Adverb- this is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, a sign, rarely - an object. Adverbs are invariable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in -o 1st) and adjoin a verb, adjective, another adverb (run fast, very fast, veryfast). In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb.
In rare cases, an adverb can adjoin a noun: race run(noun has the meaning of action), fluffy eggweaving, coffee in Warsaw. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
Classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.
Classification of adverbs by function
By function, two categories of pronouns are distinguished - significant and pronominal.
Significant adverbs name signs of actions or other signs, pronominal- point to them, cf .: on right- where, atleft- somewhere, stupid- why the hell- then, yesterday- always.
As already mentioned, in complex 2, pronominal adverbs are not a category of adverbs, but a category of pronouns (see p. 349).
Pronominal adverbs can be subdivided into classes according to the classification of pronouns, for example: there, there, thenwhere- index, where, where, why- interrogative-relative, everywhere, everywhere- defining, etc.
Classification of adverbs by meaning
There are two categories of adverbs by meaning - attributive and adverbial.
Determinants adverbs characterize the action itself, the sign itself - the way the action is performed or the quantitative characteristic of the sign (beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot, very)- and are divided into the following categories:
qualitative, or mode of action(how? in what way?): wouldstro, so, together, "
quantitative, or measures and degrees(to what extent? to what extent?):very, not at all, three times.
circumstantial adverbs name circumstances external to the action and are divided into the following categories:
places(where? where? from where?): on the right, there, above;
time(when? how long?): yesterday, then, spring, when",
causes(why?): rashly, why, because
goals(why? for what?): out of spite, why, then.
Grammatical signs of adverbs
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature.
However, qualitative adverbs in -o/-e, formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.
By virtue of its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjunction. In a sentence, it is usually a circumstance.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences. (It's quiet on the sea) however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences (The conversation will be frank, She is married).
Adverbs that act as part of predicate impersonal sentences are sometimes distinguished into an independent part of speech or into an independent category within an adverb and are called state category words (state words, predicative adverbs) (see pp. 357-358).
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs in-about I -e
The degrees of comparison of adverbs, as well as the degrees of comparison of adjectives, denote a greater / lesser or greater / lesser degree of manifestation of a feature. The device of degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives is similar.
Comparative adverbs indicate a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a trait:
for one action of the subject in comparison with another action of the same subject: Petya runs better than he jumps;
the action of one subject in comparison with the same action of another subject: Petya runs faster than Vasya;
the action of the subject in comparison with the same action of this subject at another time: Petya runs faster than before;
for an action of one subject compared to another action of another subject: A child runs slower than an adult walks.
Like an adjective, the comparative degree of an adverb can be simple and compound.
Simple comparative degree adverbs are formed by adding a positive degree to the stem without -about(and without segments cook) formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same: warm-her, louder,
earlier, deeper.
The simple comparative degree of an adverb differs from the simple comparative degree of an adverb in its syntactic function: an adverb is a circumstance in a sentence (He jumped higher than his father) or part of a predicate impersonal sentence (it got warmer) and the adjective acts as part of the predicate of the two-part sentence (He is taller than his father) or as a definition (Give me a smaller plate.)
Composite comparative degree adverbs have the following structure: elements more / less+ positive degree (He jumpedzero is higher than the father).
Superlatives denotes the greatest / least degree of manifestation of the trait.
Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative degree. The remains of a simple comparative degree are presented only in phraseologized turns most humbly blsago-I give, I bow down.
Compound Superlative Comparative adverbs are formed in two ways:
1) most / least + positive degree (He jumpedthe highest);
2) simple comparative degree + all / all (He jumped higherall); the difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is that the compound superlative degree of comparison of an adverb acts in the syntactic function of the circumstance, and not the nominal tas-ti of the predicate of the two-part sentence.
Some qualitative adverbs, like some qualitative adjectives, do not change in degrees of comparison, for example, the adverb especially.
Invariable words that act as predicates of non-lg-ich sentences are called the words of the category of state(predicative adverbs, impersonal predicative words).
The words of the category of state denote the state of nature (Beshocold), person (at in my heartjoyfully. to mehot), evaluation of actions (You can go to the cinema).
