Literature: Russian language (Cheat sheet). Simple compound sentence

Simple compound sentence

There are different ways to complicate a simple sentence, among which there are homogeneous members, isolated ones and ways of complication that are not grammatically related to the sentence: inversion, introductory and plug-in constructions. Let's consider each of them in turn.

Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous are such members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function in the sentence, refer to the same member of the sentence, are connected to each other by an allied or allied, coordinative, connection and are pronounced with enumeration intonation. In the absence of unions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses.

All members of the proposal, both main and secondary, can be homogeneous. They are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, i.e. are morphologically homogeneous, but can also be expressed in words of different parts of speech, i.e. be morphologically heterogeneous, for example:

1. The air was rare, motionless, sonorous (L. T.); 2. Pushkin amazingly, with brilliant humor stated: wise tales of the Russian people (M.G.)

Homogeneous members to be uncommon and widespread. For example, in the following sentence I love this twilight of delight, this brief night of inspiration, the human rustle of grass, the prophetic cold on a dark hand: (N. Zabolotsky) homogeneous additions are common.

Homogeneous members of a sentence must be distinguished from the following cases of external similarity:

1) when the same words are repeated in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc.,

for example: I'm going, I'm going to an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.);

2) in integral phraseological expressions: and day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forth, etc.;

3) when combining two verbs in the same form, acting as one predicate, for example, I'll go look at the class schedule; took yes and did the opposite, etc.

Homogeneity of predicates

1. The question of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of predicates is difficult. In some cases, several predicates with one subject are considered as homogeneous within a simple sentence.

For example: He already remembered, listened to Dymov's laughter and felt something like hatred towards this person (Ch.); and in others - as predicates included in different parts of a complex sentence, for example: The defendants were also taken out somewhere and just brought back (L.T.),

2.More obvious cases where such predicates are distantly located:

Levin looked ahead of him and saw a herd, then he saw his cart drawn by Raven, and the coachman, who, driving up to the herd, had a talk with the shepherd; then, close to him, he heard the sound of wheels and the snorting of a well-fed horse, but he was so absorbed in his thoughts that he did not even think about why the coachman was going to him (L.T.).

Given the whole context, such predicates can be placed in different parts of a complex sentence: I looked ... I saw ... then I saw (in the latter case, the pronoun is even easily inserted - then he saw ...).

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: 1) on the position of the predicate in relation to homogeneous subjects (preposition or postposition), 2) on the meaning of the unions connecting the subjects (connective, dividing, adversative or comparative), 3) on the lexical meaning of the noun in the role of the subject (abstract concepts or names of persons; materially close or distant, etc.).

Postpositive predicate

The postpositive predicate, as a rule, has the plural form: The hall and the living room were dark (P.); Nikolai's face and voice, warmth and light in the room soothed Vlasova (M. G.). The predicate, located after homogeneous subjects, can have the singular form only in exceptional cases, for example, with a significant real proximity of the subjects: ... Need, hunger comes (Kr.); or with subjects arranged according to the gradation system: Every day, every hour brings new impressions; or with the emphasized dismemberment of the subjects: The dead silence of the dungeon was not broken by a groan or a sigh (Ryl.); or, finally, in the presence of divisive relations between the subjects: Either the cry of a bird, or the flapping of wings cut the silence of the early morning.

Prepositive predicate form

The form of the prepositive predicate is determined by additional conditions.

1. If the subjects are connected by connecting unions or intonation of enumeration, then the predicate has the form corresponding to the nearby subject (singular form).

For example: Care and need will meet us (N.); One could hear the sniffing of a locomotive, whistles, a switchman's horn (Fad.); On a clay bank stood a handful of natives and about five Europeans (Greene); I would have a wonderful library, various musical instruments, a bee house, a vegetable garden, an orchard (M. G.);

2. The plural form is obligatory if the subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes the action of these persons: Vitya, Pavlik, Kirill shouted ... (Fed.); the plural is also possible with some other subjects, in which case the predicate is emphatically related to each of the subjects: She liked his directness and ease (T.).

Note 1

If the subjects are connected by dividing conjunctions, then the prepositive predicate has the singular form: In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests, or the violent whirlwind, or the orioles in a lively chant, or at night the rumble of the sea is deaf, or the whisper of a quiet stream (P.); On his face alternately appeared either fear, or melancholy and resentment (Gonch.).

Note 2

With subjects connected by opposing, as well as comparative conjunctions, the prepositive predicate gravitates towards the first subject and therefore has the singular form: But there was not a strike, but simply a physical and mental impossibility to memorize all this (Pomyal.); Children are introduced into the world of fairy tales not only by folk poetry, but also by theater (Paust.).

Note 3

The predicate, torn apart by homogeneous subjects, has the plural form: There were both summer and autumn rainy (Zhuk.). If there is a generalizing word with homogeneous subjects, then the predicate is formed according to the form of this generalizing word: Everything was gray and gloomy - the sky, and the bay, and the city, and the faces of the inhabitants hiding in their homes (Paust.); Both father and aunt, Lyubov, Sofya Pavlovna - they all teach him to understand life ... (M. G.).

Structure of homogeneous members

Homogeneous members in the structure of the sentence form a structural-semantic block, which is connected with other members of the sentence by a subordinating connection, except for homogeneous subjects, which themselves subordinate the predicate or common secondary members of the sentence.

