Nazi "New Order" in Europe

In the occupied countries, where almost 128 million people lived, the invaders introduced the so-called "new order", striving to achieve the main goal of the fascist bloc - the territorial division of the world, the destruction of entire nations, the establishment of world domination.

The legal status of the countries occupied by the Nazis was different. The Nazis incorporated Austria into Germany. Part of the regions of western Poland was annexed and settled by German farmers, mostly "Volksdeutsche" - ethnic Germans, several generations of whom lived outside Germany, while 600 thousand Poles were forcibly evicted, the rest of the territory was declared by the German Governor General. Czechoslovakia was divided: the Sudetenland was included in Germany, and Bohemia and Moravia were declared a "protectorate"; Slovakia became an "independent state". Yugoslavia was also divided. Greece was divided into 3 zones of occupation: German, Italian and Bulgarian. Puppet governments were formed in Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Luxembourg was incorporated into Germany. France found itself in a special position: 2/3 of its territory, including Paris, were occupied by Germany, and the southern regions with the center in the city of Vichy and the French colonies were part of the so-called Vichy state, whose puppet government, headed by the old Marshal Pétain, collaborated with the Nazis.

On the conquered lands, the invaders plundered the national wealth and forced the peoples to work for the “master race”. Millions of people from the occupied countries were forcibly taken to work in the Reich: already in May 1941, over 3 million foreign workers were working in Germany. To strengthen their dominance in Europe, the Nazis planted collaborationism - cooperation with the occupation authorities of representatives of various segments of the local population to the detriment of the interests of the nation. To keep the peoples of the occupied countries in obedience, the system of hostage-taking and massacres of civilians was widely used. The symbols of this policy were the complete destruction of the inhabitants of the villages of Oradour in France, Lidice in Czechoslovakia, Khatyn in Belarus. Europe took refuge in a network of concentration camps. Prisoners of concentration camps were forced to do hard labor, starved, and subjected to savage torture. In total, 18 million people ended up in concentration camps, 12 million of whom died.

The policy pursued by the Nazis in different zones of occupied Europe had some differences. The Nazis declared the peoples of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Albania an "inferior race" subject to complete enslavement and, to a large extent, physical destruction. In relation to the countries of Northern and Western Europe, the occupiers allowed a more flexible policy. In relation to the "Nordic" peoples - Norwegians, Danes, Dutch - it was planned to completely Germanize them. In France, the occupiers at first pursued a policy of gradually drawing their influence into the orbit and turning into their satellite.

The fascist occupation policy in various countries of Europe brought national oppression to the peoples, an extreme increase in economic and social oppression, a frenzied revelry of reaction, racism and anti-Semitism.

Holocaust

Holocaust (eng. "burnt offering") - a common term for the persecution and destruction of Jews by the Nazis and their accomplices after Hitler came to power and until the end of World War II.

The anti-Semitic ideology was the basis of the program of the National Socialist Party of Germany, adopted in 1920 and substantiated in Hitler's book "My Struggle". After coming to power in January 1933, Hitler pursued a consistent policy of state anti-Semitism. Its first victim was the Jewish community in Germany, numbering more than 500 thousand people. By 1939, the Nazis were trying by every possible means to "cleanse" Germany of the Jews, forcing them to emigrate. Jews were systematically excluded from the state and public life of the country, their economic and political activities were prohibited by law. Not only the Germans followed this practice. Anti-Semitism has infected all of Europe and the United States. But in no country of Western democracy was discrimination against Jews part of a planned government policy, since it ran counter to basic civil rights and freedoms.

The Second World War turned out to be a terrible tragedy for the Jewish people in its history. After the capture of Poland, a new stage of the anti-Jewish policy of the Nazis began. More than 2 million Jews living in this country turned out to be under their control. Many Polish Jews died, and the rest of the Jewish population who survived were driven into the ghetto - a part of the city fenced off by a wall and a police cordon, where Jews were allowed to live and take care of themselves. The two largest ghettos were in Warsaw and Lodz. Thanks to the ghetto, the Germans provided themselves with almost Jewish slave labor. Lack of food, diseases and epidemics, overwork led to a huge death rate of the inhabitants of the ghetto. Jews from all Nazi-occupied countries were subject to registration, they were required to wear armbands or patches with a six-pointed star, pay an indemnity and turn in jewelry. They were deprived of all civil and political rights.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the systematic general extermination of all Jews began. On the territory for the extermination of Jews, 6 death camps were created - Auschwitz (Auschwitz), Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek. These camps were equipped with special equipment for the daily killing of thousands of people, usually in huge gas chambers. Few managed to live in the camp for a long time.

