Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech

- this is a historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its own speech consistency- see), formed as a result of the implementation of special principles for the selection and combination of linguistic means, this is a variety corresponding to one or another socially significant area of ​​communication and activity, correlative with a certain form of consciousness - science, art, law, etc. See: F. s. scientific, off.-business and others - according to A.N. Vasilyeva, "macrostyles". Or otherwise, it is a historically established type of language functioning, deposited and existing in the minds of speakers, which, being realized in speech in the process of communication, is a large compositional types of speech with specificity. F. s. created under the influence of a complex of basic extralinguistic style-forming factors(see): along with the types of activities and forms of social consciousness - the functions of the language; typical content characteristic of the respective sphere of communication; the goals of communication associated with the appointment in society of a particular form of consciousness and type of activity, etc. (These two formulations are based on the understanding of style by V.V. Vinogradov, M.M. Bakhtin and B.N. Golovin). According to Vinogradov, F. s. - the phenomenon of the literary language.

In the Russian linguistic and Czechoslovak traditions, the following F. with .: scientific(scientific and technical - see), journalistic(or newspaper and journalistic, political - see), official business(legislative - see), colloquial(everyday colloquial - see), art(fiction - see), religious- see These F. s. are presented in almost all modern European (and not only) languages. At the same time, the regularities of the functional-style system (F. style) are of a probabilistic-statistical nature. They are created not so much by means of stylistically marked means ready in the language, but by the different frequency of use of certain linguistic units and their organization, speech consistency(see), which is formed under the influence of its own in each F. s. dominants(or otherwise: constructive principle- cm.). For example, for office work. F. s. the dominant is imperative; accuracy that does not allow for interpretation; speech standardization; for the newspaper public. a combination of expression and standard, vivid social appraisal, attitude towards the novelty of expression.

In Russian studies, there is no consensus on the status (the possibility of singling out, along with others, as F. s.) artistic style of speech(cm.); To a certain extent, this applies to conversational style(cm.).

The probabilistic-statistical style model was developed by B.N. Golovin, O.B. Sirotinina, G.A. Lesskis, M.N. Kozhina, A.Ya. Shaikevich and others). It has predictability in relation to the use of certain units of the language (including grammatical phenomena).

In Russian and Czechoslovakian linguistics, F. s. is usually considered as a speech (textual) phenomenon, i.e. as a style of speech. But there is also a t. sp., according to which F. styles are varieties of lit. language (language structure) - (D.N. Shmelev; N.A. Kozhin, A.K. Panfilov, V.V. Odintsov, etc.). Obviously, it is legitimate to combine both positions: F. s. speech is the realization in live speech communication of the potentialities of language (the presence in the linguistic consciousness of speaking ideas about the rules for creating F. language styles). True, in the process of using the language in speech, additional "increases" appear. Wed M. Yelink's words about F. s. as a speech phenomenon (1965).

F. s. is not monolithic, it can be considered at different levels of abstraction: the highest - as a macrostyle (F. style) and the lower, more specific (substyles and other more particular varieties). In this regard, we should talk about the core of the style and its periphery, in connection with which it is advisable to model F. with. in the aspect field structure C.(cm.). Taking into account not only basic, but also other extralinguistic factors, F. s. Thus, they are subdivided into sub-styles, genres, into others, including peripheral varieties, reflecting the interaction of styles (border "areas" of F. s.), since in real speech reality styles interact and intersect. Thus, in the stylistic side of speech (text) can be found as invariant for a given F. s. (main) (see), as well as features "coming" from the extra-foundations of a substyle or genre; in addition, in some peripheral ones there are stylistic features and elements of other phrasal styles.

F. s. - a historical and social phenomenon; their formation and development is associated with changes in the socio-cultural conditions of society and the use of the language. F. s. implemented in written and oral forms, but in different ways. There is a special point of view (O.A. Lapteva) about the existence oral public speech(see) regardless of F. s., i.e. uniting a number of styles in their oral form. Another position on this issue belongs to E.A. Zemskoy, E.N. Shiryaev, O.B. Sirotinina.

Scientific study of F. with. - the central concept of modern stylistics - begins in the 20s. 20th century in the works of scientists of the Prague Linguistic Circle, in the works of G.O. Vinokura, V.V. Vinogradova, M.M. Bakhtin and later - Yu.S. Stepanova, V.P. Murat, T.G. Vinokur, A.N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovina, V.G. Kostomarova, M.N. Kozhina, K.A. Horny, N.M. Razinkina, O.B. Sirotinina, G.Ya. Solganika, T.V. Matveeva and many others. other development of the doctrine of F. s. contributed to the turn of linguistics from the structural paradigm to the communicative-functional, which in turn was facilitated by the funkt. style.

F. s. - an essential feature of lit. language; the historical development of the latter is associated with the expansion of its functions and, thereby, the formation of various f. styles, their gradual “crystallization” (the more pronounced stylistic features of each f. s., the natural nature of the stylostatistical frequencies of language units, the stylistic “purity” of its speech consistency, as well as sub-styles and other more particular stylistic varieties). Specific speech system F. s. found in the text; style, thus, acts as a property of the text, so the study of F. s. should not be limited to the analysis of the functioning of pre-text units in speech. Thereby (see) is one of the sections functional style(cm. ). See also .

Lit.: Vinogradov V.V. Results of the discussion of questions of style. - VYa. - 1955. - No. 1; His own: . Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. - M., 1963; Vinokur G.O. On the tasks of the history of the language // Fav. works in Russian language. - M., 1959; Kozhina M.N. To the foundations of functional style. - Perm, 1968; Her: On the specifics of artistic and scientific speech in the aspect of functional stylistics. - Perm, 1966; Her: On the speech system of the scientific style in comparison with some others. - Perm, 1972; Her: Stylistics of the Russian language. - 3rd ed. - M., 1993; Development of functional styles of the modern Russian language. - M., 1968; Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. - M., 1971; Sirotinina O.B. Modern colloquial speech and its features. - M., 1974; Rogova K.A. Syntactic features of journalistic speech. - L., 1975; Vasilyeva A.N. A course of lectures on the style of the Russian language. General concepts of stylistics, colloquial and everyday style of speech. - M., 1976; Her: A course of lectures on stylistics. Scientific style of speech. - M., 1976; Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres // Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1979; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of stylistic use of language units. - M., 1980; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. Ch. II. - M., 1980; Odintsov V.V. Text style. - M., 1980; Solganik G.Ya. Newspaper vocabulary. - M., 1981; Kozhin N.A., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Functional types of Russian speech. - M., 1982; Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Vocabulary. - Saratov, 1983; Grammar. - Saratov, 1992; Matveeva T.V. Functional styles in terms of text categories. - Sverdlovsk, 1990; Functional styles and forms of speech / Edited by O.B. Sirotinina. - Saratov, 1993; Salimovsky V.A. Genres of speech in functional and stylistic coverage (scientific academic text). - Perm, 2002; Havranek B. Studue about spisovnem jazyce. Prague, 1963; Jelinek M. Definice pojmu "jazykovy styl" // Sbornik praci filosofické faculty Brnĕnske university, 1965, A 13; Hausenblas K. Výstavba slovesných komunikatů a stylistyka // Československé přednašky pro VI mzn. sjezd slavistů. – Praha, 1968 (see ibid. Art. Jelinka M.); Fleischer W., Michel G. Stilistik der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. – Leipzig. 1975; Mistrik I. Štylistika slovenského jazyka. – Bratislava, 1985; Tošovic B. Funkcionalni stilovi. – Sarajevo, 1988; His own: Functional style. – Beograd, 2002.