For example: Hot stones and sand burned bare feet (V. Konetsky).

With homogeneous members of the sentence, there may be generalizing words. Usually, a generalizing word expresses a generic concept in relation to species, which are denoted by homogeneous members, has the same grammatical form as homogeneous members, and is the same sentence member as homogeneous members, for example:

Every day the old clerk Moiseich began to bring various large fish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch (Ax.)

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses.

Use of homogeneous definitions

1. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to designate the distinguishing features of different objects, b) to designate various features of the same object.

In the first case, varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels of light fall on passers-by, slide along the facades (Cat.).

In the second case, the attributes of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on the one hand, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.).

2. Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the features, appearance, etc.),

for example: Napoleon made an interrogative gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.). In context, homogeneous definitions are synonymously approaching, for example: The sun looked out long ago in the cleared sky and poured life-giving, calorific light on the steppe (G.).

3. As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: Some grasshoppers crackle in unison, as if embittered, and this incessant, sour and dry sound is tiring (T.).

4. In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, incomparable look (Ax.)

Ways of Expressing Homogeneous Definitions

1. Usually, the adjective and the participial phrase following it act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow sad in a good way in this small garden, already touched in late autumn (Hump.).

2. Agreed definitions after the noun being defined are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the word being defined.

for example: Houses are high, stone built here recently.

Note

However, in combinations that are terminological in nature, post-positive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.

3. Definitions that are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word become homogeneous, for example: Previously, there were narrow, dirty streets in this quarter, but now they are wide, clean.

Heterogeneous definitions

1. Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined,

for example: The sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud (L.T.).

2. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, in different ways, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an oblong pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. If it is possible to bring such signs under a common generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks blackened huts here and there (P.) (the unifying sign is swampy).

3. Definitions are not homogeneous with the meaning of the explanation. For example: another, experienced, doctor (before that there was an inexperienced doctor).

In this case, between both definitions, you can insert not the union and, but the words that is, namely.

For example: Quite different, urban, sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (Cat.)

4. The clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limiting the sign expressed by it), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms, strip of fertile land is the property of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous additions

Homogeneous additions refer to the same word, are in the same relationship to it and have the form of the same case: That evening Alexander Blok noted in his diary this smoke, these colors (Nab.); There was almost nowhere to hide from the rain and wind (Sim.).

Note

Homogeneous additions can also be expressed in the infinitive: It was ordered to come to the exam on time and report to the group.

Homogeneous circumstances

1. Homogeneous circumstances, revealing the same syntactic dependence, as a rule, are united by the same meaning (time, place, cause, mode of action, etc.):

It must be from this alien air, from the dead streets and rain dampness, I felt complete loneliness (Paust.) - three circumstances of the reason

His speech flowed heavily, but freely (M. G.) - two circumstances of the mode of action; About a dozen tiny wooden cages hung between the windows and along the walls ... (T.) - two circumstances of the place.

2. However, it is sometimes possible to unite and dissimilar circumstances, subject to the generalization of the meaning of the combined words: Somewhere, once I heard these words, Why and why do I need to be here? In this case, they are not homogeneous, although they show a coordinating connection.

3. Circumstances can give a rather complex semantic association: In the quietest winter, on some scarlet dawn in the evening, you foresee the spring of light (Prishv.).

4. Homogeneous circumstances can be both morphologized and designed in different ways: My heart began to beat hard and fast (Paust.); The leaves on the trees trembled from this laughter or from the fact that the wind kept rushing around the garden (M. G.); ... The lady explained in a quiet voice and without raising her eyes (M. G.); Makar pulled the door on himself in time and without much effort (Shol.).

Unions with homogeneous members.

As already noted, the connection with homogeneous members of the sentence can be unionless (then the only way to connect is intonation) and allied. In the latter case, this role is played by a group of coordinating unions. What exactly?

1. Connecting unions: and, yes (in the meaning of "and"), neither ... nor. Union and can be single and repetitive.

A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive and the series of homogeneous members is complete,

For example: Screeching, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).

The repetition of the union and before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation.

For example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).

The function of connecting unions with homogeneous members

1. Union and can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

2. The repeating union is neither ... nor used in negative sentences, acting as a union and, for example: Neither the sea nor the sky was visible behind the rain (M. G.).

3. The union yes (in the meaning of "and") is used mainly in colloquial speech, and its use in works of art gives speech a stylistic coloring of vernacular. NR: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit next to me (P.).

2. Opposite unions with homogeneous members

1. Opposite unions: a, but, yes (in the meaning of "but"), however, on the other hand, etc. The union a shows that instead of some objects, signs, actions, others are established, i.e. that one concept is affirmed and another is denied.

for example: Tit did fame, but did not light the sea (Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the union a indicates opposition,

For example: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly (last).

2. The union but introduces a shade of restriction, for example: Peaceful, but still restless villages are located on the right bank (L.T.).

3. Yes, the union introduces a colloquial connotation, for example: Who is noble and strong, but not smart, it’s so bad if he is with a good heart (Kr.)

4. The opposition is emphasized by the unions however and on the other hand, for example: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.); They [the singers] tear a little, but they don’t take intoxicating things in their mouths (Kr.) (the last union has the meaning of “substitution”).