Despite the almost hopeless situation, in some ghettos and camps, Jews still resisted their executioners with the help of weapons that they managed to secretly get. The uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto (April-May 1943), the first urban uprising in Nazi-occupied Europe, became a symbol of Jewish resistance. There were uprisings in the death camps at Treblinka (August 1943) and Sobibor (October 1943), which were brutally suppressed.

As a result of the ruthless war of the Nazis against the unarmed Jewish population, 6 million Jews died - more than 1/3 of the total number of this people.

The resistance movement, its political orientation and forms of struggle

The Resistance Movement is a liberation movement against fascism for the restoration of the independence and sovereignty of the occupied countries and the elimination of reactionary regimes in the countries of the fascist bloc.

The scope and methods of the struggle against the fascist invaders and their accomplices depended on the nature of the occupation regime, natural and geographical conditions, historical traditions, as well as on the position of those social and political forces participating in the Resistance.

In the Resistance of each of the occupied countries, two directions were defined, each of which had its own political orientation. Between them there was a rivalry for the leadership of the anti-fascist movement as a whole.

At the head of the first direction were émigré governments or bourgeois-patriotic groups that sought to expel the invaders, eliminate fascist regimes and restore pre-war political systems in their countries. The leaders of this direction were characterized by an orientation towards the Western countries of liberal democracy. Many of them initially adhered to the tactics of "attantism" (waiting) - that is, they took care of their forces and waited for liberation from the outside by the forces of the Anglo-American troops.

The position of the communist parties in the occupied countries was difficult. The Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) actually paralyzed the anti-fascist activities of the communists and led to the growth of anti-communist sentiments. By 1941, there was no question of any interaction between communists and anti-fascists. Only after the German attack on the Soviet Union did the Comintern call on the Communist Parties to resume the anti-fascist struggle. The courageous struggle of the Soviet people against fascism led to an increase in sympathy for the USSR, which also weakened anti-communist sentiments. The decision to dissolve the Comintern, taken in 1943 under pressure from the allies, allowed the communists to act as independent national forces and actively join the resistance movement. Thus, another direction in the Resistance was determined. It was led by communist parties and political forces close to them, which selflessly fought for national liberation and expected to carry out profound political and social transformations after the end of the war. The leaders of this trend were guided by the military assistance of the Soviet Union.

An important condition for the development of the resistance movement was the unification of anti-fascist forces. The general governing bodies of the resistance movement began to form. So, in France, they united under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle.

The anti-fascist resistance of the population of the occupied countries appeared in two forms: active and passive. The active form consisted in partisan struggle, acts of sabotage and sabotage, in the collection and transfer of intelligence information to the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, in anti-fascist propaganda, etc. boycott of propaganda activities of the Nazis, etc.

The greatest scope of the resistance movement received in France, Italy, Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece. In Yugoslavia, for example, the Communist-led People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia at the beginning of 1943 liberated two-fifths of the country's territory from the invaders. The Resistance Movement played an important role in the fight against fascism and hastened its defeat.

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT - nat.-svobod-dit., anti-fascist democratic. people's movement masses during the Second World War, 1939-45 against German, Italian. and Japanese. invaders.

With its roots, D.S. was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war waged by the Nar. masses in the prewar. years (armed battles in Austria, the People's Front in France, the struggle against foreign interventionists and Francoist rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fascist. enslavement.

Ch. the goal that rallied the heterogeneous sections of the population in the D.S. was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the fascists. aggressors and the restoration of nat. independence. Thanks to Nar. the character of D.S. struggle for nat. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for democracy. transformation and social demands of the working people, and in the colonial and dependent countries, and with the struggle for liberation from colonial oppression. In a number of countries, in the course of D.S., Nar. began and won. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries Nar. the revolutions that developed during the D.S. period were successfully completed after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea).

