The Galicia-Volyn principality, geographically located in Eastern Europe, is an interesting symbiosis of close cultures. It arose in 1199, after the unification of the Galician and Volyn lands. Recognized as the largest principality of Southern Russia during the feudal fragmentation.

Geographical position

The Galicia-Volyn principality is located on the fertile lands of Southwestern Russia. And what interesting neighbors surrounded the young state! In the north, the Galicia-Volyn principality bordered on Lithuania, in the south - on the Golden Horde, in the east - on Kyiv and Turov-Pinsk principalities, in the west - on the Kingdom of Poland. And behind the mighty ridge of the Carpathians, Hungary was already spreading.

After the fall of the Galicia-Volyn principality, the fate of the two lands was largely determined by the western neighbors of South Russia. In the 14th century, Galicia was captured by Poland, and Volhynia came under the control of Lithuania. Then a single Commonwealth arose, which again captured these territories.

For many years the population of Galicia and Volhynia was influenced by Polish and Lithuanian cultures. Also, the Ukrainian language of Western Ukraine is somewhat similar to Polish. This makes it clear why Western Ukrainians have always wanted to become independent.

Preventive war - suicide for fear of death

Otto von Bismarck

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwestern part of Russia. With the beginning of feudal fragmentation, the principality separated from the Kyiv authorities and really claimed the leading role in Russia. This principality was distinguished by the presence of fertile soils, forests, trade routes and a specific management system.

princes

Princes of Galicia-Volyn principality:

• Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153-1187). Ruled in Galicia.
• Roman Mstislavich. From 1170 he ruled in Volhynia, and in 1199 he subjugated Galich, forming a single principality. Ruled until 1205.
• Daniel Romanovich. 1205-1219 - rule under the guardianship of the mother. Next is self-management.

In times of fragmentation, the boyars enjoyed great influence. suffice it to say that both Roman Mstislavich and Daniil Romanovich waged the main struggle not with neighboring principalities and kingdoms, but with their own boyars. The results were not the best. In 1205, after the death of Roman, his young children were expelled from the principality. Leapfrog began with the invitation of the rulers. It came to the point that for some time the boyar Volodyslav Kormilichich became the prince of the Galicia-Volyn principality. It was a unique case of a local interruption of the Rurik dynasty in a separate principality.

In 1254, Daniel proclaimed himself king, and the principality became a kingdom. After the death of the prince-king in 1264, the principality broke up into a number of small regions that existed until 1352, when Galicia passed to Poland, Volhynia to Lithuania.

Development

The Galicia-Volyn principality, the development of which was carried out in the 12th-13th centuries, can be reduced to the following main dates:

• 1199 - unification into a single principality. Before that, there were 2 centers - Volyn and Galich.
• 1214 - Treaty of Seles between Hungary and Poland. The Hungarians planned to take Eastern Galicia for themselves, and the Poles Western.
• 1234 - Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigov occupied Galich.
• 1236 - Daniil Romanovich captures Galich.
• 1240 - he also captures Kyiv.
• 1264 - the principality was divided into many smaller ones.
• 1352 - Poland captured Galicia, and Lithuania captured Volhynia.

The favorable geographical position of the principality led to constant attempts by neighbors to seize this territory. It is not only about the fight against other specific principalities, but also the confrontation with Lithuania, Hungary and Poland. All these countries have repeatedly equipped military campaigns against the principality.

Geographic location and land

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwestern part of Russia between the Dniester and the Prut, as well as with access to the Carpathians. the main characteristic of the geographical position of the principality is the presence of a mild climate and fertile lands. There were chernozem lands, extensive forests and deposits of rock salt, thanks to which the principality managed to grow rich. The chronicles indicate that salt was traded with Byzantium, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries.

