Too many books? You can refine books by query "Russian-Japanese War" (number of books for this refinement is shown in brackets)
Switch display style:
Is absent
The fifth book in the No One But Us series. The Empire of Japan accepts the conditions of Russia and concludes a peace treaty with it. Great changes are coming to the rest of the world. A conspiracy is brewing inside the Russian Empire, which is successfully revealed by the Imperial Security Service, created by the efforts of aliens from Bu…
This damned war broke our historical destiny, cutting off the rapid rise of the Russian Empire. This shameful defeat became a prologue to the Russian apocalypse of the 20th century. And if the Tsushima tragedy had not happened? If Nicholas II had been warned of an imminent Japanese attack? If our fleet hadn't...
After a successful breakthrough to Vladivostok, awards poured down on the Second Pacific Squadron. Rozhdestvensky himself was awarded the title of Viceroy of the Emperor in the Far East. This allowed him to quickly introduce new orders in the fortress of Vladivostok and its environs, which have already become familiar ...
The Russo-Japanese War ended in victory, the fifth year revolution did not take place, and even the niece managed to become queen. It would seem that engineer Georgy Naydenov is the time to rest on his laurels ... But he fears that now it will not become worse than it was, because failures mobilize, and victories, on the contrary, ra ...
Is absent
The Japanese fleet is defeated, but Japan still has an army that wants to continue the war. The Japanese generals are sure that as soon as they enter the battle, the Russians will run away from them all the way to Chita. At the same time, the death of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and Nicholas II, who wants to abdicate, dictate the need to…
Is absent
The second volume of the alt-historical saga "No one but us". The Karpenko-Odintsov ship group has completed its raid on the Japanese Orc communications and is on the verge of grandiose events. Ahead of the Port Arthur Cancan, a show that grateful viewers will remember for a long time. Feats must be performed when...
The new book by the famous Russian historian Boris Yulin is dedicated to the difficult and tragic period of Russian history - the Russo-Japanese and World War I, which led Russia to revolutions. Could Russia have avoided these terrible bloody events in which it was irretrievably lost ...
Is absent
The third volume of the alt-historical saga "No one but us". The destruction of the squadron of Admiral Togo and the defeat inflicted on the Japanese imperial fleet seem like a trifle compared to the plans that the hitmen from the 21st century are building. They want to push the world along a different path of development, in which there would be no ...
Nikolai Nesterenko knew everything about the Battle of Tsushima ... After the accident, his consciousness temporarily moved into the head of Vice Admiral Rozhdestvensky. Having learned how the campaign of his squadron would end, “the first after God” organized a full and effective combat training during the transition and forced parking ...
Is absent
The first volume of the alt-historical saga "No one but us" This is the story of how the development of weapons that function on new physical principles leads to unexpected results. An abnormal operation of a secret installation and a combat training campaign turns into a raid in 1904 without the right to return, right ...
The book of a participant in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 tells about the cruising operations of the former steamships of the Volunteer Fleet Smolensk and Petersburg in the Red Sea and the author’s participation already on board the cruiser Oleg in the Battle of Tsushima. For a wide range of readers interested in the history of the fatherland ...
The year is 1905, the Russo-Japanese War is coming to an end, and a revolution is being prepared in Russia. Japanese intelligence trained their agents from the captured Poles, and returned them to their homeland along with other prisoners of war. This was reported to the Police Department. Lykov, together with the gendarmes, was instructed to identify and arrest ...
The collection of documents publishes reports, notes, diaries, personal letters and memoirs of officers and lower ranks of the Orel squadron battleship, who participated in the campaign as part of the 2nd Pacific squadron to the Far East and in the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905. For a wide range of readers interested in…
The published text of the diary of A. V. Kvitka, dedicated to the Russo-Japanese War, was prepared on the basis of daily entries made "in hot pursuit". The author day by day describes the military events in which he happened to be a participant. The diary is written in beautiful language, read in one breath, places ...
Is absent
The second book in the Admiral Nebogatov's Adventure series. Having taken command after the death of Rozhdestvensky, Rear Admiral Nebogatov, contrary to instructions from St. Petersburg, "divides" the squadron into two parts and successfully breaks through the Tsushima Strait with the most modern ships. A team is being formed around Nebogatov and ...
The Russo-Japanese War is the pain and national tragedy of Russia! Many minds were disturbed by thoughts about the reasons for the defeat. A lot of people wanted to "replay" her. But luck did not smile on the one who dreamed about it - our contemporary Alexei Orlov, who remembers little about that half-forgotten war, after his death in ...
More than 100 years have passed since the events of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, but they still attract the attention of professional historians and a wide range of people interested in the history of the Fatherland and its fleet. The names of the Russian cruisers "Rurik", "Russia", "Gromoboy" and others, along with the "Varyag", are worthy ...
Alexander Lavrov is one of the most famous pseudonyms of the Russian prose writer, journalist, playwright and poet Alexander Ivanovich Krasnitsky (1866–1917). Becoming a professional journalist, he worked in almost all St. Petersburg newspapers and magazines. In 1892 Krasnitsky became a collaborator…
Tsushima did not take place, the Russian squadron is securely standing off the coast of Vladivostok. And a person from our time is again picked up by a hurricane of events. After spending only a couple of weeks on land, he manages to fall in love, fight with drunken sailors and be passed along the chain to the commander-in-chief of the ground forces. And so…
Is absent
The story is based on real events - the crew of the battleship "Emperor Alexander III", torn apart by class contradictions, must get to the Sea of Japan in order to join the Battle of Tsushima and die with the entire crew. Contains foul language...
Is absent
"To be or not to be? This question of Hamlet arises before the Japanese people at the thought of the outcome of this war. For Japan, it is a matter of political life and death…”…
The central storyline of the sentimental novel "The Three Ages of Okini-san" is the dramatic fate of Vladimir Kokovtsev, who went from midshipman to admiral of the Russian fleet. V. S. Pikul leads his hero through the events that largely determined the course of world history in the 20th century - the Russian-Japanese and ...