State category words with suffix -about, formed from adjectives can have degrees of comparison (C become every dayelk allcolder / colder).
In linguistics, indeed, sometimes these words are distinguished into a significant part of speech, called the category of state. The words of this group are divided into words that can be used in other taxic positions (cf .: The sea is quiet(adj.) - He sat quietly(adv.) - Quiet in the classroom(cat. comp.)), and words that can only be used in the function of the nominal part of the predicate impersonal sentence: maybeimpossible, fearful, ashamed, ashamed, it's time, sorry etc. A distinctive feature of these words is that they do not combine with the subject and lose the ability to designate a sign of action (funny) or subject (laziness). However, there is also a widespread point of view in linguistics, according to which words of the category of state are considered a subgroup of na-speech. With such a description, the adverb as a part of speech includes words that are interchangeable (or having only degrees of comparison) words that can only act as a circumstance (walk, right,where), in the function of circumstance and impersonal predicate proposed
(okay, cold) or only in the function of a predicate impersonal sentence (ashamed, sorry, not allowed). "
Educational complexes have the following features in the study of the adverb as a part of speech.
In complexes 1 and 3, the adverb is studied in grade 7, this is the last independent part of speech, after studying which students move on to the service parts of speech.
In complex 2, the adverb is studied in grade 6 before the pronoun. This is due to the fact that, as already mentioned when describing the pronoun as a part of speech, complex 3 includes pronominal adverbs as pronouns, not adverbs.
Complexes 1 and 3, speaking about the classification of adverbs, do not pay special attention to the differentiation of adverbs into significant and pronominal. Complex 3 at the same time simply brings significant and pronominal adverbs in one row. So, as examples of adverbs with the meaning of place, the words in the distance, somewhere, somewhere, nearby. Complex 1 basically illustrates all theoretical positions with significant adverbs, but it is separately stated that among the adverbs there are demonstrative (here, there, here, there) uncertain (somewhere, somewhere, somewhere) interrogative (where, where, why), negative (nowhere, nowhere, nowhere). As can be seen from the examples, the selection of these groups is possible only among the pronominal adverbs.
The question of the ranks of adverbs by meaning is solved in complexes as follows.
Complex 1 proposes to distinguish between circumstantial and attributive adverbs, while it is said that adverbs denote the mode of action, time, place, reason, purpose (to go on foot / in the evening / there), and determinatives denote the measure and degree, quality, mode of action (doubling / slightly, barely). This classification is puzzling. It is not clear how "mode of action" as a subcategory of circumstantial and "mode of action" as a subcategory of determinants are distinguished. The adverb in the example walk, certainly describes the way in which an action is performed and should be classified as attributive, not adverbial.
Complex 2 does not divide adverbs into attributive and adverbial adverbs and immediately distinguishes 6 groups of adverbs by meaning: mode of action, measure and degree, place, time, reason, purpose.
Complex 3 classifies adverbs in the same way as complex 2.
All three complexes describe the degrees of comparison of adverbs in -o/-e.
At the same time, complex 1 in describing the degrees of comparison of adverbs, as well as
when describing the degrees of comparison of adjectives, highlights only
means of expressing a greater degree of manifestation of a sign: external shtel-
her, more attentively, more attentively than all. Complexes 2 and 3 also indicate a lesser degree of manifestation of the feature formed by the compound of the component less with a positive degree. Of the ways of expressing the superlative degree of comparison, all three complexes mention only the combination of the comparative with the elements total (all): did the best.
The description of composite degrees of comparison is not uniform in complexes. Complexes 1 and 3 speak of compound forms as a combination of two words, which is incorrect: the two components of a compound form are one word in its analytic form; this is important to understand for the morphological analysis of the adverb. Complex 2, speaking of the composite comparative degree, names the elements more and less particles, but describes as a compound superlative as a combination of two words, which is inconsistent.
All three complexes, when considering the degrees of comparison of an adverb, as well as in an adjective, speak of a comparative and superlative degree, and a positive degree of comparison is not distinguished by them and is considered “none”.