Neighbors of the Galicia-Volyn principality:

• Kingdom of Hungary
• Polish kingdom
• Lithuanian principality
• Polotsk principality
• Turov-Pinsk Principality
• Kiev principality
• Polovtsian steppes

To the south were undeveloped lands, views of which were not only the Galician-Volyn princes, but also the Polovtsy with the Hungarians.

Large cities: Galich, Vladimir-Volynsky, Berestye, Lutsk, Lvov, Dorogobuzh, Terebovl.

Map

Map of the Galicia-Volyn principality with a geographical position within the Specific Rus.

Economic development

Features of the economic development of the Galicia-Volyn principality should be sought in the geographical position. Fertile lands had an impact on the wealth of the region, but much more important was the presence of salt mining, the trade of which brought a lot of money to the treasury. Another important economic feature of the region is that international trade routes passed through the principality.

culture

In the Galicia-Volyn principality, chronicle writing flourished. The peak of this process fell on the period of the reign of Daniel Romanovich. This prince in the annals is called an ideal ruler, as well as a magnificent warrior: daring, fearless and wise. If we consider the annals of these lands, they are more like a colorful story. If in other chronicles there is an enumeration of facts and events, then in this case the situation is different - the whole narrative goes in the form of a story.

The architecture of Galich and Volhynia is unique. European culture left an imprint on it, as well as the proximity of Kyiv with its traditions. As a result, an amazing color was achieved, and the cities began to amaze with their beauty and grace. Architects in construction used colorful glasses that let light through, decoration of buildings inside and out, relief images, gilding and much more. These were rich cities, which was reflected in the culture.

Peculiarities

The political features of the Galicia-Volyn principality relate to the management system. schematically, it can be depicted as a horizontal straight line.

Power was distributed almost equally between the prince, the veche and the boyars. Therefore, the positions of the boyars were so strong, and therefore there was a struggle for power between rich people and the prince. after all, in other large principalities, triangles of control were traced, where someone was at the top and received a dominant role. This was not the case in this kingdom.

General features of the development of the principality during the period of feudal fragmentation (11-13 centuries):

• Struggle with Kyiv for supremacy in Russia
• Active development of rock salt mining.
• A large number of arable land and forests.
• Active foreign trade and urban growth at this expense.

Southwestern Russia

§ 32. Principality of Volhynia and Galicia; their connection

At the same time as the principality of Suzdal was growing and strengthening in the northeast of Russia, the lands of Volyn and Galicia began to develop and grow rich in the southwestern outskirts of the Russian land, uniting around 1200 into one strong principality.

The land of Volyn with the main city Vladimir Volynsky occupied places on the right bank of the Western Bug and extended through the upper reaches of the Pripyat to the Southern Bug. It got its name from the ancient city of Volhynia and the tribe of Volynians (Buzhans, Dulebs), who inhabited it. Since ancient times, it was subordinated to the Kyiv princes. From the middle of the XII century. it formed its own princely line - the older Monomakhoviches. famous prince Izyaslav Mstislavich(§18) based in Volhynia and from here extracted Kyiv. From here he searched for Kyiv and his son Mstislav Izyaslavich . Thus, the Volhynian princes, like their brothers and uncles, the younger Suzdal Monomakhoviches, acquired a permanent “fatherland” in Volhynia and wished to annex old Kyiv to it. Son of Mstislav Izyaslavich Roman Mstislavich he was especially lucky: after a long struggle, he not only managed to capture Kyiv, where he began to keep the princes under his command, but also managed to acquire the neighboring Galician principality with Volhynia.

The Galician principality consisted of two parts: mountainous and flat. The mountainous part was located on the eastern slopes of the Carpathians and the main city was Galich on the river. Dniester. The plain part stretched to the north, to the Western Bug, and was called the "Cherven cities", after the ancient city of Cherven with its suburbs. As a distant outskirts of the Russian land, the Galician land was not attractive to the princes. The Poles had claims to the Cherven cities and more than once they were taken away from Russia. The Carpathian highlands were not far from the hostile Ugric peoples; close from there was the restless steppe. Therefore, the Kyiv princes sent young princes to the Cherven cities, who did not have a part in other places of Russia. At the end of the 11th century, by the decision of the Lyubech Congress, the great-grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise, the outcasts Vasilko and Volodar, were placed there.