M.N. Kozhina

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

See what "Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech" is in other dictionaries:

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) Historically established, socially conscious speech variety, which has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special principles ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

functional style- (functional variety of language, functional type of speech) A historically established, socially conscious speech variety that has a speech system, a specific character that has developed as a result of the implementation of special ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

functional style- and. A kind of literary language, due to the difference in the functions performed by the language in a certain area of ​​communication. The concept of f. With. is central, basic in the differential division of the literary language, a kind of starting point for ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

- - one of the central directions of stylistics, which studies the patterns of the functioning of the language in various areas of speech communication, corresponding to certain types of activity and representing, first of all, functions. styles (see), as well as ... ...

- (from Latin stilus, stylus - a pointed stick for writing, then - the manner of writing, the originality of the syllable, the warehouse of speech). In linguistics, there is no single definition of the concept of S., which is due to the multidimensionality of the phenomenon itself and its study from various points ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific stylistic trait - ... ... The stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language is one of the stylistic and speech varieties of scientific. funkt. style, allocated (in comparison with the actual scientific one) on the basis of the implementation of additional communication tasks - the need to translate a special scientific. information into non-specialized language ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

France- (France) French Republic (République Française). I. General information F. state in Western Europe. In the north, the territory of F. is washed by the North Sea, the Pas de Calais and the English Channel, in the west by the Bay of Biscay ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Language performs different communicative tasks, serves different areas of communication. It is one thing - the language of "Science and quite another - everyday colloquial speech. Each sphere of communication, in accordance with the communicative tasks that are set" in it, makes its own requirements for the language. Therefore, it is impossible to speak in a communicative way about the culture of language proficiency in general. It should be about the culture of mastering different functional varieties of the language. What is good in one functional kind of language is completely unacceptable in another. M. V. Panob writes: “Complaints have appeared more than once in the press that lexicographers offend words: they put labels “colloquial”, “colloquial”, etc. near them. These complaints are unfair. Such marks do not discriminate against words. Let's look in the dictionary which words are marked "colloquial": toss and turn (by business), grumble, go home, in a row, shove, sleepily, really, wasted, at times (sometimes), relish, cry, remember, shake, dry, drag, soda , death (a lot), big-eyed, look, um, rotten, talker, darling, mountain (a lot), crash, penny, weight, no gu-gu, herd, come on (he let's shout), a long time-Beautiful words. Litter razg. does not denigrate them. The litter warns: do not call the person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer him to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and at times grumpy ... In official papers, do not use the words look, relish, go home , penny ... Isn't it reasonable advice? .

If we approach some of the listed qualities of good speech from these positions, it turns out, strange as it may seem at first glance, that in some of its varieties, qualities opposite to those named in the list should be recognized as good or at least not bad. So, if accuracy is really necessary for scientific speech, including accuracy in designating specific realities, then in colloquial speech, for example, inaccurate designations such as “how to write” (pencil, pen) are quite normative. B. N. Yeltsin in the book “Confession on a given topic” cites the following note he received: “Tell me, our party leaders know that there are no elementary things in the country: what to eat, what to wear, what to wash? Do they live by different laws?

What are the functional varieties of the language and what requirements from the point of view of the culture of speech should be made to them?

The doctrine of functional varieties of language has its own history. For a long time, different areas of communication were understood as styles of language and styles of speech. Language styles were considered, for example, the language of Nayka, the language of fiction, colloquial speech. Speech styles were recognized as private implementations of styles, such as an educational lecture and a scientific report, based on the scientific style. Recently, linguists have come to the conclusion that the linguistic differences between some areas of communication are so significant that it is hardly advisable to use one general concept of “style” in relation to them, therefore the concept of “functional variety of language” is introduced. The typology of functional varieties of language, relatively recently proposed by Academician D. B. Shmelev. This typology is:

D. N. Shmelev calls styles only functional styles, which (all together) in their linguistic organization have significant differences both from the language of fiction and from colloquial speech.

As already mentioned, the main distinguishing feature of the language of fiction is its special purpose compared to all other varieties. The whole organization of linguistic means in fiction is subordinated not simply to the transfer of content, but to the transfer by artistic means. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic (or poetic). For this purpose, the language of fiction can use not only functional varieties of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language: dialects, vernacular, jargon, and others. cites in one of his works D. N. Shmelev:

“At the airport, Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife:

Landed. Lilac branch fell on the chest, dear Pear, do not forget me. Vasyatka.

The telegraph operator, a strict dry woman, after reading the telegram, suggested:

Compose differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

Why? - asked Chudik. - I always write to her like that in letters. This is my wife! .. You probably thought ...

You can write anything in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is plain text.

The weirdo wrote:

“Landed. Everything is fine. Vasyatka.

The telegraph operator herself corrected two words: “Landed” and “Vasyatka”. It became: “Arrived. Basil".

A number of other examples of this kind can be cited: the skillful use of vernacular in the stories of M. Zoshchenko is well known; willingly uses dialect words V. Astafiev; there are many words of camp jargon in the works on the corresponding topic by A. Solzhenitsyn, etc.

The special position of the language of fiction in the system of functional varieties of language lies in the fact that it has a huge impact on the literary language as a whole! It is no coincidence that the definition of "literary" is included in the name of the normalized national language. It is the writers who form the norms of the literary language in their works. A. Solzhenitsyn proposed "Russian Dictionary of Language Extension". “The best way to enrich the language,” the author writes in the preface to this dictionary, “is the restoration of previously accumulated, and then lost wealth.” The dictionary contains such, for example, words: avosnichat - to embark on a chance, carefree; badist bucket - spacious, large; badyazhnichat - to joke, fool around; fumbled - got tired; bedit - cause trouble; formless - unsightly, nondescript; bespore - timelessness, a bad time, etc. It is difficult to say now what will be the fate of these and other words in the literary language, but the very fact of creating such a dictionary deserves attention. When thinking about the language of fiction, it seems to be more appropriate to talk not about the culture of speech, but about the writer's talent, skill in using all the wealth and. possibilities of the national language. Further development of the theme of the language of fiction would take us far away from the problems of the culture of speech, so let's turn to other functional varieties of language.

But before talking specifically about each of them, it is necessary to emphasize one significant circumstance. An important requirement of the culture of language proficiency is the requirement to distinguish between its functional varieties, to freely use any of them, clearly representing which of the varieties of the language should be chosen in accordance with the tasks of communication. One of the fundamental differences between such a non-literary form of language as vernacular and the literary language is that the speakers of the first of them do not distinguish or poorly distinguish between varieties of language. Getting, for example, into an official business environment, a vernacular speaker will strive to speak differently than he is used to speaking at home, but he does not know exactly how to speak in this situation.

The culture of proficiency in different functional varieties of a language is, first of all, such a choice and such an organization of language tools that distinguish this variety from others, determine its face.

Among the functional varieties, a special place, as follows from the above on p. 19 schemes, takes Speaking ( hereinafter - RR). Not so long ago, PP was considered in a number of functional styles.

The fact is that colloquial speech, in comparison with other functional varieties, has very significant features. If the language of fiction and the functional styles of the language are built on the basis of the rules of the language fixed in dictionaries and grammars, then the features of colloquial speech are not fixed anywhere. Nowhere does it say, for example, that under certain conditions of communication one can encounter the use of the nominative case of a noun in statements like: Can you tell me how to get to the Tretyakov Gallery?