Note

A multi-valued connecting union can act as an opposing union and, for example: I wanted to travel around the whole world, and did not travel around a hundredth (Gr.).

3. Separating unions with homogeneous members

Separating unions: or, or, whether ... whether, then ... then, not that ... not that, etc. The union or (single or repeating) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other

2. The union either with the same meaning (usually repeated) is colloquial, for example: Gavrila decided that the dumb man either fled or drowned with his dog (T.)

3 .. A repeating union then ... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, for example: The stars either blinked with a faint light, then disappeared (T.).

4. The repeating union whether ... whether has a separating enumerative meaning, for example: whether it is gouge, whether herring, castled, king pin or something more expensive - everything at Polikey Ilyich found a place for himself (L.T.).

5. Repeating alliances either ... not that, or ... either indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choosing, for example: It’s not laziness in the heart, not tenderness (T.)

4. Gradational unions with homogeneous members

Gradational unions like ... and, not like ... like, not only ... but (a) and, not so much: how much, how much: so much, although ... but, if not ... then they express the value of strengthening or weakening the significance of one of the members of a homogeneous series, therefore they always exist as composite ones.

For example: 1. All windows, both in the manor's house and in the people's, are wide open (S.-Shch.);

2. The view of a large awakened river is not only majestic, but also a terrible and amazing sight (Ax.). At the same time, the comma is not put before the first part of the double union (in 1 sentence).

Note

In order to avoid grammatical errors, when using double unions, a comma must be used.

Prepositions with homogeneous members.

1. Prepositions can be repeated in front of all homogeneous members, for example: Death roams the fields, along the ditches, along the heights of the mountains ... (Kr.).

2. It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; cf .: On steamboats, on trains, on cars, they traveled a long way ... (Semushkin).

3. With widespread homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now, Pavel Korchagin has been rushing around in the pedigree country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear (N. Ostr.).

4. You can not omit the preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating unions, for example: Collective farms still experienced a great shortage in cars, and in taxes, and in inventory ... (Laptev).

5. The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative unions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human mores (Gonch.).

6. In the presence of an opposing union, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: They judge not by words, but by deeds (last).

7. In the presence of a divisive union, the preposition can be omitted or repeated; cf .: Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not be carried away by this general movement ... (M.-S.).

Generalizing words and homogeneous members

1. Often, with a number of homogeneous members of a sentence, there is a generalizing word, i.e. a word that is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members of the sentence, and acts as a more general designation of concepts expressed by homogeneous members. (Everyone came to the assembly hall: teachers, students, parents.)

2. There can also be semantic relations between the whole and the part between the generalizing word and homogeneous members, for example: But I seem to see this picture in front of me: quiet shores, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and long shadows of running people on the bridge ( Kav.).

3. Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the last and homogeneous members, which finds its expression in the presence or in the possibility of inserting words, namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The whole estate of Chertopkhanov consisted of four log cabins of different sizes, namely: from an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse.

4. For the purpose of strengthening, one of the summarizing words is put before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in a word, everything that was needed on a hike was packed in backpacks.

5. Homogeneous members agree in case with a generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all mankind into two very unequal parts: into owners and customers (Ch.).

Exercise 227

1. She is scolded for everything about everything (Kr.). 2. The Oryol peasant is small in stature, round-shouldered, sullenly looking from under his brows (T.) 3. I'll come and see you (L.T.). 4. On the street, the song of the workers flowed exactly straight with terrible force (M. G.). 5. Chapaev jumps to the side, pulls out a fairly greasy, smoky handkerchief, wipes his contented, cheerful, wet face (Furm.) .6. The struggle taught cunning, caution, vigilance, courage (Furm.). 7. The sniffing of a locomotive was heard, whistles, a switchman's horn (Fad.). 8. I'll go and report (Cossack).

For reference. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by unions. The comma is not put:

a) between two verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole: I’ll go find out, sit down write, sit down and talk, etc .;

b) in stable terms: we talked about this and that.

Common homogeneous terms, especially if there are commas inside them, can be separated by a semicolon, for example: The deluxe pleasure boats for excursions have long been left behind; the station rising out of the water, bubbling with shudders of trains; floating docks shimmering with metallic sounds, into which ovoid, slightly flattened hulls of ships were inserted, as if into a box (Fed.).

HOMOGENEOUS AND NON-HOMOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS

Exercise 228

1.1. She (Ya.) innocently surrendered to involuntary disinterested love. 2. Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains (L.). 3. And together with a chilling stream, a slow, deaf voice (T.) is carried out from the depths of the building. 4. I will then possess the eternal undoubted truth (T.). 5. He was met by a lean, hunchbacked old woman with a sharp chin (Ch.). 6. I saw a young, beautiful, kind, intelligent, charming woman (Ch.). 7. It seemed that the muscles melted from the heat and only thin elastic nerves remained (M. G.). 8. Even monotonous muttering is interrupted (Seraph.). 9. In the chest I found a hetman's charter written in Latin (Paust.), yellowed. 10. Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.). 11. Below, in blue yellow lilac spots, the reflection of the city swayed measuredly (Sayan.). 12. Through a small ice-covered window, moonlight made its way (Closed). 13. She really looked like a young white slender flexible birch (Field). 14. Learned cheerful decisive

young people who were burning with the desire to prevent the enemy from reaching the great city (Transl.). 15. With the blood of righteous scarlet, our friendship is forever sealed (Oshan.). 16. Recently, there were low wooden houses in this area, and now they are high stone ones.