When studying the degrees of comparison, special attention should be paid to the criteria for distinguishing between the simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs. This distinction is made according to their syntactic relations and syntactic functions: an adjective explains a word with a subject meaning and can be a predicate of a two-part sentence (He is taller than the other students / taller than everyone inclass), and the adverb explains the verb and acts as a circumstance (He jumped higher than others / higher than everyone in the class) or it is used independently and acts as a predicate of an impersonal sentence (It's getting warmer outside.) To help students distinguish between adjective and adverb, students can also replace the degrees of comparison with a positive one: He is taller than others in the class can be replaced with He is tall, a He jumped higher than others on the He jumped high.
Particular attention should be paid to the question of the words of the category of state.
All word complexes of the state category are marked as a special category of words. In complex 1, in its latest editions, these words are separated into an independent part of speech - the category of state. In complex 2, these words are called “status words” and are described in the section on adverbs. Complex 3 mentions this linguistic phenomenon in the heading “Take note”, where it is noted that “among adverbs, a group of words stands out that denote the state of a person or the environment” and that these words have their own characteristics: they are predicates of impersonal sentences and are used with a bunch, which is uncharacteristic for an adverb. Nevertheless, the words of the category co-
the standings in complex 3 are no longer mentioned and must be considered in a number of other adverbs.
Most of the time when studying the topic "Adverb" is devoted to spelling, which is caused by the objective difficulty of spelling adverbs.
§one. General characteristics of the adverb
An adverb is an independent part of speech.
Adverbs are a heterogeneous class of words. It includes indeclinable, non-conjugated and inconsistent words. Adverbs are attached to other words. Most adverbs are significant words, for example: yesterday, on the left, in the morning, into the distance, very, but there are also pronouns, for example: where, where, everywhere (there- pointing, where, where- interrogative and relative, everywhere- definitive). Pronominal adverbs have the form of adverbs, and the role of pronouns. Pronominal adverbs are among the most ancient.
The class of adverbs is replenished with words from different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. Becoming an adverb, the word loses the characteristics inherent in other parts of speech, becomes unchanged, is used as a stamp.
1. Grammatical meaning- a sign of a sign, a sign of action, less often - a sign of an object.
Highly beautiful - a sign of a sign,
Funny laughing is a sign of action,
Coffee Turkish- attribute of the object.
Adverbs answer different questions. It is more rational to bring them below, when the categories of adverbs by meaning will be considered.
2. Morphological features:
- permanent - immutability
- variable - degrees of comparison (only for adverbs formed from quality adjectives: good - better, beautiful - more beautiful).
3. Syntactic role in the sentence- circumstance or predicate in two-part sentences.
We got the job done quickly.
She is married.
Note:
Important information about words -0- in impersonal sentences is given in this chapter at.
§2. Ranks by value
1. Circumstantial:
1) places (where? where? from where?): left, far, above, there, there, below ,
2) time (when? how long?): spring, yesterday, then, when, long,
3) reasons (why?): rashly, foolishly, stupidly, because
4) goals (why? for what? for what purpose?): why, then, out of spite.
2. Determinants:
1) qualitative, or mode of action (how? in what way?): fun, slowly, so, three of us,
2) quantitative, or measures and degrees (to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times.
The category of qualitative adverbs is the most numerous.
§3. Qualitative adverbs in -o//-e. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adverbs are formed from qualitative adjectives with the help of suffixes -о or -е.
Like adjectives, such adverbs have degrees of comparison, which show how the attribute is manifested: to a greater (less) or to the greatest (least) degree.
Examples:
- positive degree: the son sings loud.
- comparative degree: the son sings louder, than usual. Son sings louder than his friend.
- Superlative: Son sings loudest.
Like adjectives, adverbs have simple and compound degrees of comparison.
A simple comparative degree is formed using suffixes: -ee-, -hey-, -e-, -she-, for example:
fun - more fun (more fun)
easy - easier
thin - thinner.
The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by a combination of words more or less and adverb forms in the positive degree, for example:
more thin, less easily, more clearly, less bright.
