Date: 12/21/2011

Teacher: Khamatgaleev E.R.
Objectives: to consider the reasons for the strengthening of royal power; show the features of the policy of the Capetians; describe the features of the estate monarchy.
Plan

1. 
   Checking homework.
2. 
   
3. 
   
4. 
   Philip IV Handsome.

Equipment: Ved. §nineteen.
During the classes

1. 
   Checking homework.

• 
  What is heresy?
• 
  Why were heresies so popular?
• 
  How did the church manage to break the resistance of the heretics?

1. 
   France in an era of fragmentation.

• 
  How could a king gain power over someone else's fief? (He could marry the heiress of a feudal lord, he could redeem the feud, or he could take it by force.)
• 
  What was the advantage of the geographical location of the royal domain? (Ile-de-France occupied a strategic position, located between two rivers - the Seine and the Loire.)
• 
  What was the personal superiority of the king over the feudal lords? (In the view of the subjects, the power of the king was divine, and he had special abilities, such as curing diseases.)
• 
  What was the weakness of the feudal lords in comparison with the royal power? (They were fiercely at odds with each other and could not agree.)
• 
  Who was the king's ally? (Cities and the church, tired of feudal turmoil.)

textbook material

• 
  What was common in the political development of Western European states in the 11th-13th centuries?
• 
  What circumstances contributed to the formation of the estate monarchy in France at the beginning of the 14th century?

How and why did France unite around the king. In the 11th century, France experienced a period of feudal fragmentation. The royal power was as weak as ever, and yet in the XII century, she managed to achieve the first success in uniting the country.

To unite the country meant to make the power of the king throughout its territory as strong as in the royal domain. And for this it was necessary to break the bonds of feudal ties and attach the former fiefs to the domain. This could be achieved in several ways. The king could marry the heiress of the feud, could redeem it from his vassal (if he so desired). If the vassal of the king died without leaving an heir, his fief also returned to the king. Finally, the fief could be taken from the vassal by force if he did not fulfill his vassal obligations. But for this, peers had to agree with the opinion of the king - "equal" to the guilty vassal, and they, fearing the strengthening of the king's power, preferred not to do this.

• 
  Remember what a feud and a domain are.

Compared with large feudal lords, the king had two important advantages. Firstly, his domain, Ile-de-France, although not very large, was extremely advantageously located in the center of the country, at the intersection of the most important land and river routes. Here was the most important city of the country - Paris. Secondly, and more importantly, the king had something that even his most powerful vassals lacked: thanks to the rite of coronation, he was considered an assistant a a servant of God, and therefore, closing the feudal hierarchy, at the same time towered above it.

The rite of coronation of French kings, that is, their solemn enthronement, has long been performed in the cathedral of the city of Reims. The anointing to the kingdom, known from the Old Testament, endowed the king with divine grace. The head of the French church, the Archbishop of Reims, applied the sacred fragrant oil with prayers. miro on the forehead, arms, chest and back of the king. The king swore to rule justly and mercifully, to protect the world, to honor and protect the church. Then the anointed of God was crowned with a crown, handed over to him the signs of royal dignity: a sword, a scepter and an orb. From now on, the power of the king became sacred. This is connected with the spread among the people of the idea of ​​the ability of kings to cure certain diseases with one touch of their hands.

Whether the king would be able to use his powers, or whether his power would remain sacred but powerless, depended on the balance of power. Having united, large feudal lords, of course, could impose their will on the king. This happened more than once in France, and in other countries. However, as a rule, they competed with each other, and a skilled ruler could use their enmity to his advantage. In addition, the monarch had strong allies, no less interested in strengthening royal power and uniting the country. Firstly, this is a part of the vassals of his vassals, that is, small and medium feudal lords, who often suffered from the arbitrariness of the lords and sought protection from royal power. Secondly, the townspeople turned out to be natural and reliable allies of the royal power. Thirdly, the unification of the country was supported by the church, which also suffered from the abuses of the lords. Her support meant a lot.