II. 1. Loud laughter filled the surrounding snowy fields (Ax.). 2. An old black silk scarf wrapped around the huge neck of the Wild Master (T.). 3. Alyosha gave him a small folding round mirror (Ext.). 4. The sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud (L.T.). 5. Snowdrifts were covered with a thin ice crust (Ch.). 6. Dark July boundless steppe nights (Seraf.). 1. Can you imagine a nasty southern provincial town? (Cupr.).8. Fedor was brought a black nimble stallion (Furm.). 9. An early harsh winter dawn appeared through a deadly haze (Fad.). 10. Give me another interesting book.

Reference.

1. Definitions are homogeneous if:

a) indicate the distinguishing features of different objects, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels of light fall on passers-by, slide along the facades (Cat.);

b) denote various signs of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand, for example: Everything slept in a strong, motionless, healthy sleep (T.).

Each of the homogeneous definitions refers directly to the noun being defined; between homogeneous definitions, a coordinating union can be inserted. Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, being united in context by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression made, causal connection, etc.), for example: Her sweet, hard, red lips still wrinkled , as before, at the sight of him with irrepressible joy (L. T.); One small, golden cloud was melting in the sky (M. G.) (appearance); cf. also: spring, morning, thin ice (a common feature is “weak, fragile”); red, inflamed eyelids ("red because inflamed"); moonlit, clear night ("lunar, and therefore clear").
As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: The old woman closed her leaden, extinguished eyes (M. G.); Some grasshoppers crackle together, and this incessant, sour and dry sound is tiring (T.).

Definitions are homogeneous if synonymous relations are created between them in the context, for example: Dark, difficult days have come (T.).

Definitions are homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent definition enhances the sign they designate), for example: A joyful, festive, radiant mood was bursting, and the uniform seemed to become cramped (Seraph.).

Homogeneous are usually a single definition and the definition following it, expressed by a participial turnover, for example: That was the first joy of discovery not clouded by any fears (Gran.); His black, uncovered head flickered in the bushes (T.); It was somehow in a good way sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn (Hump.); In the Collective Farmer's House, a quick, city-dressed man looked at her identity card ... (Nikol.).

As a rule, agreed-upon definitions after the word being defined are homogeneous, for example: On the winter road, a boring three greyhound runs (P.). Deviations from the rule are found in poetic speech, for example: Hello, blue autumn days ... (Bruce.). Also in some combinations of a terminological nature, for example: black cloth trousers, late-ripening winter pear, thin-walled electric-welded stainless pipes,

Homogeneous are definitions that are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word, for example: This bottle has simple, black ink, and that one has chemical, purple ink.

2. Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous one does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and this noun, for example: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L.T.). Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, for example: In the corner of the living room there was a pot-bellied walnut office (G.). - form of m a and m a t er and a l; Magic underwater islands quietly float and quietly pass white round clouds (T.) - color and form; We lived in the basement of a large stone house (M. G.) - r and m e r and mother and a l; Once upon a time I had a chance to swim along a gloomy Siberian river (Kor.) - in terms of quality of location, etc. Such definitions become homogeneous, if they are united by a common feature, for example:

a large, stone house (the unifying concept is “comfortable”).

Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote heterogeneous signs, for example: The bright winter sun peeped into our windows (Ax.); Suddenly, a horse alarm neighing was heard in the darkness (Fad.). Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions are formed by a combination of some qualitative adjectives, for example: A light, restrained whisper woke me up (T.).
Double interpretation and double punctuation allow combinations of the type: another leather briefcase (before that there was a leather briefcase) - another leather briefcase (before that there was not a leather briefcase). In the latter case, the second definition is explanatory (before such a definition, you can insert not a coordinating union and, but explanatory unions, namely, that is), cf .: ... I saw a completely different place, unknown to me (T.); Quite different, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (Cat.).

Usually, the adjective and the participial phrase following it act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was kinda sad about that.small, already touched by late autumngarden(Hump.).

Agreed definitions after the noun being defined are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the word being defined, for example: Housestall, stonebuilt here recently.

However, in combinations that are terminological in nature, postpositive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late winter pear.

Definitions that are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word become homogeneous, for example: This quarter used to benarrow, dirtystreets and nowwide, clean.

Heterogeneous definitions

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined, for example: The sun hid behindadvanced low rippedcloud(L. T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, in different ways, for example: large leather briefcase(size and material), elongated pale face(shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. If it is possible to bring such features under a common generic concept, definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Bymossy, muddyblackened huts here and there(P.) (unifying sign - marshy).

Two interpretations allow combinations of the type: another experienced doctor(before that was already an experienced doctor) - another experienced doctor(before that was an inexperienced doctor). In the second case, the second definition is not homogeneous, but explanatory. In these cases, the second definition clarifies the first (between both definitions, you can insert a non-union and, and the words that is, namely), For example: At allothers, urbansounds were heard from outside and inside the apartment(Cat.) (see § 315).

Clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first one, limits the sign it expresses), for example: Onlynarrow, three hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(L. T.) (see § 315).

