October is an amazing month. It is known not only for its changeable weather, which actively prepares Russians for the imminent arrival of winter, but also for festive and significant events. The calendar of the month includes all the important dates of October 2017, which are versatile in nature, but are essential for each of us.
Anniversaries
What is an anniversary date? This is a festive event that has a round date. Quite a lot of significant events are planned in the autumn, we will list all the anniversaries of October 2017.
1 - the date of birth of the famous Russian actor Oleg Efremov is celebrated. This year, the outstanding actor of the times would have turned 90 years old.
2 - 100th anniversary is celebrated since the birth of the Russian sculptor - Mikhail Anikushin.
5 - a unique historical date - the 280th anniversary of the birth of Count Alexei Orlov.
The 5th anniversary event is also celebrated by the Russian football player Andrey Zyryanov. The athlete is celebrating his 40th birthday.
6 - celebrate anniversary events and entrepreneurs. For example, the famous Russian businessman Vladimir Gusinsky is celebrating his 65th birthday.
6 - at the same autumn moment, a unique and sought-after actress, Elisabeth Shue, is celebrating an anniversary event (55 years).
7 - a truly Russian anniversary event - 65 years old is celebrated by our president - Vladimir Putin.
8 - a holiday of a creative nature - 125 years since the birth of the famous poetess - Marina Tsvetaeva.
The 12th - 40th anniversary is celebrated by the Russian singer of popular songs - Jasmine.
14 - 90th anniversary of the birth of actor and entertainer - Roger Moore.
15 - Russian writer Ilya Ilf is celebrated by creative people on his 120th birthday.
16 is a wonderful date - the world-famous singer of the opera stage, Dmitry Hvorostovsky, is celebrating 55 years.
16 - the actor of our Russia - Ivan Dykhovnichny - celebrates his 70th birthday.
19 - popular in recent times, the Brazilian actress, known throughout the world for the TV series "The Rich Also Cry" - Veronica Castro celebrates her 65th birthday this year.
19 - sports anniversary date - 55 years of the famous boxer - Evander Holyfield.
The 23rd - 85th anniversary is celebrated by the Russian writer Vasily Belov.
26 - the popular politician of all America - Hillary Clinton - is 70 years old.
28 - actress, better known for the film "Pretty Woman" - Julia Roberts - celebrates a significant date - 50 years.
30 - Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov celebrates his 100th birthday.
31 - 95 years is celebrated since the birth of the popular Russian actor - Anatoly Papanov.
Important dates
Autumn is also rich in significant dates in October 2017. Festive events are celebrated in large numbers. If the holiday is classified as a cultural value, then it gathers like-minded people at creative evenings. Every Russian keeps public dates in his heart.
What is the popular month of autumn?
The 1st - 105th anniversary is celebrated by the popular Russian historian, as well as the geographer and, of course, the author of numerous research works - Gumilev L.N.
4 - a unique date for the whole country - exactly 60 years ago, the first artificial satellite of the planet Earth was launched into the depths of space. In honor of the most important event of the year, a space week is announced in the country, which starts on the 4th and ends on the 10th of October.
October is also unique in that this year marks the 60th anniversary of the release of the film The Cranes Are Flying to the masses. Director Kalatozov M. was recognized as one of the best specialists in his profession at the Cannes Film Festival. The outstanding film received a well-deserved award in 1958 - the Palme d'Or.
October holidays
For every Russian, significant dates for October 2017 carry the most important information. This autumn month, there are other equally significant events of the year.
1 - an international music festival meets with creative people.
1 - is celebrated by the whole world today and the holiday of a smile.
1 - Russia celebrates the day of the elderly.
1 - 11th anniversary is celebrated by the Russian ground forces.
2 - the date of birth of the popular and demanded e-mail in the present day.
3 - professional holiday of employees and employees of the OMON.
4 is an international holiday dedicated to animals.
5 - a professional holiday of the utmost importance - teacher's day.
5 - well-deserved congratulations are received by employees of the criminal investigation department.
6 - date of birth of the emoticon.
8 is a holiday dedicated to rural women.
9 - Postal workers and all Russian post offices meet a professional holiday event.
11 is girls day. World date.
12 - the day of the Russian personnel officer.
14 - the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos is found among Orthodox Christians.
16 is the chef's holiday.
20 - international holiday of the profession - cook.
24 is a professional holiday for special forces officers.
29 - date of birth of the Komsomol.
31 - Halloween.
Surely many of you are interested in the history of the world and your country, the distant and recent past, past events, memorable dates, significant and significant development successes and all kinds of discoveries, as well as folk signs, as we are sure, everyone does not mind knowing which of the famous and successful people was born October 17, in different years and eras.
Below you will find out how certain past and real events on October 17 influenced the course of world history, or of a particular country, what the date of this day was remembered for, what kind of incident, something unusual this day was remembered for, and also what is remarkable the date of this day, who was born and died from famous people and much more. In a word - we will help you to understand all this in more detail and to our advantage. You will find on this page all the answers to these topics of interest, we have tried to put together as many materials as possible for this day of the year.
Who was born on October 17
Anatoly Ignatievich Pristavkin. Born October 17, 1931, Lyubertsy (Moscow region) - died July 11, 2008, Moscow. Soviet and Russian writer, public figure.
Eminem (10/17/1972 [St. Joseph]) - rap musician;
Tarkan (10/17/1972 [Germany]) - Turkish pop star;
Dmitry Skobelev (10/17/1821 - 01/08/1880) - Russian military leader, lieutenant general;
Grigory Orlov (10/17/1734 [Moscow)] - 04/13/1783 [Moscow]) - count, the second of five brageneral feldzeugmeister, favorite of Empress Catherine II, the second of the brothers Orlovykhtyev Orlov;
Dmitry Pozharsky (10/17/1577 [city, Bersenevo] - 04/30/1642 [Suzdal]) - a great Russian statesman and military leader, prince, national hero of Russia;
Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon (10/17/1760 [Paris] - 05/19/1825 [Paris]) - count, sociologist, French thinker, utopian socialist;
John Paul I (10/17/1912 [Canale de Agordo] - 09/28/1978 [Rome]) - Pope of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church;
Lucian Zheligovsky (10/17/1865 [Oshmyany] - 07/09/1947 [London]) - Polish general and politician;
Ferdinand Magellan (10/17/1480 [city, Sabroza, Traz-os-Montes and Alto Douro] - 04/21/1521 [Mactan island]) - Portuguese navigator (made the first round-the-world trip);
Theodor Eicke (10/17/1892 [Hüdingen] - 02/26/1943) was an SS Obergruppenführer. 1st commander of the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf".
