Stages of the origin of the Russian language. A Brief History of the Russian Language

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

Language refers to those social phenomena that operate throughout the existence of human society.

The national language - the language of the nation, which has developed in the process of its development, largely determines the culture of the nation, its spiritual principles. It reflects the stages of the formation of a people, a nation, allows you to preserve traditions, makes a selection of what is important and necessary for the development of society. In turn, as noted by the scientist, language researcher S.P. Obnorsky: “It is in the language in the fullest way - and, moreover, in the comprehension of the people themselves - that all stages of the history of the people from the most remote times are imprinted, all the steps along which the movement of its culture was directed. Therefore, the rich past of the people, the intensive development of its culture is the key to the rich and powerful development of the very language of this people.

How the Russian language changed in the pre-literate era and what it will become in the future, one can hypothesize. Many facts from the past have been established quite accurately, and a separate part of the science of the Russian language is built on them - the history of the Russian language.

The modern Russian language is a continuation of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, which formed in the 9th century. Old Russian nationality within the Kievan state. This language had a great similarity with the languages of other Slavic peoples, but already differed in some phonetic and lexical features. All Slavic languages come from a common root - a single Proto-Slavic language. As a result of the collapse of the Kiev state, three independent languages arose: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages. Russian is the national language of the Russian people.

The purpose of this work: to study the history of the development of the Russian national language.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters of the main part, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. National language

Language is a means of human communication. Language is created by the people and serves them from generation to generation.

In its development, the language goes through several stages and depends on the degree of development of the ethnos. At an early stage, a tribal language is formed, then the language of the people and, finally, the national one.

The national language is the language spoken by a historically formed group of people living in a common territory, connected by a common economy, culture, and lifestyle.

The national language is the result of the process of the formation of a nation and at the same time a prerequisite and condition for its formation.

The national language includes not only the literary (i.e. standardized) language, but also dialects, vernacular, jargons, and professionalisms.

The formation of the national language goes in the direction of the formation and strengthening of the language norm, the acquisition by the literary language (due to its positions in governing, educational and cultural institutions, starting from a certain period associated with the idea of the nation) of a priority position in relation to regional dialects, as well as, in a number of cases, in the struggle to supplant a foreign language that is dominant in culture and / or politics (for example, Latin, Church Slavonic, languages of metropolitan countries in former colonies). The colloquial form of the national language, which is based on one or more dialects, according to some experts, is already formed under the influence of the literary language.

Thus, the national language is a form of the existence of a language in the era of the existence of a nation, a complex systemic unity that includes the literary language, dialects, jargons, vernacular and slang.

The Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, the language of the Russian people. The history of the development of the Russian national language will be considered in more detail in the next chapter.

2. The history of the development of the Russian national language

The Russian national language has a complex and long history, its roots go back to ancient times.

The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. Among the Slavic languages, Russian is the most widespread. All Slavic languages show great similarities among themselves, but Belarusian and Ukrainian are closest to the Russian language. Together, these languages form the East Slavic subgroup, which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.

The development of the Russian language in different eras took place at different rates. An important factor in the process of its improvement was the mixing of languages, the formation of new words and the displacement of old ones. Even in prehistoric times, the language of the Eastern Slavs was a complex and variegated group of tribal dialects that had already experienced various mixtures and crosses with the languages of different nationalities and contained a rich heritage of centuries of tribal life. Approximately in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. from the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - approximately in the 1st-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).

Already in Kievan Rus (IX - early XII centuries), the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. Relations and contacts with the Baltic peoples, with the Germans, with the Finnish tribes, with the Celts, with the Turkish-Turkic tribes (Hun hordes, Avars, Bulgarians, Khazars) could not but leave deep traces in the language of Eastern Slavs, just as Slavic elements are found in Lithuanian, German, Finnish and Turkic languages. Occupying the East European Plain, the Slavs entered the territory of ancient cultures in their centuries-old change. The cultural and historical ties established here between the Slavs and the Scythians and Sarmatians were also reflected and exfoliated in the language of the Eastern Slavs.

In the ancient Russian state, during the period of fragmentation, territorial dialects and adverbs developed that were understandable for a separate lot, so a language understandable to everyone was needed. He needed trade, diplomacy, the church. This language became the Old Church Slavonic language. The history of its origin and formation in Russia is connected with the Byzantine policy of the Russian princes and with the mission of the monk brothers Cyril and Methodius. The interaction of Old Slavonic and Russian spoken language made possible the formation of the Old Russian language.

The first texts written in Cyrillic appeared among the Eastern Slavs in the 10th century. By the 1st half of the X century. refers to the inscription on the korchaga (vessel) from Gnezdovo (near Smolensk). This is probably an inscription indicating the name of the owner. From the 2nd half of the X century. also preserved a number of inscriptions indicating the belonging of objects.

After the baptism of Russia in 988, book writing arose. The chronicle reports on "many scribes" who worked under Yaroslav the Wise. Mostly liturgical books were copied. The originals for the East Slavic handwritten books were mainly South Slavic manuscripts dating back to the works of the students of the creators of the Slavonic script Cyril and Methodius. In the process of correspondence, the original language was adapted to the East Slavic language and the Old Russian book language was formed - the Russian version (variant) of the Church Slavonic language.