• 
  Why did the townspeople support the royal power against the big feudal lords?

1. 
   Strengthening royal power.

King Louis VI (1108-1137) did a lot to strengthen the power of the king in his own domain: he built fortified points, destroyed robber detachments, and suppressed uprisings of recalcitrant vassals. He also succeeded in marrying his son, the future King Louis VII, to Eleanor of Aquitaine, heir to vast territories in southern France. However, the marriage broke up, and Eleanor married Henry of Anjou, the future Henry II Plantagenet, King of England. Thus, a significant part of France was under the rule of the English monarchs. Under the son of Louis VII, Philip II Augustus, the French kings managed to take "revenge" from their western neighbors. He managed to capture many of the lands that belonged to the Plantagenets, including Normandy. In 1214, the English troops were defeated at Buvin, which secured his new possessions for the French king. The Albigensian wars also contributed to a noticeable expansion of the domain.

• 
  With whom were the Albigensian wars fought? (With heretic Cathars in the south of France.)
• 
  What territory was annexed to the royal domain during the Albigensian wars? (County of Toulouse.)

Much succeeded and Louis IX Saint (1226-1270). He obtained from the English king the oath of a vassal for the right to own lands in France. Louis IX reformed the judicial system. He forbade judicial duels, when the vanquished was proclaimed guilty. Now the court took into account only the testimony of witnesses. Moreover, the most important cases were considered not by the seigneur's court, but by the royal one. Feudal warfare was strictly prohibited within the domain. In all other regions of France, a rule of 40 days was introduced, which were set aside for the mediation of the king to conclude peace between the warring feudal lords.
textbook material
The hard way to the triumph of the Capetians. The primary task of the kings from the Capetian dynasty was to restore order in their own domain. Louis VI (1108-1137) during his long reign built fortresses, stormed the castles of recalcitrant lords, and stopped robberies on the roads. Towards the end of his life, luck seemed to smile at him: he managed to marry his son Louis VII to the heiress of the Duchy of Aquitaine, Allenora. Thanks to this, the royal domain immediately increased several times. But the marriage turned out to be fragile, Louis VII divorced and lost the rights to Aquitaine. This loss turned out to be all the more difficult for the crown because Aquitaine, together with the hand of Allenora, passed to Henry II Plantagenet, the most dangerous rival of the Capetians. From his mother, he had hereditary rights to England and Normandy, from his father he inherited the County of Anjou and other French lands, as well as the nickname Plantagenet (possibly from a branch of a plant with which Henry's father liked to decorate his headdress), which became the name of the new English dynasty. When Henry united the inheritance of his father and mother and added to it the Aquitaine "dowry" of his wife, more than half of France was in his hands.

The time of celebration came for the Capetians only in the reign of the son of Louis VII from his second marriage, King Philip II Augustus (1180-1223). In the fight against the son and heir of Henry II, King Richard the Lionheart, Philip II experienced serious difficulties. But when, after the death of Richard, his brother John Landless became king, Philip II managed to achieve fantastic success. Since John did not fulfill vassal obligations for the French possessions, Philip summoned his powerful vassal to the peers. He did not appear, and Philip received legal grounds to confiscate his possessions. Feudal law was now on the side of the Capetians, but everything was decided by the balance of power. The striking inaction of John led to the fact that in a matter of years, Philip II conquered Normandy, considered the pearl of the French possessions of the Plantagenets, and many other lands. In 1214, Philip II defeated the English and their allies at Bouve. and not even hoped, having landed in England, to finish off the enemy, but these plans were not destined to come true.

• 
  Why couldn't Philip II take the French possessions from John without resorting to the court of peers?

The Albigensian movement provided the French crown with an opportunity not only to show religious zeal, but also to strengthen its position in the south of France. The son of Philip II, Louis VIII, completed the defeat of the heretics, and the vast and rich county of Toulouse was attached to the domain.

