Yale University is one of the most famous universities in the world, a member of the Ivy League - an association of prestigious American institutions of higher education and one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the United States. Yale regularly ranks first in the world rankings of various publications due to the exceptionally high quality of education. Well-known politicians, Nobel laureates and athletes have come out of the walls of this university.

Yale University was founded in 1701 by Harvard alumni. The university was organized in accordance with the academic principles of liberal education (Liberal Arts education), aimed at the intensive development of not only the intellect, but also the virtues of the student's character. At the beginning of the 20th century, Yale University switched to a collegiate system of education, following the example of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. To date, the university is divided into 12 dormitory colleges, each of which studies and lives about 450 students. Each of the colleges has its own canteens, libraries, rooms for study and extracurricular activities. Each college is headed by a Master and a Dean, who also live in the college and take an active part in the life of the students.

The main campus of Yale University is located in New Haven, Connecticut, 1.5 hours from New York and 4 hours from Boston. Yale's central and western campuses occupy about 300 hectares, the college buildings are a classic example of traditional English architecture of the 18th century. In addition to them, the university has numerous research laboratories, over 20 libraries, museums of arts and sciences, a botanical garden, as well as sports facilities, including its own golf course and a full-fledged football stadium. The campus provides students with a lot of free space in the courtyards and in well-kept parks. One of the historical buildings of the university houses one of the largest Payne Whitney sports centers among US universities, which includes several swimming pools, a gym and many playgrounds for team games. The university campus is guarded by its own police department, and escort groups work at night.

According to popular belief, Yale University became the first educational institution with its own symbol in 1889 - a bulldog named Handsome Dan. To this day, dogs replace each other, and their biographies are recorded and published. Today, the symbol of Yale University is Handsome Dan XVI.

Why go to Yale University?

• 3rd place in the US News Best Colleges 2017 ranking of US universities, the total rating score is 97/100 points.
• For the first time in the history of the United States, the men's rowing team appeared at Yale University. The team won two Olympic gold medals in 1924 and 1956. And the Yale Yacht Club is the oldest yachting community in the world.
• Yale University School of Law is the all-time leader in the ranking of legal education programs
• Yale University has more than 800 laboratories for scientific research in various academic fields - from organic chemistry to engineering - including its own particle accelerator.
• More than $1 million is spent annually to fund freshman research at Yale University.
• Yale University alumni include 5 US Presidents, including Bill Clinton and both Presidents Bush
• Yale School of Drama alumni include Meryl Streep, Jodie Foster, James Franco, Sigourney Weaver, Paul Newman, Edward Norton
• 380 student organizations, including several magazines and newspapers, a radio station, political, cultural and art associations.
• Yale faculty members include 61 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 7 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and 49 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

The best faculties of Yale University:

• jurisprudence;
• biology;
• psychology;
• political science;
• economy;
• story;
• mathematics.

Accommodation

Students enrolled at Yale University have the opportunity to stay on campus or off campus. The campus is divided into student residences in accordance with the disciplines studied, as well as the level of study - undergraduate or graduate. The cost of accommodation per year ranges from $4,000 to $8,000 depending on the type of housing (2, 3 or 4-bed room).

Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Yale, MIT are universities that, in the mind of an ordinary student, are in a different reality: with green lawns, wise professors, ancient libraries and tidy campuses. T&P found out how much tuition costs, what the admission procedure looks like and what are the requirements for applicants from the top universities in the world. In the new issue - Yale University.

Campus

It is believed that it was at Yale that the university symbol first appeared - a bulldog named Handsome Dan. Since then, since 1889, one dog replaces another at the university - now it is Handsome Dan XVI. You can even find the biographies and causes of death of all the predecessors of the current symbol.

The main campus of Yale University is located in New Haven and has an area of ​​260 acres. Twice as many are occupied by the golf course and nature reserves in the interior of Connecticut. In total, the campus consists of 439 buildings. Most of the buildings are made in the Gothic style: on the walls of some of them are sculptures of people who were related to the university at one time or another: a writer, an athlete, a socialite drinking tea, a student who fell asleep. The walls of buildings of individual faculties seem to be decorated - for example, the wall of the School of Law is decorated with an image of a policeman chasing a thief and arresting a prostitute. On the walls you can even find a picture of a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette.