Since then, the Galician outskirts has become a separate principality. Son of Volodar Volodymyrko (d. 1152) united all his cities under his sovereign power and made the capital of the Principality of Galich. He expanded the boundaries of his possessions, attracted new settlers, settled on his lands prisoners taken in the wars with Kyiv and in the mornings. In relation to his principality, he played the same role that Yuri Dolgoruky played in the Suzdal region: he was its first organizer. Sly and cruel, Volodymyrko did not leave a good memory. As an example of Volodimirk's slyness and deceit, the chronicler cites his answer to one ambassador, when he reminded the prince of the sanctity of the kiss on the cross. “And what can we do to create this small cross?” Volodymyrko said with a grin. The work of unification and strengthening of the Galician principality, begun by him, was continued by his son Yaroslav (nicknamed Osmomysl ). During his long reign (1152-1187) Galich achieved great external power. The influx of settlers to the Galician region then came not only from the east, from Russia, but also from the west, from Hungary and Poland. The fertility of the region attracted the population there, the position of Galich between Western Europe and Russia contributed to the development of its trade and the prosperity of cities. The talented Yaroslav skillfully took advantage of favorable circumstances and raised his principality to a great height. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" rightly places Yaroslav in value next to Vsevolod the Big Nest. They were at that time the strongest princes in Russia.

After the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, troubles began in Galich and the family of Galician princes ceased in them. Galician principality was seized by the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich (1199), and thus Volyn and Galich united into one significant state. Although the unrest continued after the death of Roman (1205), however, his state did not fall apart, but reached even greater power during the reign of Prince Roman's son Daniel Romanovich(§37).

Just as in the northeast, in Suzdal Rus, the rise of princely power was dependent on the rapid settlement of the region by Russian settlers, so in the southwest, the Volyn and Galician princes became strong and influential due to the fact that their lands began to be filled with parishioners from different directions. But the position of the princes of Galicia-Volyn was more difficult and more dangerous than the position of the princes of Suzdal. Firstly, Volhynia and Galich did not have weak foreigners as their neighbors (as was the case in Suzdal), but strong and warlike peoples: Ugrians, Poles and Lithuanians. Moreover, the steppe enemies of Russia, the Polovtsy, were not far off. Therefore, the princes of Volhynia and Galicia had to always think about protecting their possessions from the north and west, from the kings of the Ugric and Polish, and not only from the south - from the Polovtsy. In addition, in their political undertakings, these princes themselves got used to using the help of the same Ugrians, Lithuanians and Poles, if they were not at war with them at that moment. Thus, foreign forces inevitably intervened in the Volyn-Galician affairs and, on occasion, were ready to seize these principalities into their own power (which, as we shall see, they succeeded later). Secondly, social life in Volhynia, and especially in Galich, developed in such a way that, next to the princely autocracy, a strong aristocracy arose there in the form of the princely boyars, the senior squad, which, together with the princes, destroyed the significance of city veche meetings, and then began to influence and on the princes themselves. Even such smart and talented princes as Yaroslav Osmomysl and Roman had to reckon with boyar self-will. Prince Roman tried to break the boyars with open persecution, saying that "the bees cannot be crushed - there is no honey." However, the boyars were not exterminated by Roman and after Roman took an active part in the unrest, along with external enemies, weakening the strength of the Galician and Volyn lands.

History of the state and law of Russia. Cribs Knyazeva Svetlana Aleksandrovna

17. Features of the socio-economic and political life of the Galicia-Volyn principality

Galicia-Volyn Rus was named after two large territories that were part of it: Galicia and Volyn, or Cherven cities, i.e. cities Red (Red) Russia.