In addition to books intended for worship, other Christian literature was copied: the works of the holy fathers, the lives of the saints, collections of teachings and interpretations, collections of canon law. The oldest surviving written monuments include the Ostromir Gospel of 1056-1057. and the Archangel Gospel of 1092

The original compositions of Russian authors were moralizing and hagiographic works. Since the bookish language was mastered without grammars, dictionaries and rhetorical aids, compliance with language norms depended on the author's well-read and his ability to reproduce those forms and constructions that he knew from model texts.

Chronicles constitute a special class of ancient written monuments. The chronicler, outlining historical events, included them in the context of Christian history, and this united the chronicles with other monuments of book culture of spiritual content. Therefore, the annals were written in the bookish language and were guided by the same corpus of exemplary texts, however, due to the specifics of the material presented (concrete events, local realities), the language of the annals was supplemented with non-bookish elements.

In the XIV-XV centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia.

Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke, Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the XIII-XIV centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language also gradually disintegrated. 3 centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the XIV-XV centuries. on the basis of these associations, closely related, but independent East Slavic languages are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

In the XIV-XVI centuries. the Great Russian state and the Great Russian nationality are taking shape, and this time becomes a new stage in the history of the Russian language. The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Russia had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. 2 main dialect zones took shape - North Great Russian approximately north of the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod and South Great Russian south from this line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions - dialects overlapping with other dialect divisions.

Intermediate Middle Russian dialects arose, among which the dialect of Moscow began to play a leading role. Initially, it was mixed, then it developed into a harmonious system. For him became characteristic: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; explosive consonant "g"; the ending "-ovo", "-evo" in the genitive singular masculine and neuter in the pronominal declension; solid ending "-t" in the verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense; forms of pronouns "me", "you", "myself" and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language.

At this time, in live speech, the final restructuring of the categories of time takes place (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with “-l”), the dual number is lost, the former declension of nouns according to six bases is replaced by modern types of declension and etc. The written language remains colorful.

In the 2nd half of the XVI century. in the Moscow state, book printing began, which was of great importance for the fate of the Russian literary language, culture and education. The first printed books were church books, primers, grammars, dictionaries.

A new significant stage in the development of the language - the 17th century - is associated with the development of the Russian people into a nation - during the period of the growing role of the Muscovite state and the unification of Russian lands, the Russian national language begins to form. During the formation of the Russian nation, the foundations of the national literary language were formed, which is associated with the weakening of the influence of the Church Slavonic language, the development of dialects stops, and the role of the Moscow dialect increases. The development of new dialect features gradually stops, the old dialect features become very stable. Thus, the 17th century, when the Russian nation finally took shape, is the beginning of the Russian national language.

In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. Introduced civil alphabet on which secular literature is printed.

In the 18th and early 19th centuries secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the 2nd half of the XVIII century. French began to render Russian vocabulary and phraseology.

Its further development is already closely connected with the history and culture of the Russian people. The 18th century was reformatory. In fiction, in science, official business papers, the Slavic-Russian language is used, which has absorbed the culture of the Old Slavonic language. In everyday life, it was used, according to the poet-reformer V.K. Trediakovsky, "natural language".

The primary task was the creation of a single national language. In addition, there is an understanding of the special mission of the language in the creation of an enlightened state, in the field of business relations, its importance for science and literature. The democratization of the language begins: it includes elements of the lively oral speech of ordinary people. The language begins to free itself from the influence of the Church Slavonic language, which has become the language of religion and worship. There is an enrichment of the language at the expense of Western European languages, which primarily affected the formation of the language of science, politics, technology.

There were so many borrowings that Peter I was forced to issue an order to limit foreign words and terms. The first reform of Russian writing was carried out by Peter I in 1708-1710. A number of letters were eliminated from the alphabet - omega, psi, izhitsa. Letters were rounded and Arabic numerals were introduced.

In the XVIII century. society begins to realize that the Russian national language is capable of becoming the language of science, art, and education. A special role in the creation of the literary language during this period was played by M.V. Lomonosov, he was not only a great scientist, but also a brilliant researcher of language, who created the theory of three styles. He, possessing great talent, wanted to change the attitude towards the Russian language not only of foreigners, but also of Russians, he wrote the Russian Grammar, in which he gave a set of grammatical rules, showed the richest possibilities of the language.

He fought for the Russian language to become the language of science, for lectures to be read in Russian by Russian teachers. He considered the Russian language one of the strongest and richest languages and cared about its purity and expressiveness. It is especially valuable that M.V. Lomonosov considered language to be a means of communication, constantly emphasizing that people needed it for "a concordant common cause of the flow, which is controlled by the combination of different thoughts." According to Lomonosov, without language, society would be like an unassembled machine, all parts of which are scattered and inactive, which is why “their very existence is vain and useless.”

Since the 18th century The Russian language is becoming a literary language with generally recognized norms, widely used in both book and colloquial speech. The creator of the Russian literary language was A.S. Pushkin. In his work, the norms of the Russian literary language that later became national were fixed.

The language of Pushkin and writers of the 19th century. is a classic example of the literary language up to the present day. In his work, Pushkin was guided by the principle of proportionality and conformity. He did not reject any words because of their Old Slavonic, foreign or common origin. He considered any word acceptable in literature, in poetry, if it accurately, figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning. But he opposed the thoughtless passion for foreign words, and also against the desire to replace mastered foreign words with artificially selected or composed Russian words.

In the 19th century a real struggle for the approval of linguistic norms unfolded. The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to folk speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, which was incomprehensible to the general population.

