Question 1. Who is called a person? What is socialization?

Personality is a concept developed to reflect the social nature of a person, considering him as a subject of socio-cultural life, defining him as a carrier of an individual principle, self-revealing in the context of social relations, communication and objective activity. By "personality" they can understand either a human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity ("person" - in the broad sense of the word), or a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society or community.

Socialization is the process of assimilation by a human individual of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, skills that allow him to successfully function in society.

Question 2. What obliges the position of a secondary school student? What prevents mutual understanding between teenagers and their parents?

Students have the right to:

To express their own views, beliefs and opinions.

Freedom to receive information.

Be listened to.

To freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

For respect for human dignity.

To receive free education in accordance with state educational standards; on the development of their personality, their talents, mental and physical abilities.

For home schooling (for medical reasons) and for family education within the framework of the state educational standard.

For additional help from teachers in individual and group classes, provided for by the school schedule.

To receive additional paid educational services in accordance with the Charter and the School License.

For an open assessment of the knowledge and skills of the student, receiving an assessment in each subject solely in accordance with their knowledge and skills.

For advance notification of the timing and scope of control work in accordance with the schedule

Be aware of the grades given to him in both oral and written subjects.

To apply for the postponement of examinations after absences due to illness, confirmed by medical documents.

The amount of time for doing homework should not exceed 50% of the classroom load on the subject.

To rest in between lessons and during vacation time.

To participate in the cultural life of the school, events organized in it, appropriate to the age of the student.

To participate in the management of an educational institution in the manner determined by the Charter of the school (Student Council of the school).

To openly express your opinion, make proposals for changes in educational activities at the Student Council of the school.

For transfer to another educational institution that implements an educational program of the appropriate level.

Question 3. Compare the status of the wife and mother-in-law: which is attributed, and which is achieved?

Status achieved: wife. Prescribed: mother-in-law.

Question 4. What determines the status of a person?

Social status refers to the position that a person (or social group) occupies in society.

Each person is a member of various social groups and, accordingly, the owner of many different statuses. The whole set of human statuses is called a status set. The status that the person himself or those around him consider to be the main one is called the main status. This is usually professional or family status, or status in the group where the person has achieved the greatest success.

Question 5: How does prescribed status differ from achieved status?

Sociologists distinguish between assigned (prescribed) and achieved statuses. The first status belongs to a person from birth, the second is the result of the efforts made. Achieved status is what a person acquires through his own efforts: education, financial situation, political influence, business connections, qualifications, etc.

Sometimes status is divided into congenital and ascribed. Inborn can be considered gender, age (although this is a variable, but biologically determined side of the status), ethnicity, race. Assigned status is also acquired from birth (or will necessarily be recognized by society), but is not of a biological nature. So, a member of the royal family from birth acquires certain titles.

Question 6. What are the features of the status position of young people in society?

As a rule, the transition from childhood to adulthood is divided into two stages: adolescence and adolescence (early youth).

In adolescence, as psychologists note, the need for communication, especially with peers, is especially pronounced. At the same time, at first, adolescents prefer communication with peers of the same sex, and at an older age, friendly companies already, as a rule, include both boys and girls.

Such communication plays an important role in human development: social norms, ways of interacting with other people, gender roles (determined by established traditions, norms of the sexual behavior model) are mastered. There is also such a feature of adolescents as the desire to quickly move into the status of an adult. For some guys, a cigarette, a bottle of beer, or even vodka is a symbol of adulthood. They think that smoking and drinking alcohol makes them more independent, relaxed, sexy. A deep delusion, for which you have to pay with your own health. Adulthood is, first of all, responsibility for oneself and one's loved ones, readiness and ability to constantly solve complex life problems. Most begin to understand this in adolescence. And many are no longer in a hurry to grow up.

Young people are experimenting, “trying on” various adult roles, testing themselves in a variety of activities. At this age, people often say: "I decided to try ... (do a car business, work in a computer company, create a musical group, go to college, etc.), we'll see what happens." Youth as a period of searching for oneself, one's place in life is perceived and accepted by society as a normal phenomenon.

Question 7. What is included in the concept of "social role"?

The social status of a person gives him certain rights, imposes duties and requires appropriate behavior. The behavior expected from a person of a given social status is called a social role.

A social role is a model of human behavior that society recognizes as appropriate for the holder of this status.

Social role - a model of behavior focused on a certain status. It is also called the dynamic side of status. If the status indicates the position of the individual within the group, then the role indicates the behavior inherent in this status.

Question 8. What is gender?