Is absent
Many (including some historians) still accuse Nicholas II of unleashing the Russo-Japanese and World War I, and also that he could not prevent Russian revolutions. Of course, as a monarch, as a Sovereign, he was responsible for everything that happened in Russia. However, based on the study of the document…
Is absent
Even a century later, all attempts to "outplay Tsushima" on alternative forums invariably ended in the defeat of Russian squadrons. Computer simulation of several hundred alternative options in the "zero" and "twelfth" years of the 21st century only emphasized the overwhelming superiority of the United Fleet of Yap...
Is absent
The book is a collection of previously published articles in defense of the author's opinion that Nicholas II is the last moral and best ruler of Russia, throughout the entire twentieth century, and still. According to the author, the roots of immoralism and devilry in politics and public life grew out of the Catechism of the Revolutionary…
Is absent
The memoirs of Baroness Vera Nikolaevna Edler von Rennenkampf, the wife of the cavalry general, Adjutant General Pavel Karlovich von Rennenkampf, are published for the first time. The central place in them is occupied by the biography of her husband - an Estonian native, a very outstanding personality, bright, especially popular in ...
Is absent
The new and by far the largest work of Anton Utkin develops the traditions of the classic Russian novel, but at the same time is addressed to world culture. The novel "Far Far Away" was written in four times and the plot connects both different eras and countries and territories. Weaving history…
"Concern" - a fantasy novel by Konstantin Kalbazov, the first book of the Rosich cycle, the genre of historical fiction, hitmen. Three friends are transported by chance from 1998 to 1898. How should they do it? To remain just bystanders, concerned only with their well-being? Or…
"We are ours, we are new ..." - a fantasy novel by Konstantin Kalbazov, the third book in the Rosich cycle, the genre of historical fiction, hitmen. Colossal tension, huge funds, everything for the front, everything for victory. Three of our contemporaries, who fell through time, are ready to go to great lengths in order to ...
Valentin Pikul was often compared to Alexandre Dumas, but, unlike the author of The Three Musketeers, Pikul scrupulously researched stories, relying on authentic historical documents of the time he wrote about. The authorities did not like Pikul for his "wrong patriotism." In those years, it was accepted to consider ...
In 1875, Sakhalin was recognized as a legal possession of Russia. From that time on, Sakhalin was hastily built up with new prisons, and the police bureaucracy could no longer cope with the huge mass of rabid criminals. The whips whistled in the hands of the executioners, the gallows worked, the cemeteries grew, the forests burned, the beasts of ra ...
The first chapters of the novel "Katorga" were published in the newspaper "Kamchatskaya Pravda". In 1987, the full version of the novel was published in the magazines Young Guard and Far East. The novel was published as a separate book in 1988 by the Sovremennik publishing house. "Katorga" tells the story of the Sakhalin convicts, s…
On September 14, 1902, the newest class II armored cruiser Novik left Kronstadt for a campaign in the Far East. By this time, relations between the Russian Empire and Japan had become very aggravated and it was necessary to update and strengthen the Russian Pacific squadron as soon as possible. From the very first day...
The Russian squadron, which reached the coast of Syria at the end of 2012, found itself in an unknown way in 1904 near Chemulpo, where the Varyag cruiser and the Korean gunboat entered into a mortal battle with the Japanese squadron. Our sailors could not stand aside - after all, "Russians in the war of their own ...
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich - Admiral General and Head of the Main Artillery Directorate (aka Alexei Korzhin, a former top manager from the 21st century) - continues large-scale economic transformation in Russia. Emperor Alexander III was replaced on the throne by Nicholas II. Coming to the end of the 19th...
Over the years, Valentin Pikul has created more than thirty novels, short stories and many short stories and miniatures. Back in the mid-60s, the writer began to create his own unique historical archive. In order to somehow streamline the information gleaned from books, he started his own for each historical figure ...
In the center of the novel "The Three Ages of Okini-san" is the tragic fate of Vladimir Kokovtsev, who went from midshipman to admiral of the Russian fleet. The writer leads his hero through a series of historical events - the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars, the February and October revolutions. Although the writer...
The cruiser "Varyag" is a legend of the Russian fleet. In 1904, in a battle with the many times superior Japanese squadron, he immortalized his name, becoming a symbol of courage and inflexibility of the will of the Russian sailor. This book tells about the history of the creation, construction of the ship and the famous battle of Chemulpo. Besides t…
The novel "Cruisers" is about the courage of our sailors in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. It was dedicated by the author to the tragic anniversary of the Battle of Tsushima. For the novel "Cruiser" the writer was awarded the State Prize of the RSFSR named after M. Gorky. …
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich - Admiral General and Head of the Main Artillery Directorate (aka Alexei Korzhin, a former top manager from the 21st century) - continues large-scale economic transformation in Russia. Coming to the end of the 19th century. There are resettlement and educational institutions in the country…
Three friends, by chance, are transferred from 1998 to 1898. How should they do it? To remain just bystanders, concerned only with their well-being? Or intervene in the course of history and try to win the coming Russo-Japanese War? The question is serious. The answer is ambiguous. …
Is absent
“We drive in a fun and comfortable way. Everyone goes for one thing; all the military are completely calm; there is no talk of possible dangers, everyone is even cheerful, and most are eager for war. As we get closer to Siberia, it gets warmer. At the stations, I sometimes go out in one jacket, in a hood and ...
Russo-Japanese War. The most bitter and most glorious page in Russian history at the beginning of the 20th century. The most bitter - because the Russian Empire has never known a war waged so absurdly and ineptly. The most glorious - because the officers and soldiers, who became the "modest heroes" of this war, worked a miracle ...
Is absent
This book is devoted to the history of the Russian Red Cross Society in the period between the Russo-Japanese and the First World Wars. The monograph examines in detail his management system, financial support and interaction with the military department. Based on the sources of automobiles introduced into wide circulation ...