For an official business style, a characteristic feature is a stamp. It is impossible to imagine a free form in an application for a business trip or vacation, there are established samples of diplomas, passports, etc. But, of course, the culture of owning an official business style is not limited only to knowledge of stamps. Its different genres require different speech skills. Explorer of this style P. V. Veselov considers, for example, the culture of conducting a business conversation on the phone. It is noted, in particular, that for the effectiveness of the conversation, it is necessary to immediately introduce yourself (you should say: “Ivanov is on the phone”, “Petrov is listening”, and not “I am on the phone”, “I am listening”), when conducting a conversation there should not be any stylistic excesses . “The service dialogue by telephone,” writes P.V. Veselov, “is not a detailed exchange of views, but an exchange of information of operational importance in order to achieve certain actions.” And he continues: “Just as written business speech is unified, oral speech can also be unified. What for? “To talk less and do more.”

A special genre of official business style is legal documents: the constitution, codes of laws, etc. The main thing for these documents is clear, complete, wording that leaves no room for ambiguity; nothing should remain in the subtext; implicitly expressed meaning for the official business style is not typical. Some heaviness of many legal texts is inevitable. When writing them, a kind of principle applies: it would be nice to say it easier, but you can’t say it easier, for example: “The protection of civil rights is carried out in the prescribed manner by a court, arbitration or arbitration court by: recognizing these rights” restoring the situation that existed before the violation of the right, and suppressing actions that violate the law; awarding to the performance of duties in kind; termination or change of legal relationship; recovery from the person who violated the right, caused losses, and in cases provided for by law or contract - forfeit (fine, penalty), as well as in other ways provided by law.

Such legal texts are not intended to be quickly assimilated by non-specialists: they require repeated reading.

An effective set of language tools for building sound in terms of culture of speech scientific texts subject to such requirements as the consistency of presentation, the exact designation of concepts and realities. A scientific text is unthinkable without terminology, since it is precisely this that ensures the accuracy of the notation. The consistent development of scientific thought (the logic of thought) does not allow, on the one hand, to use an implicit meaning, as in the official business style, and on the other hand, it requires that a new sentence constantly absorb the meaning of the previous ones. This can be done by simply repeating the previous clause in the form of a clause. This method is extremely uneconomical. Therefore, other methods are more often used: folding the previous sentence into a verbal noun, replacing it with a pronoun, etc. Such a union determines the special syntactic properties of the word. Such methods are not alien to other functional varieties of the language, they are especially active in the language of scientific texts, for example: “In this chapter, the theory of generalized functions is applied to the construction of fundamental solutions and to the solution of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation and for the heat equation. In this case, the Cauchy problem is considered in a generalized formulation, which makes it possible to include the initial conditions in instantaneous sources (such as a simple and double layer on the surface t = 0). In this way, the Cauchy problem is reduced to the problem of finding such a (generalized) solution of a given equation (with the right side unchanged) that vanishes at t< 0. Последняя задача решается стандартным методом - методом суммирования возмущений, порождаемых каждой точкой источника, так что решение ее представляется в виде свертки фундаменталь­ного решения с правой частью». В результате этргонаучные тексты оказываются информативно насыщенными в гораздо большей сте­пени, чем например, разговорные или публицистические. В тексты многих научных специальностей (математика, физика, химия, логика и др.) органически входят формулы. Поэтому научные тексты объективно трудны для восприятия. К ним нельзя предъявлять требование вседоступности. Следует, однако, заметить, что объек­тивные трудности восприятия научных текстов не имеют ничего общего с субъективной трудностью восприятия некоторых научных текстов. Существует ложное убеждение, что наука в принципе должна быть непонятна для непосвященных. И поэтому некоторые уче­ные, особенно начинающие, стараются во что бы то ни стало напи­сать «позаковыристей», например, так: «...На месте генетического знания выступает знание реальное, или ближайший смысл из чис­ла неоязыковленных смыслов пространственной таксономии в речи коммуникативной абстракции». Хотя вряд ли такие «неоязыковленные» суждения могут продвинуть науку вперед... На наш взгляд, основное требование к культуре владения научным стилем можно сформулировать в виде такой сентенции: выражайся настолько сложно, насколько сложен объект исследования, и не более того.

One more important circumstance should be noted. There are significant differences between written and oral forms of the scientific style. For example, the deep information saturation of written scientific texts is quite justified, since a written text, if it is not immediately understood, can be read again. An oral scientific text, such as a lecture, naturally does not allow such re-perception. Therefore, an experienced lecturer presents information as if in portions, often returning to what has already been said, activating it again in the minds of the listeners. As a result, the semantics of the syntactic structure of an oral scientific text turns out to be very peculiar; O. A. Lapteva, who specially studied oral scientific texts, considers discreteness (discontinuity) to be their main feature. Here is a small example she gives (in a slightly simplified rendering): “We need to formulate our theoretical conclusions in this way. To make them clear, so to speak, already from the very beginning, when formulated, they included the possibility of their verification by facts. And not only to these scientists, but experts in the field of empiricism. That is, it is possible. To organize, so to speak, a division of labor between theoreticians and people working in the field of empiricism, in the field of statistics, who, relying on correctly formulated theoretical propositions, when correctly formulated theoretical propositions, when correctly formulated requirements for verifying one or another theoretical proposition, could say: “Yes, this position is confirmed by the facts. This position is not supported by the facts.” It is clear that it is impossible to write like this, but it is quite possible to speak, the text meets the requirements for a culture of mastering the oral scientific style.

It is easy to see that official business and scientific styles have a lot in common. This is, first of all, the accuracy of notation (terms), the rejection of meaning in an implicit expression. These styles are classified as strict. They differ markedly from non-strict colloquial speech. A special intermediate position between strict and non-strict functional varieties of the language is occupied by journalistic style. The well-known linguist V. G. Kostomarov, analyzing one of the main genres of journalism, the language of newspapers, showed that it combines two opposing tendencies: the tendency towards standardization, characteristic of strict styles, and the tendency towards expressiveness, characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of fiction. G. Kostomarov writes: “Scientific and business styles strive for maximum information content... Some everyday and poetic texts approach the maximum emotionality... Newspaper presentation does not tolerate either extreme: in the first case there would be no emotionally affecting effect (boring , uninteresting), in the second - the necessary factuality (on the same feelings) ". Here is an example of combining these trends: articles on the most serious topics can be preceded by an expressive "frivolous" headline. In general, the modern press is a kind of competition of headlines (who will call it brighter and more unusual): “In what the voice of the people will remain silent”; "In an ecological concentration camp"; "The second echelon of the nomenclature"; "Bermuda Triangle in Lavrushinsky Lane"; "Questions of History" in question"; "They cut down the forest - the cars are standing"; and even an elementary weather forecast is headlined in one of the newspapers as follows: "Nature has no bad weather."

So, an attempt was made to define in general terms the main linguistic features of the functional varieties of the language and to give recommendations on the culture of their possession. It should be emphasized that in this case we can talk about recommendations, and not about those rather stringent requirements that the normative aspect of the culture of speech imposes. Creating a text of a certain functional orientation is a creative process, with the exception of some canonical genres of official business style. Creativity, on the other hand, presupposes the manifestation of linguistic individuality. Each functional type of language has such a rich arsenal of language tools and ways of organizing them that it is always possible to build the corresponding texts in a variety of ways, but in all cases effectively. The higher the culture of proficiency in functional varieties of the language, the more linguistic individuality is manifested. It is hardly possible to teach language individuality in manuals on the culture of speech - this, as they say, is from God, but it is probably possible to teach not to create texts that are ineffective in communicative terms.

modern Russian literary language.

The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional, i.e. it is used in various spheres of social activity (science, the sphere of everyday communication, socio-political and administrative-legal spheres). In this regard, all the means of the literary language (lexicon, grammatical constructions, etc.) are functionally differentiated: some are used in some areas, others in others. Also, in the literary language, two varieties are distinguished - colloquial (colloquial speech) and book (book language).