D.S. was distinguished by a variety of forms and tactics. The most common forms were: anti-fascist. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises that produced products for the occupiers, and in transport, armament. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of the ok-kupats. administration, partisan war.

The process of emergence and development of D. S. in different countries did not take place simultaneously. In Slovakia and in some of the countries where partisans are widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation. war against fascism. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth took place at different stages of the war, over several years, up to and including 1944.

First period(the beginning of the war-June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational. and propagandistic preparation of the mass struggle, when illegal anti-fascists were created and strengthened. org-tion.

Already from the first days of the 2nd World War, antifascist began in the occupied districts. speeches. In Poland in Sept.-Oct. 1939 in the fight against German-fascist. okku-pats. troops involved separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity and the local population. During the autumn of 1939 - summer of 1940, D. S. covered, therefore, part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage has spontaneously arisen at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread.

In Czechoslovakia, in the initial period of German-Fash. Occupation an important form of struggle were political. manifestations, the boycott of fascism. press, there was also a strike movement. In Yugoslavia, the first partisans. the detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. In France, the first participants in the DC were the workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais, as well as other industrial workers. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage at enterprises and railways. transport, etc. One of the first major protests organized by the communists against the occupiers was a demonstration of many thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941 there was a powerful strike that swept St. 100 thousand miners of the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais. The peoples of other European countries also rose to fight against the invaders. state-in - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the German-fascist army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D. S. in the first period was the predominance of elements of spontaneity in it and its still insufficient organization.

Second period(June 1941 - Nov. 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of D. S. in the countries of Europe and Asia. Freed, the struggle of the peoples was led by mass patriotic. org-tion - Nat. front in Poland and France, Antifascist. People's Liberation Council in Yugoslavia, National Liberation, Front in Greece and Albania, Independence Front in Belgium, Fatherland, Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed Ch. Headquarters people-liberate. party. detachments. On July 4, the Central Committee of the CPY decided to arm. uprising. July 7, 1941 began arming. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, armed at the end of July. the struggle began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In Jan. 1942 The Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which acted as the organizer of the partisans. detachments and the leader of their armament. fight against the invaders. Partiz. detachments in May 1942 united in the Guard of Lyudov.

The first partisans were created in Czechoslovakia in the summer of 1942. groups.

In Bulgaria, in 1942, the Fatherland Front was created in the underground, uniting all the anti-fascists. forces and started a broad partisan. anti-fascist. war.

In Romania in 1941 an anti-fascist program was developed. wrestling rum. people. Under her arms. in the beginning. 1943 in the underground was created Patriotich. Front.

In Greece will liberate, the fight was led by the one created in Sept. 1941 National-liberate, front.

The struggle also intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the 2nd floor. 1941 increased antifascist. and anti-war. speeches in Italy, protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the fascists. Germany.

In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indochinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. Partisans formed and fought in the provinces of Vietnam. squads. D.S. also unfolded in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia.

In con. 1942 Anti-Japanese was established. army of the peoples of Malaya. Among the citizens The population was organized anti-Japanese. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main national. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians.

Third period(November 1942-to 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war.

D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries that are part of the fascist. the bloc (including in Germany itself) sharply intensified; ended in the main nat. patriotic association. forces and created a single obschenats. fronts. D.S. became more and more widespread. The partisans reached a huge scale. movement and began to play a decisive role in antifascist. fight. On the basis of the partisans. detachments were created nar.-liberate. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. In Poland, the Guards of Lyudov acted, enticing the detachments of the Home Army with their example, which was prevented in every possible way by its reactionaries. leaders. 19 Apr. 1943 an uprising began in the Warsaw ghetto in response to an attempt by the German-fascist. troops to take out for destruction another batch of Heb. population. New partisans emerged. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. The struggle has reached wide scope in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

Armed on a large scale. wrestling in China. In the battles of 1943, the national-revolutionary. army and other forces of the whale. people destroyed more than 250 thousand invaders and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "pr-va" of Wang Ching-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage sharply increased. Numerous in Vietnam partisan detachments by the end of 1943 expelled the Japanese. invaders from many districts in the north of the country.