The heyday of the principality falls on the second half of the 12th century. The peculiarity of Galicia was early and intensive development of feudal relations, leading to the creation of a strong boyar elite, managed to seize the main land and peasants. In addition to the lands, the boyars had their trade and craft centers and castles. Galich stubbornly resisted princely rule and behaved towards the princes in the same way as Novgorod.

Volyn prince belonged Vladimir Volynsky. The prince was a large landowner and rallied the boyars with land grants. In 1199, he managed to unite both principalities. Political unity was neither long-lasting nor lasting. boyars opposed the princely power of their interests, waged an open struggle, relying on neighboring states - Hungary, Poland.

In the thirteenth century Western Russia fell under the rule of the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Daniel of Galicia managed to temporarily unite all of Kievan Rus, he was the first and only Russian king crowned by the Pope. He pursued a policy active resistance to the invaders. His children were less fortunate. As a result, the lands of Galicia and Volhynia were divided between Hungary, Poland and Lithuania.

social order Galicia-Volyn Rus is characterized by the strong influence of large feudal lords - boyars, former descendants local tribal leaders. They had little to do with the princes and tried to build boyar feudal rule in many cities around the world.

They were opposed by other feudal lords - servants, who received land for service and for the duration of service. They depended on the prince and defended the prince's side. There were few of them in Galicia and many in Volhynia, which explains the difference between the attitude towards the prince in Galich and Vladimir.

They had land holdings and hierarchs of the Church and monasteries.

Peasants living on the lands of secular and spiritual feudal lords, were in various forms of dependence.

For the political system of the Galicia-Volyn principality characteristically strong influence of the boyars and boyar council. Only a strong and authoritative prince could retain power.

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History of the Galicia-Volyn principality- an integral part of the history of Russia during the period of feudal fragmentation, which was a natural stage in the development of the country.

The feudal mode of production with subsistence farming, the weakness of economic ties led to the disintegration of the territory of Russia into separate lands and principalities. Among them were Galicia and Volyn, which at the end of the 12th century united as part of the Galicia-Volyn principality. In the southwestern part of Russia, the Galicia-Volyn principality was the direct heir of Kievan Rus, the successor of its traditions. The period under study is characterized by a number of important socio-economic phenomena. This is primarily the growth of feudal property through the development of agriculture through the enslavement of the masses of the peasantry. There is also a process of separation of handicrafts from agriculture, the growth of cities as centers of the handicraft population and trade exchange, covering wide areas. Social relations are aggravated, the struggle of the oppressed working masses against the exploiters is unfolding.

A characteristic feature of this period is the struggle of the princes against the boyars for the strengthening of the monarchical power and for the stable unification of the Galicia-Volyn lands into one principality. Such a "unification of more significant areas into feudal kingdoms" counteracted the process of fragmentation of Russia and was undoubtedly a progressive phenomenon. The struggle for the unity of actions of the Russian principalities, for their unification to repel the aggression of foreign feudal lords, was also of great importance.

The territory of both Volhynia and Galicia was divided into separate lands, or principalities. Volyn until the middle of the XII century. formed one Vladimir principality. Later, as a result of princely strife and hereditary division of possessions, small volosts began to appear, which eventually turned into principalities.

The Galicia-Volyn principality arose as a result of the unification of the Galician principality with Volyn, which was carried out by Roman Mstislavich in 1199.

The origin and development of the Galicia-Volyn principality - the heir to Kievan Rus

Unification of Volyn and Galicia

Despite internecine wars between individual princes, Volhynia and Galicia have long maintained close economic and cultural relations. These relationships became a prerequisite for the unification of Volhynia and Galicia in one principality, which later played an extremely important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs for almost 150 years. Its further history should be considered in the context of the formation of three centers of consolidation, new state formations based on mono-ethnic soil - Ukrainian in the south, Belarusian in the northwest, and Russian in the northeast.

