyakov, A. Imanov.
On July 10, 1919, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Revolutionary Committee for the Administration of the Kazakh Territory (Kazrevkom) was organized. Its first members included: S. Pestkovsky (chairman), A. Baitursynov, V. Lukashev, A. Dzhangildin, M. Tuganchin, S. Mendeshev, B. Karataev and others. Kazrevkom carried out a huge preparatory work for the proclamation of the Soviet autonomy of the Kazakh people. August 17, 1920 SNK. The RSFSR considered and approved the draft Decree on the Kazakh Republic. On August 26, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree "On the Formation of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Soviet Autonomous Socialist Republic" as part of the RSFSR with its capital in Orenburg.