The fourth period(late 1943 - May - September 1945). Aug 23 1944 antifascist happened. nar. uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the introduction of owls. troops on the territory Bulgaria began (September 9. .1944) armed. Bulgarian uprising. people. Aug 1 1944 began lasting 63 days and ended tragically antifascist. Warsaw Uprising 1944. 29 Aug. In 1944, the Slovak uprising began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against the fascists. invaders.

In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country of owls. troops 2 Dec. 1944 Weng was created. nat. front of independence, and on 22 Dec. 1944 Temp. nat. assembly in Debrecen formed Provisional. nat. pr-in.

November 29 in Yugoslavia 1943 was created Nat. Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, who served as the Provisional. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of owls. and Yugoslav armed forces, - democratic-tich. pr-in. A legislature was created in Albania. organ - Antifash. nat.-liberate, the council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist nat.-liberate, to-t, endowed with the functions of the time. pr-va.

In Greece, by the end of October 1944, the liberation of the entire territory. continental Greece from German-Fash. invaders.

In France, created in May 1943, the Nat. On March 15, 1944, the Resistance Council (NSS) adopted the D.S. program, which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for the prospects for economic development. and democratic. development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the fighting organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of the French. internal forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, the Paris uprising of August 19-25. 1944. Franz. patriots on their own liberated most of the territories. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities.

In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan was created. the patriotic army of the Corps of Freedom Volunteers, numbering St. 100 thousand fighters.

By the summer of 1944, up to 50,000 partisans were active in Belgium.

France in Nov. 1943 The Free Germany Committee for the West was formed.

D.S. achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, The Hukbalahap army in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared the Japanese. invaders a number of areas about. Luzon, where the democratic transformations. However, the progressive forces of the Philippine people failed to consolidate the gains made.

In Indochina in con. 1944 on the basis of partisans organized in 1941. detachments formed the Vietnam Liberation Army.

D.S. received a particularly large scope immediately after the USSR entered the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the owls. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and to the liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Owl victories. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to go on a general offensive. They freed from the Japanese. occupiers almost all of northern and part of central China. Set free, wrestling whale. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialistic. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of nar. revolution in China. In Aug. 1945 there was a victorious Nar. uprising in Vietnam (see the August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), which led to the creation of an independent Democratic. Republic of Vietnam.

In Indonesia on 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. Malaya is anti-Japanese. nar. the army in 1944-45 liberated a number of districts of the country, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before landing there. armed forces. In March 1945, the general public began. uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers.

D. S., who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa.

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT 1939–45, national liberation, anti-fascist movement in the territories occupied by Germany and its allies and in the countries of the fascist bloc themselves.

It acquired the greatest scope in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Albania. The resistance movement was attended by patriotic representatives of all segments of the population, as well as prisoners of war, people forcibly driven to work, prisoners of concentration camps. Significant role in the organization resistance movement and the mobilization of its forces for the struggle was played by the governments of the occupied states in exile, patriotic organizations and political parties and movements.

common goal resistance movement was liberation from fascism. occupation, the restoration of national independence and the post-war state structure on the basis of democracy. Forces resistance movement used various forms and methods of struggle: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, assistance to persons persecuted by the invaders, intelligence activities in favor of the allies in anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass actions and demonstrations, partisan movement, armed uprisings, which developed into a national liberation war in a number of countries.

the USSR provided resistance movement many countries direct assistance in the training and transfer of national personnel for the deployment of guerrilla warfare, in the supply of weapons, ammunition, medicines, the evacuation of the wounded, etc.

Scope and activity resistance movement largely depended on the course of the armed struggle on the fronts of World War II. In Sept. – Oct. In 1939, small partisan detachments began to fight against the German occupation forces in Poland, and sabotage was carried out at enterprises and railway transport. In Czechoslovakia, political manifestations, strikes, sabotage at factories were held. In Yugoslavia, immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941), the first partisan detachments began to be created.