In 1894, the police department was founded, which ensures the security of the campus - there are blue telephones on campus that can be used to immediately contact the police.

The campus is organized following the example of Cambridge and Oxford: there are 12 residential colleges, each of which has its own distinctive architecture, secret courtyards, its own dining room, living rooms. But unlike English universities, where colleges themselves manage the money, decide for themselves which disciplines to introduce and which not, Yale University remains unitary. Of all residential colleges, only two - Silliman and Timothy Dwight - are designed for freshmen. Colleges are named after important places, significant historical events, or famous Yale alumni.

Museums and libraries

The Yale University Library is considered one of the leading research libraries in the world. It contains about three million books and is housed in 22 campus buildings. A significant part of the materials is available to students in electronic form. The museum complex consists of the Yale University Art Gallery, the Yale Center for British Art, the Peabody Museum of Natural History, and the Collection of Musical Instruments. All museum collections are available to visitors.

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Yale University- one of the most famous universities in the United States, located in New Haven, Connecticut.
Yale is in "ivy league" Ivy League is a community of eight of the most prestigious private American universities.

Yale University is located in New Haven, one of the oldest cities in New England, in the state of Connecticut.
New Haven is a port city with a population of 125,000, located 120 kilometers northeast of New York and 200 kilometers southwest of Boston.
Motto university - Lux et Veritas (Latin) "Light and Truth"

Yale was founded in 1701; it includes twelve departments: Yale College, a four-year education which ends with a bachelor's degree; postgraduate study in various specialties, including exact, natural and human sciences,
as well as 10 professional faculties that train specialists in the field of law, medicine, business, environmental protection, as well as theologians, architects, musicians, artists and actors.

The origins of Yale's history date back to 1640, with the work of colonial priests to establish a college in New Haven. The ideas that formed the basis of the university's education go back to the traditions and principles of education in medieval European universities, as well as the ancient academies of Greece and Rome, where the principle of liberal education was first developed (from Latin liber - a free citizen). During Roman times, this principle was put into practice through instruction in the seven areas of the "liberal arts": grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and music.

While similar ideals were used by the founders of Harvard, many of the faculty and professors soon began to doubt the success of the university. In the words of the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, during one of the college's Sunday services in 1703, Harvard became a place of "Strife and Pride... and Waste... It is not worth going to college to learn how to compliment men and woo women." In 1700, ten priests met in Branford, Connecticut, to discuss the creation of a new college that would be able to avoid the mistakes made by Harvard. Most of them were graduates of Harvard College who were disillusioned with the education received at Harvard.
In 1701, they officially began work on the creation Collegiate School as Yale University was then named.

Sundial on campus

In 1717, the founders of Yale University purchased land in the small town of New Haven, then numbering about 1,000 people. The first building they erected in New Haven was named Yale College. In 1718, the university was renamed in honor of the British merchant Elihu Yale (Yeil; Elihu Yale), who donated the proceeds from the sale of nine bales of goods, 417 books and a portrait of King George I. Soon a collegiate church was erected and Connecticut Hall, which today can be seen on the campus as one of the oldest buildings in Yale.

By that time, each college course had about 25-30 students; in total, about 100 students studied at the college. Only young men were allowed to study; The median age at college was 15-16. The criterion for selecting students for college was oral examinations, which were taken by the president of Yale College himself. The exams tested knowledge of Latin, Hebrew and Greek, various classical sciences such as logic, rhetoric and arithmetic. Moreover, Latin was the official language of the college, which not only meant instruction in Latin, but also a strict communication regime in which Latin was the only language students were allowed to use in conversations outside of classrooms and after class. The use of English was prohibited by college rules.

The requirement for knowledge of Latin remained in place for most of Yale's history. In the 1920s, university professors suggested that it be abandoned, but the twenty-seventh US president, William Howard Taft, a Yale graduate and member of the Yale Corporation, did not allow Yale to abandon centuries of tradition. Teachers achieved changes only in 1931.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, graduate schools and professional faculty-institutes were founded that turned Yale into a real university. In 1810 the School of Medicine was formally established at Yale, followed by the Faculty of Theology in 1822 and the Faculty of Law in 1824. In 1847, postgraduate studies in the field of exact, natural and human sciences began to work. In 1861, the Yale graduate school awarded the first Ph.D. degree in the United States of America. In 1869 the Yale School of Arts was founded, in 1894 the Department of Music, in 1900 the Department of Forestry and Environmental Protection, in 1923 the Department of Nursing, in 1955 the Theater Department, in 1972 - architectural, and in 1974 - the faculty of management. Since 1869, women have been studying at the Yale University graduate school.

