Literary language is not only the language of writers, but also a sign of an intelligent and educated person. Unfortunately, people not only do not own it, but not everyone knows about its existence, including some modern writers. The works are written in very simple words, jargon and slang are used in large quantities, which is unacceptable for the literary language. For those who want to master the language of poets and writers, the signs of the literary language will be described.

Definition

Literary language is the highest form of language, which is opposed to vernacular, jargon, dialectisms. Some experts oppose it to the colloquial form, because they consider it to be a written language (for example, in the Middle Ages they only wrote in the literary language).

This form is considered a historical category, because this category is formed in the process of language development. The literary language is an indicator of the level of national culture, because works are created and cultured people communicate in it.

There are many definitions: some are built from a linguistic point of view, others use delimitation with the help of native speakers of this language. Each definition is correct, the main thing is that you know how to distinguish it from other categories. Below the concept of signs of a literary language will be given.

The formation of a cultural language form

The basis of the literary language is the dialect, which is dominant in the political, economic and cultural center of the state. The basis for the Russian language was the Moscow dialect. The Church Slavonic language served as a great influence on the formation of this species. The first written translations into our language were Christian books, which later affected the formation of the language. For a long time, learning to write took place through the church, which undoubtedly influenced the cultural written language.

But one should not combine the literary language and the artistic one, because in the first case it is a broad concept that includes the variety with which works are written. Signs of the literary language are its strict standardization and accessibility for everyone, while some authors of works of art do not have enough knowledge of the literary form of the language in the broadest sense.

How to determine the language of writers

The cultural form of speech does not tolerate excessive use of slang words, clericalism, speech stamps, and vernacular. There are norms that allow you to keep the purity of the language by providing a language standard. These norms can be found in grammar references and dictionaries.

There are main features of the literary language:

Literary language as part of the national

Each language has its own national limits, so it reflects the entire cultural heritage of its people, its history. Due to ethnic features, each language is unique and original, has characteristic folk features. The national and literary languages ​​are closely interconnected, which creates unlimited possibilities for the language. But it is still possible to distinguish the signs of the national literary language.

The form under consideration, along with the national one, also includes the use of non-literary styles. Every nation has its own dialect. The Russian is divided into North Russian, Central Russian and South Russian. But some words for various reasons fall into the literary language. They will be called dialectisms. Their use is permissible only from the point of view of style, that is, it is considered possible in a certain context.

One of the types of the national language is jargon - these are words used by a certain group of people. Its use is also possible in the literary language, jargon was especially widely used in Russian literature in the post-Soviet period. Their use is strictly regulated by literary norms:

• characterization of the hero;
• with proof of the appropriateness of use.

Dialect is another feature of the national language, which is typical for people living in the same territory or united on a social basis. In literature, dialect words can be used in the following cases:

Signs of the modern Russian literary language

In the traditional sense, the language has been considered modern since the time of A. S. Pushkin. Since one of the main features of the literary language is the norm, you should know what norms the modern one is based on:

• stress norms;
• orthoepic;
• lexical;
• phraseological;
• word formation;
• spelling;
• punctuation;
• grammatical;
• syntactic;
• stylistic.

The literary language is characterized by strict observance of all norms in order to preserve the entire cultural heritage. But the modern literary language has problems associated precisely with the preservation of the purity of the language, namely, the large use of devalued vocabulary (foul language), a large number of borrowings, and the frequent use of jargon.

Functional style views

As it was written above, its stylistic diversity belongs to the features of the literary language.

1. Written and bookish speech, which is divided into official business, journalistic and scientific.
2. Artistic speech.

The colloquial form of speech was not included here, because it does not have strict regulation, that is, one of the main features of the literary language.

Russian literary language in the late 20th - early 21st centuries.

The processes taking place in a language are a natural phenomenon, because it is not a static unit. It also changes and develops along with society. In the same way, new signs of the literary language have appeared in our time. Now the media is becoming an influential sphere, which forms new functional language features. With the development of the Internet, a mixed written and spoken form of speech begins to develop.

The literary language performs a very complex and important task: to preserve the accumulated knowledge, to unite the entire cultural and national heritage and to pass everything on to new generations, while maintaining national identity.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Literary language and its properties
Rubric (thematic category)	Literature

The broad concept of "language" as a system - ethnic, national language - in real life represents various subsystems used in accordance with communicative circumstances and social and individual attitudes of communicants.