Gender is a social gender that determines a person's behavior in society and how this behavior is perceived. This is the gender-role behavior that determines the relationship with other people: friends, colleagues, classmates, parents, random passers-by, etc.

Question 9. How are gender roles fixed?

Gender education starts from infancy. Parents communicate differently with girls and boys, even if they don't always realize it. Taking into account the gender, the first toys and clothes are selected. Children quite early realize their belonging to a certain gender and learn a characteristic type of behavior. So, a boy who fell during the game and hit hard, tries to hold back tears, because "only girls roar." Under the influence of the family, the immediate environment, television programs, children develop certain personal qualities, behavior patterns that will help them fulfill gender roles.

To a certain extent, the school reinforces models of gender behavior. For example, classes in technology lessons are different for girls and boys.

The place where gender roles manifest themselves most often and very clearly is the home. A woman and a man do housework, as a rule, different work. Women take care of children, clean the house, cook, do laundry, etc. Men repair cars, household appliances, in the countryside they work in the yard. In general, the bulk of household chores falls on the woman.

At work, gender roles also retain their importance. The number of working women has increased all over the world. However, professional restrictions associated with belonging to a particular gender remain. This is partly due to the physical characteristics of the sexes, but to a lesser extent, and with the prevailing ideas and prejudices in society. There are professions predominantly male (pilot, steelworker, plumber, etc.) and female (kindergarten teacher, seamstress, etc.). Women are less likely to occupy leadership positions, and often receive lower salaries for the same work as men.

The modern post-industrial society is characterized by a change in gender role attitudes. Women are increasingly mastering new roles for themselves - heads of large enterprises, politicians, judges, prosecutors, etc. The role range of men is also expanding, so many of them tend to spend more time with their families, are actively involved in raising children, and take on some of the worries at home.

Question 10. Express your opinion, is the statement true: "The higher the status, the greater the role freedom."

This statement is true because people with a low status are not valued in society, they have a more difficult role, because respect for them is much less than for those who are higher in status.

Question 11. According to one psychologist, from a biological point of view, the beginning of adolescence can be considered the loss of the last milk tooth, and the end - the appearance of the first gray hair. And what, in your opinion, is the social framework of this age stage?

The beginning of youth is, of course, a change of mood. at a transitional age, this happens quite often, so it is easy to notice. The end is already the acquisition of some experience, wisdom.

Question 12. “And how boundless adolescence is, everyone knows ... These years make up a part in our life that surpasses the whole,” wrote B. L. Pasternak. Explain how you understand the words of the writer.

These lines indicate that in childhood we are formed faster and to a greater extent than in another age, for example, at the beginning of life, a person’s moral positions, his attitude to the world around him, his knowledge base (which will later determine success) are laid down.

In modern sociology, the concept of "gender role" has acquired two meanings.

In the first case, the gender role understood as the way in which a person expresses his gender identity. In other words, how much he is a real man or an ideal woman. In some cases, a person finds it difficult to identify himself with which gender, alternately playing the role of a man, then the role of a woman. Then they use the term "third sex" or talk about transsexuals and transgender people.

In the second sense, gender role implies role repertoire , i.e. a set of different behaviors, occupations or functions that a person has to perform who has already decided on his gender identity. Let's say a modern woman (social role) should be a housewife, mother, wife, worker (role repertoire).

It is known that in addition to biological differences between people belonging to the two sexes, there are also social differences due to the division of labor, the delimitation of social roles, the distribution of activities and occupations. Anthropologists, ethnographers and historians have long established the relativity of ideas about "typically male" or "typically female". What in one society is considered a male occupation (behavior, character trait), in another may be defined as female. To be a man or a woman in society means not just to have certain anatomical features. This means to fulfill certain prescribed to us gender roles- models of behavior that society prescribes for men and women, as well as a set of expectations that others place on people who perform these roles. The external signs that make it possible to distinguish subjects of one, female, from another, male, role are biological differences between the two sexes, as well as features of speech (tone, pitch, volume, intonation of voice) and language (a set of words used), demeanor, compliance with norms. etiquette, culture of gestures, clothing, orientation of interests, attitudes, inclinations and hobbies.

Male and female gender roles are, according to experts, mutually exclusive, and in some societies role patterns may even be polarized.

Gender roles determine, for example, that it is appropriate for human beings with female sexual characteristics to paint their lips and cook cabbage soup, and not endowed with such, to wear a tie and earn money. On the contrary, in modern culture, the so-called universal style of dress and behavior is being formed - unisex(English unisex - [about fashion] asexual), which is equally characteristic of men and women, and therefore is not able to clearly distinguish between representatives of different sexes.