Superlatives also have simple and compound forms, but in modern language the compound form is more common. It is formed with the words: most or least: most Seriously, least bright as well as words all and Total, for example, more seriously all, tastier Total.
Note:
After the words most and least the adverb is used in a positive degree, and before words all and Total adverb - in a comparative degree.
The simple superlative degree of adverbs occurs only in some stable combinations: most humbly, most humblely, most deeply, most reverently ask.
For some adverbs, the degree of comparison is a constant feature.
You more don't write to me. You it is better don't write to me.
Here are the words more is better are not a degree of comparison.
Usually adverbs in the comparative or superlative degrees of comparison express the same meaning as the adverb in the positive degree: The son sang louder(even more loud, value component loud relatively preserved).
In the examples above: You more do not write ( more does not mean: lot). You to me it is better do not write ( it is better does not mean: well)
§4. What to count? Adverbs and words of the state category
As always, this section deals with various interpretations, opinions, points of view.
What is the problem? What is being discussed?
The language has a group of words that have some features.
These words denote the state of nature or man:
On the street cold. to me cold.
Formally, this group combines words with the suffix -o, formed from qualitative adjectives and having degrees of comparison.
It got cold outside . On the street colder than at home. The coldest thing was on the ground floor.
It can be seen from the examples that in a sentence these words are part of the predicate in impersonal sentences.
Traditionally, this group of words was considered as a group of special adverbs and was not singled out as a separate part of speech. A number of authors in their textbooks highlight a special part of speech. They call it differently. Most often, following Academician V.V. Vinogradov - status category. Other names for this group of words are also known: predicative adverbs, state words and even state name.
- Her cold(state cat.).
- She answered cold(adverb).
- Her face was cold , there was not even a shadow of a smile on him (short adjective).
The words: can, can not, ashamed, it's time, sorry and other similar homonyms among other parts of speech do not have. They are used only as part of the predicate of an impersonal sentence and belong to the category of state.
An alternative point of view defines these words as a special subgroup of adverbs. In this case, in order to maintain consistency, it is necessary to understand that adverbs in a sentence can be an adverb, some adverbs can be an adverb and a predicate in an impersonal sentence, and some adverbs can only be a predicate in an impersonal sentence.
To the right was a forest.
She answered coldly.
She became cold.
I was ashamed.
test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to believe that adverbs include indeclinable, non-conjugated and inconsistent words?
What is the syntactic relationship of adverbs with other words?
- Coordination
- Control
- adjoining
Are all adverbs significant words?
Which adverbs have a non-permanent (changeable) sign of the degree of comparison?
- Everyone has
- For adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives
What suffixes are used to form adverbs from quality adjectives?
- Suffixes -o- or -e-
- Suffixes -mu- (-him-)
- Suffix -th- (-their-)
To what degree of qualitative adverbs does the feature manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent?
- In a positive way
- To a comparative extent
- In superlatives
To what degree of qualitative adverbs does the attribute manifest itself to the greatest or least degree?
- In a positive way
- To a comparative extent
- In superlatives
To what category do adverbs belong? rashly, foolishly, out of avarice, out of stupidity, out of ignorance?
- time
- Causes
What category do adverbs belong to? fun, slow, fast, threesome?
- quality
- quantitative
Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
adverb called an independent part of speech that does not have variable morphological features (except for degrees of comparison), which in a sentence is a circumstantial
Stvom [...People naturally and simply reveal their soul(Fad.)]. part of the main member in an impersonal sentence [... It is very easy and simple to pretend to be an indifferent, silent proud(T.)] or an introductory word [Paintings that opened to the sides from Ai-Petri naturally led to a conversation about painting(S.-Ts.)].
Adverbs are divided into lexico-grammatical categories: indicative, predicative and modal adverbs.
Indicative adverbs denote a secondary sign, i.e. not a sign of an object, but a sign of an action, state or other sign: speak convincingly, read very fast, too slow, almost warm outside. Indicative adverbs, as can be seen from the examples given, can be subordinated to verbs, adjectives or other adverbs with the help of the syntactic connection of adjunction. In a sentence, such adverbs are circumstances.
