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We are in the editorial website we were surprised when we learned a curious fact about two symbols of the same era, and this inspired us to look for other parallels.
We present you a selection of historical episodes that you probably know about, but did not suspect that these were events of one time.
Starry Night by Van Gogh / Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower is a fairly young attraction, but it is considered the most visited in the world. Initially, there was an idea that the arch-entrance to the Paris World Exhibition of 1889 would be a temporary structure. But, as you know, there is nothing more permanent than temporary. Van Gogh's Starry Night painting was born at about the same time that the designer Gustave Eiffel finished work.
Invented the touchpad / Person of the year according to Time - Planet Earth
In 1988, the world saw the first kind of touch panel. George Gerfeide invented the touchpad, and from that time he quickly and confidently supplanted trackballs and strain gauge joysticks, becoming the most common mouse pointer control device for laptops. In the same year, Time Magazine's Person of the Year was endangered planet earth, which could die due to the threat of nuclear war.
Shipwreck "Titanic" / Discovered vitamins
Until 1912, there was no concept of "", it was identified by the Polish scientist Casimir Funk. Of course, the importance of certain types of food in preventing certain diseases was known in ancient Egypt, but the concept itself appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the same year, the famous ship "Titanic" went on her first and last voyage.
Opening of the underground in London / Abolition of slavery in the USA
The first proposals for the construction of the London Underground appeared in the 30s of the XIX century, and in 1855 the construction of the Metropolitan Railway began. The first subway line opened on January 10, 1863, at which time the Civil War had not yet subsided in the United States. And only in December 1865, the famous Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted by overseas rulers, which meant the abolition of slavery.
Periodic Table / Trademark Heinz
The periodic system of chemical elements has a rich history, but 1869 is still considered fateful, when Dmitry Mendeleev established the dependence of the properties of elements from their atomic weight. At the same time, on the other side of the world, entrepreneur Heinz, together with a friend, decides sell grated horseradish according to his mother's recipe. The world famous ketchup under this brand came out only after 7 years.
Marilyn Monroe / Queen Elizabeth
The sex symbol of the 50s and the reigning queen of Great Britain are the same age. However, this is not all the celebrities that 1926 presented. In the same year, the founder of Playboy magazine Hugh Hefner and the leader of the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro, were born.
The abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire / The first color photograph in the UK
In 1861, a landmark event took place in the Russian Empire - the peasant reform, which abolished serfdom in the largest state in Eastern Europe. In the same year in Western Europe, that is, in England, the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell received the first reliable color photo of the Tartan Ribbon.
In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will come in handy not only in the exam, but also in life.
So, your preparation for the OGE and USE in history must necessarily include the memorization of several of the most important dates in the history of Russia. Stay up to date with the most important events in Russian history - and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by age. Such a simple step will allow you to begin to navigate the history by periods, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents used a similar method, when there were no USE and GIA yet.
We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a voice recorder. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all - in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose of information.
But in no case do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has managed to master the entire school curriculum on the history of Russia in a day. The USE and GIA are designed to check how well you know the full course of the subject. So don’t even think of somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam”, as well as a variety of cheat sheets and “answers to the GIA and the Unified State Examination in the history of 2015”, which are so many on the Internet.
With leaflets, the last hope of negligent schoolchildren, it was always strict at state exams, and every year the situation becomes even more difficult. Exams in the 9th and 11th grades are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outwit technology.
So get enough sleep, do not be nervous, develop your memory and memorize 35 most important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you pass the exam and the GIA.