Today, the relationship between the sexes, the definition of the roles of each of them are changing radically. New conditions, on the one hand, ensure greater equality of the sexes, and on the other hand, blur the differences between them. Passivity, patience, loyalty, and altruism are no longer considered to be just feminine traits. They are very beneficial for men who have learned to exploit these qualities, but who do not always show equal masculine virtues in response - chivalry or nobility. Ambition, activity and independence are increasingly becoming feminine traits as well. And the introduction of men to the process of childbearing and the responsibilities of motherhood forms in them features that have traditionally been considered purely feminine: tenderness, affection, the desire to take care of babies.

It is much easier for women today to enter public life than it is for their mothers and grandmothers. Now they have more freedom of movement: gone are the days when a woman could leave the house only with a companion, friend or relative. But it looks like they have to pay for that too. Statistics show that young women often become victims of sexual aggression by men.

According to the Russian sociologist I. S. Kon, the gender role refers to the normative prescriptions and expectations that the corresponding culture imposes on the “correct” male or female behavior and which serve as a criterion for assessing the masculinity / femininity of a child or adult. The prescriptions accepted by society in relation to each role are determined by the age and sex division and the different participation of women and men in economic life. That's how it used to be.

In particular, everything related to the religious and magical side of the life of the community was considered exclusively male activity in a traditional society: the performance of religious rites and rituals, the assimilation and transmission to other generations of sacred myths, magic spells, religious chants. All sacred rituals are performed by men in secret from women and severely punished (up to killing) those men who cannot keep a secret, and those women who show excessive curiosity. Women are forbidden to approach the places of sacred rituals, look at cult emblems, touch objects involved in rituals, know sacred myths, songs, and the history of the tribe. According to the ideas of primitive people, men during their religious activities communicate with the spirits of their ancestors, sacred animals, creatures - the patrons of a tribe or clan, in a word, mediate between the world of people and the sacred world, seeking to ensure the well-being of all members of the team. Witchcraft, black magic are also run by men. With their help, both ensuring success in various endeavors and revenge on enemies are carried out.

Predominantly male business is the organization of intra-communal life. In men's homes, separate from women, men make decisions related to the most important issues in the life of the team. This is the distribution of food, and the use of communal territory, and the organization of festivities, the resolution of marriage issues, the settlement of internal disputes and conflicts, the control of members of the team and the punishment of the guilty, etc.

Since ancient times, men have monopolized the sphere of intercommunal and then international relations, turning a purely female (by name) field of activity - diplomacy - into their fiefdom. Whether it was the establishment of friendly intertribal relations and the subsequent multi-day feast, where, again, only males were allowed, or a declaration of war and distant conquests, all the burdens of which could only be endured by the stronger sex. Primitive men searched and explored new territories, were the first to master the places of future parking, and were the first to plow land. Men, to a greater extent than women, are bound by external obligations: they are involved in a complex of kinship and community relations that involve the exchange of food, things, or certain services. Women, as a rule, are not involved in these cases.

It is not surprising that men have occupied all the most important occupations for the community - from politics, religion, economics to solving purely social problems. That's why they made core primitive society, which performed a cementing function, organizing the primitive team from the inside. The whole life of women is concentrated within the community, and they cement it from the inside not with organizational decisions and control, but with numerous interpersonal contacts and connections.

Women's sphere peripheral and is limited mainly to family, home, care of children and husband. If the position of a man is dual: he is, as it were, between the community and the family, then the position of a woman is definite - she belongs to the family, being its center. The purpose of all her activity is the well-being of this "female" world. It is achieved by maintaining the economic support of one's own family, as well as establishing proper interaction with similar groups (women's cells) within the community, in particular through the exchange of food, mutual assistance in caring for children, participation in joint work with other women to deliver water and fuel, and other collective activities.

Clothing, gestures, manner of speech are also elements of the gender role. The wardrobe, as well as the system of rules, can change for one person throughout the day: in the morning she is a housewife (robe, curlers, nervous preparations for work), in the afternoon she is a business woman (strict suit, bossy tone, make-up), in the evening she is a theater spectator (evening dress, free manners, a different image) or a caring mother (Fig. 8.2).

In marriage, a woman performs a number of roles that a man needs: the role of a friend with whom you can consult on important life issues and “pour out your soul”, spend your free time or vacation together, with whom you can share everyday problems, trust her; the role of a quasi-mother who gives him attention and care, the role of a hostess who takes care of order, comfort, cleanliness. One of the important roles of a woman is the role of a mistress.

