Lesson Objectives:
Educational: to consider the situation of the main segments of the population of Russia in the 80s - 90s. 19th century, get acquainted with the process of development of the estate structure into a class structure, the peculiarities of the position of different strata of society
Developing: develop independent work skills, the ability to make generalizations, highlight the main
Lesson type: combined
Teaching methods: reproductive, C / n
Forms of work: written historical dictation, work with a textbook, filling in tables
Organizing time.
Updating knowledge on the topic: "Socio-economic development of Russia in the 80-90s"
The exclusive right of the state to the production and sale of alcoholic beverages
List of expenditures and revenues of the state for a certain period
workers
Owners of capital, owners of tools using wage labor
an industry that is actively developing in the region of Baku and Grozny
Payment collected from individuals and legal entities to the state and local budget
State policy aimed at protecting and patronizing domestic industry
Minister of Finance, who was the initiator of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway
Recovery of workers for being late, release of low-quality products
Margin set by the state on consumer goods
B) taxes;
B) fine
D) wine monopoly
D) indirect taxes
E) protectionism;
G) S.Yu. Witte
H) oil
I) the proletariat
K) bourgeoisie
Learning new material.
| Estates and classes | Characteristic |
| Peasantry |
|
| Nobility |
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| Bourgeoisie |
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| Proletariat |
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| Clergy |
|
| Intelligentsia |
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| Cossacks |
|
Homework. 32-33
Estates and classes in a post-reform society. In the second half of the XIX century. the class division of society was still preserved. In the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, the entire urban and rural population was divided "according to the difference in the rights of the state" into four main categories: -
Nobility,
Clergy,
city dwellers
Rural inhabitants.
The nobility remained the highest, privileged class. It was divided into personal and hereditary. The right to personal nobility, which was not inherited, was received by representatives of various classes, who were in the public service and had the lowest rank in the Table of Ranks. Serving the Fatherland, it was possible to get hereditary, that is, inherited, nobility. To do this, it was necessary to receive a certain rank or order. The emperor could be awarded by hereditary nobility and for successful entrepreneurial or other activities.
The category of city dwellers included hereditary honorary citizens, merchants, petty bourgeois, and artisans. The rural inhabitants included peasants, Cossacks and other people engaged in agriculture.
But along with the development of capitalist production, it was not the class belonging of a person, fixed by laws, but his class, i.e., economic position, that became increasingly important. It depended on the place of man in the production and distribution of his results. The formation of a bourgeois society with its two main classes - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat - was going on in the country. At the same time, the predominance of semi-feudal agriculture in the Russian economy contributed to the preservation of the two main classes of feudal society - landowners and peasants.
The growth of cities, the development of industry, transport and communications, the increase in the cultural demands of the population lead in the second half of the 19th century. to an increase in the proportion of people professionally engaged in mental work and artistic creativity - the intelligentsia: engineers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, etc.
Peasantry. In the second half of the XIX century. Peasants still made up the vast majority of the population of the Russian Empire. According to the laws, representatives of this part of society differed significantly from other classes. Peasants, both former serfs and state, were part of self-governing rural societies - communities. Several rural communities made up the volost.
Members of the community were bound by mutual responsibility in paying taxes and performing duties. Therefore, there was a dependence of the peasants on the community, manifested primarily in the restriction of freedom of movement.
At the village meeting, the headman, tax collector and community representatives were elected for 3 years to participate in the volost meeting. The volost gathering elected the volost foreman. In addition to solving current economic issues, the volost foreman and village headman were also entrusted with maintaining order.
For the peasants there was a special volost court, whose members were also elected by the village assembly. At the same time, the volost courts made their decisions not only on the basis of the norms of laws, but also guided by customs. Often, these courts punished peasants for such offenses as wasteful spending of money, drunkenness, and even witchcraft. In addition, the peasants were subjected to certain punishments that had long been abolished for other classes. For example, volost courts had the right to sentence members of their estate under the age of 60 to flogging. The community had the right to exclude especially immoral peasants who were not amenable to re-education from among its members, which meant deportation to Siberia for the guilty.
The centuries-old existence of the community left a strong imprint on the psychology of the Russian peasant. Collectivism and a developed sense of justice were inherent in his consciousness. Russian peasants revered their elders, considering them as bearers of experience and traditions. This attitude also extended to the emperor, served as a source of monarchism, faith in the "tsar-father" - an intercessor, guardian of truth and justice.