Agreement in sentences with homogeneous members

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: word order, the meaning of conjunctions, the lexical meaning of the subject or predicate, etc.

With subjects that have a plural form, the predicate is put in the plural; the same if the subject closest to the predicate is in the plural form, and the remaining homogeneous subjects are in the singular form. For example: Dales, hills, fields, tops of groves and waves of rivers flashed(P.); And Sasha, and Motka, and all the girls, how many there were, huddled on the stove in the corner(Ch.).

If the subject closest to the predicate or all homogeneous subjects are in the singular, and they are connected by an allied connection or connected by connecting unions, then with direct word order the predicate is usually put in the plural, and in the reverse - in the singular, for example: a) Heat and drought lasted more than three weeks(L. T.); The dog, the Lion and the Wolf with the Fox lived in the neighborhood somehow(Cr.); b) Suddenly, because of this rustling, a howl, screeching, crying, laughter of jackals was heard.(L. T.); There was an ache in all members and an excruciating headache(T.).

The statement of the predicate in these cases in the singular form - in the postpositive position and, conversely, in the plural form - in the prepositive position is explained by the influence of other conditions (see below).

The forms of the predicate depend on the meaning of conjunctions with homogeneous subjects.

In the presence of connecting unions, the above forms of predicates are usually observed.

In the presence of divisive unions, the predicate is usually put in the singular form, for example: Experienced fear or instant fright in a minute seems both funny, and strange, and incomprehensible(Furm.).

However, if the subjects correspond to different persons, then the predicate, as a rule, is put in the plural form, for example: Then, with Mimi's permission, Volodya or I go to the carriage...(L. T.); Brother or sister visited the sick mother daily.

In the presence of adversative conjunctions, the predicate is put in the singular, and the gender form is determined by the nearest subject, for example: Not you, but fate is to blame(L.); I was oppressed not by pain, but by a heavy, dull bewilderment.(M. G.).

However, in direct word order, the predicate chooses the form of the number not of the nearest, but of the more distant subject, if the latter denotes the actual, real (not negated) subject of the sentence, for example: The mountains, not the sea, attract me; The sea, not the mountains, attracts me! In reverse word order, the predicate is combined with the nearest subject, even if it is negated, for example: It's not the sea that attracts me, but the mountains.

If homogeneous subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes their action, then it is put in the plural form and in a prepositive position, for example: An hour later, a regiment of junkers and a women's battalion arrived.(Shol.).

If the subjects denote abstract concepts, then the predicate and in direct word order can be in the singular form, for example: Everything has passed: with a cold winter, need, hunger sets in ...(Cr.).

If the predicate denotes an action performed jointly by several persons, then in the prepositive position it is also put in the plural form, for example: And in the evening, both Cheremnitsky and the new mayor Porokhontsev came to me(Lesk.).

If there are personal pronouns among homogeneous subjects, then when choosing the form of the predicate, the first person is preferred over the second and third, and the second person is preferred over the third, for example: Both I and you value music equally; You and your friends will be our welcome guests..

Coordination of definitions with the word being defined

The question of agreement in number in the presence of definitions in sentences with homogeneous members arises in two cases:

1) if one definition refers to several homogeneous defined words;

2) if several homogeneous definitions refer to one defined noun, and the definitions indicate varieties of objects.

If the definition refers to several nouns that act as homogeneous members and have the singular form, then it is usually put in the singular, when it is clear from the meaning of the statement that the definition characterizes not only the nearest noun, but also all subsequent ones, for example: Wild goose and duck arrived first(T.).

The definition agrees with the nearest word if there is a divisive union between the nouns being defined, for example: next Sunday or Monday.

The definition is put in the plural form to show that it refers not only to the nearest noun, but also to all defined homogeneous members, for example: ... The field smelled, young rye and wheat were green ...(Ch.).

If a noun has several homogeneous definitions that list the varieties of objects, then the noun being defined can be both in the singular and in the plural.

The singular number emphasizes the internal connection of the defined objects, for example: masculine and feminine noun; verbs of the first and second conjugations; in the right and left half of the house etc.

In the singular, a definable noun is put if there is a separating or adversative union between the definitions, for example: printed or lithographed edition; not french but german.

The plural form of the noun being defined emphasizes the presence of several things, for example: German and French; philological and historical faculties; older and younger daughters etc.

If the noun being defined is in front of the definitions, then it is put in the plural form, for example: conjugations first and second; types perfect and imperfect.

Prepositions with homogeneous members

Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains...(Cr.).

It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; compare: a) Maria Pavlovna got up, went into another room and returned with a sheet of paper, an inkwell and a pen.(T.); b) On steamboats, in trains, in cars, they traveled a long way ...(Semushkin).

With common homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now, Pavel Korchagin has been rushing about in the native country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear(N. Ostr.).

You can not omit the preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeated unions, for example: The collective farms were still experiencing a great shortage in machines, and in taxes, and in inventory ...(Laptev).

The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative conjunctions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human mores.(Gonch.).

In the presence of an adversative conjunction, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: Actions speak louder than words(last).

In the presence of a disjunctive conjunction, the preposition may be omitted or repeated; compare: a) Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not be carried away by this general movement ...(M.-S.); b) Another river runs through a valley or a wide meadow(Ax.).

Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence

generalizing word is usually a grammatical form of expression of a generic concept that combines subordinate concepts on the basis of real proximity, the grammatical form of expression of which is homogeneous members of a sentence, for example: Every day began to bring the old diplomat Moiseichdifferent largefish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch(Ax.).

Often, words denoting concepts with a wide scope are used as generalizing words, for example: GerasimnothingI didn’t hear: neither the quick squeal of the falling Mumu, nor the heavy splash of water(T.); In the steppe, across the river, along the roads -everywhereit was empty(L. T.).

There can also be semantic relations between the whole and the part between the generalizing word and homogeneous members, for example: But I seem to see in front of methis picture: quiet shores, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and on the bridge long shadows of people running(Kav.).

Homogeneous members concretize the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. Between the last and homogeneous members, an explanatory relationship is established, which finds its expression in the presence or in the possibility of inserting words namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The whole estate of Chertophanov consisted of four log cabins of different sizes, namely: from an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bath(T.); He was served the usual dishes in taverns, such as cabbage soup, brains with peas, sausages with cabbage(G.); Khor understood reality, that is: he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and with other authorities ...(T.).

The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them (see examples above). Sometimes homogeneous members are between the subject - the generalizing word - and the predicate, for example: A crowd of buildings: human, barns, cellars - filled the yard(G.).

In order to strengthen, one of the summarizing words is put before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in a word, everything that is needed on a hike was packed in backpacks.

Homogeneous members agree in case with a generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all mankind into two very unequal parts: into owners and customers(Ch.).

Proposals with separate members

General concepts

Isolation semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members is called in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence contain an element of an additional message, due to which they are logically emphasized and acquire greater syntactic weight and stylistic expressiveness in the sentence. Compare: a) The remaining bread on the vine burned and spilled out(J.I.T.); b) Frost woke up from a fractional horse stomp, suddenly escaping from behind a hillock(Fad.).

In the first sentence, the participial turnover remaining in the root acts as a common definition and serves only to characterize the subject. In the second sentence, the participial turnover suddenly escaping from behind the hillock performs the same definitive function, but at the same time has the connotation of an additional statement (cf .: Frost woke up from the fractional horse clatter, which suddenly escaped from behind a hillock.

The semantic separation of isolated members of a sentence is achieved in oral speech by their intonation: before the isolated member (if it is not at the beginning of the sentence) there is a rise in voice, a pause is made, it has a phrasal stress characteristic of intonation-semantic segments (syntagmas) into which it is divided offer.

Between isolated members and defined words, due to the presence of an additional affirmation or negation, there are so-called semi-predicative relations, as a result of which the isolated members, in their semantic load and in intonational design, approach subordinate clauses.

Only the secondary members of the sentence are separated in the direct meaning of this term, since the main members serve to express the main, not the additional message and cannot be “turned off” (separated) as part of the sentence.

Differ general and private segregation conditions. The first relate to all or most of the secondary members, the second - only to their individual types. The general conditions for isolation include the following: 1) word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of a sentence member, 3) the clarifying nature of one sentence member in relation to another, 4) the semantic load of a secondary sentence member.

Word order is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances.

Prepositive definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with explanatory words, is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades of meaning), the postpositive, as a rule, is isolated. Wed: A chicken tied by the leg was walking around the table.(L. T.). - At the porch stood several wagons and sledges pulled by goose(Ax.).

The significance of the word order in the isolation of definitions is also reflected in the fact that the prepositive definition immediately preceding the word being defined is not isolated, but the definition torn off from the subsequent defined word by other members of the sentence is isolated. Wed: Snow-covered huts sparkled brightly in the sun(Grig.). - For a moment illuminated by lightning, in front of us is a birch trunk(M. G.).

Prepositive Appendix, standing in front of a proper name, as a rule, is not isolated, postpositive - is isolated. Wed: A few years ago, an old Russian master, Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, lived in one of his estates.(P.). - About two months ago, a certain Belikov, a teacher of the Greek language, died in our city.(Ch.).

Circumstance, expressed by a single gerund, is usually isolated if it precedes the predicate, and more often it is not isolated in a postpositive position with respect to the predicate. Wed: Near the porch, smoking, crowded about ten Cossacks(Shol.). - Sergei pushed Vera aside, nodded to her and left whistling.(A.N.T.).

Member Prevalence the proposal is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances, additions.

Single postpositive definition usually not isolated, common - isolated. Wed: He looked around him with indescribable excitement.(P.). - Already willow, all fluffy, spread around(Fet).

single Appendix, expressed by a common noun and related to a common noun, is usually not isolated, closely merging with it, and a common application is isolated. Wed: Some literate cook from the kitchen ran away to a tavern(Cr.). - Memory, this scourge of the unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past.(M. G.).

single circumstance, expressed by a gerund, is usually not isolated in a post-positive position in relation to the predicate, and a common circumstance with the same meaning (participle turnover) is isolated. Wed: - Did you see it? - asked smiling grandmother(M. G.). - A belated hawk flew briskly and straight up in the sky, hurrying to its nest(T.).

Members of a sentence with meaning inclusions, exclusions and substitution with prepositions except for, instead of, besides and others show a tendency to segregation depending on the degree of prevalence. Wed: ... Instead of words, some muffled gurgling came out of his chest(Grig.). - ...Instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different places unknown to me(T.).