A universal means of communication, a subsystem processed and verified by generations of native speakers and cultural figures, is literary language.

In Western sociolinguistics, so that there is no confusion between concepts literary language and language of literature, use the term standard language .

A literary language is a codified language. Linguistic codification* it is customary to call the conscious work of scientists, specialists in developing rules for the most appropriate and effective use of the language at all its levels. This work, consisting in the creation of dictionaries, grammars, codes of rules, always proceeds under the effective control of society, which is interested in the development of the language as a universal means of communication.

Usually not the entire national language is codified, but only those of its subsystems that are most important in social and communicative terms. Such a subsystem, a universal means of communication, most often turns out to be a literary language, which in writing is usually called codified subsystem national language, unlike other subsystems - territorial dialects, social and professional jargons, etc.

A typical literary (standard) language is characterized by the following stages of development:

1)Selection- one of the options for one reason or another is selected as the standard. The choice of such a language is a matter of great political importance: this option immediately becomes prestigious, and with it the prestige of those who speak it from birth grows.

2)Codification- some institution, for example, the Academy of Sciences, should compile dictionaries and grammars, fix the language, so that all people can check these codified editions and establish what is correct, ʼʼstandardʼʼ, and what is not. As soon as codification takes place, people claiming a high social status are forced to learn this variant in order to write and speak ʼʼcorrectʼʼ.

3)Feature Development. The codified version should serve all the functions of the state - administration, legislation, bureaucracy, science, education. This involves the creation and codification in dictionaries of many new terms.

4)Confession. The variant must be recognized by a sufficient part of the population as a standard variant - usually as a national language.

The main requirements that a literary language must meet are its unity and general intelligibility. Other varieties of the national language, such as territorial or social dialects, do not meet these requirements.

The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional, that is, it is used in various fields of human activity. In this regard, the means of the literary language (lexicon, grammatical constructions, etc.) are functionally differentiated: each sphere of social activity is characterized by special means. In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian literary language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official business, newspaper and journalistic, colloquial and everyday. Some researchers also distinguish an artistic style, which is not recognized by everyone, since it is believed that the creator of literary texts has the right to use any verbal means to achieve his intention, therefore, such a style cannot have a special functional and stylistic originality and one should only talk about language and style of a particular writer. Be that as it may, the book variety of the Russian literary language includes scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic styles, which are opposed to the colloquial-everyday style.

Literary language is divided into two functional varieties - colloquial and bookish.

Conversational speech is used, as a rule, in situations of easy communication. The main features of colloquial speech are 1) oral form of expression; 2) implementation mainly in the form of a dialogue; 3) unpreparedness, unplannedness, spontaneity; 4) the predominant immediacy of contact between communicants.

The main features of the book variety of the literary language (book language) are the written form of expression and implementation, mainly in the form of a monologue. The written form of speech requires knowledge of the rules of writing and, therefore, is regulated. At the same time, communication between communicants should be mediated (correspondence) and distanced both in space and time (scientific, fiction or other texts).

Literary language and its properties - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Literary language and its properties" 2017, 2018.

IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH CULTURE

BY THEME: LITERARY LANGUAGE AND ITS MAIN FEATURES

KHABAROVSK, 2011

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

In different eras, among different peoples and nationalities, in unequal historical conditions, specific systems of social variants of the language are formed - social stratifications of languages. There was a need for a so-called supra-territorial variant of the language, unified for the state, with special communicative properties (increased accuracy of speech, the ability to convey various logical relationships, stability in time, specialization, etc.). After all, the state power must convey its orders to all the inhabitants of the country, these orders must be clear to everyone. This need is satisfied by the appearance of its own literary language.

The correctness of speech is one of the problems that interested scientists of different generations. This problem is especially acute in epochs of transition for society, when social problems push cultural ones into the background. In times of stability, public opinion, the prestige of education, the desire for a high level of personal culture are the factors that restrain the process of clogging the literary language with non-literary units. In unstable eras, there is simply no time to pay attention to these issues. A kind of censorship still exists at the level of the media, diplomacy, paperwork, science, but it is not so strict.