In the early 1930s, following the model of medieval English universities such as Oxford and Cambridge, all students at Yale College were divided into twelve dormitory colleges with about 450 members each.
This system allowed us to combine the advantages of the informal atmosphere of small colleges with the wide opportunities of a large research university. Each dormitory college consists of several buildings that form a cozy rectangular courtyard with shady trees, a lawn and comfortable benches. Such a college dormitory, with a canteen, library, study rooms and a meeting room, occupies an entire city block and creates a unique atmosphere of student life. Here students live, eat, communicate, do academic and extracurricular activities.
There are twelve colleges in total:
Berkeley
Branford
Calhoun
Davenport
Timothy Dwight
Jonathan Edwards
Morse
Pierson
Saybrook
Silliman
Ezra Stiles
Trumbull.

As of 2010, the university ranks 11th place in the Academic Ranking of World Universities. It has 11 thousand students from 50 states of America and from more than 110 countries. The 2,000-strong teaching staff is distinguished by the highest qualifications in their fields of expertise. The main part of the university covers a territory of 170 acres (69 hectares) of land, stretching from the nursing faculty, in the heart of New Haven, to the shady residential areas surrounding the faculty of theology.
Among 225 there are many Yale buildings built by famous architects of their time.

The university also owns more than 600 acres (243 hectares) of land that contains all sorts of sports facilities and forested areas - all within a short bus ride from the city center. Since the 1930s, Yale has invested heavily in the development of university facilities: a new art history complex was opened, science laboratories, a sports center and student housing were erected. In recent years, restoration repairs have been carried out on historical buildings and dormitory colleges.

Library Yale University is worthy of special mention. There are 11 million units in its general and specialized funds; the library owns unique collections, archives, musical recordings, maps and other rare exhibits. It is the third largest library in the United States and the second largest university library in the world. A single computerized catalog unites more than 40 branch libraries located in different parts of the campus: from the unusually beautiful Gothic Sterling libraries, where about half of the Yale book wealth is stored, to the modern cases of the Beinecke collection of rare books and manuscripts, with over 800,000 collections of unique books and documents.

Sterling Memorial Library






Sterling Memorial Library

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library

Yale was one of the first universities to welcome foreign students within its walls: the first student from Latin America came here in the 1830s, and the first Chinese student to receive a university education on American soil entered Yale in 1850. Today, Yale is actively involved in various international programs and research.
The university teaches more than 50 foreign languages ​​and more than 600 courses, one way or another related to international relations.

For God For Country And For Yale

By the scale of the buildings, it seems that the university is gigantic, with tens of thousands of students, but in fact it has only 11,000 students. At the same time, they account for 8,500 teaching and service staff. The university's annual budget is TWO BILLION dollars.
Over the years, at least ten graduates have held the highest office in the state.

Yale graduated from Samuel Morse (the inventor of Morse code), child psychologist Benjamin Spock (from whose books modern child psychologists still study), writer Sinclair Lewis, economist George Akerlof, Pepsi President Indra Krishnamurti Nooyi, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company " Boeing" James McNerney, Richard Cheney, John Kerry (rival of George W. Bush in the 2004 elections), Hillary Clinton. The list can be continued for a long time. Suffice it to say that all US presidents since 1989 have graduated from Yale University.

World War II Memorial
one of the most expensive universities in the US, and students have to pay about $50 thousand per year for the right to study in this elite educational institution.

Not everyone can afford to pay tuition at Yale. But for everyone in the open access to the Internet there are courses in astronomy, English, philosophy, physics, political science, psychology and theology. For each of the courses there are introductory data, information about the teacher is required (mainly about his achievements in the chosen field of knowledge). Lectures can be downloaded in MP3 format, in the form of a video clip, flash. In .pdf format, you can download exam tickets and check your answers. Computer presentations accompanying the lectures are also available. Naturally, all materials are in English.