The topic of gender roles will be incompletely disclosed if we limit ourselves to two sexes and begin to consider the role

Rice. 8.2.

only as a model of behavior set by the biological boundaries of one sex. The phenomenon has been known since ancient times. sex change, which can occur both surgically (through operations on the genitals) and symbolically (by changing clothes and changing the cultural image). In the anthropological and sociological literature, this phenomenon has received the generic name of the "third sex".

Ritual dressing of men in women's clothes has been preserved to this day in various tribes that inherited the customs of ancient cultures. So, for example, in the Namshi tribe, young men wear skirts for the rite of initiation, and in the tribes of the Maasai people, boys wear skirts from the moment of the circumcision ritual until the wounds are completely healed. Katakali dancers in Ceylon put on precious jewelry and make up, trying in this way to invoke the mercy of the gods, the Zulus in such robes cause rain, and the Indian bhots dance in women's to scare away the scarlet spirits.

Female performers in Japanese kabuki theater put on very elaborate make-up, speak in falsetto, and move in imitation of women's walking and gestures. The culture of Kabuki men is so high that many Japanese women, paradoxically, still come to the theater to learn from men the art of being a woman. They try to adopt their manner of holding their back, copy gestures and much more.

Around the 16th century in many European countries there was a tradition of dressing boys in dresses and calling them by their maiden names until they were seven years old. In this way, apparently, the parents tried to protect their sons from evil spirits. Only after the age of seven, the boys were allowed to change their dresses for pantaloons and become members of the male society. This tradition extended to all classes of society. So, in family portraits depicting children, it was possible to distinguish who it was, a boy or a girl, only by the toys that the children held in their hands. For boys it was either a whip or a wooden horse, for girls it was a chrysalis. This tradition was so stable that in some places it survived until the middle of the 20th century.

• Cm.: Badinter E. Decree. op. S. 56.
• For more details, see: History of Primitive Society. The era of the primitive tribal community. M., 1986; Manager L. N. Gender as a cultural and historical phenomenon: the era of primitiveness. URL: irbis.asu.ru
• maya.cltn.ru

gender roles

gender roles- these are the roles due to the differentiation of people in society on the basis of gender. Gender role - differentiation of activities, statuses, rights and obligations of individuals depending on their gender. Gender roles are a type of social roles, they are normative, they express certain social expectations (expectations), they are manifested in behavior. At the cultural level, they exist in the context of a certain system of gender symbolism and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. Gender roles are always associated with a certain normative system that a person learns and refracts in his mind and behavior.

Thus, gender roles can be seen as external manifestations of patterns of behavior and attitudes that allow other people to judge whether an individual is male or female. In other words, a gender role is a social manifestation of an individual's gender identity.

Gender roles refer to a type of prescribed roles. The status of a future man or a future woman is acquired by a child at birth, and then, in the process of gender socialization, the child learns to fulfill one or another gender role. Gender stereotypes existing in society have a great influence on the process of socialization of children, largely determining its direction. Under gender stereotypes standardized ideas about behavior patterns and character traits that correspond to the concepts of "male" and "female" are understood.

gender stereotype, regarding the consolidation of family and professional roles in accordance with gender, is one of the most common stereotypes that prescribe standard models of role behavior for men and women. According to this stereotype for women main social roles are family roles(mother, mistress) for men - professional roles(worker, laborer, earner, breadwinner). Men are usually evaluated by professional success, women by the presence of a family and children. Folk wisdom says that a "normal" woman wants to get married and have children and that all other interests she may have are secondary to these family roles. It is believed that in order to fulfill the traditional role of a housewife, a woman must develop her abilities to be sensitive, compassionate and caring. While men are required to be achievement-oriented, women are required to be people-oriented and seek close interpersonal relationships.

One of the bases for the formation of traditional gender roles is the division of labor based on gender. The main criterion in this division is the biological ability of women to bear children. In modern societies, the social necessity of the division of labor based on the reproductive ability of women, which existed in archaic societies, has long since disappeared. Most women work in the manufacturing sector outside the home, and men have long ceased to be only “warriors and hunters” who protect and feed their families. Nevertheless, stereotypes about traditional gender roles are very stable: women are required to concentrate on the private (home) sphere of activity, and men - in the professional, public sphere.

An important role in the approval of the gender stereotype about the consolidation of social roles in accordance with gender was played by the concept of "natural" complementarity of the sexes by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, who considered the differentiation of male and female roles in structural and functional terms. According to their point of view, spouses should play two different roles in the modern family. instrumental role consists in maintaining communication between the family and the outside world - this is a professional activity that brings material income and social status; expressive role involves, first of all, caring for children and regulating relationships within the family. How is the distribution of responsibilities between spouses based on these two roles? Parsons and Bales believe that a wife's ability to bear children and care for children determine her expressive role unambiguously, and a husband who cannot perform these biological functions becomes an instrumental role performer.