Summer 1905. South Sakhalin. The young doctor Georgy Rodin, together with his brother, the disgraced scout Boris, in the partisan detachment of Staff Captain Grotto-Slepikovsky, heroically fight against the Japanese invaders. However, a favorable fate again gives the brave men a chance. The Minister of War extracts from...
To the question Can I have a list of works on the theme of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 ??? given by the author Eurovision the best answer is After the end of the war, a mass of memoirs of participants in the hostilities of 1904–1905 appeared in the press, but very few of them have independent artistic value. First of all, these are the notes “On the Japanese War” and the complementary cycle “Stories about the Japanese War” by V. V. Veresaev (published in 1906–1908). The author, a well-known writer and publicist, worked as a doctor in a field hospital during the war years and had the opportunity to observe and record in his works all the ugly wrong side of hostilities, in order to promote overly romanticized domestic (official) journalism. Despite the attacks on the writer due to the political conjuncture, accusations of anti-patriotism and even literary mediocrity, later the works of V. V. Veresaev were repeatedly reprinted and still enjoy well-deserved popularity.
Of the generally recognized classic writers, A. I. Kuprin responded to the events of the war with his story “Staff Captain Rybnikov” and L. N. Andreev with the sensational anti-war story “Red Laughter”. Nor L. N. Tolstoy, who published abroad in 1904 the infamous pacifist article "Rethink!" , neither I. A. Bunin, who briefly mentioned the war in some novels and short stories, nor other great Russian writers of the early twentieth century created works of art on the themes of the R-Y of the war.
"Tsushima" by A. S. Novikov-Priboy.
"Port Arthur" by A. N. Stepanov and the continuation - "The Zvonarev Family".
P. L. Daletsky “On the hills of Manchuria”.
The three major novels about the war of 1904-1905 can be supplemented by a number of other, less significant and not so historically reliable works. If the very solid novel "Mary's Day" by S. A. Cooper (L., 1940) created in the 1930s tells mainly about the prehistory of the war, then the story of F. Selivanov "Port Arthur Inventor" (M., 1952), the novels “Guarding” by A. S. Sergeev (M., 1957) and “Portarthurtsy” by T. M. Borisov (Vladivostok, 1959) develop the theme of the Port Arthur defense. However, compared with the wonderful work of A. N. Stepanov, they are practically unknown to the modern reader.
A biographical sketch of his eldest son, N.V. Rudnev, “The Commander of the Legendary Cruiser” (Tula, 1960), tells about the captain of the Varyag V.F. Rudnev, which is more reminiscent of not a sketch, but a documentary-historical novel. Taking into account the fact that A. N. Stepanov’s story “The Tragedy in Chemulpo” (Krasnodar, 1954), later included in the next edition of Port Arthur as one of the chapters of the first part, is also dedicated to the feat of the “Varyag”, a description of the famous Chemulpin battle (January 27 / February 9, 1904) in Soviet historical literature, a very significant place is allotted. It should also be noted here that the first stories dedicated to the feat of the "Varangian" were published back in pre-revolutionary times. Those fragments of the Tsushima battle that did not receive proper coverage in the novel by A. S. Novikov-Priboy were not ignored by the writer.
But the most original and amazing literary work about the Russo-Japanese war, of course, should be called ... a fairy tale. Yes, it was a satirical tale with a by no means fabulous name "Mobilization", composed by the famous northern fairy tale writer S. G. Pisakhov.
V. S. Pikul's trilogy "Cruisers", "Katorga" and "Wealth", where the author reveals important episodes of the Russo-Japanese War, which, due to their lesser significance and isolation from the epoch-making events of 1904-1905, fell out of the attention of previous novelists. As well as short stories of a similar theme "Damned Dogger Bank", "Resolute from" Resolute "" and the novel "The Three Ages of Okini-san", the second part of which covers the events described in "Tsushima" by A. S. Novikov- Surf.
A. A. Kharitanovsky "Gentlemen officers"
An indirect mention of the Russo-Japanese War is contained in the poetry of A. A. Blok ("Retribution") and S. A. Yesenin ("Anna Snegina").
Publisher's annotation: The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) for dominance in Northeast China and Korea has not been ignored by researchers. Hundreds of scientific papers and books are dedicated to her. In this sea of military history, the original notes of the British military agent in the First Japanese Army, Major General Sir Ian Hamilton, were lost. He managed to draw generalizing portraits of both the Japanese and Russian soldiers, to describe their moral and combat qualities arising from the national character. This is the unfading value of memoirs ...
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Alexey Tsarkov
In this book, we decided to recall and tell about the course of the Russo-Japanese war at sea: about the heroism of Russian sailors, about the exploits of many warships, about the successful actions of a detachment of Vladivostok cruisers, about the unprecedented campaign of the 2nd Pacific squadron and about its tragic, but also heroic death in the battle of Tsushima.
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905: Results of the War. Alexander Kuropatkin
Publisher's abstract: In the book of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces in the Far East from July 1904 to February 1905, Adjutant General A.N. Kuropatkin summarized a huge amount of factual material about the Russo-Japanese War, most of which is confirmed by documents, which is of interest not only to historians, but also to a wide range of readers.
Unknown pages of the Russo-Japanese war.… Alexey Shishov
Almost a century has passed since the end of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. However, to this day, historians and researchers of those events are faced with a rhetorical question: was Russia defeated by Japan? The famous historian and writer A.V. Shishov believes that a peace treaty was signed between two equal parties, and not a shameful surrender with the inevitable military indemnity. The book convincingly shows that Russia had much more military resources and capabilities than Japan, although the Japanese gained almost complete dominance ...
On the "Eagle" in Tsushima: Memoirs of a participant ... Vladimir Kostenko
The book is compiled on the basis of "Military Literature": militera.lib.ru Book on the website: militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/kostenko_vp/index.html [email protected]) Additional processing: Hoaxer ( [email protected])
In the Japanese war Vikenty Veresaev
The story shows the pathos of revolutionary sentiment, the source of which was the social movement in Russia on the eve of 1905 and the first Russian revolution itself. In the notes "On the Japanese War" are very strong, in addition, anti-war, anti-imperialist motives.