After the defeat of the Germans near Moscow resistance movement began to take on the character of national movements led by the National Fronts in Poland, France, the Anti-Fascist People's Liberation Council in Yugoslavia, the National Liberation Fronts in Greece, Albania, the Independence Front in Belgium, and the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. On June 27, 1941, in Yugoslavia, the Main (from Sept. - Supreme) headquarters of the people's liberation partisan detachments was created. By the end of 1942, the patriots had liberated 1/5 of the territory of Yugoslavia. In the summer of 1942, the first partisan groups launched combat activities in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. Dec. 1941 Greek partisan detachments united in the People's Liberation Army.

The time from the end of 1942 to the spring of 1944 was marked by the development of the most active forms of struggle. On August 1, the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 began in Poland. In China, the people's army liberated a number of regions of the country in battles with Japanese troops. From the spring of 1944 forces resistance movement directly participated in the liberation of countries from fascist occupation: the Slovak national uprising of 1944, the anti-fascist armed uprising in Romania, the September people's armed uprising in Bulgaria in 1944, the popular uprising in northern Italy, the May uprising of the Czech people in 1945. troops formed the Hungarian National Independence Front. The struggle against the invaders in France grew into a nationwide uprising, which culminated in the Paris uprising of 1944. French patriots liberated most of the country's territory on their own. In Aug. 1945 The People's Uprising in Vietnam won.

Resistance movement was international. People of different nationalities fought in its ranks. In European countries, an active struggle against fascism were led by thousands of owls. people who escaped from captivity, concentration camps, places of forced labor. In Poland, the total number of owls. citizens who fought in partisan formations reached 12 thousand people, in Yugoslavia - 6 thousand, in Czechoslovakia - about 13 thousand. Several thousand owls operated in France. citizens, more than 5 thousand fought in Italy. In cooperation with German, Romanian patriots, owls. people actively fought against the Nazis in Germany, Romania.

Thousands of owls people involved in resistance movement abroad, awarded owls. orders and medals, as well as signs of military prowess of those countries where they fought. The heroes of the anti-fascist struggle were: in Italy - F.A. Poletaev, M. Dashtoyan, in France - V.V. Porik, S.E. Sapozhnikov, in Belgium - B.I. Tyagunov, K.D. Shukshin, in Norway - N.V. Sadovnikov.

Research Institute (Military History) VAGSh RF Armed Forces

The Resistance Movement was one of the significant aspects in the fight against Hitlerism and fascism. Almost immediately after the start of World War II, many residents of European countries volunteered for the army, and after the occupation went underground. The resistance movement was more widespread in France and Germany itself. The main events and actions of the Resistance Movement will be discussed in this lesson.

background

1944- an organ of supreme power (Craiova Rada Narodova) was created, which opposed the emigrant government.

1944 G.- Warsaw Uprising. The rebels sought to liberate the city from German occupation. The uprising was put down.

France

During the war years, there were many anti-fascist organizations in France.

1940- the "Free France" was created (since 1942 - "Fighting France"), which was founded by General de Gaulle. The troops of the "Fighting France" in 1942 reached 70 thousand people.

1944- an army of French internal forces was created on the basis of the unification of individual anti-fascist organizations.

1944- the number of participants in the resistance movement is over 400 thousand people.

Members

As mentioned above, the Resistance Movement was in Germany itself. The Germans, who no longer wanted to put up with Hitlerism, created an underground anti-fascist organization. "Red Chapel", which was engaged in underground anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, maintained relations with Soviet intelligence, and so on. Many members of the underground organization, created at the end of the 1930s. (about 600 people), occupied responsible civil and military positions and positions in the Third Reich. When, in 1942, the Gestapo (German secret police) uncovered the organization, the investigators themselves were surprised at the scale of the work being done. The head of the "Red Chapel" H. Schulze-Boysen (Fig. 2) was shot, like many members of the organization.

Rice. 2. H. Schulze-Boysen ()

The Resistance Movement reached a particular scope in France. The Free French Committee, led by General de Gaulle, led against the Nazis and collaborators(those who made a deal to cooperate with the enemy) a real war. Throughout France, armed formations operated, arranging military and sabotage operations. When in the summer of 1944 the Anglo-American army landed in Normandy and opened the "Second Front", de Gaulle led his army to help the allies and liberated Paris with their joint efforts.