Russian peasants professed Orthodoxy. Unusually harsh natural conditions and the hard work associated with them - suffering, the results of which did not always correspond to the efforts expended, the bitter experience of lean years immersed the peasants in the world of superstitions, signs and rituals.
The liberation from serfdom brought great changes to the village. First of all, the stratification of the peasants intensified. The wealth of some and the poverty of others began to appear more clearly. The measure of prosperity was most often the presence of a certain number of horses on the farm, without which it was impossible to cultivate the land. The horseless peasant (if he was not engaged in other, non-agricultural work) became a symbol of rural poverty. At the end of the 80s. in European Russia, 27% of households were horseless. The presence of one horse was considered a sign of poverty. There were about 29% of such farms. At the same time, from 5 to 25% of the owners had up to ten horses. They bought up large land holdings, hired laborers and expanded their economy.
The abolition of serfdom led to a sharp increase in the need for money in the countryside. Peasants had to pay redemption payments and a poll tax, have funds for zemstvo and worldly dues, for rent payments for land and for repayment of bank loans. There was an involvement of the majority of peasant farms in market relations. The main item of peasant income was the sale of bread. But due to low yields, peasants were often forced to sell grain to the detriment of their own interests. The export of grain abroad was based on the malnutrition of the villagers and was rightly called by contemporaries "hungry exports."
Poverty, hardships associated with redemption payments, lack of land and other troubles firmly tied the bulk of the peasants to the community. After all, it guaranteed its members mutual support. In addition, the distribution of land in the community helped the middle and poorest peasantry to survive in the event of a famine. The allotments among the community members were distributed in strips, and were not brought together in one place. Each member of the community had a small allotment (band) in different places. In a dry year, a plot located in a lowland could give a quite tolerable harvest; in rainy years, a plot on a hill helped out.
At the same time, a small layer of farmers was born in the community, who were constrained by the communal order. In the village, a confrontation between two types of community members began to arise. There were peasants who were committed to the traditions of their fathers and grandfathers, to the community with its collectivism and security, and there were also “new” peasants who wanted to manage independently at their own peril and risk.
The changes that took place undermined the community foundations. Many peasants went to work in the cities. The prolonged isolation of men from the family, from village life and rural work led to an increase in the role of women not only in economic life, but also in peasant self-government. Such women devoted less time to raising children, passing on peasant experience and family traditions to them. Unprecedented phenomena appeared in the countryside - divorces, drunkenness intensified. Literacy among the rural population of the country remained low. According to the 1897 census, it was only 17.4%.
The most important problem of Russia on the eve of the XX century. was to turn the peasants - the main part of the country's population - into politically mature citizens who respect both their own and other people's rights and are capable of actively participating in public life.
Nobility. After the peasant reform of 1861, the stratification of the nobility proceeded rapidly due to the active influx of people from other strata of the population into the privileged class. In 1856, to prevent this, the classes of ranks were raised, giving the right to personal and hereditary nobility. To obtain personal nobility, it was now required to have a military rank not lower than the 12th (second lieutenant) or a civilian - not lower than the 9th step (titular adviser) of the Table of Ranks, for hereditary - 6th for military ranks (colonel) and 4th for civilians (actual state councilor).
However, in the second half of the XIX century. the number of nobility grew: for example, in 1867 there were 652 thousand hereditary nobles, in 1897 - over 1 million 222 thousand. ancestry was taken into account. By the end of the XIX century. among the officers there were 51.2% of hereditary nobles, and among the officials of the highest and middle levels - 30.7%. In total, the nobles made up 1/4 of the total number of employees. Most of the noble officials have already lost touch with the land, salaries have become the only source of their livelihood.
Gradually, the most privileged class also lost its economic advantages. After the peasant reform of 1861, the area owned by the nobility decreased by an average of 0.68 million acres per year. The number of landowners among the nobles was reduced. In 1861, 88% of the nobles were landowners, in 1878 - 56%, in 1895 - 40%. At the same time, almost half of the landowners considered the estates to be small. In the post-reform period, most of the landlords continued to apply semi-serf forms of farming and went bankrupt.
At the same time, part of the nobles was widely involved in entrepreneurial activities: in railway construction, industry, banking and insurance. Funds for doing business were received from the redemption under the reform of 1861, from the lease of land and on bail. Some nobles became owners of large industrial enterprises, took prominent positions in companies, became owners of shares and real estate. A significant part of the nobles joined the ranks of the owners of small commercial and industrial establishments. Many acquired the professions of doctors, lawyers, became writers, artists, actors. At the same time, part of the nobles went bankrupt, replenishing the lower strata of society.