Clarifying the nature of one member of the proposal in relation to another matters for the isolation of definitions, applications, additions, circumstances. For example: Thick, guards cloth, pants did not go either to the artisan or the farm laborer(Cat.); There were only two of us, Russians, and all the rest were Latvians(N. Ostr.); I want one thing - peace(Cupr.); Far away, somewhere in the thicket, the night bird groaned(M. G.); All night, until the cock's dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the valiant snoring of the commanders(Furm.).

A prepositive definition that has only an attributive meaning is not isolated, but a definition complicated by adverbial meaning is isolated. Wed: Closely sticking out on the ridges were brown twigs tangled with peas.(T.). - Tightly tied to young oak trees, our good horses endured terrible torture from the attack of the gadfly.(Ax.).

A prepositional application relating to a proper name is not isolated if it has only an attributive meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by an adverbial value. Wed: ... My comrade Emelyan Pilyai took out a pouch from his pocket for the tenth time ...(M. G.). - A man of small stature, Temkin was almost invisible from behind the podium(Azh.).

A circumstance expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example, temporary about th) has an additional shade of meaning (for example, causal, conditional, concessive). Wed: As the night approached, everything around changed strangely.(T.). - With the approach of the enemy to Moscow, the Muscovites' view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous.(L. T.).

Particular conditions of isolation include such as syntactic incompatibility of words related in meaning (for example, personal pronouns and definitions), weak syntactic connection of the defined and defining words (weakly controlled nouns in the indirect case); neighborhood of other isolated groups, etc. (see below).

Separate agreed definitions

As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: Cloud,hanging over the high tops of the poplarsit's already raining(Kor.); Sciences,alien to music, were shameful to me(P.).

Definitions of this type are not isolated if the noun being defined by itself in this sentence does not express the lexically necessary concept and needs to be defined, for example: I have not seen a man more exquisitely calm, self-confident and autocratic(T.).

Common postpositive definitions are also not isolated if they are connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: I sat deep in thought(P.); Taiga stood silent and full of mystery(Kor.). This usually happens with verbs of motion and state that can act as a significant connective.

Two or more postpositive single definitions are separated, explaining the noun, for example: In the air,sultry and dusty, a thousand voices(M. G.).

However, the separation of two uncommon definitions is necessary only when the noun being defined is preceded by another definition. Wed: I want to know the secrets of life wise and simple(Bruce.). - Spring spirit, cheerful and dissolute, went everywhere(Bagr.).

A single postpositive definition is isolated if it has an additional adverbial value, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(M. G.).

The definition is isolated if it is torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence; in these cases, the definition in meaning is also connected with the predicate and has an additional adverbial connotation. For example: Here,disturbed by the whirlwind, a corncrake flew out of the grass(Ch.); sun-drenched, buckwheat and wheat fields crept across the river(Shol.).

The definition immediately before the noun being defined is isolated if, in addition to the attributive, it also has a circumstantial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive), for example: Raised in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who, in his understanding, were rich(I. Ostr.); Cut off from the whole world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor(Furm.).

Definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated; such definitions are attributive and predicative in nature and have an additional circumstantial value. For example: Exhausted, dirty, wetwe finally reached the shore(T.); How,poor, should I not grieve?(Cr.).

Separate inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman,in boots and an overcoat, with cloaks in hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his bright hat(L. T.).

Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with a proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself quite specifically designates a person or object, and an indication of a sign in this case has the character of an additional message clarifying indications, for example: Shabashkin,with a cap on his head, stood akimbo and proudly looked around him(P.).

The same is observed with personal pronouns that indicate an object or person already known from the context, for example: He,with your mind and experience, could already notice that she distinguished him(P.).

Often the isolation of an inconsistent definition serves as a means of deliberately separating it from one member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related semantically and syntactically, and referring to another (usually the subject), for example: women,with a long rake in hand, wandering into the field(T.).

Usually, inconsistent postpositive definitions are separated, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective; in these cases, the commonly defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition. For example: Another room,almost twice as much, called the hall ...(Ch.).

Standalone Applications

Separate applications in some cases have a purely attributive meaning, in others adverbial shades of meaning are attached to it, which is associated with the degree of prevalence of a separate construction, its place in relation to the word being defined, and the morphological nature of the latter.

A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun; such applications are usually postpositive, less often they occur in the prepositive position. For example: a) On the trash always with a pipe in his teeth lies a hospital watchman,old retired soldier(Ch.); b) Unhappily faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun(P.);

A single application related to a common noun is isolated if the noun being defined has explanatory words with it, for example: A girl took care of mepolka(M. G.).

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single definable noun, for example: And the enemiesfoolsthey think that we are afraid of death(Fad.).

An application referring to a proper name is separated if it is in a postposition; a prepositive application is isolated if it has an additional adverbial value. For example: a) Lies under a mound overgrown with weeds, sailor Zheleznyak,partisan(Utk.); b) A fan of Bach and Handel, an expert in his field...Lemme over time - who knows? - would become one of the great composers of his homeland(T.).

The proper name of a person can act as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (in front of such an application, you can put the words namely, without changing the meaning). For example: The rest of the brothersMartin and Prokhor, to the smallest detail similar to Alexei(Shol.).

The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun, for example: It's a shame to meold man, listen to such speeches(M. G.).