Dates October 17
1346 - Battle of Neville's Cross: The defeat of the Scottish army by the English troops and the capture of David II, King of Scotland.
1404 Innocent VII becomes pope.
1483 - Pope Sixtus IV established the Spanish Inquisition, setting before it the task of expelling Jews and Arabs from Spain.
1604 - German astronomer Johannes Kepler began observing a supernova (SN 1604), later named after him.
1659 - in Pereyaslavl, the son of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Yuri signed an agreement with Moscow, which regulated the position of the Cossacks in Russia.
1738 - Mikhail Lomonosov sends from Marburg to St. Petersburg his first scholarly essay ("Sample of Knowledge") "On the transformation of a solid into a liquid."
1740 - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was founded by Vitus Bering's Second Kamchatka Expedition.
1787 - The publication of a series of articles "The Federalist" began, which prepared the adoption of the US Constitution.
1825 - Franz Liszt's one-act opera Don Sancho, or the Castle of Love premiered in Paris. The composer was not yet 14 years old.
1831 - Michael Faraday made the first successful test of an electric dynamo, discovering electromagnetic induction.
1855 - Englishman Henry Bessemer patented his process for making steel.
1869 - on assignment from the New York Herald, Henry Stanley went in search of David Livingston's expedition, which had disappeared in Africa.
1888 - The catastrophe of the royal train near Kharkov (Borki).
1896 - the premiere of A. Chekhov's play "The Seagull" ended in complete failure at the Alexandrinsky Theater, after which he vowed to write anything for the stage.
1897 - K. E. Tsiolkovsky announced the construction of a wind tunnel.
1902 - The first Cadillac car was produced in Detroit. The luxury car division of General Motors was founded as the Cadillac Automobile Company by entrepreneur William Murphy and prominent engineer Henry Martyn Leland. The company got its sonorous name in memory of Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac, the founder of the city of Detroit.
1905 - Nicholas II signs the Manifesto on the granting of liberal freedoms and giving legislative powers to the State Duma.
1918 - Hungary declares independence from Austria.
In October 1918, a revolution took place in Hungary. Hungary became an independent state.
1933 - The first issue of the American magazine Newsweek (then called News-Week) was published.
1933 - Albert Einstein arrived in New York as a refugee from Nazi Germany.
1938 - Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the establishment of medals "For Courage" and "For Military Merit".
1959 - The South African company De Beers announced that it had produced the first artificial diamonds.
1961 - The XXII Congress of the CPSU opened (was held until October 31), at which the 3rd Program of the CPSU was adopted and the task of building a communist society by 1980 was proclaimed.
1968 - a phased withdrawal of allied troops from the territory of Czechoslovakia began.
1979 - the first flight of the passenger aircraft "Cessna" "Model T303 Crusader" took place.
1985 - The first 32-bit processor for IBM PC-compatible computers, the Intel 80386, was released.
Events October 17
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (a city in the Far East) owes its appearance to the second Kamchatka expedition, led by the navigator Commander Vitus Bering. In the autumn of 1740, two mail-passenger ships: "Saint Pavel" and "Saint Peter" came to the eastern coast of Kamchatka.
In the bay located on the territory of Avacha Bay, the expedition decided to wait out the winter. So on October 17, the first settlement was laid. With him, in fact, the whole difficult history of the capital of Kamchatka began.
Most car brands proudly bear the "names" of their creators, but with Cadillac, the situation is different. The brand is named after the founder of Detroit, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac.
The talented inventors Henry Leland and Henry Ford, who founded the Cadillac Motor Car Company in the summer of 1902, made the main contribution to the creation of the car itself. And in the autumn of October 17 of the same year, they designed the first Cadillac model “A”, the exhibition of which took place in 1903 in New York City.
The medal "For Courage" - a state award - was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1937. According to the decree, any soldier of the Red Army or Navy, as well as the defender of the state border of the USSR, could receive the medal for courage and courage shown in battle with enemies.
Among the first heroes who received the medal were border guards F. Grigoriev and N. Gulyaev. The daredevils managed to detain a group of saboteurs in the vicinity of about. Hasan.
By decision of the Potsdam and Yalta Conferences, Koenigsberg and its adjacent territories were included in the USSR. In 1946, the Koenigsberg region was formed, and a few months later, in honor of the all-Union headman, the city was renamed Kaliningrad.
The Kremlin Palace of Congresses (now the State Kremlin Palace), erected in the very heart of the capital, was designed by the architect M. Posokhin. Ashot Mdoyants and Yevgeny Stamo also took direct part in the project.
The construction of the Palace was completed in 1961. In the same year, on October 17, it was opened. In honor of the significant event that took place within the walls of the Palace, a festive concert was held.
Signs October 17 - the day of Hierotheus
Since October 17, the cold has been getting stronger, and the approach of winter is felt. It was not worth going to the forest that day - it was rumored that goblin on October 17 break trees, drive animals before leaving to winter until next year.
In the church on October 17, the memory of the martyr Erofei (Hierofei), who lived in Athens in the 1st century, is venerated. He was simultaneously converted to Christianity with Dionysius and became a disciple of the Apostle Paul. He was also consecrated to the rank of bishop - at that time Erofei was already a member of the Athenian Areopagus.
Tradition says that Erofey and Dionysius saw with their own eyes the burial of the Mother of God. As for the further fate of Erofey, he was killed by pagans after he tried to preach Christianity among them.
On October 17, the people prepared a special tincture, which was called erofeich. Usually used for her various fragrant herbs. The traditional recipe included thyme, St. John's wort, sweet clover, wormwood, marjoram, yarrow, oregano, anise and mint.
Herbs were poured with vodka and insisted for about 10-12 days in a warm and dark place. People said that such a tincture not only increases appetite, but also helps in the treatment of various ailments.
Usually on October 17, a large number of rituals were performed related to scaring away evil spirits. They believed that you can protect yourself from it using onions, garlic, radishes. In particular, bundles of onions and garlic were hung over the doors of houses and barns.
It was also said that most often the evil spirit strikes drunkards and people who unscrupulously fulfill their religious duties. That is why, on October 17, it was not recommended to walk, leave the house unnecessarily, and, of course, one should not get drunk.