It is necessary to distinguish indeclinable adjectives from indicative adverbs, i.e. words denoting a sign of an object (and not a sign of an action or another sign) and combined with nouns: eyes(what kind?) bulging, hair(what kind?) upright. In addition, indicative adverbs should not be confused with homonymous short forms of the neuter singular of quality adjectives, cf.: The village in the mountains was picturesque(what? - the highlighted word is an adjective) and Penochkin got up, picturesquely threw off his cloak, got out of the carriage(T.) - the highlighted word answers the question how? and is an indicative adverb.
By the nature of the meaning, the characteristic adverbs are divided into semantic groups of significant and pronominal adverbs.
Significant adverbs name one or another sign of a sign: fun, very, in Russian.
Within the category of significant adverbs, it is customary to distinguish between: 1) adverbs of measure and degree: very, extremely, very, almost; 2) qualitative adverbs of the mode of action: fun, beautiful, distinct, formed from qualitative adjectives; 3) relative adverbs of the mode of action: out loud, childishly, on foot; 4) adverbs of reason: reluctantly, his
heeling, foolishly; 5) adverbs of consequence: white, full; 6) whether adverbs: n evilly, on purpose, on purpose; 7) adverbs of place: up, home, back; 8) adverbs of time: yesterday, soon and others. Adverbs about-oaz action, measures and degrees are called determinative, all the rest - adverbial.
Pronominal adverbs do not name the sign of the sign, but only point to it: where, how, where.
Among the pronominal adverbs, almost the same semantic groups are distinguished as among the significant adverbs: measures and degrees (like: He So lit up!) course of action (as, so: how will we get to the exhibition?), causes (why, because, therefore) goals (why); pronominal adverbs of place are especially numerous (where, where, from where, there, here, here, there, here, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere, somewhere) and time (when, then, then, always, sometimes, never, never, ever, ever).
In addition, pronominal adverbs can be divided into semantic groups similar to those that stand out among pronouns as parts of speech, namely: demonstrative (here, there, here, here, there, then, then) defining (sometimes, always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere), interrogative-relative (where, where, from where, when, why, why, how), as well as two groups of adverbs formed from interrogative-relative ones with the help of derivational morphemes: negative (nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never, never, no need etc.) and undefined (somewhere, sometime etc.).
Predicative adverbs name various states of living beings or the environment and make up the nominal part of the main member of impersonal sentences: The children had fun; It's already warm outside; I'm really sorry.
Many predicative adverbs coincide in form with indicative adverbs; cf .: Little Christmas tree is cold in winter (cold- predicative adverb). - He looked coldly at the offender and turned away (coldly- indicative adverb). However, some predicative adverbs are related in form to nouns: It's time my friend, it's time... (P.);Us it's time to school[cf. with a homonymous noun in-R a - "When the rebellious youth came to Onegin p ° ra ...(P.)]; Now, no time talk about it(compare with existing
Vitelny time in sentences like Moscow time- 20 hours); But our ladies, apparently, laziness get off the porch...(P.); To whom hunting sue?..(P.) - As for predicative adverbs like sorry, you can't then they have no correspondences either among the denotative adverbs or in other parts of speech.
The grammatical originality of predicative adverbs is due to the fact that they: 1) do not have the meaning of an attribute of an action or an attribute of any other attribute; 2) in the proposal are not a circumstance. Therefore, predicative adverbs are often considered separately from adverbs, they are distinguished as an independent part of speech, which Academician L.V. Shcherba proposed to call the “state category”; other scholars call predicative adverbs "impersonally predicative words" (predicatives).
Modal adverbs are used as words that serve to express the subjective attitude of the speaker to what and how he speaks: probably(the speaker’s uncertainty about the reliability of the transmitted information is expressed: Tomorrow probably, it will rain), first(such adverbs establish the order of presentation of thoughts in a complex sentence and text), to my mind(a means of expressing the authorship of a particular conclusion: To my mind, This textbook is very good when preparing for a university) and etc.