This theory contributed to the integration into a single scheme of socio-anthropological and psychological data. However, feminist criticism has shown that the dichotomy of instrumentality and expressiveness, for all its empirical and worldly persuasiveness, is based not so much on natural gender differences as on social norms, adherence to which hampers the individual self-development and self-expression of women and men.

Traditional gender roles hinder the development of the individual and the realization of the existing potential. This idea was the impetus for the development of S. Bem androgyny concepts, according to which a person, regardless of his biological sex, can have both masculine and femininity features, combining both traditionally feminine and traditionally masculine qualities. This allows you to highlight the masculine, feminine, androgynous models of gender roles. This idea was developed further, and J. Plec in his works began to talk about the splitting or fragmentation of gender roles. There is no single male or female role. Each person performs a number of different roles (wife, mother, business woman, etc.), often these roles may not be combined, which leads to an intrapersonal role conflict.

Gender roles can be studied at three different levels. At the macro-social level we are talking about the differentiation of social functions by gender and the corresponding cultural norms. To describe the “female role” at this level means to reveal the specifics of the social position of a woman (typical activities, social status, mass ideas about a woman) by correlating it with the position of a man within a given society, system.

At the level of interpersonal relationships the gender role is derived not only from general social norms and conditions, but also from the particular system of joint activity being studied. The role of a mother or wife always depends on how the responsibilities are specifically distributed in a given family, how the roles of father, husband, children, etc. are defined in it.

At the intra-individual level the internalized gender role is derived from the characteristics of a particular personality: an individual builds his behavior as a husband or father, taking into account his ideas about what, in his opinion, a man should be in general, based on all his conscious and unconscious attitudes and life experience.

From the book Gender Psychology author author unknown

Section III Gender Characteristics of the Personality

From the book Brainbuilding [or How professionals pump their brains] author Komarov Evgeny Ivanovich

Gender conflicts Gender conflict is caused by a contradiction between normative ideas about personality traits and behavioral characteristics of men and women and the impossibility or unwillingness of an individual and a group of people to meet these ideas-requirements.

From the book Our Unspoken Rules. Why do we do what we do by Wace Jordan

Gender representations Gender representations are understood as concepts, views, statements and explanations determined by the social context regarding the distribution of roles and status positions of men and women in society. Gender representations as meaningful

From the book Gender and Gender author Ilyin Evgeny Pavlovich

Gender stereotypes A stereotype is a set of traits attributed to members of a particular social group [cit. according to: 7, p. 147]. In domestic literature, the definition of gender stereotypes was proposed in the article by O. A. Voronina and T. A. Klimenkova “Gender and

From the book Differential Psychology of Professional Activity author Ilyin Evgeny Pavlovich

Gender Prejudice Prejudice in social psychology is considered as a kind of social attitudes. Prejudice (prejudice) differs from the usual social attitude, first of all, by the content of its cognitive component. Prejudice -

From the book Conflict Management author Sheinov Viktor Pavlovich

Chapter 21 Gender Roles and Sexuality by E. V. Ioffe

From the book What gender is your brain? the author Lemberg Boris

Chapter 28 Gender Stereotypes in Sports N. S. Tsikunova

From the book How We Spoil Our Children [Collection of Parental Delusions] author Tsarenko Natalia

Chapter 15 Gender Features in Informational Bodybuilding Features of the Male and Female Brain Scientists have long shown interest in the peculiarities of the thinking of men and women and study the structure and functioning of their brain from this point of view.

From the author's book

Chapter 3 Gender Roles When I was growing up in the 1950s, life seemed simpler. In those days, everyone had their established traditional roles: mothers stayed at home with children, and fathers worked. My mother could go to work if she wanted to, but my father was supposed to

From the author's book

Chapter 4. Sex and gender stereotypes 4.1. Images of men and women in the mass consciousnessFor centuries, people have developed stereotypical ideas about the image of a man and a woman, which still apply to all representatives of one sex or another, regardless of their

From the author's book

Section four. Gender specifics of behavior

From the author's book

Chapter 17. Gender characteristics of crises in the family 17.1. Decreased satisfaction with marriage. E. Aleshina (1985) notes that both domestic and foreign studies show that after the birth of a child, the satisfaction with the marriage of spouses begins to decrease. Till