- 525 years ago, the expedition of H. Columbus discovered the island of San Salvador (the official date of the discovery of America) (1492);
- 145 years ago Russian electrical engineer A.N. Lodygin applied for the invention of an electric incandescent lamp (1872);
- 130 years ago, the premiere of the opera by P.I. Tchaikovsky's "The Enchantress" at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg (1887);
- 120 years since the first football match was held in Russia (October 24, 1897);
- 95 years ago, the book and magazine publishing house "Young Guard" was created in Moscow (1922);
- 60 years ago, the film directed by M. Kalatozov "The Cranes Are Flying" (1957) was released on the screens of the country. At the Cannes Film Festival in 1958, the film was awarded the Palme d'Or;
- 60 years ago in our country the world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched (October 4, 1957);
October 1, 2017 - International Music Day. Established in 1975 by decision of UNESCO. One of the initiators of the establishment of the International Day of Music is the composer Dmitry Shostakovich.
October 1, 2017 - International Day of Older Persons. It was proclaimed at the 45th session of the UN General Assembly on December 14, 1990, celebrated since October 1, 1991.
October 1, 2017 - 105 years since the birth of L.N. Gumilyov (1912-1992), Russian historian-ethnologist, geographer, writer;
October 2, 2017 - International Day of Non-Violence. Established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly on June 15, 2007. The date was not chosen by chance: on October 2, 1869, Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement and the founder of the philosophy of non-violence, was born. In accordance with the UN resolution, the International Day serves as an additional occasion to "promote non-violence, including through educational and public outreach work."
October 2, 2017 - World Architecture Day (first Monday in October). This holiday was established by the International Union of Architects.
October 3-9, 2017 - International Writing Week. Held annually during the week of World Post Day.
October 4, 2017 - 170 years since the birth of Louis Henri Boussinard (1847-1911), French writer;
October 4, 2017 - Day of the beginning of the space age of mankind (since 1967 by decision of the International Federation of Astronautics).
October 7, 2017 - 65 years of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (1952), President of the Russian Federation, statesman;
October 8, 2017 - Day of the Worker of Agriculture and Processing Industry (second Sunday of October, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 31, 1999 No. 679).
October 12, 2017 - 105 years since the birth of L.N. Koshkin (1912-1992), Soviet engineer and inventor;
October 14, 2017 - 275 years since the birth of Ya.B. Knyazhnin (1742-1791), Russian playwright, poet;
October 14, 2017 is World Egg Day. In 1996, at a conference in Vienna, the International Egg Commission announced that the World Egg Day would be celebrated on the second Friday in October.
October 15, 2017 is World Handwashing Day. Celebrated at the initiative of the United Nations Children's Fund.
October 19, 2017 - Day of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. All-Russian Lyceum Day. This holiday owes its appearance to an educational institution - on October 19, 1811, the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened, in which Alexander Pushkin and many other people who glorified Russia were brought up.
October 21, 2017 - Apple Day (or the weekend closest to this date). In the UK, this event was first organized in 1990, at the initiative of one of the charitable organizations. Although the holiday is called “Apple Day”, it is dedicated not only to apples, but also to all orchards, as well as local island attractions.
October 22, 2017 - White Cranes Festival. A holiday of poetry and memory of the fallen on the battlefields in all wars. Appeared at the initiative of the poet Rasul Gamzatov.
October 23, 2017 - International Day of School Libraries (4th Monday in October).
October 24, 2017 - 385 years since the birth of Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), Dutch naturalist;
October 24, 2017 - 135th birthday of Imre Kalman (1882-1953), Hungarian composer;
October 25, 2017 - International Day of Women's Struggle for Peace (since 1980, by decision of the Women's International Democratic Federation).
October 26, 2017 - 175 years since the birth of V.V. Vereshchagin (1842-1904), Russian painter, writer;
October 27, 2017 - 235 years since the birth of Niccolo Paganini (1782-1840), Italian composer, violinist;
October 28, 2017 - International Animation Day. Established at the initiative of the French branch of the International Animated Film Association in 2002 in honor of the 110th anniversary of the public presentation of the first animation technology.
October 31, 2017 - 385 years since the birth of Jan Vermeer (Vermeer) of Delphi (1632-1675), Dutch painter;
October 31, 2017 - 180 years since the birth of Louis Jacolliot (1837-1890), French writer, traveler;
"On the placement in the Moscow and surrounding districts of a selected thousand service people",
which, as a result, laid the foundations of the Russian regular army.
Later, a system for recruiting military service and organizationally centralized command and control of the army appeared. The following were created: the archery army, guard service, artillery as an independent branch of the military. In parallel with this, mine explosives and handguns were actively developed.
Such actions to strengthen the Russian army led to numerous victories over the enemy.
Smolensk defense 1609 - 1611
On this day in 1609, the heroic long-term defense of Smolensk from the Polish-Lithuanian troops began.
For almost 2 years, the Smolensk fortress held out in the siege. The courage and heroism of its defenders did not allow the Polish army of Sigismund III to go deep into the country, exhausting his strength.
Heroic defense of Smolensk in 1609-1611. became an unprecedented event for its time, which had a significant impact on the minds of contemporaries.
The son of Catherine II and Peter III, heir to the Russian throne, Paul I was born on October 1 (September 20), 1754 in St. Petersburg.
According to contemporaries, Paul received a good education. In his youth, he was close to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who actually took him away from his parents and was personally involved in his upbringing. When Catherine the Great ascended the throne, and Peter III was killed, the empress began to fear Paul, because he had much more legal rights to the throne than she did. Catherine tried not to allow Paul to discuss state affairs, kept him at a distance.
Having come to power in November 1796, Paul I first of all tried to cross out everything that his mother Catherine II did during the 34 years of her reign.
An important legislative act of Paul is the law on the order of succession to the throne, published in 1797, which was in force in Russia until 1917.
Like his father, Emperor Paul was killed as a result of a conspiracy. His son, Emperor Alexander I, ascended the throne.
October 3, 1993 - The confrontation between the Parliament and the President in Moscow turned into an armed clash.
Are you afraid of the Russian Maidan?
In vain, you don’t remember history well, he already was! The USSR itself became a victim of the first so-called color revolution as a result of the dispersal of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (also known as the “Shooting of the White House”, “Shooting of the House of Soviets”, “Black October”, “October Uprising of 1993”, “ Decree 1400", "October Putsch", "Yeltsin's Coup of 1993") - as a result of the internal political conflict in the Russian Federation on September 21 - October 4, 1993.
All regions of Russia recognized the decree as criminal. Siberia threatened with an economic blockade. The meeting of the Federation Council, scheduled for October 4, was going to demand the abolition of the criminal decree and the simultaneous elections of parliament and the president. In addition, they negotiated with the Patriarch to restore the status quo on September 21st. The Supreme Soviet and then the Congress of People's Deputies, on completely legal grounds, removed the president from office. But the ousted president ignored all this. In response, he actually arrested (blocked) the entire Supreme Council.