Russian-Ukrainian wars Alexander Sever
Having seized power in Ukraine, the "orange" pursue an openly Russophobic, provocative, hostile policy towards Russia. Official Kyiv propaganda is actually setting Ukrainians against Russians, shamelessly distorting history, presenting the past of our peoples as a continuous series of Russian-Ukrainian wars. It got to the point that the anniversary of the infamous Battle of Konotop in 1659, in which the combined Polish-Tatar-Ukrainian forces defeated the Moscow army, was declared a public holiday in "orange" Ukraine! ...
Russian battalion: War on the outskirts of the Empire Robert Freza
In the 22nd century, the Earth Empire has reached the farthest stars of the Galaxy. Power on the home planet of humanity is concentrated in the hands of the Japanese, who are also subject to the interstellar armed forces. And when a rebellion rises on a planet inhabited by the descendants of the Boers - immigrants from South Africa, a detachment of imperial forces rushes to suppress it. However, the stupidity of the command leads to the death of almost the entire detachment - with the exception of Anton Vereshchagin's battalion. And now the whole planet is opposed by a single Russian battalion...
Reports on the Russo-Turkish War of 1828 Alexander Veltman
The Supplements include individual poetic and prose works by Veltman, as well as their fragments, illustrating the creative history of The Wanderer, showing how the topics raised by the novel developed in the subsequent work of the writer. Some of Veltman's proposed works and excerpts are published for the first time, others were published during the writer's lifetime and have not been republished since.
Russian intelligence and counterintelligence in the war ... Ilya Derevyanko
The military apparatus of Russia during the war with Japan ... Ilya Derevyanko
What do we know about the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905? Russia was on the verge of a catastrophe that changed the course of history: 10 years remained before the First World War and only 13 years before October 1917. What could happen if we won this war? And why did we lose it? Soviet historians blamed the commander-in-chief A.N. for everything. Kuropatkina, but is it really so? Whose evil intent is behind the tragedy of Moonsund? The author knows very well what he is writing about. He was the first to start researching the history and organization of the military intelligence services of the Russian Empire, publishing in the late 80s - early ...
War on the Threshold (Hilbert Desert) Sergei Pereslegin
year 2012. An ancient Chinese curse has come true: “May you live in an era of change!” - and, at the end of the "Putin era", after a brief period of stabilization, the world is again on the verge of a major war. year 2012. As at the beginning of the last century, the Far East is again destined to become a "hot spot". And again, just like more than a hundred years ago, Russia cannot avoid a collision with Japan, which is dreaming of revenge. "Historical stories tend to repeat themselves, and the Russo-Japanese War is no exception..." 2012. Despite all the warnings, Russia again misses the first blow. "Muscovites ...
Nicholas II Henri Troyat
The last Russian Emperor Nicholas II is one of the most tragic and controversial figures of the 20th century. Nicknamed "bloody" for the most brutal dispersal of a peaceful demonstration - Bloody Sunday, a weak tsar who lost the Russo-Japanese War and dragged Russia into the First World War, almost without a fight gave power to the revolutionaries - and at the same time an Orthodox great martyr, barbarously killed by the Bolsheviks along with his family , a gentle husband and father, an enlightened and progressive monarch, who suffered all his life from the fact that the inexorable will of circumstances ...
Federal Agency for Education
St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
Department of History
Discipline: Domestic history
RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR 1904-1905
Group 4-A-1 student
M.A Gappoeva
Supervisor:
A.V. Kutuzov
St. Petersburg
Introduction……………………………………………………………...3
1. Prerequisites for war………………………………………………….4
2. Main battles………………………………………………..7
3. The results of the war………………………………………………………….17
Conclusion…………………………………………………………..19
List of used sources and literature…………………20
INTRODUCTION
There is a lot of literature on the Russo-Japanese War, which discusses different points of view of the events, so I decided to find out on my own what were the true reasons for Russia's defeat in this war.
This paper briefly describes the events taking place during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, examines the prerequisites for the war, and analyzes the reasons for the loss of the war as a whole. Many provisions are confirmed by official documents.
Experience of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. closely studied and foreign historiography. Interest in this topic was due primarily to the fact that the Western countries, which took part in the aggravation of the contradictions between Russia and Japan, were forced to follow the course of the war and its consequences. The fact is that since the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. and the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Until the beginning of the 20th century, there were no large-scale wars that would require the participation of significant forces of armies and navies. Hence, the study and generalization of the experience of the first wars of the era of imperialism, including the Russo-Japanese one, should have to a certain extent contributed to the development by the military circles of the countries of Western Europe of those new phenomena and trends in the development of methods and forms of armed struggle that manifested themselves in the course of these conflicts.
Soviet historians showed the complex nature of international relations of that time: the fierce struggle of the great powers for dominance in the Far East, which led to a military clash between two imperialist rivals: Japan and Tsarist Russia.
PREREQUISITES FOR WAR
After defeating China in 1895, the ruling circles of Japan sought to strengthen their presence in Korea. Therefore, the end of the Sino-Japanese war gradually developed into preparations for a new war, this time with Russia. The Japanese hoped to oust Russia from Korea and Manchuria, finally secure the Liaodong Peninsula for themselves and, if they were lucky, seize Russian territories in the Far East and regain Sakhalin, which was slipping literally from under their noses.
Russia continued its territorial acquisitions. Northern China and Korea were in the zone of Russian interests. In 1895, taking advantage of the fact that China needed money to pay indemnity to Japan, Russian diplomats and Finance Minister S. Yu Witte agreed on a French loan for China and the creation of a Russian-Chinese bank, in whose management the Russian Ministry of Finance played a decisive role. At the same time, it was decided to start building a section of the Siberian railway on Chinese territory.