At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language. It was conducted between the followers of the writer N.M. Karamzin and Slavophile A.C. Shishkov. Karamzin fought for the establishment of uniform norms, demanded to get rid of the influence of three styles and Church Slavonic speech, to use new words, including borrowed ones. Shishkov, on the other hand, believed that Church Slavonic should be the basis of the national language.

The rise of literature in the 19th century had a great influence on the development and enrichment of the Russian language. In the first half of the XIX century. the process of creating the Russian national language was completed.

In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the XVIII century. terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from the German language, in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the middle of the twentieth century. it is borrowed mainly from the English language (in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.

Thus, language embodies both the national character and the national idea and national ideals. Each Russian word carries experience, a moral position, properties inherent in the Russian mentality, which are perfectly reflected by our proverbs: “Everyone goes crazy in his own way”, “God protects the safe”, “Thunder will not strike, the peasant will not cross himself”, etc. As well as fairy tales where the hero (soldier, Ivanushka the Fool, man), getting into difficult situations, emerges victorious from them and becomes rich and happy.

The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre.

We can be proud of the works of great people written in Russian. These are the works of great Russian literature, the works of scientists well known in other countries in order to read the original works of Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Gogol and other Russian writers, many of them study Russian.

3. Features of the formation of the Russian language

3.1 Formation and development of the vocabulary of the Russian language

The vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language has been formed over many centuries, and its own resources were the main source of its replenishment.

The most ancient layer of the original Russian vocabulary is made up of the words of the common Indo-European fund: these are the words that passed from the Proto-Indo-European language into Proto-Slavic, from Proto-Slavic to Old Russian, and from it to modern Russian. These are many kinship names ( mother, daughter, son, brother), animal names ( wolf, beaver, goat, cow), tree names ( oak, birch, willow), names of natural phenomena, relief, substances and other words, for example, salt, coal, shore, swamp, moon, water.

The second layer of vocabulary in terms of time of formation is the words of the Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) language, among which are the names of substances ( gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, clay), animal names ( deer, bear, hare, fox), names of human body parts ( head, hand, leg, finger, beard), relief names ( earth, field, pit, lake, pond, ford), plant names ( poplar, spruce, walnut, willow, pumpkin, mushroom), names of the time of day and year, some names of kinship ( grandfather, father-in-law).

A significant part of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary is made up of abstract words, for example, faith, fear, anger, reason, will, spirit, shame, sin, guilt, punishment, life, freedom, death, power, glory, adjectives wise, stupid, kind, evil, stingy, generous, cute, cunning and etc.

The third layer of the original Russian vocabulary is made up of Old Russian (Common East Slavic) words, i.e. words equally known to Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, but unknown to southern and western Slavs. This layer includes, for example, the words absolutely, jackdaw, talker, bullfinch, ice.

Finally, native Russian words proper include those that arose after the 14th-15th centuries, i.e. after the separation of the Russian language from the common East Slavic. Actually Russian words are almost all nouns formed with the help of suffixes - schik, - aboutvshchik, - lboxer, - telstvo (mason, undertaker, cleaner, outrage), using the zero suffix and the suffix - tspruce (run, clamp, fire extinguisher, fuse) and many other words. It is the Russian words themselves that determine the specifics of the vocabulary of the Russian national language, its potential and real possibilities, they serve as the main base and the main source of its development, constitute the main nominative, as well as emotionally expressive fund of the Russian literary language.

The history of the Russian people is characterized by close economic and cultural ties with other (most often neighboring) peoples. As a result of these connections, a significant number of borrowed words have become stronger in the Russian language. The earliest borrowings go back to the Scandinavian (Swedish and Norwegian) languages, for example, herring, brand, whip, chest, pud, anchor. There are ancient Finnish borrowings: snowstorm, dumplings, tundra, walrus, herring, sleigh.

In the XI-XVII centuries. the names of household items, clothes, fabrics, animals, terms of trade and military affairs are borrowed from the Turkic languages: sheepskin coat, sundress, shoe, heel, stocking, felt, kumach, astrakhan fur, barn, shed, booth, closet, hearth, shack, hut, basin, iron, mattress, quiver, trap, horse, herd, money, arshin, goods, reed, guard, hero, pencil, fog, scarlet, brown, chest, pocket, cast iron, head, mess.

Most Greek words entered the Russian language in connection with the adoption of Christianity: altar, archangel, patriarch, idol, satan, canon, gospel. Not only church, but also everyday vocabulary was borrowed from Greek: bread, dish, doll, bed, notebook, lantern, ship, sail, cherry, muffin.

In the era of Peter I, many German words entered the Russian language, including the names of household items, animals, plants ( tie, tunic, case, corkscrew, pretzel, bow, potato, poodle, kitchen), medical terms ( infirmary, bandage, scar), military terms ( soldier, officer, junker, corporal, camp, parade ground, flank, assault), crafts terms ( workbench, chisel, jointer, tongue, crane, button). In connection with the development of maritime affairs in the same period, Dutch words got into the Russian language: raid, pennant, mouthpiece, yacht, boat, gateway, frigate, cruiser, navigator, sailor, cabin boy, shipyard, cabin, hatch.

Starting from the XVI century. individual English words, primarily related to maritime affairs, also penetrate into the Russian language. Since the 19th century sports, technical and political terms get from English into Russian, for example, station, rail, tunnel, express, tram, tractor, harvester, tennis, sports, record, start, finish, leader, club, steak, pudding, picnic, jacket, veranda, square.