The emergence and rise of the Galicia-Volyn state was facilitated by:
1. Good geographical position.
2. The need for a (joint) struggle between the two principalities against aggression from Poland, Hungary, and later the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
3. The policy of princes Roman (1199-1205) and Daniel (1238-1264) united vigorously.
4. The existence of rich salt deposits on the territory of the principality, and this contributed to economic growth and intensification of trade.

The state development of the Galicia-Volyn principality took place in several stages.

Shortly after the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Prince of Volyn Roman Mstislavich, at the invitation of the Galician boyars, occupied Galich, but could not establish himself there. Only in 1199, after the death of Vladimir Yaroslavich, the last representative of the Rostislavich dynasty, did Roman Mstislavich succeed in combining Volyn and Galicia under his rule into one principality.

The formation of the united Galicia-Volyn state was an event of great historical importance. No wonder the chronicler called Roman the Grand Duke, "the king in Russia", "the autocrat of all Russia." Having mastered a significant part of the Kyiv heritage. The Galicia-Volyn principality at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries was not inferior to the Holy Roman Empire in terms of the size of its possessions. Its strengthening against the background of the progressive decline of the principalities of the Middle Dnieper testified to the fact that the center of political and economic life is gradually moving to the west.

Roman chose Kyiv as the center of his state, not oriented towards Byzantium, but Galich, close to the borders of the Western states.
Over time, Roman becomes a political figure on the European historical scene, as evidenced by the offer of the Pope in 1204 in exchange and acceptance by the prince of Catholicism to crown him. The Galicia-Volyn principality is drawn into a fierce struggle between the Hohenstaufen and the Welfs, which escalated in what was then Catholic Europe. However, not only with the sword did Roman gain fame. In the last years of his life, he proposed a model for supporting the "good order" in Russia. According to this project, it was planned to end the princely civil strife, the consolidation of forces for the appearance of an external enemy. However, the Galician-Volyn prince failed to unite Russia. In 1205, he tragically died near the town of Zawichost during a fight with the soldiers of the Krakow prince Leshka the White.

Temporary collapse of a single state (1205-1238)

With the death of Roman, an almost 30-year period of struggle for the Galician table begins. The characteristic features of state life at that time were:
- the progressive willfulness of the boyars, which reached an unprecedented violation of the norms of feudal law - the announcement of the prince of the boyar Vladislav Kormilchich (1213-1214);
- continuous interference in the internal affairs of the Western European lands of neighboring states - Hungary and Poland, the consequence and manifestation of which was the proclamation of the “King of Galicia” and Volodymyriya Kolman (Koloman), married to the two-year-old Polish princess Salome (the military occupation began after that lasted from 1214 to 1219 .);
- the growing Mongol threat, which first manifested itself in 1223 on the banks of the Kalka River (Galician and Volyn formations were part of the coalition of Russian princes);
- energetic struggle for the restoration of the state unity of Daniel of Galicia, successfully ended in 1238.

Galicia-Volyn principality in the reign of Daniel of Galicia (1238 - 1264).

Having restored unity, the Galicia-Volyn principality is gaining strength and regaining lost positions. In the spring of 1238, Daniel defeated the Teutonic knights of the Dobzhinsky Order near Dorogochin.

Soon he again extends his influence to Kyiv, in which he leaves his governor Dmitry to manage.

Feeling the reality of a constant threat from the West and East, he brings together a number of castle towns (Danilov, Kremenets, Ugrovesk, etc.).
During the period of the Mongol invasion, Daniel of Galicia was not in the principality: he was in Hungary and Poland.

When the hordes of Batu moved to Hungary, Daniil returned to his native lands, where he was expected not only by significant demographic losses, but also by another clash with the arbitrariness of the Galician boyars, who invited the Chernigov prince Rostislav to the throne. But in 1245 Daniel defeated the troops of Rostislav.