Thus, the decline of the landlord economy accelerated the stratification of the nobility and weakened the influence of the landowners in the state. In the second half of the XIX century. there was a loss of a dominant position in the life of Russian society by the nobles: political power was concentrated in the hands of officials, economic power in the hands of the bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia became the ruler of thoughts, and the class of once all-powerful landowners gradually disappeared.
Bourgeoisie. The development of capitalism in Russia led to an increase in the number of the bourgeoisie. Continuing to officially be listed as nobles, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants, representatives of this class played an increasing role in the life of the country. Among the largest capitalist industrialists there were many people from the wealthy merchants (Gubonin, Mamontovs), the nobility (Bobrinskys, Branitskys, Pototskys, Shipovs, von Meck), but there were also many peasants, especially Old Believers (Morozovs, Ryabushinskys, Guchkovs, Konovalovs). Since the time of the "railway fever" of the 60-70s. the bourgeoisie was actively replenished at the expense of officials. Entering the boards of private banks and industrial enterprises, officials provided a link between state power and private production. They helped industrialists get lucrative orders and concessions. Abuses on this basis acquired such a scale that the government was forced in 1884 to prohibit high officials from engaging in entrepreneurial activities.
Among the largest domestic entrepreneurs, in addition to Russians, were representatives of many peoples of Russia - Ukrainians (I. G. Kharitonenko, Tereshchenko family), Armenians (A. I. Mantashev, S. G. Lianozov, Gukasovs), Azerbaijanis (T. Tagiev, M . Nagiev), Jews (B. A. Kamenka, Brodsky, Gunzburg, Polyakov). Quite a few foreign entrepreneurs also appeared in Russia (Nobels, J. Hughes, G. A. Brocard, L. Knop, G. Hoover, L. A. Urquhart).
The period of formation of the Russian bourgeoisie coincided in time with the vigorous activity of the Narodniks within the country and with the growth of the revolutionary struggle of the Western European proletariat. Therefore, the bourgeoisie in Russia looked at autocratic power as its protector from revolutionary uprisings.
And although the interests of the bourgeoisie were often infringed upon by the state, they did not dare to take active steps against the autocracy.
For a long time, the lack of culture and education among entrepreneurs was largely made up for by their natural intelligence, colossal energy and enormous capacity for work. Some of the founders of well-known commercial and industrial families - S. V. Morozov, P. K. Konovalov - remained illiterate until the end of their days. But they tried to give their children a good education, including a university one. Sons were often sent abroad to study commercial and industrial practice.
Many representatives of this new generation of the bourgeoisie sought to support scientists, representatives of the creative intelligentsia, invested in the creation of libraries and art galleries. Taking care of the development of education and healthcare, industrialists and merchants opened hospitals, shelters, and various educational institutions. A. A. Korzinkin, K. T. Soldatenkov, P. K. Botkin and D. P. Botkin, S. M. Tretyakov and P. M. Tretyakov, and S. I. Mamontov played a significant role in expanding charity and patronage.
Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (1841 -1918) was a hereditary merchant and entrepreneur. He studied at the Mining Institute, and then at the law faculty of Moscow University. Mamontov was fond of playing in amateur performances, had outstanding musical abilities. For several years he lived in Italy, where he studied singing and painting. In 1872, he was elected director of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway Society. Then he built the Donetsk railway. The government offered him to buy the state-owned Nevsky Plant in St. Petersburg, which produces steam locomotives, wagons and ships, including for the military ministry. To supply the plant with domestic raw materials, Mamontov established a joint-stock company of East Siberian iron smelters.
Mamontov provided significant assistance to such artists as V. A. Serov, K. A. Korovin, M. A. Vrubel. He loved to discover new names in art, to look for young talents. On the stage of the Private Opera he created in Moscow, the great Russian singer F. I. Chaliapin began his performances.
In his estate Abramtsevo, Mamontov created a unique art center, where he not only kept the collected folk art, but also organized the production of ceramics (baked clay). Abramtsevo has also become a kind of creative home for talented Russian artists.