As a result, the domain of the French kings, which almost did not increase under Louis VI and Louis VII, grew several times over the incomplete 50 years of the reign of Philip II Augustus and his son. Now the task of strengthening royal power in the annexed lands has come to the fore.

Holy king.“There is only one king in France,” said one of the most famous French monarchs, Saint Louis IX (1226-1270). Hardly any king more than he corresponded to the ideas of that time about the ideal sovereign. Handsome and strongly built, he possessed a rare set of spiritual virtues and soon after his death he was canonized as a saint. Piety, patronage of the church, mercy were combined in him with courage and statesmanship. But the king was especially famous for his justice. Peasants, whom he is said to have graciously listened to under the shade of a large oak not far from the palace, and foreign monarchs were also looking for his ships. With a firm hand, the king stopped all attempts by the British to return the lost possessions in France, but did not forcefully deprive the Plantagenets of the remnants of their lands in France. Louis IX demanded only one thing from the English king - to take a vassal oath for these possessions.

During the reign of Louis IX, a single order of administration, court, and tax collection began to take shape for the whole country. The king sought to ensure that all the most important litigations were resolved in the royal, and not seigneurial courts. Changed myself judicial procedure. Previously, the outcome of a case was often decided in a duel: it was believed that God would send victory to the one who was right. Louis IX banned court fights. Henceforth, sentences were to be handed down on the basis of the testimony of witnesses.

In his domain, the king banned internecine wars between feudal lords, and in the rest of the country he introduced "40 Days of the King" - a period during which the parties pledged to refrain from hostilities pending the mediation of the king. The strife in France has become much less.

• 
  Write down and explain the key words of paragraph 3 "Holy King".

1. 
   Philip IV Handsome.

Philip IV the Handsome (1285-1314) achieved a colossal increase in royal power. He, through an advantageous marriage, annexed the richest region of Champagne to the domain. Philip IV won an unprecedented victory over the papacy. Boniface VIII, who claimed world domination, was already ready to excommunicate the willful French king, but the latter was quicker and sent his people to the pope. They declared Boniface VIII arrested and gave him a slap in the face. The Pope could not stand the insult and died. Under pressure from Philip IV, a Frenchman became the next pope, who moved his residence to French Avignon. Thus began the period of the "Avignon captivity of the popes."

Notebook entry: 1309-1377 - "Avignon captivity of the popes."

For the sake of replenishing the treasury, Philip IV unleashed a large-scale lawsuit against the Templars.

• 
  Who are the Templars? (Spiritual and knightly order.)

The Templars had enormous wealth, which was claimed by the king. He accused the knights of heresy. Many of the Templars were sentenced to be burned.

Notebook entry: 1302 - convocation of the States General.

In 1302 the States General were convened. They represented the estates of France.

• 
  What classes do you think? (Feudal lords, clergy, townspeople.)

The king needed the support of the estates during the period of struggle with the pope. The meetings of each estate took place separately. They met together to make a common decision. Moreover, each estate had one vote. From that moment on, a class monarchy was established in France.

• 
  What was the significance of the Estates General at the beginning of the 14th century? (The Estates General provided considerable support to the king in the consolidation of France.)

textbook material
Victories and defeats of Philip IV the Handsome. Further strengthening of royal power in France is associated with the energetic activities of King Philip IV the Handsome (1285-1314). To achieve his goals, he constantly needed money. To get them, Philip IV was not shy in choosing means: he spoiled the coin (he was even nicknamed the "forgery king"), borrowed money without intending to return it, and taxed his subjects with new taxes. Through his marriage, he acquired the wealthy Champ County. a n. However, the attempts of Philip IV to assert his power in Fla a ndria were unsuccessful.

• 
  Find on the map (p. 187) the county of Champagne. Remember what brought his seniors large incomes.