In the same 1245, the prince was forced to go to the Golden Horde in order to receive a label to manage the lands. Formally recognizing dependence on the khan, Daniel thereby tried to buy time to gather forces and prepare a decisive blow.
Old cities were actively fortified and fortresses of a new type were built, located on hills with stone walls, and the army was reorganized: the infantry was formed, the cavalry was re-equipped.

Daniil Galitsky was not able to realize the plans before the creation of the anti-Horde coalition. Taking advantage of Daniel's predicament, Pope Innocent IV promised the Galician-Volyn prince real help in the fight against the Golden Horde and the royal crown, subject to the conclusion of a union of the Russian Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church under the auspices of the pope.

In 1253 Danil's coronation takes place in the city of Dorogochin.

But not feeling real help from the papal curia, Daniel terminates the agreement with the Vatican and enters into an open armed struggle with the Golden Horde. At the end of 1254, Daniil of Galicia went on the offensive against the troops of Kuremsa, who tried to occupy the Galician Lower. As a result of successful and decisive actions, the prince managed to win back the lands along the Southern Bug, Sluch and Teterev from the nomads.

In 1258, the Horde launched a new massive offensive led by Burundai. Having no strength to resist, Daniel of Galicia was forced to order the destruction of the fortifications of Vladimir, Lutsk, Kremenets, Danilov and other cities. Only the fortifications of impregnable Hill, where Daniel died in 1264, after a serious illness, survived.

Stability and rise (1264 - 1323)

After the death of Daniel of Galicia, the principality again loses its unity: its lands were divided among the three descendants of the prince - Lev, Mstislav and Shvarno.

Lev Danilovich (1264 - 1301) continued the state policy of his father most consistently. Although he was forced to admit his dependence on Nogai, it was this prince who annexed Transcarpathia and Lublin land to his possessions. Thanks to him, the territory of the Galicia-Volyn state became the largest in its history.

At the turn of the XIII - XIV centuries. the unity of the Galicia-Volyn state was restored under the rule of Leo's successor, Prince Yuri I (1301 - 1315). This was the period when the Golden Horde, which was torn apart by internal strife and strife, gradually lost power over the conquered territories.
Yuri, like Daniel, took the royal title. During the period of his reign, social development stabilized, cities flourished, trade ascended, economic development grew.

Yuri I's successors were his sons - Andrei and Leo II (1315 - 1323). They divided the territory of the principality into spheres of influence, but ruled jointly, duumvirate, and therefore the collapse of a single state did not occur. The struggle with the Horde ended tragically for them: in 1323, in the battle with the troops of Khan Uzbek, the young princes died.

The value of the Galicia-Volyn state for the Ukrainian people.

In fact, the Galicia-Volyn state on Ukrainian soil was built by Ukrainian hands, who managed to unite around themselves most of the Ukrainian ethnographic theory of their time, in fact, in the middle of the 14th century. ceased to exist. But a century and a half of its existence did not pass without a trace for the future fate of the Ukrainian people.

In the culture of the Galician-Volynian day, even more clearly than before, there is an original combination of the Slavic heritage and new features due to ties with Byzantium, Western and Central Europe, and the countries of the East. The principality has an honorable place in the formation of Ukrainian culture, in strengthening its ties with the cultures of others peoples. For centuries, in difficult times of domination by foreign states, Ukrainian figures of literature, art, and education turned to the heritage of past eras, including the times of the Galicia-Volyn principality. The memory of its former greatness supported the spirit of the Ukrainian liberation struggle.

The state traditions of the era of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality were of great importance for the preservation and strengthening of the historical identity of the Ukrainian people.

Consequently, the development of culture in the Galicia-Volyn principality contributed to the consolidation of the historical traditions of Kievan Rus. For many centuries, these traditions have been preserved in architecture, fine arts, literature, annals and historical works. The heritage of Kievan Rus was one of the essential factors in the unification of the cultures of the Eastern European peoples.