In the 19th century the Russian language includes French words, among which are everyday ( suit, vest, coat, furniture, study, salon, buffet, soup, broth, compote, cutlet), military terms ( garrison, mine, attack, battery, dugout, vanguard, fleet, squadron), political terms ( debate, parliament), terms of art ( plot, genre, sketch, actor).

First of all, musical terms passed from Italian to Russian ( aria, sonata, libretto, tenor, bass) and some other words: barricade, grenade, barracks, pasta, vermicelli, cistern, newspaper, villa.

Very few Spanish words have entered the Russian language: guitar, serenade, tomato, marshmallow and some others.

At different times (mainly in the 17th-18th centuries), words from the Polish language entered the Russian language. For the most part, this is everyday vocabulary: stroller, carriage, apartment, tradesman, hussar, clerk, colonel, bully, zrazy, bun, parsley, jam, doughnut, chestnut, fruit, gooseberry, linger, beg, prance, respect, paint, draw.

Latin words entered the Russian language through Old Slavonic books and through European languages (French, German, Polish). Many Latinisms are created in modern international scientific terminology. Of Latin origin are, for example, such words as university, student, associate professor, colloquium, accent, punctuation, hyphen, intonation, constitution, radiation and many others.

Most of the borrowed words have long been mastered by the Russian language. They are not even perceived as having a foreign language origin. Some borrowed words attract attention with phonetic or grammatical features. Common borrowings in their functioning do not differ from native Russian words; book borrowings (for example, scientific or political terms) are not known to all Russian speakers.

Thus, the vocabulary of the Russian language has been replenished over the centuries both by the formation of new words on the original Russian basis, and by borrowing words from other languages. The process of development of the vocabulary of Russian continues at the present time.

3.2 National specificity of the style system of the Russian language

language Russian vocabulary writing

The modern system of styles in the Russian language developed gradually, in the process of the formation of the Russian literary language.

Religious literature, annals and business documents stood out in ancient Russian literature. The language of business documents and everyday records were close to each other. M.V. Lomonosov applied the ancient theory of three styles to the Russian literary language. He identified the following three styles: high, medium and low. The stylistic theory of Lomonosov argued that the Russian literary language was formed as a result of a long joint development of the folk-colloquial element and the bookish, "Slavonic" language, as they said in the 18th century. This stylistic theory based the standard of the literary language on those words, grammatical forms and turns of speech that were stylistically neutral and common to the colloquial and literary Slavic languages, limited the use of little-known Slavic words and allowed the use of colloquial folk words in literary speech. Thanks to M.V. Lomonosov in the Russian language begins to take shape in a scientific style that did not previously exist in the Russian language.

Talent A.S. Pushkin gave impetus to the formation of a new, modern stage in the history of the literary language, and his work laid the foundations for the language of fiction, it served as a model for writers of the 19th century.

The official and business style of the Russian language goes back to the language of Moscow orders (highest government institutions) of the 16th-17th centuries. Peter's reforms had a huge impact on the official style of speech, in connection with which many words borrowed from European languages were included in the official speech. Significant changes in the vocabulary and style of official business speech occurred after the events of October 1917.

The forerunner of the journalistic style in the Old Russian era was the language of chronicles, teachings and sermons. In the Russian literary language, the journalistic style begins to take shape in the 18th century, is further developed in the 19th century, and is under strong pressure of ideology in the 20th century. Today, broad opportunities have opened up for journalistic style and at the same time new dangers have arisen associated with shortcomings in the culture of speech of speakers and writers.

Language as a mirror of culture reflects all changes in the way of life of the people and their mentality. The Russian character has always been a mystery, full of contradictions and complexities. By its nature, the Russian national language is heterogeneous. This is explained by the heterogeneity of the ethnos itself as a community of people.

The Russian language as a national language exists in several forms.

1. Dialect - a form of the national language, limited in territorial terms. Dialectal vocabulary is included in the vocabulary of individual dialects and is understandable only to a resident of a given area. For example: zobat - eat (Ryazan dialects), chew - beat hard, beat (Kaluga dialect). As the basis of a particular dialect, dialect words in some cases can also be used by native speakers of the literary language. Such words are called dialectisms. This term is used to refer to dialect words used in the language of fiction.

Some dialect words are included in our speech, become common. From the dialects, such words as children, bully, arrogant, bully, tedious, tyrant, little boy, dark, frost, new settler, time off have entered the literary language.

2. Vernacular is one of the forms of the national Russian language, which does not have its own signs of a systemic organization and is characterized by a set of linguistic forms that violate the norms of the literary language. Speakers of vernacular do not realize such a violation of the norm:

in phonetics: sho "fer, put" to live, with "talk, radiculitis, kolidor, drushlag;

in morphology: my callus, with marmalade, delov, on the beach, without a coat, lie down;

in vocabulary: a pedestal instead of a pedestal, a semi-clinic instead of a polyclinic.

Vernacular includes linguistic phenomena (words and their meanings, grammatical forms and turns, pronunciation features), which are used for a rough, reduced image of the subject of thought. For example, such words and expressions as “great” (hello), “beg” (annoyingly ask), “hag” (old woman), “do not drip over us” (we don’t need to rush), are defined by modern dictionaries as colloquial. Non-literary vernacular is used by those native speakers of the national language who have not sufficiently mastered its literary form.