On September 21, 1993, Yeltsin signed Decree No. 1400 on the termination of the activities of the Supreme Council. The deputies refused to comply, announcing that Yeltsin had carried out a "coup d'état", that his powers were terminated and transferred to Vice President Rutskoi.
OMON blocked the "White House", where the parliament was sitting. Communications, electricity, water were cut off there. Supporters of the Supreme Council built barricades, and on September 3, their clashes with the riot police began, 7 demonstrators were killed, dozens were injured.
Yeltsin declared a state of emergency in Moscow. A. Rutskoi called for the capture of the Ostankino television center in order to gain access to the air. Dozens of people died during the capture of Ostankino. On the night of October 4, Yeltsin gave the order to storm the White House. In the morning the building was shelled from tanks. In total, 150 people died on October 3-4, four hundred were injured.
"... If we wanted to, we would have stayed in the White House for a month or two. There were stocks of weapons and food. But then a civil war would have erupted.
If instead of Khasbulatov there was a Russian, perhaps everything would have turned out differently. The Rostov OMON, who arrived in Moscow, told me:
"Two wise men are fighting for power. One is Russian and the other is Chechen. So it’s better to support the Russian.”
Before my eyes, an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs died, he was mowed down by a sniper from the Mir Hotel. They rushed there, but the shooter managed to leave, only by special signs and style of performance they realized that this was not the handwriting of our MVD, not KGB, but someone else. Apparently, foreign intelligence agencies. And they sent instigators from the American embassy. The US wanted to stir up a civil war and ruin Russia."
October 4, 1957- The world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched into low Earth orbit, opening the space era in the history of mankind
The Russian satellite PS-1 became the first artificial celestial body put into orbit. It was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters and a weight of 83.6 kilograms. Equipped with four pin antennas 2.4 and 2.9 meters long necessary for signal transmission. The launch vehicle of the PS-1 satellite was subsequently named the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
The PS-1 satellite spent 92 days in flight and made 1440 revolutions around the Earth, which is approximately equal to 60 million kilometers.
The United States of America was able to repeat the success of the USSR only on February 1, 1958, by launching the Explorer-1 satellite on the second attempt, weighing 10 times less than the Soviet PS-1.
October 8, 1392 - Repose of St. Sergius, hegumen of Radonezh, wonderworker of all Russia
Bartholomew (worldly name) was born in 1314 into a boyar family, his father's name was Cyril, and his mother's name was Maria. From an early age, the young man dreamed of devoting his life to serving the Lord. However, the parents did not want to see their son as a monk, after their death, the future Hegumen of the Russian land, with his older brother Stefan, settled on a hill in the dense thicket of the forest, built a wooden church with their own hands and consecrated it in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity. The elder brother soon got bored with the ascetic life, and he left, and Sergius was left all alone. All the days he spent in prayers, and once they were heard, hegumen of one of the nearby monasteries Mitrofan tonsured him into monasticism. From that moment on, Sergei Radonezhsky did not spend a single minute in idleness, he worked and prayed all day long, his only desire was to save his own soul, to live and die in solitude in his own forest.
A few years later, people began to settle around the church built by Sergius. Even during his earthly life, the Reverend became a great intercessor and mourner for the Russian land.
In addition to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Sergius founded several more monasteries (Annunciation Monastery on Kirzhach, Staro-Golutvin near Kolomna, Vysotsky Monastery, St. More than 40 monasteries were founded by his disciples: Savva (Savvino-Storozhevsky near Zvenigorod), Ferapont (Ferapontov), Kirill (Kirillo-Belozersky), Sylvester (Voskresensky Obnorsky) and others, as well as his spiritual interlocutors, such as Stefan of Perm.
On the eve of his death, the Monk Sergius called the brethren for the last time and addressed with the words of the testament:
“Be careful, brethren. First, have the fear of God, purity of soul and unfeigned love…”.
October 11, 1783 Petersburg, by decree of Catherine II, the Russian Academy was founded. Modeled on the French Academy, it was not a strict academic institution in the classical sense, but rather a free society of scientists and writers, subsidized by the government.
Unlike the Academy of Sciences, which took care of the exact sciences, the task of the Russian Academy was to develop a humanitarian cycle, primarily the Russian language, to develop spelling rules, and to compile dictionaries.
The Empress appointed Ekaterina Dashkova as head of the Russian Academy, and against her will. Dashkova made her first visit to the Academy accompanied by the famous mathematician Euler.
Addressing the professors with a short speech, Dashkova assured them of her deep respect for science and, following Mikhail Lomonosov, emphasized the merits of the expressive Russian language, defining the main task of the new institution: "Let writing a grammar and a dictionary be our first exercise."
In a short time, within six years, the "Dictionary of the Russian Academy, arranged in word order" was created. For comparison, the French Academy has been working on a similar work for six decades. The Empress showed a lively interest in compiling the Dictionary. It included not only Russian words, but also scientific and technical terms.
In 1786, the princess submitted to the empress a report on her three-year activity, from which it follows that in three years she had achieved considerable success.
Before her arrival, the Academy had debts, professors did not receive salaries, there were no funds to pay for rented premises, to purchase paper, and so on.
Under the care of the director of the Academy, the printing house acquired new fonts, the academic library was replenished with new books, a catalog of books was compiled in the library, the collections of minerals and the archive of the Academy were put in order, only young people who showed abilities for science were left in the gymnasium, the ranks of employees were cleared of idlers.
The director obliged academicians to publish their discoveries in domestic journals and refrain from publishing them abroad until "until the Academy has extracted glory from them for itself by printing, and until the state has taken advantage of them."
On October 11, 1922, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued, on the basis of which the famous chervonets appeared - a bank note backed by gold and assets of the State Bank of the RSFSR
On this day, it was decided to completely eradicate private trade, during the liquidation all property was confiscated, rural kulaks were exiled to Siberia, and city shop owners were deprived of political rights, many were subjected to prosecution, only collective farm markets had the right to exist.
Of course, the law on the prohibition of private trade could not completely eliminate it. The shadow economy remained, in addition to this, trade “under the counter” remained - high-quality things, scarce products were all in good demand.
Later, a card system appeared, which existed from 1928 to 1935, during the Great Patriotic War and during Perestroika.
The Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy was born in Moscow when he was four years old, his father Ivan I Danilovich Kalita died, and at the age of 9 the young prince had to fight for his reign in Vladimir. Metropolitan Alexy became the mentor and comrade-in-arms of young Dmitry, the young prince consulted with him on many political issues, trusted him with the most intimate. Dmitry also developed good relations with Sergei Radonezhsky, and it was to him that the prince came before the Battle of Kulikovo for a blessing.