- 862 Beginning of Rurik's reign
- 988 Baptism of Russia
- 1147 First mention of Moscow
- 1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
- 1240 Neva battle
- 1380 Battle of Kulikovo
- 1480 Standing on the river Ugra. Fall of the Mongol yoke
- 1547 Crowning of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom
- 1589 Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia
- 1598-1613 Time of Troubles
- 1613 Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
- 1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
- 1670–1671 Rebellion of Stepan Razin
- 1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
- 1700–1721 Northern War
- 1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
- 1709 Battle of Poltava
- 1755 Founding of Moscow University
- 1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
- 1773- 1775 Peasant war led by E. Pugachev
- 1812– 1813 Patriotic War
- 1812 Battle of Borodino
- 1825 Decembrist uprising
- 1861 Abolition of serfdom
- 1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
- 1914 Russia's entry into World War I
- 1917 February Revolution. The overthrow of the autocracy
- 1917 October Revolution
- 1918– 1920 Civil War
- 1922 Formation of the USSR
- 1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
- 1957 Launch of the first artificial earth satellite
- 1961 Flight Yu.A. Gagarin in space
- 1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
- 1991 Collapse of the USSR
1097 - The first congress of princes in Lyubech
1147 - The first annalistic mention of Moscow
1188 - Approximate date of appearance " Words about Igor's regiment »
1206 - Proclamation of Temujin the "Great Khan" of the Mongols and the adoption of the name of Genghis Khan by him
1237-1238 - The invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Russia
1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neva
1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver
1382 - Khan Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow
1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni
1480 - "Standing" on the river. Acne. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
1510 - Annexation of Pskov to Moscow
1565-1572 — Oprichnina
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow
1606 - Uprising in Moscow and the murder of False Dmitry I
1607 - The beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II
1609-1618 – Open Polish-Swedish intervention
1611 September-October - Creation of the militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod
1648 - Uprising in Moscow - " salt riot »
1649 - "Cathedral Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
1649-1652 - Campaigns of Yerofei Khabarov to the Daurian land along the Amur
1652 - Nikon's consecration to the patriarchs
1670-1671 - Peasants' war led by S. Razina
1682 - Abolition of parochialism
1695-1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I
1812 - Napoleon's "Great Army" invades Russia. Patriotic War
1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna
1839-1843 - Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kancrina
1865 - Military judicial reform
Spring 1874 - The first mass "going to the people" of revolutionary populists
1875 April 25 - Petersburg Treaty of Russia with Japan (about South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
1881 March 1 - The murder of Alexander II by revolutionary populists
November 9, 1906 - Beginning of the agrarian reforms P.A. Stolypin
1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization
November 30, 1939 - March 12, 1940 - Soviet-Finnish War
June 22, 1941 - Nazi Germany and its allies attack the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War
1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War
1975 July 30 - August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada
1990 May 16-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia
1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the "Commonwealth of Independent States" and the dissolution of the USSR
The development of world history was not linear. At each of its stages there were events and periods that can be called "critical points". They changed both geopolitics and the worldview of people.
1. Neolithic revolution (10 thousand years BC - 2 thousand BC)
The term "Neolithic Revolution" was introduced in 1949 by the English archaeologist Gordon Child. Child called its main content the transition from an appropriating economy (hunting, gathering, fishing) to a producing economy (agriculture and cattle breeding). According to archeology, the domestication of animals and plants occurred at different times independently in 7-8 regions. The earliest center of the Neolithic revolution is considered to be the Middle East, where domestication began no later than 10 thousand years BC.
2. Creation of the Mediterranean civilization (4 thousand BC)
The Mediterranean region was the hotbed of the emergence of the first civilizations. The emergence of the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia is attributed to the 4th millennium BC. e. In the same 4th millennium BC. e. The Egyptian pharaohs consolidated the lands in the Nile Valley, and their civilization rapidly expanded across the Fertile Crescent to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and further across the Levant. This made Mediterranean countries such as Egypt, Syria and Lebanon part of the cradle of civilization.
3. Great migration of peoples (IV-VII centuries)
The Great Migration of Peoples was a turning point in history, which determined the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. Scientists still argue about the causes of the Great Migration, but its consequences turned out to be global.
Numerous Germanic (Franks, Lombards, Saxons, Vandals, Goths) and Sarmatian (Alans) tribes moved to the territory of the weakening Roman Empire. The Slavs reached the coast of the Mediterranean and the Baltic, settled part of the Peloponnese and Asia Minor. The Turks reached Central Europe, the Arabs began aggressive campaigns, during which they conquered the entire Middle East to the Indus, North Africa and Spain.