Modal words differ from indicative and impersonal-predicative adverbs in that they are not connected with other words in a sentence (they are necessarily separated by punctuation and intonation), they are not a member of a sentence; in speech, modal words act as introductory words, and also often make up special statements on their own (“sentence words”): You, of course, have already read the new novel by this writer?- Certainly! Due to the noted grammatical features, this category of adverbs is often distinguished as a special part of speech, which, following Academician V. V. Vinogradov, is called “modal words”.
Modal adverbs should be distinguished from introductory constructions, which also convey various subjective attitudes of the speaker, but consist of several words, each of which belongs to one or another part of speech; compare: Tomorrow, as everyone says, will be warm(this introductory const-
ruktion consists of three different words: union as, pronouns all and verb they say).
359. Distinguish between adverbs and adjectives.
1. Here he came to the blue sea. Restless 3 blue sea (JJ.). 2. I listened to the pines for a long time ... (N. R.). 3. All this would be funny if it weren't so sad (L.). 4. Rising silently in the morning, the count dresses lazily, finishing pink nails, yawning, casually engaged and knits his tie inappropriately, and does not stroke his cut curls with his wet brush (P.). 5. One thing about him was not good: he was terribly greedy for money. (L.). 6. Pictures hung crooked, chairs wobbled (Paust.). 7. On the top of a birch, covered with a haze of young foliage, a cuckoo loudly calls and, as if choking, suddenly suddenly falls silent (CM.). 8. When you read one novel of some kind, it seems that all this is old, and everything is so clear, but when you fall in love with yourself, you can see that no one in the world knows anything ... (Ch.). 9. Lisa is unfair to him. This is very stupid (T.).
360.
Decide which parts of speech the underlined ones belong to.
homonymous forms. Justify your answer by considering the meaning
words, their grammatical properties, syntactic function.
1. Enchantress winter bewitched, the forest is worth 3... (Tut.). 2. Noisy forest, noisy and afternoon, and night, winter noisy in summer (Kor.). 3. And how good is this very forest later autumn, when the woodcocks arrive! (T.). 4. Early spring in the morning, on a holiday, my mother sometimes woke me up, brought me to the window in her arms: “Look how the sun plays!” (CM.). 5. in the spring and summer, autumn and winter I often went to Vertushinka, watched the life of the birds living on its shores, admired the Flowers (CM.). 6. Early spring when the forest has not yet dressed in green foliage, blooms, reflected in the spring water with yellow powder puffs, a tender willow (CM.). 7. In the distance of a large room, At that back wall, there was a high table on the steps, and behind it sat a small Mikhail Ivanovich (Prishv.). 8. By half a day the wind had died down, and away heat waves came along the edge of the steppe w) 9. Chichikov looked deep into rooms... (G.).10. Athlete dove deep into and out of sight.
361. Highlight adverbs in sentences. Specify their vocabulary
Rhammatic category and group by value.
1. A deserted cape went far into the sea (B.). 2. They drove an elephant along the streets, as it can be seen for show - it is known that elephants are a curiosity with us (Cr.). 3. At first, the general received Tentetnikov quite well and cordially ... (G.). 4. Minka remembered his exam, and he felt doubly well (V. Sh.). 5. Orlovsky peasant is small in stature, gloomy, looks from under his brows (T.). 6. And in the distance the windmill flaps its wings (Ch.). 7. And in a local way, I can speak perfectly (P.). 8. Berg spoke very accurately, calmly and courteously. (L. T.). 9. She sewed with glasses and held a peasant-style needle in her large working hands with three fingers. (L. T.). 10. It's a pity, he was a nice guy! (T.). 11. I am so sad today, so tired of painful thoughts. (N.). 12. But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on her every hour, that she deceived us (P.).
362. Define a group of indicative adverbs by meaning (on
speeches are significant and pronominal, attributive and circumstantial
intellectual, etc.).
Quickly, in the morning, far away, barefoot, on foot, in the evening, jump, gallop, in the afternoon, in autumn, very, completely, fraternally, extremely, sadly, up, cheerfully, barely, viscous, like a human, like fish, down, completely, twice, three times, above, in winter, sideways, at night, late, out of spite, doggystyle, on purpose, hastily, fun, early, below, show off, skipping, manually, always, at home, beautifully, everywhere, excitingly, slightly, with evil, deliberately, hotly.