From the author's book

CHAPTER 4 Gender aspects of professional activity The employment of women in professional work has grown rapidly throughout the 20th century. This trend has clearly manifested itself in the developed capitalist countries, not to mention our country, where the slogan: "Who does not

From the author's book

Gender conflicts in the school class As practice has shown, many conflicts between classmates arise because of their belonging to different sexes. To get rid of this phenomenon, as we understand it, is impossible, but knowledge of the psychological characteristics of boys and girls,

From the author's book

Gender Differences in the Sequence of Brain Development The most profound difference between men and women lies not in any particular brain structure, but rather in the sequence of development of different brain regions. Different areas of the brain in both sexes

From the author's book

Instilling gender stereotypes - Do I look like a boy? - Not. But you don't look like a girl either. "Cheburashka goes to school." Edward Uspensky. Ask any 20 of your acquaintances about what truly masculine and truly feminine qualities they can name, what social

Humanity is changing. Changes affect even those things that, it would seem, have been and will remain unchanged from time immemorial. The gender role of men and women is also changing. To be even more precise, in our time, the boundaries between the traditionally “male” and “female” are already difficult to distinguish.

The gender role and everything connected with it is a relatively new phenomenon and remains a rather ambiguous and not fully understood category for our society. Therefore, before delving into the study of this topic, it is necessary to define the basic concepts.

biological sex- a set of genetically and hormonally determined characteristics of an organism, summarizing all its reproductive (sexual) features that distinguish it from representatives of another biological sex and determine its role in the process of fertilization during sexual reproduction.

It is customary to talk about the existence of two types of biological sex: male and female.

Gender – social the gender of the person; characterization of a person in terms of masculinity (a complex of bodily, mental and behavioral characteristics considered as masculine) or femininity (a set of qualities traditionally attributed to women or expected from women).

The modern world is dominated binary gender system- dividing people into two opposing groups men and women.

Interestingly, not in all cultures gender is a significant social category, as in ours. There are societies where there are three or more genders, as well as many gender roles.

gender role- view social roles representing behavior, normative expected from male and female individuals. This is behavior, which traditionally regarded as appropriate for men and women.

social role- socially normalized behavior of a person occupying a certain position in society and having certain rights and obligations in connection with this.

Thus, gender role of men and women- these are the forms of behavior expected by society from men and women.

But gender roles are not only expected, they are also:

• prescribed,
• are inculcated (through upbringing and education),
• are being mastered
• are being fulfilled
• violated
• accepted or rejected by the individual.

There is another concept related to gender – gender identity.

Gender Identity- a person's inner self-perception of being a representative of a particular gender, that is, a man, a woman, or a representative of another category.

How is the gender role of men and women formed?

Man is born male or female only in the biological sense, in the social sense he becomes man or woman. There are no differences in the behavior of baby girls and boys. There is no significant gender difference between men and women!

Initially, representatives of both sexes are just people. The set of human characteristics and qualities is one, the division into male and female qualities conditionally accepted in society.

A boy becomes a man because he bring up as a man, they develop traditionally masculine traits, qualities, instill appropriate principles and goals, teach male patterns of behavior. Likewise, a girl learns to be a woman.

Boys and girls raised differently, different models of behavior are expected from them, manifestations of different character traits are reinforced, different requirements are made.

Is it any wonder then that growing up, men and women look at each other as beings from different planets? How can they understand each other if they are different and no one taught them mutual understanding? Only through self-education and the acquisition of personal communication experience.

Gender roles of women and men are changing in the course of history, were and remain different in different cultures and societies, differ depending on the economy, politics, religion and other social factors of the life of a particular society. However, one can still talk about some traditionalism gender roles that have been passed down through the ages from generation to generation.

In our society, the gender roles of men are traditionally referred to as "Getter", "Master", "Defender". They persist, but it is impossible not to notice that for a couple of decades, “soft”, even feminine masculinity has been in fashion. More and more valued in men is not physical strength, activity, courage, the ability to take risks, but intelligence, condescension, restraint, the ability to communicate, empathize and care.

Traditional gender roles for women: "Keeper of the hearth", "Mother", "Wife". Society expects a woman to be kind, patient, modest, gentle, caring, understanding, "homely". But how many women in our time are socially active, active, work on an equal footing with men, often earning more than men?! The earner is no longer He, but She. In a woman, not only beauty, kindness and thriftiness are valued, but also the ability to earn money, efficiency, purposefulness, stress resistance, courage.

The most common gender role of women in our society has no name. This role, characteristic of women who are representatives of the working class, appeared in our society and was entrenched in it in the twentieth century. You can call this role Universal Soldier". A woman is required to be a wife, mother, mistress, worker, breadwinner, protector - ideal always and in everything and at the same time everywhere prosperous!