Speaking It is used, as a rule, in situations of easy communication. Its main features are oral form of expression; implementation mainly in the form of a dialogue; unpreparedness, unplannedness, spontaneity; direct contact between participants. The norm in colloquial speech is the result of a speech tradition, determined by the appropriateness of using one or another expression in a particular situation.

book language as the second functional variety of the literary language, it is realized mainly in the form of a monologue and has a written form of expression. Its main property is to preserve the text and thus serve as a means of communication between generations.

Historically, until recently, book speech was predominantly written, and colloquial speech was oral. But in the second half of the twentieth century. we can talk about the "dual power" of written and oral speech, because there are oral forms of book speech: oral public speech, the language of radio, television, the language of documentary films. The written form of colloquial speech is, for example, the so-called epistolary style, which has developed in private correspondence, i.e. in letters to relatives, friends, acquaintances. This is the same informal communication as in everyday dialogue, only in writing.

Book language serves different spheres of society, each of which has its own specifics, which is reflected in the language, more precisely, in its stylistic stratification. In this regard, the following are distinguished in the language functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic. Each of these styles has a certain originality in the use of language means and is implemented in specific types of texts - genres. For example, in the scientific style, such genres as a monograph, an article, a dissertation, an annotation, an abstract, etc. are distinguished; in official business - the genres of a business letter, statements, instructions, etc.; in journalistic - the genres of essay, reportage, feuilleton, etc.

scientific style characterized by a strict logic of presentation, a large number of special terms, certain features of the syntax. Vocabulary is predominantly bookish, special, and also stylistically neutral.

Formal business style is distinguished by the accuracy of wording, dryness of presentation, a large number of stable turns, clichés, the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way in order to avoid interpretations and ambiguities.

Journalistic style used in the media and combines two functions - informational and propaganda, i.e. the function of influencing the reader or listener. This style is characterized by the coexistence of expression and standard.

occupies a special place in the vernacular literary and artistic style, because this style may include language features of all other functional styles and varieties of the national language.

So, FUNCTIONAL STYLE is a kind of bookish language, which is characteristic of a certain sphere of human activity and has a certain originality in the use of linguistic means.

4. Features of oral and written speech

Communication between people can occur in different forms - with the help of sounds or with the help of written signs. Depending on the form of information exchange, two forms of speech are distinguished - written and oral.

Oral speech- this is a sounding speech that functions in the field of direct communication, and in a broader sense, it is any sounding speech, because written text can be voiced, i.e. read aloud.

Oral speech is created at the moment of speaking, and because of this, the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, so oral speech may be characterized by redundancy (repetitions of what has been said, various kinds of explanations, clarifications, etc.); economy of speech means (the speaker does not name something, skips a word clear from the context or situation), self-interrupting (the speaker does not finish the sentence he has begun and starts another, clarifying what was said or making amendments). All this is especially true for unprepared oral speech(informal conversation, conversation), characterized by spontaneity.

Prepared speech(report, lecture, etc.) is distinguished by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives to make his speech easy, like direct communication with the audience.

A speech designed to pronounce a text (pre-thought out, partially or fully prepared) in front of any audience is oral public speech.

It is important to emphasize that the text of a public speech is not read, but it is pronounced and finally created in the process of its pronunciation.

Oral public speech is divided into political eloquence (the speech of an agitator, speech at a rally, in parliament, etc.), academic eloquence (lecture, scientific report at a conference, etc.), legal (mainly judicial speech) and spiritual eloquence.

The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, however, it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial everyday style of speech. The following functional varieties of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, oral business speech, artistic speech, colloquial speech.

The forms of oral speech are monologue, dialogue, polylogue. Monologue speech is a purposeful message with the aim of influencing other people. There are three types of monologue speeches:

Informational (report, speech, message);

Convincing (parting words, congratulations);

Encouragement (speech at a rally).

Dialogue is a process of mutual communication with a change of roles and an exchange of remarks. Allocate informational and interpretative dialogues. Information arises when the interlocutors have a gap in knowledge at the beginning of communication. In an interpretive dialogue, knowledge is approximately equal, but receives a different interpretation, i.e. different interpretation. When the interlocutors exchange already known information, such as: "The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea", the dialogue does not arise and communication may not take place.

The following is important for the dialogue: observance of cause-and-effect relationships, since their absence leads to meaninglessness (“There is an elderberry in the garden, and an uncle in Kyiv”); search for a common topic, disposition to talk, approximately the same level of speech culture.

Unlike oral speech, writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to fix a sound language, i.e. written speech This is speech in writing. It is written speech that makes it possible to store and assimilate the knowledge accumulated by mankind, expands the scope of human communication. Writing serves as a means of communication when direct communication is not possible.

The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time. If there were no ancient papyri or clay tablets, many knowledge about the world, about the great civilizations of the past, would be hidden from us.

Written speech unfolds not in a temporary, but in a static space, therefore, a writing person, unlike a speaker, has more opportunities to choose and organize language tools.

Written speech uses a bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. It is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. In addition, the letter does not allow quick unjustified transitions from one thought to another, the absence of logical connections. The written form is the main form of the existence of speech in scientific, journalistic, official business and artistic styles.

5. Language norm and culture of speech

Literally correct speech should be built in accordance with linguistic norms.

NORM is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and fixed in the process of public communication. In other words, the language norm is the rules for the use of speech means, the uniform exemplary and generally recognized use of elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.

As already noted, normalization- one of the main properties of the literary language. A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it corresponds to the structure of the language, is regularly reproduced in the speech of native speakers, and has received public approval and recognition.

Norms exist at all levels of the language (phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic) and in all functional styles. The literary norm is obligatory for oral and written speech and depends on the conditions in which communication is carried out.

The establishment of norms and their assimilation by native speakers helps to preserve the integrity and intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from the unjustified penetration of dialect, colloquial and slang elements.

If the norms help to preserve the language, then the destruction of norms leads to the destruction of concepts associated with the national mentality, and it is they who preserve the nation in time and space. This means that it is the language that is assigned the role of the guardian of the spiritual wealth of the nation. Language embodies both the national character, and the national idea, and national ideals.

Phonetics. For oral speech, it is of great importance orthoepy- a set of norms of literary pronunciation. Their observance facilitates and accelerates mutual understanding in the process of communication. The minimum requirement for the sound "clothes" of our thoughts is not to interfere with the speaker to convey, and the listener - to understand the essence of the message. Orthoepic norms are designed to ensure the same pronunciation of each word by all speakers.

In addition to orthoepy, there is also a technique of oral speech, including diction, command of voice and breathing. Good speech technique also helps to avoid unnecessary interference in the transmission of information.

The rules of orthoepy in Russian can be divided into three groups: vowel pronunciation(for example, correct h e c, white yo syy, not properly yawn, whitish), consonant pronunciation(in words aka d ememia, mu h her consonants before e spoken softly) pronunciation of borrowed words(in nouns of foreign origin, you can correctly stress, knowing the origin of the word: fr. nouveau, blinds).

The norms of pronunciation of vowels include the norms of stress. They are being studied accentology. Errors in stress can be caused, for example, by the following reasons:

1. ignorance of the rules of stress in the source language: the word scanty came to us from French and is pronounced scanty;

2. the absence of a letter in printed text yo, which is always stressed; the elimination of dots led to the fact that in many words the stress moved to a random place: beet, bile, bile, newborn(right beets, bile, gall, newborn);

3. ignorance of spelling rules: words armor and bron I are nouns of the 1st cl., and the stress in them performs a meaningful function ( armor- pre-emptive right to receive something; bron I - protective covering);

4. ignorance of the belonging of a word to a particular part of speech, for example, an adjective developed and communion developed or developed:developed child, developed industry, but human-developed activity, audience-developed controversy and flared rope, flared curl.