363. Distribute derived adverbs into groups, taking into account
parts of speech of the generating word.
Forever, tirelessly, up, hard-boiled, from afar, foolishly, for a long time, impetuously, boldly, excitingly, tightly, alive, defiantly, in vain, three times, crazy, in the fall, from evil, cleanly, hastily, twice, in my opinion, with swing, in your opinion, from a raid, to death, up, to the left, for a long time, hysterically, until you drop, deep into, much, scattered, away, uselessly, down, in the summer.
364. Divide adverbs into groups depending on
what forms of adjectives they are formed - full or multiple
to their.
Melodiously, deadly, loudly, again, widely, easily, suddenly, idly, kindly, chivalrously, to the left, in vain,
0 .Russian, captivating, irritating, dead, white, fraternal, childlike.
365. Form adverbs from adjectives.
Light, sudden, simple, light, surprised, mind
bare, passionate, dark, dry, clean, good, homely,
birdlike, empty, canine.
__________________________________________________ &>
Spelling of adverbs
1. In adverbs with prefixes from-, to-, from- and formed in a prefix-suffix way from an adjective or noun, a suffix is written at the end -a: long time ago(from old), white(from white), first(from Start), and adverbs with prefixes in-, for-, for- end with the suffix -o: to the left(from left), easily(from simple), white(from white). If the adverb is formed in a suffixal way, -o is written at the end: trustingly(from trusting), connected(from connected).
2. Prefix something and postfixes something, something, something are written in pronominal adverbs with a hyphen: somehow, somewhere, sometime.
3. Through a hyphen, adverbs formed from adjectives and pronouns are written using a prefix on- and suffixes -om, -him, -ski, -ki: in your way, in a comradely way, in German. Adverbs formed from possessive adjectives with the prefix on- and ending in -y: hare-like, wolf-like, and also the word in Latin.
4. Adverbs are written through a hyphen firstly, secondly, fifthly and so on, formed from ordinal numbers with the help of a prefix in-/in-.
5. Adverbs are written together up, above, to the top, up, up, above; up, deep, afar, afar, afar; down, down 3< снизу, книзу; вначале, сначала, вширь, назад. They must be distinguished from homonymous combinations of nouns with prepositions, which are written separately. The presence of a dependent word helps to distinguish: it refers to a noun with a preposition, and not to an adverb, cf .: At the bottom of the mountains, stones(no for-
words dependent on the adverb). - At the bottom of the mountain - stones(there is a dependent word the mountains).
6. Pronominal adverbs are written together then, because of that, therefore, therefore. They must be distinguished from homonymous combinations of pronouns with prepositions, which are written separately. An adverb can be replaced in the text by an adverb with a similar meaning, but a pronoun cannot, cf.: First a poet spoke, then (= then) a prose writer.- Behind topics you will see the river in the forest(replacement by an adverb is not possible).
7. Writing adverbial combinations and adverbs formed from nouns with prepositions must be memorized: to no avail, to failure, one by one, from a young age. In case of difficulty, you need to refer to the spelling dictionary.
366. Determine the ways of formation of adverbs. Write by inserting the missing letters.
Again .., again .., will begin .., clean .., dark .., red-hot .., to-full .., abundant .., right .., left .., first .., askance, long. ., knowingly .., six of them .., tightly .., verbatim .., hastily .., in vain .., confidential .., intelligible .. .
367- Write, opening brackets. Explain the spelling of adverbs. What phrases do not have adverbs?
(Lo) autumn is cold; walked (lo) the first snow; conversation (in) Polish; (some) where green grass; borscht (in) Ukrainian; (lo)Christian custom; crawl (up to) plastunsky; said goodbye (in a friendly way); (first) you need to learn the rule; forest (mostly) mixed; whistle (like) a bird; dress (in) smarter; when (sometimes) met; dive (gso) deeper; when- c,&(something) see you.