From 1363, Dmitry Donskoy became the Grand Duke of Vladimir, and after a great fire in Moscow, the prince built a new white-stone Kremlin.
In 1380, Dmitry Donskoy, at the head of the combined Russian forces, defeated the troops of Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo, for which he was nicknamed Donskoy.
Dmitry Donskoy was a believer and a pious person, he supported Orthodox churches, made donations, founded monasteries throughout his reign. The Grand Duke died at the age of 39 (19) on May 27, 1389 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988.
October 12 1492 - The expedition of Christopher Columbus reached the island of San Salvador (the official date of the discovery of America)
Based on the theoretical calculations of ancient scientists about the sphericity of the Earth, Christopher Columbus compiled the shortest sea route from Europe to India. With the support of Andalusian merchants and bankers, Columbus organized an ocean expedition. On August 3, 1492, three ships sailed from the Canary Islands, and on October 12 of the same year, ships moored off the coast of modern America (although Columbus was sure that this was India).
There are discussions in the scientific literature that Columbus was the first to discover America. It has been established that the islands and coastal areas of northern and northeastern America were visited by the Normans hundreds of years before Columbus. However, only the discoveries of Columbus were of world-historical significance, since only after his expedition did the American lands enter the sphere of geographical representations.
According to legend, when the Muslim army was advancing on the Byzantine Empire, a Sunday prayer for salvation was held in the Constantinople church. The temple was overflowing with worshipers, unexpectedly holy holy fool Andrew looked up and saw the Mother of God surrounded by angels, illuminated by heavenly light, walking through the air. For a whole hour she prayed with the people, then the Mother of God took off her shiny veil and covered the people in the temple with it. After that, the vision disappeared, the veil became invisible, but the grace of the Mother of God remained with the people of Constantinople.
The Intercession is considered one of the main Orthodox holidays, on this day it is customary to go to the temple with the whole family and pray to the Most Holy Theotokos, ask her for well-being.
The peace treaty was concluded on August 23, 1905 in the American city of Portsmouth. Its signing ended the difficult and unsuccessful period for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. the document was an example of the diplomatic art demonstrated by S. Witte.
What was this treaty? The terms of the treatise can be subdivided according to their content into several groups. The first of these concerned the redistribution of spheres of influence in third countries. Russia recognized the prevailing interests of Japan in Korea, and undertook not to interfere with measures to establish Japanese dominance in this country.
The tsarist government also ceded to Japan its rights to lease the Kwantung Peninsula with the naval base of Port Arthur (Lushun) and the commercial port of Dalniy (Dalian) with all concessions and state property, which was a major loss in political, strategic and economic terms.
The next group of conditions related to the loss of Russian territory and property. The tsarist government gave Japan the southern part of Sakhalin (up to the 50th parallel) with the adjacent islands and all state property. The area and population of the territory annexed by Japan were not so large, but it was of serious strategic and economic importance: the possession of South Sakhalin allowed Japan to block the La Perouse Strait and made it easier to block the Tatar Strait. In addition, the island was rich in minerals. The article on Sakhalin annulled the amicable delimitation of 1875, once again placing the territorial issue in the way of good neighborly relations between the two countries.
Japan received free of charge the South Manchurian Railway between Port Arthur and Kuanchenzi station with all its branches, rights and privileges. The total cost of Russia's direct material losses, not counting the territory, exceeded 100 million gold rubles. To this should be added monetary compensation for the maintenance of prisoners of war, the amount of which was not fixed in the contract itself, and was later determined at 46 million rubles.
In 1945, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the adjacent islands were returned to Russia.
On this day, the Central Committee of the CPSU granted the request of Nikita Khrushchev and released him from the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Khrushchev explained the reason for this decision as follows: "Due to advanced age and deteriorating health." Although in fact he was removed as a result of a conspiracy between a new generation of apparatchiks who did not want to see Khrushchev as their leader.
Khrushchev, who has been on vacation since September 30, was deliberately isolated from the center. On October 12, the Presidium gathered in Moscow, and on October 13 - the Plenum of the Central Committee, at which it was decided to summon Khrushchev to the Kremlin, present him with a list of charges and force him to resign.
On behalf of the Presidium of the Central Committee, Suslov demanded Khrushchev's resignation. The score of sins presented to the First Secretary was impressive. He was accused of abandoning the collective leadership, voluntarism, administration, the collapse of agriculture, the weakening of the country's defense power, and the establishment of a new personality cult.
In response to this, Khrushchev did not fight, but simply said: “I’m already old and tired ... I’ve done the main thing ... Could anyone dream that we can tell Stalin that he doesn’t suit us, and offer him to retire. We wouldn't have a wet spot left. Now everything is different, fear has disappeared, and the conversation is on an equal footing. This is my merit."
October 18, 1009 - By order of the Egyptian ruler Al-Hakim, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was plundered and destroyed
The beginning of the construction of the Holy Sepulcher began in 325 under Empress Helen, mother of Constantine the Great.
In 1009, by order of the ruler of Egypt, Al-Hakim, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was looted and destroyed, only separate fragments of the building survived, buried under heavy stone debris.
Unfortunately, historians have not been able to recreate the full picture and the reasons for what happened. Information from various sources describes the personality of Al-Hakim as a very controversial and unbalanced ruler.
It was the destruction of the Holy Sepulcher that served as the reasons for the start of the Crusades.
In 1732, a Russian expedition discovered Alaska, after which it became a possession of the Russian Empire.
In the early 19th century, Alaska generated income through the fur trade, but this was not enough for the Russian imperial family, it was obvious to them that the costs of maintaining and protecting this remote and geopolitically vulnerable territory would outweigh the potential profit.
The US began negotiations to acquire Alaska from Russia in 1867 under President Andrew Johnson. And already on March 30, 1867 at 4 o'clock in the morning, an agreement was signed on the sale of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States of America for $ 7,200,000 (11 million royal rubles).
Of course, the people of America did not want to acquire useless territory for such a lot of money, they even called it a polar bear sanctuary, but when gold and rich mineral resources were discovered in Alaska, this deal was recognized as the main achievement of the administration of President Andrew Johnson.
The official handover ceremony for Alaska took place before the money was received on October 18, 1867. On this day, in the capital of Russian settlements in North America, Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised under the artillery salute and during the parade of the military of the two countries. October 18 is Alaska Day in the United States. In the state itself, the day of signing the Treaty on March 30 is considered an official holiday. In 1959, Alaska became the 49th state of America.