Harkness tower - a tower with a belfry - 54 bells, which are played by students of the music faculty, can be heard twice a day - except for holidays, of course.
The height of the tower is 66 meters or 216 feet - according to the number of years of Yale's history at the time of its foundation.

The use of materials is free, there is no need to even register. They can be used, distributed, compiled to create their own educational materials for educational purposes, but not for commercial purposes. Users (both students and teachers) can use the materials for different purposes. Students can use the materials as teaching. You can simply use the video to understand whether you are ready to receive information on your specialty from a native speaker. For teachers, the opportunity is also unique. First, look at how American colleagues conduct classes. Secondly, to compare the content of the courses and draw conclusions.

And lastly about Handsome Dan - Handsome Dan- Bulldog, which is the mascot (mascot) of Yale University sports teams.
Upon the death or "firing" of a living mascot, the honor of being called Pretty Dan passes to another bulldog.

It is believed that Handsom Dan became the first living mascot of an educational institution in America.
The current Handsom Dan is serial number XVI.

The tradition dates back to 1889. Currently, a effigy of Handsome Dan I in a glass stand is in one of the awards rooms of the Yale Payne Whitney Grammar School, as
"the eternal guardian of treasures that confirm the unfading glory of Yale athletes".

official website

Open Yale Courses - page of free online courses

, Connecticut, USA

41°18′38″ s. sh. 72°57′37″ W d. HGIOL

Yale University is located in New Haven, one of the oldest cities in New England, in the state of Connecticut. New Haven is a port city with a population of 125 thousand people, located 120 kilometers northeast of New York and 200 kilometers southwest of Boston.

Over 2,000 courses are offered annually by 65 departments. Many initial and introductory courses are taught by eminent scholars and university professors.

History of Yale University

The origins of Yale's history date back to 1640, to the work of colonial priests to establish a college in New Haven. The ideas that formed the basis of the formation of the university go back to the traditions and principles of education in medieval European universities, as well as the ancient academies of Greece and Rome, where the principle of liberal education was first developed (from Latin liber - a free citizen). Such education was aimed at the intensive development of the general intellectual competence, virtue and merit of character of the student. During the Roman Empire, this principle was put into practice through training in seven areas of the so-called. "liberal arts": grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, astronomy, geometry and music.

The founders of Yale University (Puritan priests) were also guided by the principle of the so-called. collegiality, which later played an important role in the development of higher education in the United States. While colleges in much of Europe and Scotland did not provide for students to live on their campus, Yale's founders wanted to create a residential college where students could learn from each other while living together on campus. Such ideas reflected the English ideals of the time, embodied by the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, where students studied, lived and attended church in the company of their mentors. Under such a system, education became not just a training of the mind and preparation for a particular profession, but also an experience aimed at developing various aspects of the student's character, including moral virtue. While similar ideals were used by the founders of Harvard, many of the faculty and professors soon began to doubt the success of the university. In the words of the Reverend Solomon Stoddard during one of the college's Sunday services in 1703, Harvard became the place " Enmity and Pride...and Waste... Don't go to college to learn how to compliment men and woo women". In 1700, ten priests met in Branford, Connecticut, to discuss the creation of a new college that would be able to avoid the mistakes made by Harvard. Most of them were graduates of Harvard College who were disillusioned with the education received at Harvard. In 1701, having received a charter from the colonial General Assembly (issued for the purpose of educating generations of "exemplary men"), they officially began work on the creation of the Collegiate School, as Yale was then called.

Studying at Yale in Colonial America

In 1717, the founders of Yale University purchased land in the small town of New Haven, then numbering about 1,000 people. The first building they erected in New Haven was named Yale College. In 1718 the university was renamed after the British merchant Elihu Yale, who donated the proceeds (about £800) from the sale of nine bales of goods, 417 books and a portrait of King George I. Soon the collegiate church and Connecticut Hall were erected, which can be seen today on the campus as one of the oldest buildings in Yale.