The state of the language today resembles the situation of the first decades of the 20th century, the time when a whole stream of non-normative elements “rushed” into literary speech. It was in the first decades of the 20th century that active work began on the study of the norms of the language and the compilation of dictionaries. During this period, G.O. wrote about the correctness and richness of speech. Vinokur, V.V. Vinogradov, K.S. Skvortsov, S.I. Ozhegov and other linguists.

1. The origin of the Russian literary language

The literary Russian language began to take shape many centuries ago. Until now, there are disputes in science about its basis, about the role of the Church Slavonic language in its origin. The Russian language belongs to the Indo-European family. Its origins date back to the time of the existence and collapse of the common European (proto-Slavic) language. From this common Slavic unity (VI-VII centuries), several groups stand out: eastern, western and southern. It is in the East Slavic group that the Russian language will later stand out (XV century).

In the Kievan state, a mixed language was used, which was called Church Slavonic. All liturgical literature, being written off from Old Slavonic Byzantine and Bulgarian sources, reflected the norms of the Old Slavonic language. However, words and elements of the Old Russian language penetrated into this literature. In parallel to this style of language, secular and business literature also existed. If the Psalter, the Gospel, and so on serve as examples of the Church Slavonic language, then the Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Tale of Bygone Years, and Russian Truth are considered examples of the secular and business language of Ancient Russia.

In Ancient Russia, two varieties of the literary language functioned:

) book-Slavonic literary language, based on Old Church Slavonic and used mainly in church literature;

) folk literary language based on the living Old Russian language and used in secular literature.

The further development of the literary language continued in the work of the great Russian writers, publicists, in the diverse activities of the Russian people. End of the 19th century up to the present time - the second period of development of the modern literary Russian language. This period is characterized by well-established linguistic norms, but these norms are being improved over time.

2. Literary language: its features and functions

Any national language exists in 4 main forms, one of which is normative, the rest are non-normative. The literary language is considered to be the main form of the national language. The literary language is an exemplary, standardized and codified form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund and a developed system of styles.

Signs of literary language:

Normalization is a relatively stable way of expression, reflecting the historical patterns of language development, based on the language system, fixed in the best examples of literature and preferred by the educated part of society. The literary language allows the phenomenon of variation of the norm (although in different epochs of the development of the literary language, the amplitude of variation in variations is different).

codification (fixation of normative units in dictionaries, reference books, grammars),

rich vocabulary,

the presence of functional styles, each of which has special features,

obligatory for study and use by all native speakers,

wide use for communication in all areas of public life (education and science, politics, office work, media, culture, etc.),

the presence of rich fiction in this language,

relative stability of the vocabulary,

use throughout the territory of the nation.

The main task of the literary language is to unite the nation and preserve its cultural heritage.

Functions of the literary language

Modern Russian literary language multifunctional, i.e. it performs the functions of the everyday language of literate people, the language of science, journalism, public administration, the language of culture, literature, education, the media, etc. However, in certain situations, the functions of the literary language may be limited (for example, it may function mainly in writing, while territorial dialects are used in oral speech). The literary language is used in various spheres of social and individual human activity. The literary language differs from the language of fiction, but at the same time, as it were, is formed from it. The main feature of the language of fiction is that it performs a great aesthetic function, which is able to influence the reader with the help of figurative content specially organized according to the language. This also includes the function of communication, which is implemented in the dialogues and polylogues actively created on the pages of works. The highest norm of the language of fiction is its aesthetic motivation, i.e. when using language in an aesthetic function, the form of the message acts not only as a sign of a particular meaning, but also turns out to be significant in itself, represents a system of linguistic means for expressing figurative content, and ultimately the ideological and artistic design, namely, it becomes aesthetically motivated . The language of fiction contains not only literary normalized speech, but also the individual style of the author and the speech of the characters that are created by the author. Stylized literary texts and characters' speech suggest a departure from the norm, the creation of an individual style and expressive text.

Artistic speech is characterized by the use of all language means. Language means include not only words, expressions of the literary language, but also elements of vernacular, jargon, territorial dialects. The language of fiction is closely connected with the system of images of works of art, it widely uses epithets, metaphors, personifications, revival of inanimate objects, etc. Many means of the literary language acquire a special function: antonyms, synonyms are used for a more colorful description of the characters, their characters, habits, habits, etc.