3. Jargon. In modern linguistic literature, the word "jargon" is usually used to refer to various branches of the common language, which serve as a means of communication for various social groups. The emergence of jargons is associated with the desire of individual groups to oppose themselves to society or other social groups, to isolate themselves from them, using the means of language. Jargons are a social variety of speech, characterized by professional vocabulary and phraseology of the national language. Jargons belong to relatively open social and professional groups of people united by common interests, habits, occupations, social status (sportsmen, sailors, actors, doctors, lawyers, hunters, etc.). The term "jargon" is also used to refer to distorted, vulgar, incorrect speech, also called slang. Jargons and slang do not have their own phonetic and grammatical structure and are formed on the basis of the literary language through rethinking, metaphorization, sound distortion: "donkey" - I-16 aircraft, "ancestors" - parents, "basket" - basketball, "finags" - money , finance, "teacher" - teacher. The vocabulary of jargons is unstable, some of its elements can be part of different jargons (interjargon). The expressiveness and emotionality of jargon vocabulary contributes to the penetration of a number of elements into the literary language. In general, the use of jargon clogs and coarsens colloquial speech.

The basis of the vocabulary of modern colloquial speech is made up of neutral words that have long existed in the Russian language: words that arose in the 18th-19th centuries. (wonderful, interesting, visual); Soviet era words combine, find a job, pay, rent); words that have recently appeared in colloquial speech ( customs clearance, stable, steep).

A specific feature of colloquial speech is its significant proximity to vernacular and jargon, the difficulty of objectively distinguishing literary colloquial speech from vernacular and general jargon. This allows speakers in informal communication to widely use the expressive possibilities of the national language.

Thus, the system of styles of the Russian literary language is in a state of dynamic equilibrium: the orientation towards the classical norm is accompanied by changes in the stylistic assessment of individual words, the formation of new genres within existing styles, and the refinement of stylistic norms.

Conclusion

Thus, the national language is the language of a given people, taken in the totality of its inherent features that distinguish it from other languages, belonging to all speakers who use it as a means of communication. It concentrates and presents the entire historical experience of the people. The state of the language indicates the mentality of the people, the level of development of society and its culture.

The Russian literary language began its formation in Kievan Rus beginning in the 11th century. In the ancient Russian state, during the period of fragmentation, dialects and adverbs developed that were understandable for a separate destiny. This led to disunity not only territorial, but also cultural. We needed a language that everyone could understand. He needed trade, diplomacy, the church. Old Church Slavonic became such a language. The history of its origin and formation in Russia is connected with the Byzantine policy of the Russian princes and with the activities of the monk brothers Cyril and Methodius, who created the Slavic alphabet. The interaction of Old Slavonic and Russian spoken language made possible the formation of the Old Russian language. A new significant stage in the development of the language is associated with a period of increasing role of the Muscovite state and the unification of Russian lands. At this time, the role of the Moscow dialect, which preserves the traditions of Kievan Rus, was strengthened. In the 17th century the Russian nation is taking shape and the Russian national language begins to form on the basis of the Moscow dialect. The development of new dialects gradually stops. There is a democratization of the language, its liberation from the influence of the Church Slavonic language and enrichment at the expense of Western European languages. The next stage in the development and formation of the language is the 18th century. During this period, the literary language is expressive and rich, but colorful and unstable. A great merit in its stabilization and ordering belongs to M.V. Lomonosov, but the uniform norms of the language still have not been developed. In the subsequent period, all efforts were directed to solving this problem.

The formation of a national Russian literary language is being completed and the era of its modern development begins with the work of A.S. Pushkin, in whose works the national norms of the Russian literary language, conscious and accepted by contemporaries and subsequent generations, were developed and consolidated.

Bibliography

1. Vvedenskaya L.A. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook for universities / L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaev. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2007. -539 p.

2. Zvereva E.N. Fundamentals of speech culture: Theoretical course / E.N. Zverev. - M.: Ed. Center EAOI, 2008. - 219 p.

3. Lapteva M.A. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook-practice. allowance / M.A. Lapteva, O.A. Rekhlova, M.V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: CPI KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.

4. Priyatkina A.F. Russian language. Culture of speech / A.F. Priyatkin. - Vladivostok: TIDOT FENU, 2005. - 165 p.

5. Trofimova G.K. Russian language and culture of speech. Course of lectures / G.K. Trofimov. - M.: Flinta, 2004. - 160 p.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Vizingskaya secondary school

abstract

Subject: "Russian language"

On the topic: "Three periods in the history of the Russian language"

Completed by a student of 11 "m" class

Makarova Ekaterina

Teacher: Ulyasheva Irina Veniaminovna

with. Vizinga

1. Three periods of the formation of the Russian language

1.1 Old Russian period

1.2 Old Russian (Great Russian) period

1.3 Modern language period

Sources

1. Three periods of formation of the Russian language

There are three periods in the history of the Russian language:

1) VI - XIV centuries - the Old Russian period - the same as the source of all three modern East Slavic languages.

2) XIV - XVII centuries - Old Russian (Great Russian) period.

3) XVIII - XXI centuries. - a new, modern Russian language.

1.1 Old Russian period

The Old Russian language was formed on the basis of a number of East Slavic dialects of the Proto-Slavic language, whose speakers settled in the eastern part of the Late Proto-Slavic area in the 6th-7th centuries. n. e. In turn, the Proto-Slavic language is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European language, from which it began to separate presumably in the III millennium BC. e.