There are common mistakes to avoid:

At the end of words G should sound like to, the exception is the word God [x];

- combination –ch- in female patronymics it is pronounced as - shn-: Nikiti[shn]a.*

Vocabulary. Lexical norms are the norms of word usage. Each word has a specific meaning, recorded in explanatory dictionaries. And the word should be used in accordance with its meaning. Its compatibility with other words depends on the meaning of the word: there are words whose compatibility is limited to one or two typical uses, for example crackling freezing, pouring rain, pitch-black dark.

Lexical norms also cover the scope of use and stylistic coloring of words. Part of the words of the language is its common vocabulary, other words have a limited scope of use. From the point of view of stylistic coloring, words are divided primarily into high - neutral - low. Within this classification there is a more fractional division, reflected by stylistic marks in explanatory dictionaries: torzh.- solemn unfold- colloquial simple.- colloquial, etc.

The first rule for the transmission of information at the lexical level is the exact choice of a word in accordance with its modern meaning in the language. Usually this rule is violated when there is a word in the language with a similar meaning (synonym) or similar in appearance (paronym), for example: natural - natural; organic - organic.

In addition to the “similarity” of words, the cause of lexical errors is often a weak idea of ​​the situation being described, poor knowledge of what is being said, and a misunderstanding of the logical connections between the subjects of speech.

In addition, choosing words, we do not just designate objects and phenomena, we convey additional information - emotional, evaluative, stylistic, etiquette. The choice of a word can reflect our attitude towards the object being called, our desire to create this or that image, our attitude towards the interlocutor or the situation of communication. Compare: witness and spy; curiosity and curiosity; warning and servile; to praise and flatter etc. The correct choice of a word includes taking into account its stylistic coloring, it must correspond to the situation of communication and the general style of the text.

Morphology. Words in Russian interact, form sentences, change. Word forms convey grammatical meanings - regular, the most common meanings in a given language, for example, the meaning of a number. With most nouns, we use the singular to refer to one object, and the plural to refer to two or more objects: book - books, friend– friends. In the Old Russian language there was also a dual number to designate a pair of objects. This form does not exist in modern Russian, but remnants of its influence have been preserved. Noun stress in combinations two hours(cf.: not even an hour has passed), two steps(cf.: achieve an even stride) and some others are connected by origin with the stress in the form im. n. dual number. The modern form of the plural in words also goes back to the dual form of the names of paired objects. coast, sides, eyes, horns etc.

Often, when forming word forms in Russian, we are faced with the problem of choice: which of the two alternative forms correct which of the two forms appropriate in this type of text? So, for example, different plural forms of the noun teacher differ in meaning: teachers - teachers, high school staff, teachers - spiritual guides. And imperfective verbs conditioned about pour and conditioned a pour differ in that the form about is bookish in nature, and the form with a - colloquial.

Our choice of this or that grammatical form should be determined by the following:

Which of the two forms is perceived as obsolete, and which - as modern;

Which of the forms is felt as neutral, and which bears the imprint of a certain speech sphere - colloquial, official business, scientific;

Which of the forms stylistically “raises” the text, makes it more strict, solemn, official, and which, on the contrary, “simplifies” the stylistic coloring of the text, gives it a less official character.

Morphological forms serve not only to express grammatical meanings. Their second function is to link words in sentences. The formation of sentences from morphologically formed words is carried out at the syntactic level.

Syntax. The syntactic norm refers to the construction of a sentence and a text. Sentences and texts should be built without violating the rules of Russian grammar, primarily the laws of connection and arrangement of words and parts of a complex sentence, which should ensure optimal transmission of information and effective communication, help to avoid cumbersome, ambiguous, illogical statements. Yes, in the ad. Nanny needed for 5 year old girl who can play the piano the offer is incorrect. Obviously needed babysitter who can play the piano. But the subordinate clause with the word which comes after the word girl and, according to the rules of Russian syntax, refers to this word. Incorrectly connected parts in a complex sentence On the bus, citizen Skurov got into the passenger's pocket, where he was caught. The offender was caught not in his pocket, but on the bus.

A well-structured proposal will be one in which:

a) all prepositional-case forms are correctly chosen: they express the meaning that the speaker needs, they correspond to the rules of case management in Russian ( achieve what? rely on what? manage what? prove what? worry about what? confess what? etc.) and correspond to the general stylistic coloring of the text;

b) all the laws of word agreement in number, gender and case are fulfilled ( OOO "Alpy" attracted about borrowed funds. He acted according to the order at );

c) all components complicating the sentence (participial and adverbial constructions, introductory and clarifying words, subordinate clauses) are in the right place and are correctly connected with exactly the word (that segment) of the sentence that they define, complicate, clarify.

Lexical and grammatical (morphological and syntactic) norms will be considered in more detail below.

Word formation. Norms of word formation also play an important role in the language. Word formation performs three functions:

Provides the "production" of new words by connecting root and affix morphemes with each other or in a non-affix way according to certain models: nuclear worker, tractor driver, submachine gunner, cashier, fighter - suffix way; arrhythmia, far right; write down, rewrite prefix method; free, unscheduled, prehistoric; sleep, snuggle - suffix-prefix method; explosion, trailer, absenteeism, run - non-affix method; reinforced concrete, dark blue, metal-cutting – wording method; university, Komsomol - abbreviation, etc.;

Provides an opportunity to express emotional and evaluative values ​​( wolf – wolf; house – house – house);

A number of word-formation models make it possible to express one meaning with words of different parts of speech and use these words in different syntactic constructions, sometimes stylistically colored in different ways (cf.: I'm worried - I'm worried - I'm worried - I'm worried), i.e. word formation serves as the basis for syntactic synonymy in the Russian language, providing a variety of ways to express one meaning.

Rules are important in writing. spelling and punctuation. The Russian language belongs to languages ​​with alphabetic writing, in which five basic principles of spelling:

- phonetic principle (predominant in Spanish and Italian spelling): the word is spelled as it is pronounced;

- historical principle (plays a big role in French and English) preserves the old, traditional spelling, reflects the old pronunciation; in Russian historical are, for example, combinations zhi, shi, reflecting the fact that the consonants "zh" and "sh" were once soft;

- morphological(etymological, analogous) principle (widely used in Russian and German) lies in the fact that morphemes common to related words retain a single style in writing, despite differences in pronunciation: we write d about domestic because we speak and write d about mik, d about m; in the word clay yang th write the suffix yang-, by analogy with cloth yang th etc.

The importance of the morphological principle lies in the fact that it makes spelling meaningful, makes you think about the meaning and internal structure of the word. But the morphological principle also has a weak side - some arbitrariness in determining the identity of morphemes, establishing etymological and derivational relationships between words: we build St. and detail to the verb in and child and write through and, whereas historically this word is associated with the verb know. We are writing ss in ra ss say, deriving this verb from to tell, although historically both verbs independently date back to the obsolete say.

- hieroglyphic the principle (expression of ideas outside of the sound side of the language) is rarely used in alphabetic languages; an example is the writing of a soft sign after the hissing at the end of the words of the 3rd declension rye, night, wilderness, where it does not mean softness, but serves as an indicator of the belonging of these words to the feminine gender;

Based on these general principles, private spelling rules are developed.