4. Fall of the Roman Empire (5th century)
Two powerful blows - in 410 by the Visigoths and in 476 by the Germans - crushed the seemingly eternal Roman Empire. This jeopardized the achievements of ancient European civilization. The crisis of Ancient Rome did not come suddenly, but for a long time matured from within. The military and political decline of the empire, which began in the 3rd century, gradually led to the weakening of centralized power: it could no longer manage the expanded and multinational empire. The ancient state was replaced by feudal Europe with its new organizing center - the "Holy Roman Empire". Europe for several centuries plunged into the abyss of confusion and discord.
5. Schism of the church (1054)
In 1054 there was a final split of the Christian Church into East and West. Its reason was the desire of Pope Leo IX to receive territories that were subject to Patriarch Michael Cerularius. The dispute resulted in mutual church curses (anathemas) and public accusations of heresy. The western church was called the Roman Catholic (Roman world church), and the eastern one was called the Orthodox. The path to the Schism was long (almost six centuries) and began with the so-called Akakievsky schism of 484.
6. Little Ice Age (1312-1791)
The beginning of the Little Ice Age, which began in 1312, led to a whole ecological catastrophe. According to experts, during the period from 1315 to 1317, almost a quarter of the population died out due to the Great Famine in Europe. Hunger was a constant companion of people throughout the Little Ice Age. In the period from 1371 to 1791, there were 111 famine years in France alone. In 1601 alone, half a million people died of starvation in Russia due to crop failures.
However, the Little Ice Age gave the world not only famine and high mortality. It also became one of the reasons for the birth of capitalism. Coal became the source of energy. For its extraction and transportation, workshops with hired workers began to be organized, which was a harbinger of the scientific and technological revolution and the birth of a new formation of social organization - capitalism. Some researchers (Margaret Anderson) also associate the settlement of America with the consequences of the Little Ice Age - people went for a better life from "forsaken by God" Europe.
7. The era of the great geographical discoveries (XV-XVII centuries)
The era of the great geographical discoveries radically expanded the ecumene of humanity. In addition, it created an opportunity for the leading European powers to make the most of their overseas colonies, exploiting their human and natural resources and extracting fabulous profits from this. Some scholars also directly link the triumph of capitalism to transatlantic trade, which gave rise to commercial and financial capital.
8. Reformation (XVI-XVII centuries)
Martin Luther, doctor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, is considered to be the beginning of the Reformation: on October 31, 1517, he nailed his “95 theses” to the doors of the Wittenberg Castle Church. In them, he spoke out against the existing abuses of the Catholic Church, in particular against the sale of indulgences.
The reformation process gave rise to many so-called Protestant wars, which seriously affected the political structure of Europe. Historians consider the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 to be the end of the Reformation.
9. Great French Revolution (1789-1799)
The French Revolution that broke out in 1789 not only turned France from a monarchy into a republic, but also summed up the collapse of the old European order. Its slogan: "Freedom, equality, fraternity" excited the minds of the revolutionaries for a long time. The French Revolution not only laid the foundations for the democratization of European society - it appeared as a cruel machine of senseless terror, the victims of which were about 2 million people.
10. Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
The irrepressible imperial ambitions of Napoleon plunged Europe into chaos for 15 years. It all started with the invasion of French troops in Italy, and ended with an inglorious defeat in Russia. Being a talented commander, Napoleon, nevertheless, did not shun threats and intrigues, by which he subdued Spain and Holland to his influence, and also convinced Prussia to join the alliance, but then unceremoniously betrayed her interests.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and a number of other small territorial entities appeared on the map. In the final plans of the commander was the division of Europe between two emperors - himself and Alexander I, as well as the overthrow of Britain. But the inconsistent Napoleon himself changed his plans. The defeat in 1812 from Russia led to the collapse of Napoleonic plans in the rest of Europe. The Treaty of Paris (1814) returned France to its former borders of 1792.
11. Industrial Revolution (XVII-XIX centuries)
The industrial revolution in Europe and the USA made it possible to move from an agrarian society to an industrial one in just 3-5 generations. The invention of the steam engine in England in the second half of the 17th century is considered to be the conditional beginning of this process. Over time, steam engines began to be used in production, and then as a driving mechanism for locomotives and steamships.