The Old Russian period was characterized by the cultural and linguistic situation of diglossia (a special variant of bilingualism), in which the written language (Church Slavonic), perceived by Russians as a supra-dialect standardized variety of their native language, coexisted with the language of everyday communication (Old Russian proper). Despite the fact that both idioms covered different areas of functioning in the Old Russian state, they actively interacted with each other - the features of the bookish Church Slavonic language of Old Russian literature penetrated into the living Old Russian language, and the Church Slavonic language assimilated East Slavic linguistic elements (which marked the beginning of the formation of its special variety -- "output")

Unlike Church Slavonic, the Old Russian language is represented by a smaller number of monuments - mainly private letters on birch bark (from Novgorod, Smolensk, Zvenigorod of Galich and other cities), partly documents of a legal and business nature. In the oldest Church Slavonic literary monuments created in Russia - the Novgorod Codex (1st quarter of the 11th century), the Ostromir Gospel (1056/1057), the penetration of various elements of the Old Russian language is noted. Monuments of the Old Russian language are written in Cyrillic, created in the 9th century AD. e. Cyril and Methodius, texts in the Glagolitic alphabet have not been preserved

Throughout the Old Russian historical period, on the future Great Russian territory, the formation of linguistic features took place, moving the north and northeast of Russia away from the west and southwest. By the XIV century, the process of formation of linguistic differences intensified as a result of the isolation of the western and southwestern territories of Russia under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, and as a result of the unification of the northeastern territories under the rule of the Moscow principality. By the XIV-XV centuries, the Old Russian language broke up into three separate East Slavic languages.

1.2 Old Russian (Great Russian) period

The Old Russian (or Great Russian) period covers the time period from the 14th to the 17th centuries. During this period, phonetic and grammatical systems begin to form, close to the modern Russian language, such language changes occur as:

1) change e in about after soft consonants before hard ones: [n "eu] > [n" os];

2) the final formation of a system of oppositions of hard / soft and deaf / voiced consonants;

3) loss of the vocative case form ( slave, mister), replaced by the nominative form ( brother!, son!), a special vocative form is preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian: Ukrainian brother!, son!; Belarusian brother!;

4) the appearance of flexion -a nouns in the nominative plural form ( cities, Houses, teachers instead of city etc.); there is no such inflection in Ukrainian and Belarusian: Ukrainian city, domi, teachers, Belarusian garadas, ladies, teachers;

5) consonant substitution c, h, with in inclination forms to, G, X (hands?, legs?, soh? instead of ruts?, nose?, SOS?) in Ukrainian and Belarusian such case alternations are preserved: Ukrainian on hand, on the nose, Belarusian. on the rutse, on naz;

6) change of adjective endings [-yi?], [-ii?] into [-oi?], [-ei?] ( simple, himself third change in simple, himself rubsthth);

7) the appearance of forms of the imperative mood on -ite instead of -?those (carry instead of carried those) and with to, G (help instead of help);

8) fixing one form of the past tense for verbs in live speech (former participle on -l, which was part of the perfect forms);

10) unification of types of declension, etc.

Among the dialects that developed on the future Great Russian territory in the second half of the 12th - the first half of the 13th century (Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Rostov-Suzdal and Akachiy dialect of the upper and middle Oka and the interfluve of the Oka and the Seim), Rostov-Suzdal, primarily Moscow dialects of this dialect. From the second quarter of the 14th century, Moscow became the political and cultural center of the Great Russian lands, and in the 15th century, vast Russian lands included in the Grand Duchy of Moscow were united under the rule of Moscow. Based primarily on Moscow dialects, as well as some linguistic elements of other Russian dialects (Ryazan, Novgorod, etc.), by the 16th century, the norms of Moscow colloquial speech were gradually developed, combining Northern Russian (consonant of explosive formation G, solid t in the endings of verbs of the 3rd person, singular and plural, etc.) and South Russian akanye, etc.) features. Moscow Koine becomes exemplary, spreads to other Russian cities and has a strong influence on the Old Russian written language. Many official documents and many works of the 15th-17th centuries were written in a language with a Moscow colloquial basis (Afanasy Nikitin’s Journey Beyond the Three Seas, Ivan IV the Terrible’s writings, The Tale of Peter and Fevronia, The Tale of the Pskov Capture, satirical literature etc.) 92.

In the XIV-XVII centuries, literary bilingualism gradually formed, replacing diglossia: the Church Slavonic language of the Russian version continues to coexist with the proper Russian literary language. Between these idioms, various transitional types arise. Since the end of the 14th century, the emergence of literature of various genres on a folk-speech basis, accessible to wide sections of Russian society, has been noted. At the same time, under the influence of the so-called second South Slavic influence, the archaization of the language of many works is intensifying, the formed book "weaving of words" is increasingly at odds with the folk speech of that time.

In the Old Russian period, the dialect division of the Russian language changes, by the 17th century two large dialect groups are formed - the North Russian and South Russian dialects, as well as the Central Russian dialects that are transitional between them.

1.3 Modern language period

From the middle of the 17th century, the Russian nation was formed and the Russian national language began to form on the basis of the Moscow Koine. The formation and development of the national language is facilitated by the wider dissemination of writing, education and science.