The usual concept of a linguistic norm is inapplicable to the language of fiction. In the language of fiction, everything that serves to accurately express the author's thought is correct. This is the main difference between the language of fiction and the literary language.

3. The concept of the norm of the literary language

The literary norm is the rules for pronunciation, formation and use of language units in speech. Otherwise, the norm is defined as objectively established rules for the implementation of the language system. Norms are divided depending on the regulated tier of the language into the following types:

) orthoepic (norms of pronunciation of words and their forms),

2) accentological (stress norms, a special case of orthoepic),

3) lexical (norms for the use of words, depending on their meaning),

) phraseological (norms for the use of phraseological units),

) word-building (rules for creating new words according to models known to the language),

) morphological (rules for the formation and change of parts of speech),

) syntactic (rules for combining word forms into phrases and sentences). The last two norms are often combined under the general name - "grammatical norms", since morphology and syntax are closely interconnected.

Depending on the regulated form of speech, the norms are divided into:

those that are typical only for oral speech (these are orthoepic and accentological;

characteristic only for written speech (spelling, punctuation);

regulating both oral and written speech (all other types).

The literary norm is characterized by obligatoryness for all native speakers, use in all spheres of public life, relative stability, prevalence in all tiers of the language system.

The main function of the norm is security, its purpose is to preserve the richness of the literary language. The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: live, colloquial speech, local dialects, vernacular, professional jargons, other languages.

The change of norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that really exist in the language at a certain stage of its development, are actively used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in the dictionaries of the modern literary language.

The historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, the change in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, the functioning of literature lead to the constant renewal of the literary language and its norms.

literary language speech sign

Conclusion

The norm of the literary language is a rather complex phenomenon that changes over time. Changes in the norm are especially noticeable in oral speech, since it is oral speech that is the most mobile layer of the language. The result of changing norms is the emergence of options. The variability of the norms of pronunciation and stress has become the subject of this work.

In the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" a significant number of orthoepic variants of words are recorded. Some options are equal (for example, barge and barge?), in other words, one of the options is the main one (for example, industry and additional obsolete industry).

The paper also deals with issues related to the types of norms, with the characteristics of various norms of the modern Russian literary language. In science, types of norms are distinguished depending on the level of the language, as well as norms that are strictly mandatory and not strictly mandatory. The last division is connected precisely with the presence of options.

The paper deals with issues related to orthoepic (phonetic and accentological) norms. The basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels and consonants are characterized.

List of sources used

1. Borunova S.N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ok.63 500 words / Under the editorship of R.I. Avanesov. M., 1983.

Vvedenskaya L.A. etc. Culture and art of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 1995.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 2003. - 448 p.

Gorbachevich K.S. Word variance and language norm. - L., 1978.

Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. - M., 1981.

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Literary language is a form of the historical existence of the national language, taken by its speakers as exemplary.

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. They differ in four ways:

1) Form of implementation. 2) Relation to the addressee. .

3) Generation of form.

4) The nature of the perception of oral and written speech.

When implementing each of the forms of the literary language, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words to express his thoughts, and makes sentences. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character. This also distinguishes the literary language as the highest form of the national language from its other varieties. Let's compare the proverbs for example: "Desire is stronger than coercion" and "Hunting more than bondage." The idea is the same, but framed differently. In the first case, verbal nouns are used in - nee (desire, compulsion), giving speech a bookish character, in the second - the word hunting, more, giving a touch of colloquialism. It is not difficult to assume that the first proverb will be used in a scientific article, diplomatic dialogue, and the second in a casual conversation. Consequently, the sphere of communication determines the selection of linguistic material, and it, in turn, forms and determines the type of speech.

Book speech serves the political, legislative, scientific spheres of communication (congresses, symposiums, conferences, meetings, meetings), and colloquial speech is used at semi-official meetings, meetings, at unofficial or semi-official anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between the boss and subordinates, in everyday life, family environment.

Book speech is built according to the norms of the literary language, their violation is unacceptable; sentences must be complete, logically related to each other. In book speech, abrupt transitions from one thought that is not brought to its logical conclusion to another are not allowed. Among the words there are abstract, bookish words, including scientific terminology, official business vocabulary.