The aggravation of relations between the USSR and the USA occurred as a result of the deployment of Soviet missile weapons in Cuba. Such action was required because of the diplomatic and economic pressure that the United States was exerting on Cuba. The Soviet leadership, at the request of the Cubans, settled their troops on the island, including missile ones, in order to suppress the armed aggression of the Americans.
Upon learning of this, the US government declared a naval blockade of Cuba and concentrated a 250,000-strong army on the shores of Florida. In response to this, the government of the USSR gave the command to put all the Armed Forces on alert, and anti-aircraft guns were installed in the squares of Havana, which opened fire during overflights of American aircraft. On the same day, an emergency UN Security Council was created. It was possible to resolve the conflict between the USSR and the USA thanks to the diplomatic efforts of both sides.
The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw the missile launchers from Cuba, and the United States lifted the naval blockade. In January 1963, the UN received assurances that the Caribbean (Cuban) crisis had been eliminated.
At 9:15 p.m., a group of armed men broke into the building of the Theater Center on Dubrovka, just at that time the Nord-Ost musical was on, so there were more than 700 people in the building. All of them in the blink of an eye turned from spectators into hostages. Later, the Russian special services learned that the building had been seized by a detachment of Chechen fighters led by Movsar Baraev and that among the occupiers there were suicide bombers hung with explosives.
The next day, at 19 pm, the Qatari TV channel Al-Jazeera showed a report where the militants, even before the theater was seized, put forward their demands - to withdraw Russian troops from Chechnya. After that, negotiations began, in which Aslambek Aslakhanov, a State Duma deputy from Chechnya, Iosif Kobzon, British journalist Mark Franchetti, and two Red Cross doctors took part. The militants flatly refused to accept food and water for the hostages, but nevertheless, on October 25 at one in the morning they let a doctor into the building, he was the head of the emergency surgery and trauma department of the Disaster Medicine Center Leonid Roshal.
In the morning, in front of the captured building, a rally of relatives and relatives of the hostages was ripe, they demanded that the Russian government fulfill all the requirements of the terrorists.
On October 26, at 5:30 am, three explosions and several automatic bursts were heard near the theater building, at about 6:00 an assault by Russian special forces using nerve gas followed. At 6.30 in the morning, FSB officials reported that the theater and everyone in it were now under the control of special services, and most of the terrorists had been destroyed.
The Iberian Icon of the Mother of God is one of the most revered in the Orthodox world, now located on Mount Athos.
In the 9th century it was kept in the city of Nicaea by a pious widow, in the same century the iconoclasts destroyed all the holy icons. Arriving at the house of this Christian woman, one of the soldiers struck the image of the Mother of God with a spear. Immediately, blood flowed from the affected area. The widow was frightened by the complete destruction of the icon and promised the soldiers money for not touching the sacred image until morning. After the soldiers left, the woman and her son took the icon to the sea and lowered it into the water. The waves carried the icon to Athos. After conducting a prayer service for the gift, the monk of the Iberian Monastery, at the behest of the Mother of God, who appeared to him in a dream, walked on the water, accepted the holy icon and placed it in the temple. The next day, the icon was not found in the temple, it somehow ended up above the gates of the monastery, it was removed and taken back to the temple, but the story repeated itself. After this, the Blessed Virgin came to Saint Gabriel in a dream and said her will that she did not want to be kept by the monks, but wanted to be their Guardian. After that, the image was placed over the monastery gates.
October 30, 1696 - At the suggestion of Peter I, the Boyar Duma adopted a resolution "Sea ships should be ..."
The absence of a regular navy in Russia contributed to the political and cultural isolation of the country and a major obstacle to economic and social development.
The first regular fleet was the Azov, it was created during the reign of Peter I to fight the Ottoman Empire for the right to enter the waters of the Black Sea. For four years in Voronezh, Kozlov and other cities located along the banks of the rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov, 36-gun ships "Apostol Peter" and "Apostle Paul", four fireships, 23 galleys, 1300 plows, sea boats and rafts were built . It was they who made up the Azov fleet. The first victory was not long in coming, on July 29, 1696, when the Turkish fortress Azak (Azov) was taken. And it was after such a joyful event that the Boyar Duma, headed by Emperor Peter I, adopted a resolution "Sea ships should be ...".
Joseph Stalin passed away on March 5, 1953, on March 9 of the same year he was buried in the Mausoleum on Red Square.
Starting in 1956, at the party production meetings, at the request of Khrushchev, dissatisfaction began to be heard that the presence of Stalin's body in the tomb of Lenin "is incompatible with the lawlessness committed by Stalin."
On the eve of the 20th Congress of the CPSU Party, workers from the Kirov and Nevsky Machine-Building Plants received a proposal to rebury Stalin's remains in another place.
XXII ... supported this idea and decided: "The mausoleum on Reddish Square, made to perpetuate the memory of Lenin." It was decided to rebury Stalin's remains on Red Square behind the Mausoleum.
Fearing popular indignation, the action was carried out in strict secrecy. On the night of October 31, 1961, under the pretext of a parade rehearsal for November 7, Red Square was cordoned off and in the presence of countless guards, the funeral team, under the close attention of the reburial commission, took out Stalin's remains from the Mausoleum and buried them near the Kremlin wall.
On August 15, 1947, India became an independent state. Naturally, there was a need to create their own national government. The prime minister's personal secretary was his daughter, Indira Gandhi, who accompanied him on all important trips. In 1960 she lost her husband. For Indira, this was a heavy blow, so she retired from politics for a while, but after a few months Gandhi returned and became a member of the Congress Working Committee. Soon her father died, and the woman achieved the highest post in India. The best moment in Indira's career was in 1971, when she won the parliamentary elections. The last years of Gandhi's reign were tragic for her. The operation to neutralize the extremists, carried out unsuccessfully, caused her death, and in 1984, 31, two Sikhs put twenty bullets into Indira.
The seven billionth inhabitant of the planet was born exactly according to the calculations of the UN Population Fund in the city of Kaliningrad. The exact date of the birth of the baby was recorded by UN observers and doctors taking delivery. The "anniversary" newborn was named Peter. His parents were promised a special certificate indicating that the boy had become the seven billionth inhabitant of the Earth.
On May 31, 2006, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin signed Decree No. 549 "On the Establishment of Professional Holidays and Memorable Days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", which ordered the Day of the Ground Forces to be celebrated on October 1.