Modern Russian spelling is built mainly on the morphological principle, although it also presents both phonetic and traditional principles.

Morphological principle spelling is a consequence of the understanding by native speakers of the structural division of the word into its constituent significant parts (morphemes) and results in a uniform transmission of these parts in writing. The way of writing with a uniform graphic transmission of significant parts of words facilitates a quick understanding of the meaning. For example, the suffix -schik conveys the meaning of "a person who does something": upholsterer, bricklayer, glazier, etc., and the prefix pre- has the value "very" as one of the values: kind, wicked, exaggerate.

In Russian writing, some of the spellings are based on phonetic principle: be h joyful - be With late, and With to follow - and h run, ra With to tell - ra h beat etc. Morphologically, these prefixes should always be written with h , but they are written with a letter h , then with the letter With depending on pronunciation: according to the law of alternations, voiced consonants are stunned before subsequent deaf ones.

An example traditional principle Russian orthography can be written with a soft sign after w, w, h in adverbs and particles: wide open, backhand, jump, only, as well as in the 2nd person singular of verbs: doing, seeing, etc. The spelling of unverifiable vowels and unpronounceable consonants in the roots of words is also traditional: With a paradise, to about ditch, in to Hall, in tornik, etc.

In addition to phonetic, morphological and traditional principles, Russian can also use differentiating spellings: oh e G(verb) - cool about G(n.) , podzh e G(verb) - turn on about G(n.).

In general, Russian spelling is considered one of the most intelligently organized spelling systems in the world.

Russian punctuation rules(i.e., the use of non-alphabetic characters in Russian writing) are associated with differences between the oral and written languages ​​in the means of expressing meaning. Historically, punctuation rules have developed as a result of attempts to convey on paper the meanings expressed with the help of intonation, pauses, logical stress in sounding speech. These meanings are associated with the division of the speech flow (cf.: He seems to be confused and He seems to be confused), as well as with the relationships between the isolated areas (cf.: It got boring. Everyone left the cottage and It became boring: everyone left the dacha).

Punctuation rules are a complex and organized system, the elements of which are subject to the basic principles of punctuation - structural and semantic (semantic).

Structural principle punctuation is due to the structure of the syntactic units of the language.

Semantic principle requires taking into account the meaning of syntactic units and the relationships between them.

These principles complement each other and act mutually. In some cases, the action of a structural criterion is brighter (for example, the conditions for setting a dash between the subject and the predicate), in others - semantic (for example, in complex non-union sentences).

Punctuation and intonation are correlative means of expressing the semantics of syntactic units. Punctuation forms the written language, intonation - oral. On the sea beaches you can see a poster: Do not swim behind the buoys - it is dangerous! Without the dash, the content of the sentence would be absurd. The need for a separating sign is dictated by semantics, which necessitates a pause in oral speech.

Punctuation marks can express the following basic ideas:

Unity of the word (spaces between words and hyphens);

Syntactic units of different orders (smaller ones - comma and dash; larger ones - dot and paragraph; both of them - brackets, semicolon, colon, question and exclamation marks);

The general nature of syntactic units (narrative - a dot; interrogative - a question mark; emotional - an exclamation point);

Relations between syntactic units (colon, dash, brackets, comma, semicolon);

Skip words (dash, ellipsis).

Depending on the function, punctuation marks are divided into three groups:

- separating(dot, ellipsis, question and exclamation marks) - are placed at the end of the sentence and serve as a means of separating one sentence from another in the text;

- separating(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) - are placed in a simple sentence to separate homogeneous members of the sentence and to separate simple sentences as part of a complex one;

- excretory(two commas, two dashes, brackets, quotation marks, i.e. paired characters) - are placed in the sentence to highlight turns that require isolation.

Punctuation marks are needed where lexical meanings, grammatical forms and word order cannot accurately express the meaning. They organize the syntactic construction in the same way as intonation does in oral speech.

It should be noted that language norms can change under the influence of various factors, primarily under the influence of changes taking place in society. For example, after the spelling reform, the norm for writing a letter ceased to exist. Kommersant(ep) at the end of words ending in a consonant; it has now become permissible to use the word in colloquial speech coffee in the middle class. The change of norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants, which already really exist in the language and are used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in the dictionaries of the modern literary language.

At present, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. Despite this, one or another linguistic phenomenon is considered true as long as the dictionary or grammar fixes it as normative.

The norm may be imperative, i.e. not allowing choice (only catalog, not properly catalog), and dispositive, allowing a choice of several options ( otherwise and otherwise). Violation of the imperative norm is regarded as a poor command of the Russian language.

Variant norms are quite widely represented in the Russian language at all its levels. Options can be equal(i.e. interchangeable in all cases) and unequal:

- semantic(words differ in meaning: atlas(map)and atlas(the cloth));

- stylistic(words refer to different styles of speech: full of holes(neutral) and thin(colloquial));

- normative-chronological: now(outdated) and today, now(modern).

The use of one of the options without taking into account its meaning, stylistic coloring leads to a speech error. The ability to select language means taking into account the situation of communication, the ability to avoid ambiguity, repetition, heavy constructions indicates a high speech culture of a person.

As already noted, certain norms exist in each functional style of speech. Here the stylistic norm is not absolute, but has a relative character. What is appropriate in one style may be completely inappropriate in another (for example, if in a situation of everyday communication a person uses a bookish language) and, therefore, is incorrect from the point of view of a speech culture that requires compliance with the principle of communicative expediency: language forms must comply with the conditions and goals of communication. Briefly, this thought can be expressed as follows: what is appropriate is right.

Questions and tasks for the first topic

List the main functions of the language.

Is the ability to speak an inborn or acquired ability of a person?

Can animals speak? What is the difference between human language and animal language?

Which concept is broader - literary language or national language? Justify the answer.

Fill in the table "Speech styles":

State the differences between spoken and written language.

What is meant by language codification? What norms are called codified?

Give examples of the historical variability of norms.

What is the culture of speech? Is the normative aspect of speech culture the only one?

What is speech etiquette? What features of speech etiquette are reflected in Russian proverbs? Give examples.

Complete the table with your examples:

Give an example of a sentence that would include separating and emphasizing punctuation marks.

What determines the spelling of roots with alternating vowels and//e? Write down the roots and words with these roots. What principle of spelling determines the spelling of these words?

Open the brackets, insert the missing letters and missing punctuation marks. What punctuation marks would you put in place of the questions? Are there options? Justify your answer.

(Don't) be afraid of friends(?)in the worst ... m case ... they can give ... give!

(Don't) be afraid of enemies(?)in the worst…m case…they can kill!

Be afraid of r ... n ... stuffy(?)they (n...) kill... and (n...) send... give(?)

But only with their m...lch...lewd with...glance

About ... murder comes down on Earth and so on ... da ... lstvo!

(B. Yasensky)

15. Answer the questions.

1) How many simple sentences are in a complex sentence if it has three commas?

2) How many commas are in a complex sentence if it has four simple ones?

3) How many simple sentences are in a complex sentence if it has five commas?

Functional varieties- book and colloquial speech.

There is a two-level classification system for functional varieties (FFR):

1. Colloquial speech, language of fiction (YHL), functional styles (language for special purposes);
2. The division of functional styles into: official business, scientific, journalistic.

Each FRY solves its own tasks of communication and has its own language tools for solving these problems. Colloquial speech is a separate non-codified type of FRN.

The most important distinguishing feature of YHL: its special purpose is to convey content through artistic means. YHL can use different functional styles and non-literary areas of the language.

Official business and scientific styles are strict FRY, while colloquial speech, YHL and journalism are not strict.