The situation in Poland and Yugoslavia was rather complex and contradictory. Two opposing anti-fascist groups operated in these countries. In Poland, such organizations were "Army of Home" and "Army of the People". The first organization was created by the exile government of Poland and relied not only on the fight against the Nazis, but also against the communists. Established in 1942 with the help of Moscow, the Army of the People (People's) was the conductor of Soviet policy in Poland and was considered a truly people's organization. Often there were skirmishes and conflicts between these two armies.

In Yugoslavia, there was, in fact, a similar situation. On the one hand, the Nazis were opposed by the so-called. "Chetniks"(from the Serbian word "four" - combat unit, military detachment) led by General Drazhe Mikhailovich, speaking from pro-monarchist positions, and on the other - partisan detachments of the communist Josip Broz Tito, who took shape in the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Chetniks and partisans not only fought with the enemy, but also fought among themselves. Despite this, and inIn Poland and Yugoslavia, in the end, pro-Soviet forces took over.

The resistance movement was truly massive. It was not only in the occupied countries of Europe, but also in the concentration camps of death. Underground anti-fascist organizations existed and operated in them. Many prisoners died while trying to raise an uprising in Buchenwalde, Dachau, Auschwitz etc., they were burned in crematorium ovens, gassed and starved (Fig. 3).

In total, by the summer of 1944, the total number of participants in the Resistance Movement in different countries totaled about 1.5 million people. It rightfully made its weighty contribution to the fight against fascism and to the common victory over the enemy.

Rice. 3. Uprising in the Sobibor death camp. Some contributors ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian Word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1-4 on p. 153.

2. Why did Great Britain become the center and "headquarters" of the Resistance Movement?

3. How can one explain the confrontation between various military and political groups in Poland and Yugoslavia during World War II?

Resistance Movement - national liberation, anti-fascist movement during the Second World War against the German, Italian, Japanese invaders, their allies and collaborators; acquired a large scale in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Albania. The Resistance movement took the form of civil disobedience, propaganda, sabotage and sabotage, assistance to escaped prisoners of war and downed pilots of allied aviation, and armed resistance. Separate detachments, reconnaissance and sabotage and organizational groups for operations in the occupied territory of Europe were created on the territory of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. International Day of the Resistance Movement is celebrated on April 10th.

Resistance Forces

The broad masses of the people took part in the resistance movement, two trends stood out in it: the left trend was led by the communists, who demanded not only national liberation, but also social transformations, the right trend was conservative in nature, sought to restore the order that existed before the occupation. Accordingly, the communists were guided by the USSR, while the conservatives were guided by the USA and Great Britain. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway) between the left and right currents in the course of the resistance movement, cooperation was established against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece), the governments in exile, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created their own organizations in the occupied territories of their countries, which, speaking under the flag of liberation, in fact fought against leftist forces. Being national in character in each individual country, the resistance movement was at the same time an international movement, had a common goal for all the struggling peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, the liberation of the territories of the occupied countries from the invaders. In many European countries, Soviet people who fled from concentration camps fought in the resistance movement. In the resistance movement, the struggle against fascism, for national liberation, was intertwined with the struggle for democratic and social transformations, and in colonial and dependent countries, with the struggle against colonial oppression. People's democratic revolutions unfolded in a number of countries during the resistance movement. In some countries, the revolutions that began during the resistance movement ended after the end of World War II.
The resistance movement was distinguished by the variety of forms of struggle against the invaders. The most common forms were: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage and sabotage at enterprises that produced products for the invaders and on transport, armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration, the collection of intelligence information for the armies of the anti-Hitler coalitions, guerrilla warfare. The highest form of the resistance movement was the nationwide armed uprising.
In a number of countries (Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, the Philippines) the resistance movement developed into a national liberation war against the fascist invaders. In the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, the main forms of resistance were the strike movement and anti-fascist demonstrations. In Germany, the main forms of resistance were the covert activities of underground anti-fascist groups, the distribution of propaganda materials among the population and the army, and the provision of assistance to foreign workers and prisoners of war driven to Germany.