By that time, each college course had about 25-30 students; in total, about 100 students studied at the college. Only young men were allowed to study; The median age at college was 15-16. The criterion for selecting students for college was oral examinations, which were taken by the president of Yale College himself. The exams tested knowledge of Latin, Hebrew and Greek, various classical sciences such as logic, rhetoric and arithmetic. Moreover, Latin was the official language of the college, which not only meant instruction in Latin, but also a strict communication regime in which Latin was the only language students were allowed to use in conversations outside of classrooms and after class. The use of English was prohibited by college rules.

The requirement for knowledge of Latin remained in place for most of Yale's history. In the 1920s, university teachers suggested that it be abandoned, but the twenty-seventh US president, William Howard Taft, a Yale graduate and member of the Yale Corporation, did not allow Yale to abandon centuries of tradition. Teachers achieved changes only in 1931.

Each Yale student was required to complete a set curriculum along with the rest of the students. To this requirement was added the rule of attending daily prayers and readings from Holy Scripture. In addition to lectures, students were required to take part in the so-called. public readings, debates and recitations. Public reading meant verbatim retelling of material learned by heart; during the dispute, the student had to show his knowledge of the material by taking one or another side of the proposition (judgment, theorem), and defending it in accordance with the prescribed rules of logic; the recitation was the student's own lecture, embellished with tropes and formal rhetoric. Particular attention was given to oral forms of education, with an emphasis on eloquence and oratory.

The obligatory use of Latin at Yale emphasized one of the fundamental missions of the university - the continuation of the intellectual traditions of Europe and antiquity. The disciplines studied by students at Yale and Harvard mirrored the curriculum of Cambridge and Oxford, as well as the ancient academies: the seven "liberal arts", classical literature, etc. "three philosophies" - natural science philosophy, ethics and metaphysics. The Puritans considered such a program the essential foundation for laying down the Christian ideals they hoped to establish in America through education. College and church buildings, for example, at Yale University were adjacent to each other and were compatible. At the same time, the intellectual culture of Europe, on which Yale's education was based, was quite fluid, and soon brought puritanical ideals into opposition to new ideas.

University growth

The American Revolutionary War of 1776-1781 did not affect Yale, and the university grew significantly in its first hundred years. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, graduate schools and professional faculty-institutes were founded that turned Yale into a real university. In 1810 the School of Medicine was formally established at Yale, followed by the Faculty of Theology in 1822 and the Faculty of Law in 1824. In 1847, postgraduate studies in the field of exact, natural and human sciences began to work. In 1861, the Yale graduate school awarded the first Ph.D. degree in the United States of America. In 1869 the Yale School of Arts was founded, in 1894 the Department of Music, in 1900 the Department of Forestry and Environmental Protection, in 1923 the Department of Nursing, in 1955 the Theater Department, in 1972 - architectural, and in 1974 - the faculty of management.

Since 1869, women have been studying at the Yale University graduate school. In 1969, Yale began enrolling female students in a four-year undergraduate program.

Dormitory colleges

Directly opposite, across the street, is the Yale Art Center UK, opened in 1977. It houses the world's largest collection of British art and illustrated books outside the UK. Founded in 1866, the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History houses one of the finest collections of scientific artifacts in North America. Among them are an extensive ornithological and mineral collection, the second largest repository of dinosaur remains in the Americas, and the world's largest fully preserved brontosaurus. Peabody is not just a museum, but an active research and cultural center that combines all areas of activity: exhibition, educational, security, research and educational and pedagogical. The Yale Art Gallery, the Art Center of Great Britain and the Peabody Museum house only a fraction of the university's collections. All works of art belonging to Yale, from the masterpieces of Picasso and the remains of an ancient pterodactyl to the viola, made in 1689, stored in the Museum of Musical Instruments, are all available to visitors. However, the greatest wealth of the university is those who work and study in it: students inspired by the example, carried away by the talent and pedagogical skills of their professors and teachers, who, in turn, constantly draw new ideas from communicating with students.

Music groups

Vocal groups of university students received international recognition: Schola Cantorum and the Yale Voxtet. Conductor and organist David Hill (since July 2013) is Principal Conductor Schola Cantorum Yale University. The team was founded in 2003 by conductor Simon Carrington, toured in most European countries (in Russia in June 2016), China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Turkey; has numerous entries. Schola Cantorum specializes in the performance of ancient and modern academic music. The main guest conductor of this group is Masaaki Suzuki.