368. Write by opening brackets. Determine what parts of speech these words belong to.
1. (B) bays and bays are visible below. 2. (At) a path is trodden at the bottom of the hill. 3. Look (in) the top does not allow the bright sun. 4. (B) a lighthouse is visible. 5. (B) fishing boats were barely visible from the sea. 6. The liner picks up speed 2, rushing (to) the height. 7. The illustration is placed (at) the top of page-8. (B) lightning struck the top of the tree! 9. (C) the beginning of summer went on
torrential 3 rains. 10. The story (s) at the beginning seemed uninteresting, but reading gradually carried me away. 11. (Lo) An investigation has been initiated into this case. 12. There was a severe frost, (therefore) classes in the lower grades were canceled. 13. A strong wind arose, (after) it began to rain. 14. I turned (for) what is due to me according to the law. 15. He refused (from) what (from) which in his place hardly anyone would have refused.
369. Write off, opening brackets. Check the spelling of adverbs and adverbial combinations in the spelling dictionary.
Go (to) a ford, run (without) looking back, work (without) getting tired,
(c) additions to what has been said, (c) first on the screen, get (c) pro-
sak, catch (in) unawares, changed (beyond) unrecognizability, on the floor
thread (until) failure, stay (abroad), (for) eyelids in memory,
postpone (ma) tomorrow, evidence (on) face, (ka) recor
fate, take (for) hire, be (on) the alert, task (not) (under) slu,
notice (not) by chance, one (on) one with the elements, exactly (in) exactly
like last time, for many years they live side by side, (totp) hour sorry
oriented.
_________________________________________________ ^
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
The only variable (inflectional) morphological feature of adverbs is degrees of comparison:beautiful - more beautiful - more beautiful than all / all. The comparative and superlative degrees of comparison are regularly formed from the dictionary form (i.e., from the positive degree) of the indicative qualitative adverbs of the mode of action and predicative adverbs, as well as from some modal adverbs: Most likely, we will not go to football tomorrow.
The comparative degree of adverbs is simple (The child laughed even louder) and composite (It was getting colder outside; This story was written less talented). A simple form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by adding inflectional suffixes -ee / -ets to the word stem, -e, -she(at the same time, the suffix of a positive degree -о is truncated): funny-» more fun, more fun(colloquial), dry-> dry, sad-» bitterer(poet.); singular suffix -same only used in the form deeper(from deep). The words good, bad, ma-
lo form a simple form of comparative degree from a base with a different root: better, worse, less. The compound form of the comparative degree is found mainly in book speech and is formed with the help of auxiliary words. more or less: more warm, less fun.
The superlative degree of adverbs is usually formed by adding auxiliary words to the form of the positive degree most, least: most fun, least cold or to a simple form of the comparative degree of auxiliary words everyone, everything: the most cheerful of all, the warmest of all. Simple superlative form (I humbly ask, I bow down) perceived as archaic.
370. Replace the initial form of adverbs with the comparative form
degree (form all possible types of this form).
Run fast, get up early, stay up late, work hard, talk little, study well, read badly, dance beautifully, sing sadly, dive deep, jump high, travel far, live close, speak logically, sell cheaply.
371. Determine in what form the degree of comparison (positive
noah, comparative, excellent) adverbs are used. Wherein
Don't mix adverbs and adjectives!
1. The sled begins to run 3 quieter and quieter, breathing is not
stops freezing (Ch.). 2. ... Here and there in the forest, closer and further,
as if calling to each other, the drums solemnly sound (CM.).
3. The she-wolf has changed these days: she has lost weight and stretched out,
taller and leaner (CM.). 4. ...But who doesn't love
you, that one is a hundred times more stupid (P.). 5. Gray willows near the wattle fence
her heads will be bowed (Her). 6. And she appeared at the door or at
early star windows lighter (P.). 7. The sea was noisy
the same, more clearly, and the ever-increasing needles interfered with it
noise (B.). 8. Under it is a stream lighter than azure, above it is a beam
golden sun... (L.). 9. Lemon light got brighter
forests - darker, damper, velvet (B.). 10. Often I don’t get enough sleep,
woke up early today (B.).
___________________________________________________ &>