The main achievements of the era of the Industrial Revolution can be considered the mechanization of labor, the invention of the first conveyors, machine tools, and the telegraph. The advent of the railroads was a huge step.
The Second World War was fought on the territory of 40 countries, and 72 states took part in it. According to some estimates, 65 million people died in it. The war markedly weakened Europe's position in global politics and economics and led to the creation of a bipolar system in world geopolitics. Some countries during the war were able to achieve independence: Ethiopia, Iceland, Syria, Lebanon, Vietnam, Indonesia. In the countries of Eastern Europe, occupied by Soviet troops, socialist regimes were established. World War II also led to the creation of the UN.
14. Scientific and technological revolution (mid. XX century)
The scientific and technological revolution, the onset of which is usually attributed to the middle of the last century, made it possible to automate production, entrusting the control and management of production processes to electronics. The role of information has seriously increased, which also allows us to talk about the information revolution. With the advent of rocket and space technology, human exploration of near-Earth space began.
965 - The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate army of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.
988 - Baptism of Russia. Kievan Rus accepts Orthodox Christianity.
1223 - Battle on the Kalka- the first battle between the Russians and the Mughals.
1240 - Neva battle- a military conflict between the Russians, led by the Novgorod prince Alexander and the Swedes.
1242 - Battle on Lake Peipsi- a battle between the Russians, led by Alexander Nevsky and the knights of the Livonian Order. This battle went down in history as the Battle on the Ice.
1380 - Battle of Kulikovo- a battle between the united army of Russian principalities led by Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the Golden Horde led by Mamai.
1466 - 1472 - journey of Athanasius Nikitin to Persia, India and Turkey.
1480 - The final deliverance of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1552 - Capture of Kazan Russian troops of Ivan the Terrible, the cessation of the existence of the Kazan Khanate and its inclusion in the Muscovite Russia.
1556 - Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate to Moscow Rus.
1558 - 1583 - Livonian War. The war of the Russian kingdom against the Livonian Order and the subsequent conflict of the Russian kingdom with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland and Sweden.
1581 (or 1582) - 1585 - Yermak's campaigns in Siberia and battles with the Tatars.
1589 - Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.
1604 - The invasion of False Dmitry I in Russia. Beginning of the Time of Troubles.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's uprising.
1612 - The liberation of Moscow from the Poles by the people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky End of the Time of Troubles.
1613 - Rise to power in Russia of the Romanov dynasty.
1654 - Pereyaslav Rada decided to reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
1667 - Andrusovo truce between Russia and Poland. Left-bank Ukraine and Smolensk went to Russia.
1686 - "Eternal Peace" with Poland. Russia's entry into the anti-Turkish coalition.
1700 - 1721 - North War- fighting between Russia and Sweden.
1783 - Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire.
1803 - Decree on free cultivators. The peasants received the right to redeem themselves with land.
1812 - Battle of Borodino- a battle between the Russian army led by Kutuzov and the French troops under the command of Napoleon.
1814 - The capture of Paris by Russian and allied troops.
1817 - 1864 - Caucasian war.
1825 - Decembrist revolt- armed anti-government rebellion of officers of the Russian army.
1825 - built first railroad in Russia.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War. In this military conflict, the Russian Empire was opposed by England, France and the Ottoman Empire.
1861 - The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1877 - 1878 - Russo-Turkish War
1914 - Start of World War I and the entry of the Russian Empire into it.
1917 - Revolution in Russia(February and October). In February, after the fall of the monarchy, power passed to the Provisional Government. In October, the Bolsheviks came to power through a coup.
1918 - 1922 - Russian Civil War. It ended with the victory of the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the creation of the Soviet state.
* Separate outbreaks of the civil war began in the autumn of 1917.
1941 - 1945 - War between the USSR and Germany. This confrontation took place within the framework of the Second World War.
1949 - Creation and testing of the first atomic bomb in the USSR.
1961 - First manned flight into space. It was Yuri Gagarin from the USSR.
1991 - The collapse of the USSR and the fall of socialism.
1993 - Acceptance of the constitution by the Russian Federation.
2008 - Armed conflict between Russia and Georgia.
2014 - Return of Crimea to Russia.