A lot of diplomatic work has been done. The first step was the creation of a special fund of the Russian-Chinese bank, serving the bribery of top Chinese officials. The second step was the signing in Moscow in June 1896 of an agreement "on a defensive alliance against Japan." In 1896, Russia won the right to build in Northern China - Manchuria - the Chinese Eastern Railway KVDZh. At the insistence of the Chinese side, the concession was formally transferred not to the Russian government, but to the Russian-Chinese Bank, which, in order to implement it, created the "Society of the Chinese Eastern Railway." The signing of this agreement made it possible to prevent a foreign presence in Manchuria and tie the economy of eastern China to the Siberian railway .
Simultaneously with the advance in Manchuria, Russia also achieved success in Korea. On May 14, 1896, under an agreement signed in Seoul, Japan and Russia received the right to maintain their troops in Korea, and an agreement signed in Moscow on June 9 of the same year recognized mutually equal rights for both powers in this country. Having founded the Russian-Korean Bank and sent military instructors and a financial adviser to Seoul, the Russian government at first actually acquired greater political significance in Korea. However, Japan, having received the support of England, began to oust Russia. The Russian government was forced to recognize Japan's predominant economic interests in Korea, close the Russian-Korean Bank and recall its financial adviser to the Korean king. This was the first major concession to Japan by Russia.
“We have clearly given Korea under the dominant influence of Japan,” Witte assessed the situation that had developed.
Taking advantage of the complete inability of the Chinese government to defend its territories, on November 14, 1897, the Germans captured Jiaozhou (Qingdao). Russia enjoyed the advantage of anchorage in Jiangzhou. And Kaiser Wilhelm II offered Russia a compromise. Germany will not object to the Russian capture of Port Arthur if Russia does not object to the capture of Jiaozhou .
Soon (in December 1897), Russian ships anchored in Port Arthur, and in March 1898, Russia received a lease on the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula with an ice-free naval base at Port Arthur. In turn, the ruling circles of Japan accelerated preparations for a new, wider expansion, hoping to complete this preparation before Russia completed the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway. “The war became inevitable,” General Kuropatkin later wrote, “but we did not realize this, we did not properly prepare for it.”
By 1904, Japan was ready for action. Without dominance at sea, the Japanese could not successfully fortify themselves on the mainland, therefore, first of all, they needed to destroy the Russian Pacific Fleet and capture its Port Arthur base, located at the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria. The first part of the Japanese war plan was to blockade Port Arthur by land and sea, capture it and destroy the Port Arthur squadron. The second part of the Japanese plan was to destroy the Russian ground forces in Manchuria, and thereby force Russia to abandon the further continuation of hostilities. The Japanese were well aware that the Russians had the only supply line - the Trans-Siberian Railway, which was a single-line highway, 8,850 km long, connecting Moscow with Port Arthur, with a 160-kilometer gap in this route in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Baikal. The crossing of the wagons was carried out by two icebreaker ferries. Despite the huge number of people (the largest Russian army in the world, together with 3 million trained reserve troops, totaled 4.5 million people), in the east of Lake Baikal, the Russians could simultaneously place only two corps with a total number of 98 thousand people, and these forces were scattered over vast territory of Manchuria, Primorye and Transbaikalia. The number of security guards of the Trans-Siberian Railway reached 24 thousand people. Having gained superiority at sea, the Japanese were able to quickly land on the mainland and oppose these forces with their entire army, consisting of 283 thousand people.). In general, the Japanese army and navy, not having a great material advantage, were noticeably superior to the Russian forces in tactics and training, and also had better command.
MAIN BATTLE
Russian slowness in responding to the ultimatum was called by the Japanese "an impudent provocation with a delay in answering the most simple questions vital to the well-being and existence of Japan." And not finding a better reason, the Japanese started the war.
On February 6, 1904, the Joint Japanese Squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Togo left Sasebo and advanced into Korean waters. On the way, a Russian merchant steamer with the promising name "Rossiya" (an amazing omen) was captured. On the 7th the squadron split up. The main part under the command of Togo went to Port Arthur. The other part, under the command of Rear Admiral Uriu, went to Chemulpo to blockade the "Varyag" and "Korean" and land troops in this port.
February 8, 1904 attack on Port Arthur. On the night of the same day, without a preliminary declaration of war, Japanese destroyers launched an attack on the Port Arthur squadron. The surprise attack by destroyers was the most important link in the entire strategic plan of the Japanese. The essence of the idea of a surprise attack was to disable as many Russian ships as possible and, having tied the squadron with a “tail” of mutilated ships, force it to stay in Port Arthur for a long time. The geographical features of this base - a long winding exit, accessible only in high water, the presence of nearby opportunities for creating observation posts and forward supply points, contributed to the implementation of blockade operations.
Thanks to the mistakes of the Russian naval command (Vice Admiral O. Stark), the Japanese managed to take full advantage of the effect of surprise. The Russian fleet suffered significant losses. The best Russian battleships Retvizan and Tsesarevich, as well as the cruiser Pallada, were damaged and out of action for a long time. "Poltava", "Diana", "Askold" and "Novik" received holes below the water line, but remained afloat. The flagship "Petropavlovsk" also got it .
The next morning, the Japanese fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Heihachiro Togo, having appeared in the Port Arthur area, began shelling the Russian squadron and coastal fortifications from a long distance. By these actions, Admiral Togo assessed the results of the attack and demonstrated confidence in his abilities. Since the Russian fleet did not dare to go to the open sea and operated only in the cover zone of its coastal batteries, it became clear that it was tied to the fortress. From that moment, Japan seized dominance at sea and were able to launch landing operations.
Then Admiral Togo made efforts to create a temporary forward base of the fleet on the Eliot Islands and organize a close blockade of Port Arthur.