Exact, natural and applied sciences

Since Yale is widely known for its achievements in the humanities, many do not realize that the university is also one of the leading research centers in the United States. Yale's departments of biology, chemistry, molecular biophysics and biochemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, computing, geology and geophysics, environmental protection, and others consistently rank among the top university programs in America. Here, optimal conditions have been created for teaching students in such areas as biomedicine, applied chemistry, electrical and other engineering sciences, first-class laboratories are equipped with the latest technology. At Yale University, three observatories were organized: directly on the territory of the university, in South Africa the Yale-Columbian Southern Observatory and in Argentina.

Building on and building upon its achievements, Yale is investing more than $500 million to expand and improve laboratories and classrooms in the Science and Engineering departments. Over the next decade, the university will make an additional investment of over $500 million to develop facilities for medical and biotechnology research.

Development of International Relations at Yale

Yale's tradition of international relations dates back to the early nineteenth century, when professors and faculty began undertaking scientific and educational trips abroad. Yale was one of the first universities to welcome foreign students within its walls: the first student from Latin America came here in the 1830s, and the first Chinese student to receive a university education on American soil entered Yale in 1850. Today, Yale is actively involved in various international programs and research.

The university teaches more than 50 foreign languages ​​and more than 600 courses, one way or another related to international relations. The Yale Center for International Studies, a leader in this field for four decades, currently offers six bachelor's degree programs and four master's degree programs. The Center for Applied Linguistics Research, the Center for Globalization Studies, and the International Finance Center support and develop the growing interest in international programs and enrich the activities of Yale's professional departments.

Yale is proud of its growing number of international students. Some faculties have more than thirty percent of foreign graduate students; sixteen percent of all students at Yale College came from other countries. The Yale World Scholarship Program will bring to Yale every academic year future eminent figures from around the world who will make a significant contribution to the development of their countries; more than 1,500 foreign scientists from more than 100 countries of the world come to live and work at Yale every year.

Famous graduates

Politicians

Five US Presidents graduated from Yale University:

• Taft, William Howard - 27th President of the United States (1909-1913), 10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930);
• Ford, Gerald Rudolph - 38th President of the United States (1974-1977), 40th Vice President of the United States (1973-1974);
• Bush, George Herbert Walker - 41st President of the United States (1989-1993), 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981-1989);
• Clinton, William Jefferson - 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001);
• Bush, George Walker - 43rd President of the United States (2001-2009).

Other US statesmen:

• Walcott, Oliver - 2nd United States Secretary of the Treasury (1795-1800);
• Calhoun, John Caldwell - 7th Vice President of the United States (1825-1832), 16th US Secretary of State (1844-1845);
• Taft, Alfonso - 31st US Secretary of War (1876), 34th US Attorney General (1876-1877);
• Clayton, John - 18th US Secretary of State (1849-1850);
• Evarts, William - 27th US Secretary of State (1877-1881);
• McVeigh, Franklin - 45th U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1909-1913);
• Stimson, Henry - 46th US Secretary of State (1929-1933), 45th and 54th Secretary of the US Army (1911-1913 and 1940-1954);
• Gray, Gordon - 2nd Secretary of the US Army (1948-1950), 5th National Security Adviser to the President of the United States (1958-1961);
• Acheson, Dean - 51st US Secretary of State (1949-1953);
• Lovett, Robert - 4th US Secretary of Defense (1951-1953);
• Fowler, Henry Hammill - 58th US Secretary of the Treasury (1965-1968);
• Vance, Cyrus - 57th US Secretary of State (1977-1980);
• Baldridge, Malcolm - 27th US Secretary of Commerce (1981-1987);
• Meese, Edwin - 75th Attorney General of the United States (1985-1988);
• Brady, Nicholas Frederick - 68th U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1988-1993);
• Rubin, Robert Edward - 70th US Secretary of the Treasury (1995-1999);
• Ashcroft, John David - 79th Attorney General of the United States (2001-2005);
• Clinton, Hillary - 67th US Secretary of State (2009-2012), 44th First Lady of the US (1993-2001), candidate for US President from the Democratic Party in the 2016 elections;
• Locke, Gary - 36th US Secretary of Commerce (2009-2011);
• Kerry, John - 68th US Secretary of State (2013-2017), US Senator (1985-2013), candidate for US President from