A separate application may refer to a word that is not in this sentence, but is clear from the context or situation, for example: Child herself, in the crowd of children did not want to play and jump(P.).

A stand-alone application can be joined by a union as(with causal meaning), in words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc. For example: The commandant kindly advised me to leave poetry,as a matter contrary to service and leading to nothing good(P.); At the gatehouse there was a huge black dog of an unknown breed,named Arapka(Ch.).

Separate circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles

As a rule, adverbial phrases are separated, i.e. gerunds with explanatory words, acting as secondary predicates or circumstances with different meanings, for example: After a few steps, the Cossacks turned off the ditch(L. T.); long strand,tightly curled with a corkscrew, climbed out of the planer(Cat.); Sometimes the blind took the tune and completely forgotpicking up thoughtful melodies to suit your mood(Kor.).

Two single gerunds are separated, acting as homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Shouting and screeching, barefoot boys jumped ...(M. G.).

Single gerunds are isolated if they basically retain the meaning of the verb; more often they come before the verb-predicate, less often after it, for example: Month,turning goldendescended to the steppe(L. T.); The Cossacks dispersedwithout agreeing(Shol.).

Single (usually postpositive) gerunds, similar in function to adverbs, with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action, are not isolated, for example: Seagulls roam the shallows and only occasionally hoarsely screampanting(M. G.); My coachman tears silently andslowly(T.).

SIMPLE COMPLICATED SENTENCE - a simple sentence in which there are "complicating elements" that express an additional message. Complicating elements are divided into two subtypes. 1- homogeneous members of the proposal and isolated members of the proposal; 2 - words and phrases that are not members of the sentence and are not included in its structure: introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals and interjections.

HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE are called members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating unions and are pronounced with the so-called enumeration intonation. Both main and secondary members of the sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Meadows, vegetable gardens, fields, groves have already stretched along the banks. - homogeneous subjects; The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds - homogeneous definitions. Homogeneous members of the sentence can be non-common and common, that is, they can carry explanatory words: My horse jumped through the bushes, tore the bushes with his chest. Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be morphologically heterogeneous: He was always pale, thin, prone to colds, ate little, slept badly. The presence of homogeneous members of the sentence is not seen when repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc., for example: Food, food in an open field. HONOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS are each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to indicate the distinguishing features of different objects: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue flowers were collected in a huge bouquet for my sister. b) to denote various features of the same subject: He loved a strong, decisive, firm word.

Definitions are NON-HOMOGENEOUS if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined: The sun has disappeared behind a forward low broken cloud. HETEROGENEOUS definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different ways, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material). Homogeneous members concretize the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word: The whole estate consisted of four, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse. The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them. SEPARATION - semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence contain an element of an additional message: He woke up from a horse's clatter, suddenly escaping from behind a hillock. There are so-called semi-predicative relations between the isolated members and the words being defined, as a result of which the isolated members, in their semantic load and in intonational design, approach subordinate clauses.

There is also an intonation-semantic selection of words that can be not only secondary, but also the main members. This is the so-called CLARIFICATION and EXPLANATION.

CLARIFICATION - narrowing the scope of the concept, its limitation: Ahead, near the road, a fire was burning. Most often clarifying are the circumstances of place and time, as well as the circumstance of the mode of action: Quietly, with fear, she said something strange to him. Definitions often act as clarifying members: He examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long overcoat, to the heels. EXPLANATION is the designation in this context of the same concept by another word or other words. Explanatory can be both secondary and main members of the sentence, for example: I need only one thing - to warn you. - the subject is explained; Quite different, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment - the definition is explained. INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND PHRASES are not grammatically connected with members, are not members of a sentence and express the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought. Introductory words and phrases can refer either to the entire sentence as a whole, or to its individual members: Fortunately, no one noticed me; - . . . Our dilapidated ship sank, fortunately not in a deep place.

According to the meaning they express, introductory words and combinations are divided into several categories: 1. EVALUATION by the speaker of the degree of RELIABILITY of what is reported: of course, without any doubt, maybe: Mountain air, without any doubt, has a beneficial effect on human health. 2. EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT of the reported: fortunately, unfortunately, a strange thing, etc.: But, unfortunately, at that time the governor turned up. 3. The connection of thoughts, the SEQUENCE OF STATEMENT is indicated by introductory words and phrases firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the contrary, however, in particular, in addition, for example: Nikita's whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, was an unceasing service. 4. INDICATION OF THE SOURCE of what is being reported: according to, according to, in my opinion, from the point of view: According to the captain, there are two days' journey to the nearest port.

INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS introduce additional information into the main sentence, incidental remarks, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc., usually are not syntactically related to the main sentence, do not express the speaker's attitude to the thought being expressed, do not contain an assessment of the message, indication of its source, on connection with other messages, etc., insert constructions can only be in the middle and, less often, at the end of the main sentence: The father lost his usual hardness, and his grief (usually mute) poured out in bitter complaints. APPEAL can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: Sergey Sergeyevich, is that you! The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, the vocative case was used for this purpose, which in the modern language is sometimes used for stylistic purposes: What do you need, old man? Very rarely, the words that name the sign of the person to whom the speech is addressed act as an address: Hey, in a white scarf, where can I find the chairman?

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