Having taxed church lands, Philip the Handsome went into conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. It was not only about money: the king encroached on the power of the popes, while Boniface, acting in the spirit of Gregory VII and Innocent III, demanded obedience. But times have changed. When Boniface VIII in his palace in Anagni (near Rome) was preparing to excommunicate Philip IV from the church, the people of the French king suddenly burst into it. They told the shocked pope that he had been arrested and would stand trial in France, and their leader dared to slap the pope. Boniface could not stand such a shock, lost his mind and soon died. The slap in the face in Anagni became a kind of revenge on the secular authorities for the humiliation in Canossa. But it was not the German emperor who triumphed, but the French king.

• 
  Remember what happened in 1077 at Canossa.

Shortly after the death of Boniface VIII, a Frenchman became pope, who moved his residence to the south of France, to Avignes. about n. During their stay in Avignon - the so-called "Avignon captivity" of the popes (1309-1877) - they were under the strong influence of the French kings. Later, the popes managed to return to Rome.

No less loudly than the slap in the face in Anagni, the "case of the Templars" thundered throughout Europe. The Templars owned enormous wealth, which Philip IV coveted. In addition, the order, which had extensive possessions in France, but obeyed only the pope, was perceived by him as an obstacle to the unification of the country. By order of the king, the Templars were captured and accused of renouncing Jesus Christ and of all kinds of vices. The order was dissolved, and the Grand Master, who denied all accusations, was burned at the stake. Before his death, he cursed Philip IV and the pope, who approved the massacre of the Templars. Surprisingly, both the pope and not the old Philip IV soon died. Rumors spread that the curse of the Grand Master had brought them to the grave.

• 
  Where, when and for what purpose was the Knights Templar created?

Rise of the Estates General. In 1302, in the midst of a conflict with Pope Philip IV, in need of the support of his subjects, he convened representatives of all three estates. The third estate - "those who work" - was represented by wealthy citizens. This is how the States General arose - a body in which representatives of the three estates discussed the state of affairs in the kingdom and approved the taxes proposed by the king. Each estate sat in a separate chamber, and only to make a common decision they met together, and each estate had one vote. Thus, the ecclesiastical and secular nobility, speaking together, had an advantage in voting over the townspeople, although they represented b about most of the country's population. There were disagreements between the king and the estates, but on the whole the States General were a reliable assistant to the royal power in matters of administration.

Thus, at the beginning of the XIV century in France arose estate monarchy - a state with a fairly high degree of centralization, in which royal power relied on an assembly of representatives of the estates.
FROM THE LIFE OF LOUIS VI, WRITTEN BY HIS ASSISTANT ABBET SUGER (XII CENTURY)
The sacred duty of kings is to curb the insolence of tyrants with a powerful hand, who tear the country apart with endless wars, amuse themselves with robberies, ruin poor people, destroy churches ... An example of this is Thomas Marl, a desperate man. The devil accompanied him, as happens with madmen, whose successes invariably lead them to death ... Not fearing the punishment of the church, he ruined and, like a predatory wolf, devoured the districts of Lansky, Reims and Amiens, while not giving the slightest mercy to either the clergy or people. He exterminated everything, destroyed everything, even took away the two best villages from the monastery of St. John of Lansky. The impregnable castles of Crécy and Nogent, as if they were his own, he fortified with admirable ramparts and high towers, and, having made them like a nest of dragons and a den of robbers, he mercilessly betrayed almost the entire district to robbery and fire. Exhausted by his fury, the French church gathered at a general council in Beauvais, in order to pronounce here ... a decree on condemnation. The venerable legate of the holy Roman Church ... struck this tyrant-rapist with the sword of blessed Peter, that is, with a general church excommunication, and, by unanimous verdict, deprived him in absentia, as a vile villain and enemy of the name of the Christian, knightly belt and all feuds. At the request and complaints of this great council, the king immediately moved his army against him ...
Why does the author condemn Thomas Marl? Who and why helped Louis VI in the fight against the rebellious knight? Remembering how the knighting ceremony took place (see § 12), consider on what basis the legate could deprive Marl of the knight's belt.