Proletariat. Another main class of industrial society was the proletariat. The proletariat included all hired workers, including those employed in agriculture and crafts, but its core was factory, mining and railway workers - the industrial proletariat. His education went along with the industrial revolution. By the mid 90s. 19th century about 10 million people were employed in the sphere of wage labor, of which 1.5 million were industrial workers.
The working class of Russia had a number of features. He was closely associated with the peasantry. A significant part of the factories and factories were located in the villages, and the industrial proletariat itself was constantly replenished with people from the countryside. Representatives of different nationalities became workers. In Russia, there was a much greater concentration of the proletariat in large enterprises than in other countries. In 1890, 3/4 of all factory and mining workers were concentrated in enterprises with more than 100 workers, including almost half of them working in enterprises with 500 or more people.
The hired factory worker was, as a rule, a proletarian in the first generation and maintained a close connection with the countryside. More than half of the proletarians continued to combine industrial and agricultural work. The rhythm of work in many factories took into account agricultural needs. The owners hired workers during the period from Pokrov (October 1, old style) to Easter (March-April), and during the season they were forced to let them go to work in the villages.
In the city, many workers adhered to the usual norms of communal life. In the factory barracks (dormitories), they settled not in the workshops, but in the provinces and counties from which they came. At the head of workers from one locality was a master who recruited them to the enterprise. Workers hardly got used to city conditions. Separation from their native places often led to a drop in morale, drunkenness. The workers worked long hours and, in order to send money home, huddled in damp and dark rooms and ate poorly.
The speeches of the workers for the improvement of their situation in the 80-90s. became more numerous, sometimes they took sharp forms, accompanied by violence against the factory authorities, the destruction of factory premises and clashes with the police and even with the troops. The largest was the strike that broke out on January 7, 1885 at Morozov's Nikolskaya manufactory in the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo.
The labor movement during this period was a response to the specific actions of "their" manufacturers: increasing fines, lowering prices, forced payment of wages in goods from the factory shop, etc. It was generally in the nature of an economic struggle in order to improve working conditions and the situation of workers. The workers did not raise the issue of their political rights.
Clergy. Church ministers - the clergy - constituted a special estate, divided into black and white clergy. The black clergy - the monks - assumed special obligations, including leaving the "world". The monks lived in numerous monasteries.
The white clergy lived in the "world", their main task was the implementation of worship and religious preaching. From the end of the 17th century the order was established according to which the place of the deceased priest was inherited, as a rule, by his son or other relative. This contributed to the transformation of the white clergy into a closed class.
Although the clergy in Russia belonged to a privileged part of society, the rural priests, who made up the vast majority of it, eked out a miserable existence, as they were fed by their own labor and at the expense of parishioners, who themselves often barely made ends meet. In addition, as a rule, they were burdened by large families.
The Orthodox Church had its own educational institutions. At the end of the XIX century. in Russia there were 4 theological academies, in which about a thousand people studied, and 58 seminaries, which trained up to 19 thousand future clergy.
Transformations of the 60s affected the Orthodox clergy. First of all, the government tried to improve the financial situation of the clergy. In 1862, a Special Presence was created to find ways to improve the life of the clergy, which included all the members of the Synod and the highest officials of the state. Public forces were also involved in solving this problem. In 1864, parish trustees arose, consisting of parishioners, who not only managed the church affairs of the parish, but were also supposed to help improve the financial situation of the clergy. In 1869-1879. incomes of parish priests increased significantly due to the abolition of about 2 thousand small parishes and the establishment of an annual salary for them. Old-age pensions for clergy were introduced.
The liberal spirit of the reforms carried out in the field of education also affected church educational institutions. In 1863, graduates of theological seminaries received the right to enter universities. In 1864, the children of clerics were allowed to enroll in gymnasiums, and in 1866, in military schools. In 1867, the Synod adopted a decision to abolish the heredity of parishes and on the right to enter seminaries for all Orthodox without exception. These measures destroyed class partitions and contributed to the renewal of the clergy.
Intelligentsia. At the end of the XIX century. out of more than 125 million inhabitants of Russia, 870 thousand could be attributed to the intelligentsia. There were over 3 thousand scientists and writers, 4 thousand engineers and technicians, 79.5 thousand teachers and 68 thousand private teachers, 18.8 thousand doctors, 18 thousand artists, musicians and actors in the country.