Consequences of the struggle for equal rights

The struggle of women for gender equality, which began at the end of the century before last, ended with the fact that many women now work both for themselves and for men, and men relieve themselves of part of the responsibility for raising funds for the maintenance of the family, while not considering themselves obliged to help women home and raising children.

A modern woman takes on too much and, “turning” into a man, complains: “There are simply no normal men left!”.

The gender role of men is also undergoing significant changes today. She is getting closer to the traditional gender role of women, just as the gender role of women to men. gender roles merge together.

Another trend is also observed. Men and women change roles! For example, today it is becoming more and more popular (especially in Western Europe) to take maternity leave not for women, but for men (and they do it voluntarily, of their own free will).

It was after women received equal rights with men that not equality began to be observed, but a reversal of roles.

Men and women are legally equal, but in fact remain unequal. The modern woman is more often both the Keeper of the Hearth (the traditional role of the woman) and the Earner (the traditional role of the man), and the man is more often either the Earner or the Keeper of the Hearth. This is what the movement and struggle for gender equality has led to - to new inequality.

But the fact is that a man and a woman cannot be equal, because nature made them different! No matter how strong the mind of a person and no matter how developed his personality, he is also biological being, nature also determines the gender role.

Even if a woman chooses a traditionally male gender role and her man chooses a female one, there will come a point when their system will fail. That moment will be the birth of the child. No matter how feminine a man is, no matter how able he is to run a household and take care of children, there is something that will never allow him to fully realize himself in a female role - he cannot become pregnant and give birth to a child.

If both spouses have the same rights and obligations, they will be completely equal, there will be no family! Who will take care of the children if both work? Who will bring money into the house if both are unemployed?

Women solve this problem by shouldering a double burden of responsibility, but by the number of unhappy women, unhappy families, divorces and children growing up without a father, it is not difficult to guess that this approach to solving the problem inefficient.

Freedom to be yourself

It would seem, why in our time, when a man and a woman are equal in rights, can freely, voluntarily, without the obligatory consent of relatives, choose each other and create a family for love, so many unhappy couples? Is it because, deviating from traditions and nature, people simply do not understand as them to live on.

When people do not know what to do with freedom, it becomes a greater evil for them than the need to live under someone's strict guidance. But freedom- this is the highest value, this is the opportunity to be yourself! A person today is free to choose who to be and how to live. He is not obliged to adhere to the gender role that is imposed and expected. Regardless of gender, it is important to be yourself!

If a girl likes to fight, why shouldn't she become a professional boxer? If a boy likes to take care of younger children, why shouldn't he become an educator or teacher? But the phrases "You're a boy!" or "You're a girl!" wean children understand yourself. As a result, the child speaks, acts and feels as it should be, and not as he really experiences it.

The "I don't know what to do with my freedom of choice" problem grows out of the "I don't know myself" problem.

Too traditional and strict, requiring strict adherence to social norms and stereotypical thinking, upbringing in childhood in adulthood leads to what is called gender role stress.

Gender-role stress - this is a state of mental tension that occurs in the event of an inability to adhere to one's gender role or, on the contrary, the need to adhere to behavior characteristic of the opposite gender role.

The trends observed today in developed countries are such that emphasizing gender differences is recognized as incorrect, since the traditional gender role has come to be understood as imposition needs of society to the individual without taking into account his personal desires and goals. Society, imposing certain patterns of behavior on a person, deprives him of the opportunity to be himself, and therefore, to be happy.

On the other hand, if all people behave only as they want, not guided by social norms and requirements for themselves as a representative of a certain gender, the world risks losing such important institutions for the continuation of the human race as marriage and the family! After all, it was the emergence of the traditional gender roles of men and women that long ago gave rise to monogamy, the traditional family and the obligation to take care of their children until they grow up!

Poll for women. Do you adhere to the traditional gender role norms of a woman's behavior?

A gender role is a type of social role that defines acceptable and desirable behavior for men and women.

Almost all women in the North Caucasus are economically active

Everything related to development tends to change, so there is nothing permanent in the world, including the changing expectations of the behavior of men and women. But how gender roles are fixed and what they are caused by, we will understand in our article.

Consider the concept of gender role in order to clearly understand the meaning of this phenomenon.

Gender roles represent traditional behavioral responses expected from males and females in society. They can be expected, attributed, imposed, required by society, but any person has the right to decide for himself whether he needs stereotypical behavior.