The ground forces of the Russian Federation include the following types of troops: Motorized Rifle Troops, Tank Troops, Rocket Troops and Artillery, Air Defense Troops of the Ground Troops, Special Troops. Some of these military branches also have their own narrowly professional day, for example: Tanker Day, Missile Forces and Artillery Day, Air Defense Day, etc. , in order to fasten the brotherhood of arms between the various branches of the infantry.
We congratulate the foot soldiers with good poems by an unknown author, who roam the Internet.
Infantry
Who wants to walk in the dust?
Driving in a car is more fun.
Do not hang your nose, hold on infantry,
Don't feel sorry for the state-owned boots ...
Well, you're lucky, they'll give you a car,
A little dozed off, the team - Sliz!
Dig wet clay again
Knead the dirt with your feet in the field.
The heat, at least then wash,
But the order comes again
Deeper, into the ground, burrow
And put on a gas mask.
Like this, from dawn to dusk,
Then leave, then come.
Yes, the life of a soldier is not easy,
But be strong, don't be discouraged.
Who wants to walk in the dust,
We must have more fun.
Already involved, we are infantry,
Don't feel sorry for the state-owned boots ...
In flight I-15
On October 1, 1933, flight tests of the I-15 aircraft designed by N. N. Polikarpov began. In 1935, the aircraft was adopted by the Air Force KA. In 1936, only 12 copies were produced.
Since 1937, the I-15 with the M-25 engine went into a large series. In the 1930s, this aircraft had no equal in horizontal maneuverability (8-8.5 seconds turn time), was stable in all flight modes, easy to fly and had good takeoff and landing qualities. Had good repair properties and survivability. Armament - 4 PV-1 (7.62 - mm machine gun) with 3000 rounds. On the lightweight I-15 GK, pilot V.K. Kokkinaki on November 21, 1935 set a world record for climbing to an unloaded altitude - 4,200 meters.
A further development of the I-15 was the I-15 bis and I-153 Chaika
I-15 (TsKB-3) - serial, 384 aircraft were produced in the USSR and 230 in Spain. I-15 bis - a model with a straight upper wing, and an M-25 engine. Armament - 4x7.62 mm ShKAS (or PV-1). Built 2408 copies. In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, it was used as a fighter, attack aircraft, and reconnaissance aircraft. He went down in history as one of the best fighters in the world of his period. The Spanish Republican pilots nicknamed him Chato (snub-nosed).
Hero of the Finnish War Mikhail Beketov
On October 1, 1981, Mikhail Ivanovich Beketov, lieutenant colonel, infantryman, Hero of the Soviet Union, died.
Mikhail Ivanovich Beketov was born on December 23, 1907 in Nizhny Novgorod in a working class family. From 1930 to 1932 he was a cadet, then commander of a regimental school department. In the army he became a communist. In September 1939, he was again drafted into the Red Army and, together with the unit formed in the city of Gorky, participated in the war with the White Finns, commanded a company.
Beketov on February 21, 1940, when attacking a fortified area near Lake Muolanjärvi with a group of 15 fighters and sappers, having overcome gouges and wire obstacles under machine-gun fire, blocked a large reinforced concrete pillbox. It was a powerful pillbox, 35 by 12 meters in size, with three casemates, three machine-gun embrasures and a metal turret armed with a machine gun. The enemy tried several times to counterattack, but was repulsed. For this feat, Beketov received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible
On October 2, 1552, the troops of Ivan the Terrible took Kazan, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to Russia. It was a feudal state in the Middle Volga region (1438-1552), formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde on the territory of the Kazan ulus.
Internal political strife in the Kazan Khanate was conducted by two main groups - one was supporters of peaceful coexistence and trade with the neighboring Principality of Moscow, the second consisted of supporters of the policy of the Crimean Khanate and considered neighbors exclusively as a source of slaves and an object of robbery. The struggle of these groups determined the fate of the Kazan Khanate over the last 100 years of its existence. In total, the Kazan khans made about forty trips to Russian lands, mainly to areas near Nizhny Novgorod, Vyatka, Vladimir, Kostroma, Galich and Murom. These were cannibalistic and bloody raids. For example, in In August 1521, the forces of Kazan Khan Sahib Giray made a military campaign against the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Klin, Meshchera and Vladimir lands and joined the army of the Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray near Kolomna. After that, they besieged Moscow and forced Vasily III to sign a humiliating treaty. During this campaign, about eight hundred thousand people were taken prisoner.
After trying to put a khan loyal to Moscow at the head of Kazan, Ivan IV undertook a series of military campaigns. The first two were unsuccessful, and in 1552 the Russian tsar laid siege to the capital of the khanate for the third time. After the explosion of the city walls with gunpowder laid in secret mines, Kazan was taken by storm. The Kazan Khanate ceased to exist, and the Middle Volga region was largely annexed to Russia. In memory of the capture of Kazan and the victory over the Kazan Khanate, on the orders of Ivan the Terrible, St. Basil's Cathedral was built on Red Square in Moscow.
Boris Mikhailovich Shaposhnikov (d. 1945), an outstanding Soviet military leader and military theorist, Marshal of the Soviet Union, was born on October 2, 1882.
His professional uniqueness lay in the fact that he perfectly mastered the command and staff science of the Imperial Army, and then brought all this to the Red Army, rising to the command Olympus in it.
In 1901-1903, B. M. Shaposhnikov studied at the Moscow Alekseevsky Military School, from which he graduated in the 1st category and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. He began his service in the 1st Turkestan Rifle Battalion in Tashkent, in 1903-1907 he commanded a half company there. In 1907-1910 he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. Promoted to staff captain. Since August 1914, he participated in the First World War as an adjutant of the headquarters of the 14th Cavalry Division on the Western Front, showed a good knowledge of tactics, and showed personal courage. In October 1914 he was shell-shocked in the head. In January - November 1915 - assistant to the senior adjutant of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the 12th Army on the North-Western Front. In November 1915 - May 1916 - Chief of Staff of the Separate Consolidated Cossack Brigade. In September 1917, B. M. Shaposhnikov was promoted to the rank of colonel and appointed commander of the Mingrelian Grenadier Regiment.
In November 1917, at the congress of delegates of the military revolutionary committees, he was elected head of the Caucasian Grenadier Division. In January-March 1918 he was in the hospital.