During this period, literary bilingualism is eliminated. From the second half of the 16th century, the sphere of use of the Church Slavonic language gradually narrowed, during the period of formation and development of the national language, Church Slavonic was preserved only as the language of the liturgy. Church Slavonicisms included in the Russian literary language become stylistically neutral or are included in the general category of archaisms, and are no longer perceived as elements of a different language.

The norms of the national literary Russian language were developed in the 17th-18th centuries. By the middle of the 18th century, its oral-colloquial variety was formed. M. V. Lomonosov creates the first grammar that consolidates the norms of the Russian language (“Russian Grammar”). Stabilization of norms, improvement of stylistic means, replenishment of the vocabulary were manifested in the work of A. D. Kantemir, V. K. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov, A. P. Sumarokov, N. I. Novikov, D. I. Fonvizin, G. R. Derzhavin, N. M. Karamzin, I. A. Krylova, A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin. In the environment of Russian society, the synthesis of Russian colloquial, foreign and Church Slavonic elements, characteristic of the literary works of A. S. Pushkin, received the greatest response and was fixed in speech. It is in this form that the Russian language as a whole has been preserved to this day. The norms of the Russian language of the Pushkin era were further improved in the works of writers of the 19th - early 20th centuries - M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, I. A. Bu-nin and others, as well as in the works scientific and journalistic styles (since the second half of the 19th century).

During the period of the Russian national language, there is an active penetration of foreign borrowings into the Russian language and tracing according to their model. This process intensified most strongly in the era of Peter I. If in the 17th century the main source of borrowings was the Polish language (often borrowings from Western European languages \u200b\u200bcame into Russian through the Polish language), then at the beginning of the 18th century German and Dutch languages dominate, in the 19th century comes the era of the French language, and in the second half of the XX - the beginning of the XXI - the English language becomes the main source of borrowings. The enrichment of the lexical fund is facilitated by the active development of science and technology, significant changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language cause political transformations in Russian society in the 20th century (October Revolution, collapse of the USSR). language diglossia phonetic grammatical

During the period of the Russian national language, the processes of dialect fragmentation slow down, dialects become the “lower form” of the Russian language, in the 20th century the process of leveling territorial dialects sharply intensifies and they are replaced by the colloquial form of the literary language.

In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. In 1918, a reform of Russian spelling was carried out, in 1956 less significant spelling changes were introduced.

The modern Russian language is fixed by strictly codified language norms and becomes a multifunctional means of communication applicable in all spheres of society.

Conclusion

Thus, the Russian language is undergoing significant changes at the present time. The national Russian language is formed as a result of mixing the Slavic-Russian language with Russian folk speech, with the Moscow state language and Western European languages.

Sources

http://antisochinenie.ru/

http://5fan.info/

http://www.slideboom.com/

en.wikipedia.org

http://ksana-k.narod.ru/

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

The first steps

The history of the emergence of the Russian language began before our era. In the II - I millennium BC, the Proto-Slavic dialect appeared from the Indo-European language family, and in the I millennium AD. e. it became a Proto-Slavic language. Proto-Slavic language in the VI-VII centuries. n. e. split into three branches: western, eastern and southern. The East Slavic branch includes the Old Russian language, which was spoken in Kievan Rus. During the formation of Kievan Rus, the Russian language was the main means of communication for many principalities.

Since the time of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, wars with the Lithuanian principality, there have been changes in the language. In the XIV-XV centuries. Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian languages appeared. The Old Russian language disappeared, a more modern northeastern dialect began to form, which can be considered the forefather of modern Russian.

Where did the Russian language come from? The correct answer is Kievan Rus, after the collapse of which a more modern Russian language began to form. From the beginning of the 15th century to the end of the 17th century, the Russian language was formed quite quickly. The center of development is Moscow, where the modern dialect was born. There were many dialects outside the city, but the Moscow dialect became the main one. Clear word endings appear, cases are formed, spelling develops, words change by gender, case and number.

Dawn

At the end of the 17th century, the history of the development of the Russian language is undergoing a period of complete formation. Writing develops, new words, rules, modern church language appear, in which religious literature is written. In the 19th century, the ecclesiastical language was clearly distinguished from the literary one, which was used by all the inhabitants of Muscovite Russia. The language is becoming even more modern, similar to today. A lot of literature written in the new Russian language is being published.

With the development of military, technical, scientific and political spheres of activity in the Russian language, modern terminology appears, words that are taken from foreign languages (French, German). The vocabulary changes a little, it becomes saturated with French words. Since the language began to be “clogged” with foreign words and speech patterns, the question arose of giving the Russian language the status of a national language. Until Peter I decided to give the status of the Russian state to Moscow Russia, there were disputes over the national status of the Russian language. The emperor assigned a new name to the state, issued a decree on the adoption of the Russian language as a national language.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when the scientific field of activity was actively developing, English words began to be used, which were tightly intertwined with the Russian language, becoming inseparable from it. The church, as well as many politicians in the period of the 18th-20th centuries, fought for the preservation of the pure Russian-Slovenian language as a national one. But the study of foreign speech has made its mark: a fashion has developed for words of foreign origin.

Modern Russian

Since the appearance of the Russian language, it has undergone many metamorphoses from the basics to a modern rich and rich language with complex rules and a huge vocabulary. History shows that the Russian language was formed gradually, but purposefully. In the mid-twenties, the peak of popularity and development of the Russian language began in many countries of the world. In the seventies, almost all the main educational institutions of the world were engaged in the study of Russian. The number of countries that mastered the Russian language exceeded 90. The language is undergoing its ascent, acquiring new rules, and being brought to perfection. Learning the language, drawing up rules, exceptions, finding new examples to this day continues to take shape. The Slavic language with an admixture of foreign words became modern Russian and the national language of all Russia. It is also one of the main ones in some countries of the former Soviet Union.