On February 8, 1904, the port of Chemulpo was blocked by a Japanese squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Uriu, consisting of 2 armored and 5 armored cruisers and 8 destroyers. On February 9, Admiral Uriu presented an ultimatum to Captain Rudnev, in which, threatening to use force, he demanded that the Russian ships leave Chemulpo. Not being able to maneuver in the fairway, Captain Rudnev nevertheless withdrew the ships from Chemulpo and took the fight, trying to break through to Port Arthur. Within 45 minutes, 1,105 shells were fired at the enemy, causing significant damage to the Japanese squadron. However, the Varyag was heavily damaged. Almost all artillery was put out of action, water flowed through underwater holes, the commander was wounded in battle, and 33 people died from wounds after the battle, about 120 people were injured (due to the lack of armor shields, gun servants suffered the most). The Russian ships left the battle and returned to Chemulpo, where the "Koreets" was then blown up in the outer roadstead, and the "Varyag" was flooded in the inner harbor (so as not to damage the nearby foreign ships with a powerful explosion). The crews were taken on board the ships of the neutral powers: 28 people boarded the French cruiser Pascal, 30 people boarded the British warship Telbot, the rest were taken by the Italian Elba. Subsequently, the Russian sailors returned to their homeland (the Japanese demand that Russian sailors be extradited as prisoners of war was decisively rejected) In memory of the Chemulpinsk battle, monuments were erected in Vladivostok at the maritime cemetery (where the remains of the dead were transported from Korea in 1911) and in the homeland of Captain Rudnev, in Tula (1956) .
February 13–14, 1904 Second attack on Port Arthur On the night of February 14, the Japanese flotilla again approached Port Arthur. By bad weather and the beginning of the storm prevented active hostilities. Only two destroyers Hayatori and Asagiri decided to attack in such difficult conditions. Torpedoes fired from these ships caused damage to the ill-fated "Petropavlovsk" and the squadron battleship "Sevastopol".
February 24, 1904 Attempt to blockade Port Arthur. Feeling that the surprise attacks on Port Arthur did not have the expected, overwhelming success and the Russian squadron was still a fighting force, the Japanese made an unsuccessful attempt to block the entrance to Port Arthur harbor. For this, the old transport ships Tenshi-Maru (with a displacement of 2.943 tons), Hokoku-Maru (2.766 tons), Ensen-Maru (2.331 tons), Buyu-Maru (1.163 tons), and " Bushu Maru" (1,249 tons) to flood them at the entrance to the harbor. The crew for these vessels was selected from among volunteers. The operation was led by Captain Arima of the Mikasa. Under the cover of a destroyer flotilla, at 02:30, the transports approached the outer roadstead of Port Arthur harbor. Coastal batteries opened heavy fire. Because of this, the flooding of transports was not entirely successful. Of the five ships, only one, the Hokoku-Maru, sank in the mouth of the entrance, one was hit by coastal artillery, and the Tenshi-Maru, deviating from the course, ran aground. Transport crews managed to escape .
In the following days, there were small skirmishes between the Russian and Japanese squadrons, which did not cause much harm to either side. The Russian fleet still did not dare to go to the open sea, and the Japanese did not move closer, fearing the fire of coastal batteries and minefields.
March 8 - April 13, 1904 Naval operations in the area of Port Arthur. The energetic and capable Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov arrived in the Far East to take command of the fleet (March 8). He began to persistently prepare the squadron for a general battle in order to "try to take the sea into his own hands." On March 24, another attempt by the Japanese to block the entrance to Port Arthur harbor was repulsed. This time the Japanese equipped four transports, escorted by two fleets of 17 destroyers. At the entrance to the harbor, the Japanese were met by Russian destroyers, a battle ensued during which one of the transports was torpedoed, while others deviated from the course and sank in the wrong places. The blockade failed again.
April 26-May 7, 1904 battle on the Yalu River. Coming to the Yalu River in the Tyurenchen area, the 34,000th Japanese 1st Army under the command of Field Marshal Tamesada Kursky was met by the Eastern Detachment of the Russian Army under the command of General M.I. Zasulich (about 19 thousand people) On May 1, a heated battle broke out at Tyurenchen. Russian artillery was suppressed. The Japanese bypassed the Russian troops on the left flank. Due to the fault of Zasulich, the detachment did not retreat in time. This first failure of the Russian troops on land opened the way for the enemy to Manchuria. The strategic consequences of the battle, as the first battle of the war, were very significant: the morale of the Russian troops was undermined, the coast of the Liaodong Peninsula was opened for the unhindered landing of the Japanese armies.
The defeat on the Yalu made a heavy impression on the Russian army, Kuropatkin again demands from the troops "by all means to avoid a decisive battle" before withdrawing "to the main forces of our army." Kuropatkin reported to Tsar that "the battle at Yalu was accidental, both for the commanders and for the troops." With the defeat of Zasulich's detachment, the situation in the theater of war improves for the enemy. In fact, the Japanese seized the strategic initiative.
February 21 - March 10, 1905 Battle of Mukden. Both military groups, numbering approximately 310 thousand people each, dug in, met each other on a line 65 km long. Trying to encircle the Russians, Marshal Oyama ordered General Maresuke Nogi's 3rd Army to try to outflank them on the right. By the end of the first day of battles, the right flank of the Russians - the army of A.V. Kaulbarsa - was thrown back and moved from the south to the west. Attacks and counterattacks quickly succeeded one another; Adjutant General A.N. Kuropatkin was drawing up reserves to patch up the crumbling right flank. And although after two weeks of fierce battles, the Japanese soldiers entered Mukden, the attempt of the Marquis Iwao Oyama to surround the Russians was not successful. Having pulled up the reserves, the Japanese field marshal reinforced the 3rd army of General Nogi, giving him the opportunity to once again try to surround the army of General A.V. Kaulbars. After 3 days of fighting, the Russian right flank was pushed back so far that General Kuropatkin began to fear for his lines of communication. He skillfully disengaged from the battle and withdrew to Telin (175 km north of Mukden) and Harbin, defeated, but not put to flight. During the battle, almost 100 thousand Russians fell and a lot of equipment was thrown. The Japanese lost 70 thousand (or more) people. after the Battle of Mukden, no more active actions were taken on land.