1. 
   Questions of self-control.

1. 
   In what ways could the king increase his domain?
2. 
   What forces supported the royal power in the unification of the country?
3. 
   Tell us how the French king managed to win back Normandy from England.
4. 
   Why is the reign of Louis IX considered an important milestone in the unification of France?
5. 
   Why did Philip IV need to assemble the Estates General in 1302?
6. 
   What are the reasons for the weakness of the French king in front of his vassals? In what way did the king, on the contrary, have an advantage?
7. 
   Highlight the stages of the unification of France in the XII-XIV centuries.

1. 
   Homework: read and retell §19 "France: a long road to unity" (pp. 182-192); answer questions with 192.

• What circumstances contributed to the formation of the estate monarchy in France at the beginning of the 14th century?

§ 15.1. How and why France united around the king

In the 11th century, France experienced a period of feudal fragmentation. In the XII century, the royal power managed to achieve the first success in uniting the country. This meant that the power of the king had to become strong throughout the country, as well as in the royal domain. And for this it was necessary to break the bonds of feudal ties and attach the former fiefs to the domain. This could be achieved in several ways. The king could marry the heiress of the feud, could redeem it from his vassal (if he so desired). In the event that the vassal of the king died without leaving an heir, his fief also returned to the king. The feud could be taken from the vassal by force if he did not fulfill his vassal obligations. But for this, the peers had to agree with the opinion of the king - “equal” to the guilty anointing of the vassal, and they, fearing the strengthening of power to the kingdom, the king, preferred not to do this. Finally, the feud could be taken away from a person condemned by the church.

Anointing for the kingdom. Miniature

Compared with large feudal lords, the king had two important advantages. First, his domain, Île-de-France, was favorably located in the center of the country, at the crossroads of land and river routes. Here was the most important city of the country - Paris. Secondly, thanks to the rite of coronation, the king was considered the anointed of God.

Coronation of Philip II Augustus. Miniature. Describe the coronation ceremony of Philip II Augustus.

The rite of the coronation of the French kings, that is, their solemn enthronement, was performed in the cathedral of the city of Reims. The anointing to the kingdom, known from the Old Testament, endowed the king with divine grace. The head of the French church, the Archbishop of Reims, prayerfully applied the sacred fragrant oil of myrrh on the forehead, arms, chest and back of the king. The king swore to rule justly and mercifully, to protect the world, to protect the church. Then the anointed of God was crowned with a crown, they handed him signs of royal dignity: a scepter and a rod, symbolizing the justice of the monarch; the king's entourage held a sword and knightly spurs. From now on, the power of the king became sacred. Related to this is the spread among the people of faith in the ability of kings to heal certain diseases with one touch of their hands.

Palace of the French kings. Miniature. Explain why the palace of the French kings was built as a fortress.

Whether the king would be able to use his powers or whether his power would remain sacred but powerless depended on the balance of power. Having united, large feudal lords, of course, could impose their will on the king. This happened more than once in France, and in other countries. However, as a rule, they competed with each other, and a skilled ruler could use their enmity to his advantage. In addition, the monarch had strong allies, no less interested in strengthening royal power and uniting the country. Firstly, this is a part of the vassals of his vassals, that is, small and medium feudal lords, who often suffered from the arbitrariness of the lords and sought protection from royal power. Secondly, the townspeople turned out to be natural and reliable allies of the royal power. Thirdly, the unification of the country was supported by the church, which also suffered from the arbitrariness of the lords.

Monakova M.V.,

slide 2

Lesson problem:

What gives the state and inhabitants the unification and strong power of the king?

slide 3

How and why France united around the king

What legal possibilities did the French king have to increase his domain at the expense of the fiefs of his vassals?

• Marry an heiress of a feud
• Redeem a fief from your vassal (if he agrees)
• Inherit fief from your vassal if he died without heirs
• Take the fief from the vassal by force in case of non-fulfillment of vassal obligations
• Take the fief by force if the owner is condemned by the Church and deprived of the knighthood and all fiefs for violating Christian norms or as a heretic