In March 1918, B. M. Shaposhnikov was demobilized, but after 2 months he voluntarily joined the Red Army. From May 22, he was assistant chief of the Operations Directorate of the headquarters of the Supreme Military Council. From September 7 to the end of October 1918, he was the head of the intelligence department of the Headquarters of the RVSR, and from October 12, 1919, he was the head of the Operations Directorate of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. During the Civil War, Shaposhnikov developed most of the main directives, orders, instructions to the fronts and armies. In 1921 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
After the end of the Civil War, from 1921 - 1st Assistant Chief of Staff of the Red Army. In 1925-1927 he was the commander of the troops of the Leningrad, since May 1927 - the Moscow military districts. In 1928-1931 - Chief of Staff of the Red Army. In 1930 he joined the CPSU(b). From July 1931 - Commander of the Volga Military District. In 1932-1935 he was the head, military commissar and professor of the M. V. Frunze Military Academy. In June 1937 he was a member of the Special Judicial Presence, which condemned to death M. N. Tukhachevsky, I. E. Yakir, I. P. Uborevich and others. Candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks since March 21, 1939 - Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
May 7, 1940 Shaposhnikov was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. In August 1940, for health reasons, he was removed from the post of Chief of the General Staff and appointed Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR for the construction of fortified areas (UR). At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War from June 23 to July 16, 1941 - in the Evacuation Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since July 10, he has been a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. From July 21 to July 30, 1941 - Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Direction. On July 29, he was again appointed Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army. With his direct participation, proposals were developed for the preparation and conduct of the counteroffensive of the Red Army in the winter of 1941-1942. He was removed from the post of Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army on May 11, 1942 after the defeat of the Crimean Front near Kerch, in this position he was replaced by A. M. Vasilevsky. From May 1942 to June 1943 - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. In June 1943 he was appointed head of the Military Academy of the General Staff. He died of a serious illness, not having lived 44 days before the Victory.
Labor reserves of the country
On October 2, 1940, a decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the creation of State labor reserves
This is a system of organized, planned training of skilled labor for the leading branches of the national economy of the USSR through the training of urban and rural youth in special educational institutions.
In accordance with it, a network of trade and railway schools with a two-year term of study and schools of FZO (factory training) was created.
In special vocational schools, the period of study was 3-4 years, in art schools - 3 years. Personnel training in the system of the State Labor Reserves was supervised by the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves.
In accordance with the Decree, students were fully supported by the state (food, uniforms, hostel, textbooks, teaching aids). From October 1940 to 1950, the Soviet government spent more than 36 billion rubles on the maintenance of educational institutions of the State Labor Reserves. All graduates of vocational schools, railway schools and factory training schools were considered mobilized, were required to work for four years in a row at state enterprises at the direction of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (with the provision of wages at their place of work on a common basis) and enjoyed deferrals for conscription into the Red Army and the Navy for a time before the expiration of the period required for work at state enterprises.
In May 1941 alone, the educational institutions of the State Labor Reserves graduated 250,000 young workers for industry, construction, and railway transport. During the Great Patriotic War, educational institutions of vocational education trained 2.48 million young skilled workers. In total, during the period 1941-1951, the training system provided the national economy of the USSR with about 6.3 million young skilled workers.
In 1959, all educational institutions that were previously part of the system of the State Labor Reserves and most of the departmental educational institutions that train workers were transformed into vocational schools with a term of study from 1 to 3 years and into rural vocational schools with a term of study of 1 -2 years. After 1991, all this was ruined, since the current government does not need its own labor reserves, it is closer and dearer to guest workers from the outside.
The absurd death of cosmonaut Varlamov
On October 2, 1980, Valentin Stepanovich Varlamov (b. 1934), a Soviet test pilot, a member of the first cosmonaut squad of the USSR, died.
Valentin Stepanovich Varlamov graduated from the aviation school. He served in the air defense units. April 28, 1960 was selected for training for space flight. He was trained for space flight on the Vostok spacecraft. On March 6, 1961, he was expelled from the cosmonaut corps for medical reasons: in July 1960, as a result of training, he injured his cervical vertebrae.
After being expelled from the cosmonaut corps, he remained to work in Star City as an instructor.
Valentin Varlamov died as a result of an accident (gluing wallpaper, hit his temple on the bed).
Order of Saint Vladimir
On October 3, 1782, Catherine II established the Order of St. Vladimir in honor of Prince Vladimir the Baptist. He was an award for a wide range of military personnel in the rank of lieutenant colonel and above.
Lieutenant Commander D.N. Senyavin became the first holder of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree with a bow, and M.B. Barclay de Tolly was the second. Order of the 3rd Art. for the battle at Fidonisi, the outstanding naval commander F.F. Ushakov was awarded.
Athos battle
On June 19, 1807, the Athos battle took place between the Russian Mediterranean squadron under the command of Vice Admiral D.N. Senyavin and the Turkish fleet in the region of the Athos Peninsula in the Aegean Sea.
At the Russian squadron D.N. Senyavin had 10 ships of the line, the Turkish squadron under the command of Kapudan Pasha Seyit-Ali had 9 ships of the line, 5 frigates and 5 other ships. In the Battle of Athos, the Turkish fleet lost 3 battleships and 4 frigates. Although the complete destruction of the Turkish fleet could not be achieved, it ceased to exist as a serious fighting force for a long time. The Russian squadron had no losses in the courts. The victory of the Russian fleet in the battle of Athos forced Turkey to speed up the signing of a truce with Russia.
Women's "death battalions"
On June 19, 1917, at the suggestion of non-commissioned officer Maria BOCHKAREVA, the first female "death battalion" was formed in the Russian army. The appeal of the Moscow Women's Union said: "The women's army will be that living water that will make the Russian hero wake up."
Women's "death battalions"
On June 19, 1917, at the suggestion of non-commissioned officer Maria BOCHKAREVA, the first female "death battalion" was formed in the Russian army. The appeal of the Moscow Women's Union said: "The women's army will be that living water that will make the Russian hero wake up."
In total, two female infantry "death battalions" and several teams were formed. They included more than three thousand women. One of these battalions was among the last defenders of the Provisional Government during the October Revolution in Petrograd. In January 1918, the women's battalions were formally disbanded, but many of their members continued to serve in parts of the White Guard armies.
June 19, 1933 was born Victor Ivanovich PATSAYEV (died 1971), Soviet cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, the first astronomer in the world to work outside the earth's atmosphere.
Cosmonaut-astronomer Viktor Patsaev
June 19, 1933 was born Victor Ivanovich PATSAYEV (died 1971), Soviet cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, the first astronomer in the world to work outside the earth's atmosphere.
In 1971 he flew as a research engineer of the Soyuz-11 spacecraft and the Salyut-1 orbital space station. The flight lasted 23 days 18 hours 21 minutes 43 seconds. During the descent, the Soyuz-11 descent vehicle was depressurized, the crew, consisting of Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev, died.