II. Speaking- the name of the everyday speech of the native speakers of the literary language that is not fixed in writing.

The main features of colloquial speech:

1. Unpreparedness, spontaneity;
2. It manifests itself only in conditions of informal communication (most often - ordinary communication between family members, friends);
3. Assumes the direct mandatory participation of speakers in communication;
4. The patterns of construction of the RR are not codified.

The main form of implementation of the RR: dialog. The pragmatic factor plays a special role in RR. Pragmatics- these are such communication conditions that include certain characteristics of the addresser (speaking, writing), addressee (listening, reading) and situations that affect the language structure of the text.

Since conversational communication is carried out, as a rule, between familiar people, most often they have some common stock of knowledge, which is called background. Background knowledge allow you to build statements that are completely incomprehensible outside of this knowledge.

The main features of RR (manifest themselves at all language levels):

1. Fast pace of speech, stronger reduction of vowels, up to their loss: university as [university] or [unirstet]; h[i] dovise;
2. Consonant simplification: pronunciation of the words “let”, “stupidity” without [t`], only, so much without [l`];
3. A special form of treatment with the nominative truncated: Mash, Sing, Lead-a-Lead;
4. There are practically no participles and gerunds, instead of them constructions with double heterogeneous verbs-predicates are used: Yesterday I was lying, I could not raise my head;
5. Vocabulary has its own specific naming system: minibus, laboratory, note, decree;
6. In syntax:

· The use of I.p. in places unusual for him in the codified language: The forest is nice; What breed is your dog?

The use of the infinitive to indicate the intended purpose of the subject: We need to buy sneakers to run;

Widespread use of non-union proposals: We quickly ran to the subway;

Widespread use of word-actualizers: They, no?, didn't come?

Spoken language is one of the full-fledged varieties of the Russian language. The norm of RR is that which is constantly used in the speech of native speakers of the literary language and is not perceived as a mistake in the spontaneous perception of speech.

III. The language of fiction (artistic style) - one of the functional varieties of the Russian literary language, which involves the use of such language means, the choice of which is determined by the ideological and figurative content and the implementation of the aesthetic function.

YCL is closely related to the literary language, but it also includes non-literary forms: dialects, jargon, and vernacular. YHL includes language tools of functional styles. However, the artistic style uses only individual elements of various functional styles, and they appear in YHL in a modified, aesthetic function.

The main stylistic feature of the YaHL is artistic and figurative concretization, which is expressed by the systemic organization of artistic speech, capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means united by the image of the author.

The image of the author ideological and communication center, the core of a work of art, around which all the elements of its poetics and speech means are united, and thanks to which they acquire a certain aesthetic purpose and communicative expediency. The image of the author sets the composition of the genre, a certain selection of language means.

The linguistic means used in literary texts serve mainly to express the system of images. In addition, expressive means are widely used in YCL, which distinguishes YCL from functional styles, all language levels and various style layers of vocabulary are used.

IV. Functional style - a set of multi-level linguistic means that perform the same function in a particular communication situation. Functional styles are a language for special purposes.

1. Official business style - one of the functional styles of the codified literary language. It is used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, lawmaking and legislation.

Character traits:

• The impersonality and dryness of presentation ( submitted for discussion, there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract);
• A high degree of standard expressions, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations;
• Striving for the accuracy of the wording, excluding the ambiguity of understanding what was said;
• Using steady, clichéd turns: at present, due to absence, take action, in the absence of, after the deadline, etc.;
• Using combinations with verbal nouns: establishment of control, elimination of shortcomings, implementation of the program.

Genres of formal business style: law, decree, resolution, communique, diplomatic note, contract, report, instruction, announcement, explanatory note, receipt, complaint, statement; judicial and investigative documentation: protocol, indictment, expert examination report, sentence, etc.

2. Scientific style - one of the functional styles of the codified literary language. Serves the scientific sphere of human activity.

Character traits:

• abstraction;
• Strict logic of presentation;
• A significant number of special terms and terminological combinations;
• The predominance of complex sentences with branched syntactic links;
• The use of predominantly bookish and stylistically neutral vocabulary;
• A distinct tendency towards the unambiguity of the words and terms used;
• The use of such clichés as: data analysis shows, to consider the problem, on the basis of the facts presented, it follows from what has been said, etc.

Scientific style genres: article, monograph, dissertation, review, review, abstract, scientific commentary of the text, report on a special topic, lecture, etc.

Particularly stand out:

• Genres of an educational nature: textbook, manual, guidelines, etc. These texts are characterized by the presence of rules, recommendations, explanations, etc.
• Genres of popular science literature, the texts of which are characterized by rapprochement with some genres of journalistic style.

3. Journalistic style - one of the functional styles serving a wide area of ​​social relations - political, economic, ideological, etc.

PS takes leading place in the stylistic structure of the Russian literary language, many YHL means are being tested in PS, but PS can also have a negative impact on the language (the penetration of jargon, the abuse of borrowings).

Used in: political literature; Media (radio, television, newspapers, magazines).

Publicism seeks to influence contemporary public opinion, mores and political institutions.

The main features of the journalistic style:

1. tendentiousness;
2. Polemic;
3. Emotionality, figurativeness;
4. Close to intonation, structure and functions of oratory;
5. Social evaluativeness is the naming of facts along with their evaluative interpretation. The author directly expresses his opinion - the openness and subjectivity of journalism.

Thematic range: politics, ideology, philosophy, economics, culture, sports, everyday life, current events.

The main task of the PS:

Normative aspect of speech culture.

A culture of speech. Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech.

The concept of culture of speech is closely connected with the literary language.

Under culture of speech refers to the knowledge of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form.

The culture of speech contains three components:

Normative,

Communicative,

Ethical.

The culture of speech implies, first of all, the correctness of speech. Language norm- this is the central concept of speech culture, and the normative aspect of speech culture is considered one of the most important.

The communicative aspect of speech culture. The culture of speech develops the skills of selecting and using the language tools necessary for this purpose. In accordance with the requirements of the communicative aspect of the culture of speech, native speakers must be able to functional varieties of language.

speech accuracy. The accuracy of speech is most often associated with the accuracy of word usage. Speech accuracy is determined by:

knowledge of the subject,

logic of thought,

The ability to choose the right words.

Violation of the accuracy of speech as a result of insufficient knowledge of the features of the Russian language is the use of words in an unusual meaning for them; ambiguity not eliminated by the context; generating ambiguity; mixture of paronyms, homonyms.

Each significant word performs a nominative function, that is, it names an object or its quality, action, state. This obliges speakers to pay attention to the meaning of words, to use them correctly.

Reduces the accuracy of speech ignorance of the existence of paronyms and homonyms in the language, the inability to neutralize these phenomena in speech.

Paronyms Words that are similar in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called. The presence of paronyms in the language leads to the fact that in oral and written speech one word is mistakenly used instead of another.

Homonyms name words that are different in meaning, but the same in spelling and sound (key). The use of homonyms in speech can also lead to semantic inaccuracy, ambiguity of the statement.

Intelligibility of speech. The general comprehensibility of a language is determined, first of all, by the selection of speech means, namely, the need to limit the use of words that are on the periphery of the vocabulary of the language and do not have the quality of communicative validity.

From the point of view of the scope of use, the huge dictionary of the Russian language can be divided into two large groups - the vocabulary of an unlimited scope of use, which includes commonly used words that are understandable to everyone, and the vocabulary of limited use, which includes professionalism, dialectisms, jargon, terms, i.e. . words used in a certain area - professional, social, etc.