May 27, 1905 Battle of Tsushima. The fleet of Vice-Admiral Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky entered the strait in a deployed formation. From the northwest, the Japanese fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Heihachiro Togo approached in a similar formation. Both admirals led the nuclei of their forces - Rozhdestvensky on the squadron battleship "Prince Suvorov", and Togo - on the squadron battleship "Mikaza".
Mikaza - Launched in November 1900, this squadron battleship was the last built under the Japanese shipbuilding program of 1896. Being the flagship of Admiral Togo, she participated in all major naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War, but at the end of 1905, due to an explosion of ammunition in the cellar, she sank in the harbor of Sasebo. Raised and repaired in 1907, she returned to service, and in 1921 she was retrained as a coastal defense battleship, in which capacity she served until 1923, when she ran aground and was expelled from the Navy due to damage.
Hoping to take advantage of their superior speed and cut through the T-shaped formation of the Russians, the Japanese turned to the northeast. In order not to fall under the shelling of longitudinal fire, Admiral Rozhestvensky changed course to the northeast, and then to the east. The battle began shortly after noon, when the fleets were about 6 km apart. At a speed of 15 knots, the fleet of Admiral Togo overtook the Russians traveling at 9 knots and in less than 2 hours disabled a cruiser and two battleships. He maneuvered brilliantly with his much faster forces around the unfortunate Russians, whose losses were skyrocketing. By nightfall, Admiral Rozhdestvensky was wounded, 3 battleships (including his flagship) were sunk, and the surviving Russian ships - now led by Admiral Nebogatov, fled in confusion. Admiral Togo sent the armored cruisers of Admiral Kamimura, as well as a detachment of destroyers, in the night pursuit of the exhausted Russian forces. The next day the destruction was over. One cruiser and two destroyers managed to break through and reach Vladivostok; 3 destroyers made it to Manila and were interned. The rest of the Russian fleet was captured or sunk. The Japanese lost 3 destroyers. Russian casualties reached 10 thousand people (cumulatively killed and wounded); Japanese losses did not reach even 1 thousand people .
Since by this time the 1st Pacific squadron, blocked by the Japanese in Port Arthur, had already ceased to exist. Therefore, before Vice Admiral Z.P. Rozhdestvensky faced one task - to break through to Vladivostok. For a breakthrough, the shortest route through the Korea Strait was chosen, i.e. in close proximity to the main enemy bases. A chain of Japanese patrol cruisers was deployed 120 (222 km) south of the Korean port of Mozampo. The fleet of Vice-Admiral Rozhdestvensky, marching in marching order, on May 14 at 4 hours 25 minutes. was first discovered by the Japanese auxiliary cruiser Shinano-maru. At 6:30 a.m. the Japanese cruiser "Izumo" took up a place for observation in 40-50 cable lines on the right beam of the Russian fleet. At 7:00 a.m. Vice Admiral Rozhdestvensky rebuilt his main forces into one wake column.
At the beginning of the 9th hour, Nebogatov turned onto the fateful course of NO 23 (to Vladivostok) and, for reasons that are not entirely clear, reorganized the Russian fleet into two columns. The main Japanese forces, holding north of Okinoshima Island, approached at 1330 hours. from the southwest. Russian ships reorganized into one column again. Having applied the maneuver worked out during the war with China to cover the head of the enemy column and concentrate all the fire on its lead ship, the main forces of the Japanese fleet crossed the course of the Russians and went to their left side, lying first on the oncoming course of the Russian fleet, and then still to the left converging course. Vice Admiral Togo raised the signal: "The fate of the empire depends on this battle." Japanese cruiser detachments went south to attack Russian cruisers and transports. Squadron battleship "Prince Suvorov" (commander-captain of the 1st rank V.V. Ignitsius) at 13 hours 49 minutes. from a distance of 38 cables opened fire on the Mikaza. Having reduced the distance to 35 cables, at 13 hours 52 minutes. "Mikaza", and then the rest of the Japanese ships began to respond, concentrating fire on the "Prince Suvorov" and "Oslyab" (commander-captain I rank V.I. Baer). At 2:30 p.m. "Prince Suvorov" with a jammed steering wheel under heavy fire from the opponents broke down, and at 1450 hours. "Oslyaba" sank, having received several holes in the bow near the waterline in an unarmored side. The line was led by the squadron battleship "Emperor Alexander III" (commander-captain of the 1st rank N.M. Bukhvostov), leaning to the east. In fact, having lost the first phase of the battle, the Russian fleet completely lost the initiative and, led in turn by the "Emperor Alexander III" and the squadron battleship "Borodino" (commander-captain of the 1st rank P.I. Serebrennikov), maneuvered with little success, trying to get out of the scope of Japanese artillery fire . The Russian fleet was actually left without command: the wounded Vice-Admiral Rozhdestvensky, together with the headquarters, was removed from the flaming "Prince Suvorov" at 17:30. the destroyer "Buyny" (commander-captain II rank N.N. Kolomeytsev). Rear Admiral N.I. Nebogatov was never able to exercise command over the scattered parts of the fleet. At 18:50 died "Emperor Alexander III", at 19 h. 00 min. - "Prince Suvorov", at 19:10. - "Borodino", from which only one sailor escaped. With the onset of darkness, Vice Admiral Heihachiro Togo withdrew the main forces to the island of Evenlet and threw destroyers into battle. In the night battle, the Russian fleet lost the Navarin squadron battleship (commander-captain of the 1st rank B.A. Fitingof): in turn, the Russian ships sank 2 and damaged 12 Japanese destroyers .