They are instilled by society by educating from childhood a certain manner of behavior inherent in one sex or another. Let's find out what the gender role of a representative of one sex or another means on specific examples.

Examples of gender roles

Examples of gender roles of an individual have changed over time and the change of humanity. Not only that, they keep changing. So, the gender roles of a person are imposed and prevent him from manifesting himself the way nature created him. These stereotypes of behavior lead to misunderstanding between the sexes, conflicts, and therefore make people unhappy.

Consider now some examples of gender roles. Since ancient times, a man has been a hunter, leader, warrior with such character traits as self-confidence, a tendency to risk, aggression, and quick reaction. The woman, on the other hand, was always distinguished by gentleness, compassion, care and was engaged only in maintaining the hearth and educating the future generation.

Naturally, time leaves its mark on the stereotypes of behavior, so it is rare to find truly feminine or masculine behavior in its purest form.

Women's gender role

AT recent times representatives of the beautiful half of humanity are increasingly claiming equality and almost duplicating the male line of behavior, earning money, holding leadership positions and serving in the army.

What are the features of the female gender role?

The female gender role in the former understanding implies the keeper of the hearth, mother and wife. Since modernity dictates its own laws, the gender role of women is changing and expanding.

The modern gender role of women has expanded. Now the lady is often not only the keeper of the hearth, but also the worker.

To do this, you will have to figure out what are the features of the female gender role. It lies in the fact that a woman strives to be successful, active, hardy in the conditions of the rules prevailing in society, equalizing both sexes. Thus, a lady should have time to manage the house, give birth to children, build a career, and also look amazing.

male gender role

Men's actions are characterized by the presence of fortitude, will, courage at all times, but this does not mean that the changes have not affected men as well.

Traditional upbringing of a boy as a bearer of a male gender role (masculinity)

The essence of the male gender role

In the modern world, not only strength and courage are expected from the representatives of the stronger sex. Men are required to win status and respect, mental and emotional stability, physical endurance and avoidance of women's activities. If a man does not achieve success in any one aspect, he seeks to compensate for this by showing himself more actively in another.

A lot of other qualities are gradually added to this list, such as intelligence, caring, restraint, the ability to communicate, empathize.

At the same time, such signs of male behavior as clarity of thinking, stability and the transfer of the gene to the future generation remain unshakable.

What is the difference between the gender roles of men and women?

With the development of society, the representatives of the beautiful half of humanity no longer want to put up with the fate of a housewife, which makes them reconsider social stereotypes about women's behavior. This is explained by the fact that society lives according to male laws, where there is a winner and a loser, and there is also no sympathy and compassion.

This is often followed by a role reversal where the lady is the breadwinner and her husband is in charge of the household. There are a lot of such couples lately, and the woman herself is not satisfied with the situation, as well as the man, because the actions laid down by nature are absent in both.

It should only be noted that the husband will cope with any household chores no worse than his beloved, but only in one he will not be able to replace her, because only a woman is destined to endure and give birth to a child. As you can see, the boundaries between the generally accepted behavior of both sexes are blurred, bringing with it a lot of consequences.

The equalization of representatives of different sexes leads to the fact that the family has no time to have a child, because there are still so many things that this can interfere with. Girls are getting married later, because they first need to make a career, which also aggravates the demographic situation and devalues ​​the institution of the family.

How are gender roles fixed?

Children of both sexes are born and have standard behavior. Social reactions are acquired by girls and boys already under the influence of upbringing and social expectations. Girls are set up for self-sacrifice, tenderness, devotion, they are persuaded to be calm and allowed to show emotions. Boys, on the other hand, are shown traditional male behavior, goals and principles, they require restraint in emotions and impatience with injustice.

It is worth noting that some stereotypes are already being criticized. And although it is considered shameful for a girl to be the first to get acquainted, while shy boys are not at all held in high esteem, this situation no longer surprises anyone, while even 100 years ago it would have led to disastrous consequences.

So, if a girl starts to fight, then she is stopped instead of being enrolled in the appropriate section, and for a boy this is considered the norm. And vice versa, a boy who is engaged in dancing causes ridicule or an ironic smile in many.

As a result, men and women, when creating a family, do not understand each other, get used to opposite views on life for a long time, quarrel and gradually learn mutual understanding.

Do not forget that every modern person has the freedom to choose those reactions in which he does not lose his essence, remaining himself, ignoring all sorts of stereotypes and imposed expectations.

Now it has become clear what gender is, how gender roles are fixed, so each person can objectively assess his destiny in the family and behave as the inner voice of conscience prompts.

We wish you to always be yourself and be happy!