Allocate "external" and "internal" history of the language. Under the "internal" history is meant the development of the language structure and its individual subsystems (for example, the phonological subsystem, the grammatical subsystem, etc.). "External" history is connected with the history of the native speaker - the people. Naturally, the internal history is “superimposed” on the external one.

The following periods are distinguished:

1) East Slavic period (VI - IX centuries) The period of settlement of Slavic groups throughout Eastern Europe and their active interaction with the Baltic and Finno-Ugric peoples. During this period, territorial dialects are formed that serve the early state associations.

2) Old Russian period (IX - XIV centuries) Two sub-periods are distinguished here: a) Early Old Russian (before the end of the XI - the beginning of the XII century); b) Late Old Russian. In the early Old Russian period, the language of the Old Russian people was formed, associated with the emergence of a single state association of the Eastern Slavs - Kievan Rus. Cities arose on the territory of old tribal formations, old ethnonyms were replaced by the names of the inhabitants of the cities. So, on the territory of Slovenia, Novgorod land arises. At the same time, writing, transferred from the Slavic South, spread to Russia. In Kyiv, as the center of the Russian land, in the conditions of mixing dialects, a supradialect formation is being formed - Kievan Koine. In the late Old Russian period, in the era of feudal fragmentation, large dialect zones separate, primarily in the northeast and southwest, respectively, the linguistic processes occurring during this period receive a dialectal reflection. As a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Russia was divided into isolated spheres of influence, within which the development of individual East Slavic languages begins - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

3) Old Russian (Great Russian) period (XIV - XVII centuries). Includes the history of the development of the Great Russian people. The Great Russians unite around the new center - Moscow. The most significant phonetic phenomenon of this period was the spread of akanya.

4) The initial period of the formation of the Russian national language (XVII - XVIII). As a result of the formation of the Russian nation, a single language is formed on the basis of Great Russian speech, which is characterized by multifunctionality, i.e. serving all areas of society. At this time, the functions of the Church Slavonic language were limited, as well as the leveling of dialects and their assignment outside the socio-economic centers.

5) Finally, the last, traditionally distinguished period is the era of the development of the national Russian language (XIX - XX centuries), they usually talk about it “from Pushkin to the present day”. The norm of the modern literary language is being formed in its main features and its oral variety is being formed.

6. Features of the construction of a syllable in the language of the Eastern Slavs.

The syllabic structure that developed in the late Proto-Slavic period was characterized by two laws: One of the main features of the Old Russian language was that all syllables here were open, there was a law of an open syllable. All syllables ended in a vowel or a syllabic consonant. Consonants R and l could be syllabic, in their qualities they were close to vowels and were syllable-forming. At present, this feature has been preserved, for example, in the Czech language (the Russian word top corresponds vrch, word throat - grlo, word wolf – vlk with syllabic l , r ). The following patterns also existed in the Old Russian phonetic system: 1) the construction of a syllable according to increasing sonority (all syllables were built from a less sonorous consonant to a more sonorous vowel or syllabic consonant): bra-t, sle-po-ta; 2) the law of syllable consonance (vowel harmony), suggesting that sounds close in the formation zone should coexist in a syllable - hard consonants with non-front vowels, soft consonants with front vowels: ko-n, plo-d.

In the Proto-Slavic language, in addition to the conditions, there was also the form the existence of a syllable. It would not be clear why the phonetic syllable received such great importance if we did not take into account the prosodic characteristics of the syllable, because it is the syllable that is their carrier. At the same time, quantitative oppositions (longitude-shortness) could be both in individual vowels and in individual syllables: the phonemic opposition of long-short vowels also collided with the phonetic difference between long and short syllables. Even in the Proto-Slavic language, quantitative oppositions of vowels were lost in favor of the syllable, for example: swan, lozѫ was given instead of . In short, it became necessary to link the longitude or shortness of each syllable with the longitude or shortness of neighboring syllables and, at the same time, to single out such a feature that could somehow explain the phonetic preference of this particular syllable. This sign was the sign intonation, because of all the prosodic (from Greek - stress) signs, only intonation can combine two adjacent syllables by its action, as if attaching them to each other: the increase (or decrease) of intonation begins 9 or ends) on the syllable adjacent to the stressed syllable. As a result, what the historians of the Proto-Slavic language call the transition of quantitative differences in vowels into qualitative ones took place, and which could be considered the third main regularity of the Proto-Slavic phonological system.

The Russian national language has a complex and long history, its roots go back to ancient times.

In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. Introduced civil alphabet on which secular literature is printed.

The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Stages of the origin of the Russian language. A Brief History of the Russian Language

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

3.1 Formation and development of the vocabulary of the Russian language

3.2 National specificity of the style system of the Russian language

Similar Documents

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

The first steps

Dawn

Modern Russian

6. Features of the construction of a syllable in the language of the Eastern Slavs.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

3.1 Formation and development of the vocabulary of the Russian language

3.2 National specificity of the style system of the Russian language

Similar Documents

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

The first steps

Dawn

Modern Russian

6. Features of the construction of a syllable in the language of the Eastern Slavs.

RELATED ARTICLES