Colloquial speech is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It allows the use of forms that qualify in dictionaries as colloquial. The text of such speech is dominated by common vocabulary, colloquial; preference is given to simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are avoided.

Literary language is the highest form of the national language

The functioning of the literary language in the most important spheres of human activity, the various means for transmitting information embedded in it, the presence of oral and written forms, the distinction and opposition of bookish and colloquial speech - all this gives reason to consider the literary language the highest form of the national language.

In the scientific linguistic literature, the main features of the literary language are highlighted. One of the signs of a literary language is its processing. “The first who perfectly understood this was Pushkin,” wrote A. M. Gorky, “he was the first to show how to use the speech material of the people, how to process it.”

“Any material - and especially language,” A. M. Gorky rightly noted, “requires careful selection of all the best that is in it - clear, precise, colorful, sonorous, and - further loving development of this best.” That's what language processing is all about.

Another distinctive feature of the literary language is Nali. whose written and oral forms, as well as two varieties - book and colloquial speech.

Thanks to the written form, the accumulative function of the language, its continuity, traditionality is carried out. The existence of functional and stylistic spheres of the literary language, that is, book and colloquial speech, allows it to be a means of expressing national culture: fiction, publicist, theater, cinema, television, radio. Between these two varieties there is a constant interaction, interpenetration. As a result, not only the literary language itself becomes richer and more diverse, but the possibilities of its use also increase.

A sign of a literary language is the presence of a function national styles, V Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved during communication, various language means are selected and peculiar varieties of a single literary language, functional styles are formed.

Signs of literary language:

- processing; - the presence of oral and written forms; - the presence of functional styles; - the variance of language units; - normativity.

The multifunctionality of the literary language has led to the emergence of variable units at all levels: phonetic, derivational, lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

The most important feature of the literary language is its normativity.

For a long time, there was an opinion among linguists that any literary language is a purely artificial formation. Some scientists compared it even with a greenhouse plant. It was believed that the literary language is far from the living (natural) language and therefore is not of significant interest to science. Now such views are completely obsolete. The literary language, being the product of a long and complex historical development, is organically linked to the folk basis. M. Gorky’s words are often quoted that “the division of the language into literary and folk only means that we have, so to speak, a“ raw ”language and processed by masters” (On how I learned to write, 1928). True, at the same time, they sometimes narrowly represent the circle of people who are called "masters of the word", meaning exclusively writers and scientists. In fact, public figures, publicists, teachers and other representatives of the Russian intelligentsia also take part in the process of processing the folk language. Although, of course, the role of writers and poets in this matter is the most significant.
The literary language is the historically established higher (exemplary, processed) form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles. Approaching at different stages of its development, now with the book-written, then with the colloquial-oral form of speech, the Russian literary language has never been something artificial and completely alien to the folk language. At the same time, an equal sign cannot be put between them. Literary language has special properties. Among its main features are the following:

1. the presence of certain norms (rules) of word usage, stress, pronunciation, etc. (moreover, norms are stricter than, say, in dialects), the observance of which is mandatory, regardless of the social, professional and territorial affiliation of native speakers of a given language;
2. striving for sustainability, for the preservation of the common cultural heritage and literary and book traditions;
3. suitability not only for designating the entire amount of knowledge accumulated by mankind, but also for the implementation of abstract, logical thinking;
4. stylistic wealth, which consists in the abundance of functionally justified variant and synonymous means, which allows you to achieve the most effective expression of thought in various speech situations.

Of course, these properties of the literary language did not appear immediately, but as a result of a long and skillful selection of the most accurate and weighty words and phrases, the most convenient and expedient grammatical forms and constructions. This selection, carried out by masters of words, was combined with creative enrichment and improvement of their native language.

More on the topic LITERARY LANGUAGE AND ITS PROPERTIES:

1. modern Russian language. National language and forms of its existence. Literary language as the highest form of the national language.
2. Chapter 1. MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE AND ITS STYLES
3. The multifunctionality of the Russian language: the Russian language as a means of serving all spheres and types of communication of the Russian people. Literary language and the language of fiction.
4. Russian national (national) language. Stratification of the common language. Codified literary language and non-literary varieties.