Professionalisms- words and expressions used by people of the same profession (journalists, electronic engineers, etc.). They are characterized by great detail in the designation of special concepts, tools, production processes, material.

Dialect vocabulary- words limited in territorial terms, included in the vocabulary of individual dialects, understandable only to a resident of a given area ( veksha-squirrel, kuren - house).

jargon- words and expressions belonging to any jargon. In modern linguistic literature, the word jargon is usually used to refer to various branches of the common language, which serve as a means of communication for various social groups.

Terms - these are words that are the exact designation of a certain concept of any special field of science, technology, art, social life (speech defect, ontogenesis), etc.

concept- this is the idea of ​​general essential properties, connections and relations of objects or phenomena of objective reality.

Borrowing- these are words that appear in the language as a result of communication of some peoples with others, as a result of political, economic and cultural ties between them. This is a normal, natural phenomenon for any language.

Clarity and intelligibility of speech also depend on the correct use of foreign words in it. The place of foreign words in the Russian language, their further fate is not the same and is determined by their purpose.

Borrowings according to the degree of their penetration into the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into three groups.

first and of them are foreign words that have firmly entered the Russian language. They have been borrowed for a long time, assimilated by all the people and are not perceived as foreign languages ​​(deviation).

second group make up words that are widespread in the Russian language and are also the only names for the designated concepts, but are recognized as foreign languages ​​(tolerance, creativity).

To the third group includes foreign words that are not widely used. These include words that have Russian parallels, but also differ from them in volume, shade of meaning or scope of use.

In the process of communication, people often have to explain how to understand what is being discussed, to clarify what meaning this or that word or expression has. Speech practice has developed several ways of explaining words.

Ways to explain words.

1. The most rational way of interpreting words is considered boolean definition, i.e. definition of the concept through the nearest genus and specific difference.

2. Common is synonymous way, i.e. explanation using words that sound different but have a common meaning.

3. Quite often, when explaining words, they use descriptive way, in which its meaning is conveyed by describing the very object, concept, phenomenon.

4. Explaining the meaning of a word, sometimes it’s good to turn to it etymologies. Etymology teaches us to understand the true meaning of the word, clarifies it. Science not only establishes the original meaning of the word, its original meaning, but also explores the history of its application, the reasons for the changes that it has undergone.

Richness and variety of speech. The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what the originality of the native language is, its richness.

The richness of any language is determined, first of all, by the richness of the dictionary. The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries and is determined by the semantic richness of the word, i.e. its ambiguity. Most often, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is realized in speech. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstand. However, polysemy can be used as a method of enriching the content of speech.

Our language is very rich synonyms those. words that are close in meaning. Each of the synonyms, thus, differing in a shade of meaning, highlights some feature of the quality of an object, phenomenon or some sign of an action, and together the synonyms contribute to a deeper, more comprehensive description of the phenomena of reality. Synonyms make speech more colorful, more diverse, help to avoid repetition of the same words, allow you to figuratively express an idea.

There are many words in the Russian language that convey a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, i.e. possess expression.

There are a lot of words in Russian emotionally colored. This is due to the fact that our language is rich in various suffixes that convey human feelings: affection, irony, neglect, contempt. The Russian language is unusually rich in figurative phraseology.

The dictionary of the Russian language is constantly enriched with new words. Compared to other languages, it compares favorably in the variety and number of ways in which new words are formed.

New words are created with the help of prefixes, suffixes, alternating sounds at the root, adding two or more stems, by rethinking, splitting words into homonyms, etc. The most productive is morphological way education, with the help of which dozens of new words are created from the same root.

The grammatical structure of the language is also distinguished by richness, flexibility and expressiveness. The richness, diversity, originality and originality of the Russian language allow everyone to make their speech rich and original.

Expressiveness of speech. The expressiveness of speech enhances the effectiveness of the speech: a vivid speech arouses interest among listeners, maintains attention to the subject of conversation, and has an impact not only on the mind, but also on the feelings and imagination of the listeners.

The expressiveness of speech largely depends on the situation of communication. Help the speaker to make speech figurative, emotional special artistic techniques, figurative and expressive means of language, traditionally called tropes and figures, as well as proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions, winged words.

Before analyzing the various visual means of the language, it is necessary to clarify what properties the word has. The concept of figurativeness of a word is connected with the phenomenon of polysemy. Words that name only one object are considered unambiguous, and words that designate several objects, phenomena of reality are considered to be polysemantic. (a pen).

The first meaning with which the word appeared in the language is called direct, and the subsequent ones are figurative.

Direct values are directly related to certain objects, the names of which they are.

portable values, unlike straight lines, they denote the facts of reality not directly, but through their relation to the corresponding straight lines.

The concept of figurative use of words is associated with such artistic means as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, widely used in public speaking, oral communication.

Metaphor based on the transfer of the name by similarity. Metaphors are formed according to the principle of personification, reification, abstraction, etc. Metaphors should be original, unusual, evoke emotional associations, help to better understand, represent an event or phenomenon.

Metonymy unlike metaphor is based on contiguity. With metonymy, two objects, phenomena that have received the same name, must be adjacent. The word adjacent in this case should be understood not just as a connection, but somewhat broader - closely related to each other.

Synecdoche- a trope, the essence of which lies in the fact that the part is called instead of the whole or, conversely, the whole is called instead of the part, the plural is called instead of the singular.

Comparison- This is a figurative expression built on a comparison of two objects or states that have a common feature. Comparison presupposes the presence of three data: an object, an image, and a sign.

epithets- artistic definitions. They allow you to more clearly characterize the properties, qualities of an object or phenomenon and thereby enrich the content of the statement. In the scientific literature, three types of epithets are usually distinguished: general language (constantly used in the literary language, have stable connections with the word being defined); folk - poetic (used in oral folk art); individually - author's (created by the authors).

To enliven speech, give it emotionality, expressiveness, figurativeness, they also use the techniques of stylistic syntax, the so-called figures: antithesis, inversion, repetition and etc.

A technique based on a comparison of opposite phenomena and signs is called antithesis (at a party it’s good, but at home it’s better). Antithesis widely represented in proverbs and sayings. Antithesis is an effective means of speech expressiveness in public speech.

A valuable means of expressiveness in a speech - inversion, i.e. changing the usual word order in a sentence with a semantic and stylistic purpose.

Often, to strengthen the utterance, to give speech dynamism, a certain rhythm, they resort to such stylistic figure, how repetitions. Start several sentences with the same word or group of words. This repetition is called anaphora, which in Greek means unity.

In oral speech, repetitions are also found at the end of a phrase. As at the beginning of a sentence, individual words, phrases, speech constructions can be repeated. Such a stylistic figure is called epiphora.

Techniques have been developed in the practice of oratory. One of these methods is question-answer move. In addition to the question-and-answer technique, the so-called emotional or rhetorical question (Who are the judges?). The rhetorical question enhances the impact of speech on the listeners, awakens in them the corresponding feelings, carries a great semantic and emotional load.

The means of expression include direct speech. Literally transmitted someone else's speech is called a quotation. As a form of transmission of someone else's statement in a speech, indirect speech is also used, which conveys someone's words from a third person.

Rich presentation material folklore. A real treasure for the speaker - Proverbs and sayings. Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, proven by the centuries-old history of the people - the creator, the experience of many generations.

To create figurativeness and emotionality of speech is used phraseology of the Russian language.

It must be remembered that the correctness of our speech, the accuracy of the language, the clarity of the wording, the skillful use of terms, foreign words, the successful use of figurative and expressive means of the language, proverbs and sayings, catchwords, phraseological expressions, the richness of the individual dictionary, the effectiveness of communication, enhance the power of the spoken word.