On the morning of May 15, the teams sank their ships: the heavily damaged squadron battleship Sisoy Veliky (commander-captain of the 1st rank M.V. Ozerov), the cruisers Vladimir Monomakh (commander-captain of the 1st rank V.A. Popov) and the Admiral Nakhimov "(commander-captain of the 1st rank A.A. Rodionov). At 8:00 a.m. the cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy" (commander-captain of the 1st rank I.N. Lebedev) died heroically. at 11:06 a.m. - the cruiser "Svetlana" (commander-captain of the 1st rank S. P. Shein), at 17:00 p.m. - coastal defense battleship "Admiral Ushakov" (commander-captain of the 1st rank V.N. Miklukha). Cruisers "Oleg" (commander-captain of the 1st rank L.F. Dobrovolsky, flag of Rear Admiral O.A. Enkvist), "Aurora" (commander-captain of the 1st rank E.R. Egoriev, fell in battle), "Pearl" (commander-captain II rank P.P. Levitsky) broke through to Manila. The destroyer "Bodry" (commander-captain II rank P.V. Ivanov) left for Shanghai. Only the cruiser Almaz (commander-captain II rank I.I. Chagin), destroyers Bravy (commander-lieutenant P.P. Durnovo) and Grozny (commander-captain II rank K.K. Andrzheevsky) broke through to Vladivostok ). At 10:15 a.m. On May 15, the remnants of the Russian fleet under the command of Rear Admiral N.I. Nebogatov (squadron battleships "Eagle", "Emperor Nicholas I", coastal defense battleships "Admiral Senyavin", "General-Admiral Apraksin", cruiser "Izumrud") were surrounded by superior enemy forces. Despite the readiness of the Russian ships to resist, Admiral Nebogatov gave the order to surrender. Only the cruiser Izumrud (commander-captain II rank V.N. Ferzen) did not obey the order, which broke through the formation of Japanese ships and left, but on May 17 died on stones in Vladimir Bay. The destroyer "Troubled" (commander-captain II rank N.V. Baranov), where the wounded Vice Admiral Z.P. Rozhdestvensky, together with the headquarters, was captured by the Japanese at 1600 hours. May 15 near Evenlet Island. This tragic defeat of the Russian fleet had a decisive influence on the outcome of the war. Subsequently, admirals Z.P. Rozhdestvensky and N.I. Nebogatov appeared before the naval court. Rozhdestvensky, who was only charged with surrendering the destroyer Bedovy to the enemy, was acquitted due to his heroic behavior in battle, personal courage and serious injury. Nebogatov, who was charged with surrendering the remnants of both squadrons, was found guilty and sentenced to death, commuted to ten years in a fortress. In 1909, like Lieutenant General A.M., who surrendered Port Arthur to the Japanese. Stessel, Rear Admiral N.I. Nebogatov was released.
RESULTS OF THE WAR
September 6, 1905 Peace of Portsmouth (New Hampshire). Both sides were ready to make peace. The military claims of Japan were satisfied, while Russia, seething with discontent from within, was unable to continue the war. Thanks to the efforts of US President Theodore Roosevelt, as a result of peace negotiations, a peace agreement was reached, according to which Russia lost Port Arthur, half of Sakhalin Island and left Manchuria. Korea was placed under the Japanese sphere of influence. Roosevelt took the position of not recognizing Japan's right to indemnity, as a result of which the war turned out to be ruinous for the Japanese economy. Japan received "without compensation" the railway between Quan Chen Tzu and Port Arthur with all property and coal mines. Russia pledged to operate the Chinese Eastern Railway exclusively for commercial and industrial purposes. The Russian Pacific Fleet was liquidated.
Russia might not have lost half of Sakhalin. At first, the position of the Russian representation, headed by Witte, was adamant: do not pay indemnities, do not give up Russian lands. Japan, in turn, wanted to receive indemnities and the whole of Sakhalin. Gradually the negotiations came to a standstill. Further delay was primarily not beneficial to Japan, which wanted to quickly restore the war-torn economy. The Emperor of Japan was already leaning toward the idea of giving up his claims to Sakhalin. But then, at one of the secular receptions, Emperor Nicholas II, when asked about Russia's position in negotiations with Japan, dropped an inadvertent phrase: "Notify Witte that half of Sakhalin can be given away." This phrase became known to a Japanese spy at the Russian court and was reported to Emperor Mutsihito. At the same time, the Japanese official who reported to the emperor was at great risk, since in case of misinformation he had to commit suicide. The next day, the Japanese side put forward a demand for the transfer of half of Sakhalin. Witte agreed with this demand. Upon arrival in the capital, Witte was granted royal honors and the popular nickname "Semi-Sakhalin".
CONCLUSION
It can be seen that one of the main pillars of the defense - the fleet died from disorganization, and the Main Naval Staff, led on the eve of the war and in its first months by Admiral Rozhdestvensky, is entirely to blame for this. The main reasons and facts can be formulated as follows:
1) the headquarters in its work did not connect strategy with politics, as a result, the fleet turned out to be unprepared for war; the attack of the Japanese destroyers of the port-Atur squadron became possible;
2) the ill-conceived combat deployment of the fleet and the concentration of its main forces in Port Arthur created favorable conditions for the Japanese to blockade the squadron;
3) the fact that the soldiers, and many officers, did not understand the reasons for the ongoing war, did not know why they were shedding their blood, that in connection with this, the troops often lacked the inspiration and impulse necessary to achieve victory to achieve decisive actions.
The defense of Port Arthur confirmed that the seaside fortress should be equally protected from enemy attacks both from land and from the sea. During the fall of the fortress, strategic mistakes in terms of war, material unpreparedness for a long-term defense, mediocrity and betrayal of the command were of significant importance.
There was not enough close interaction between the army and the navy. Complete confusion reigned in the relationship between the naval and land commands. The coastal fortress, instead of being subordinate to the commander of the Pacific Fleet, was subordinate to the commander of the Manchurian army, although it had no direct connection with it and only indirectly assisted it, diverting part of the enemy ground forces.
LIST OF USED SOURCES
AND LITERATURE
1 Captain I. M. Military secrets of the 20th century Fleet in the Russo-Japanese War. M.: Veche, 2004. 421s.
Military secrets of the XX century Fleet in the Russo-Japanese War and the present. M., 2004. P. 74.