In the first half of the XIX century. The ranks of the intelligentsia were replenished mainly at the expense of the nobles. After the abolition of serfdom and the reforms of the 60-70s, which made education more accessible to representatives of all ranks and ranks, the number of intelligentsia began to grow at the expense of young people of various ranks. The merchants left the artists I. K. Aivazovsky and I. I. Shishkin, the composer A. K. Glazunov, the musicians A. G. and N. G. Rubinstein. The writer A.P. Chekhov was born into the family of a small merchant. The sons of rural priests were the artists V. M. and A. M. Vasnetsov, the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky; historian S. M. Solovyov was the son of a Moscow priest. The artist I. N. Kramskoy and the singer F. I. Chaliapin were born into poor bourgeois families. The artist I. E. Repin was the son of a military settler, and V. I. Surikov came from Siberian Cossacks. All of them knew well the needs and aspirations of ordinary people and sought to reflect them in their work.
Part of the intelligentsia was never able to find a practical application of their knowledge. Neither industry, nor zemstvos, nor other institutions could provide employment for many university graduates whose families were experiencing financial difficulties. Getting a higher education was not a guarantee of an increase in living standards, and hence social status. This created a mood of protest.
But in addition to material rewards for their work, the main need of the intelligentsia is freedom of expression, without which true creativity is unthinkable. Therefore, in the absence of political freedoms in the country, the anti-government sentiments of a significant part of the intelligentsia intensified.
Cossacks. The emergence of the Cossacks was associated with the need to develop and protect the newly acquired outlying lands. For their service, the Cossacks received land from the government. Therefore, the Cossack is both a warrior and a peasant.
At the end of the XIX century. there were 11 Cossack troops - Don, Kuban, Terek, Astrakhan, Ural, Orenburg, Semirechensk, Siberian, Trans-Baikal, Amur, Ussuri. The Cossack population reached 4 million people, including up to 400 thousand were in military service. All Cossack troops and regions were subordinate to the Main Directorate of Cossack troops of the Military Ministry, headed by the ataman of the Cossack troops, who since 1827 was the heir to the throne. At the head of each army was the "appointed" (appointed) ataman, with him - the military headquarters, which managed the affairs of the army. In the villages and farms there were village and farm atamans who were elected at gatherings (Cossack circle). All men from the age of 18 were required to perform military service. For 3 years they were in the preparatory category, then 12 years in military service with summer camps and 5 years in the reserve. The Cossack came to military service with his uniform, equipment, edged weapons and a riding horse.
In the villages and settlements there were special primary and secondary Cossack schools, where much attention was paid to the military training of students.
In 1869, the nature of land ownership in the Cossack regions was finally determined. The communal ownership of the stanitsa lands was consolidated, of which each Cossack received a share in the amount of 30 acres. The rest of the land was a military reserve. It was intended mainly to create new stanitsa sections as the Cossack population grew. Forests, pastures, and reservoirs were in public use.
In the second half of the XIX century. Cossack regions become areas of commercial agriculture. The lease of military lands, which the Cossacks rented to the alien (nonresident) population, is developing. The Cossacks were also engaged in gardening, tobacco growing, viticulture and winemaking. Horse breeding successfully developed on the lands of various Cossack troops. And although the stratification did not bypass the Cossack villages, nevertheless, the provision of land here was much higher than that of the peasants, especially in European Russia.
In the second half of the XIX century. there was a breakdown of estate partitions and the formation of new groups of society along economic, class lines. Representatives of the merchant class, successful peasant entrepreneurs, and the nobility are also joining the new business class - the bourgeoisie. The class of hired workers - the proletariat - is replenished primarily at the expense of the peasants, but the tradesman, the son of the village priest and even the "noble gentleman" were not uncommon in this environment. There is a significant democratization of the intelligentsia, even the clergy are losing their former isolation. And only the Cossacks to a greater extent remain committed to their former way of life.
Exercise 1. Draw lines showing which estates formed the classes and social strata of the population at the end of the 19th century.
Click to enlarge
Connect the following points of the diagram with lines:
Nobility: landowners, bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, bureaucracy, officers.
Merchants: bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, bureaucracy.
Philistinism: the bourgeoisie, the proletariat, the intelligentsia, bureaucracy, officers.
Peasantry: bourgeoisie, proletariat.
Clergy: intelligentsia, bureaucracy.
Note. In fact, connecting lines can be drawn between all categories. For example, at the endXIXcenturies in the Russian army, 54% of the officers came from the nobility, 26% - from the townspeople and peasants, 14% - from the intelligentsia, 3% - from the clergy and 3% - from the merchants. And a similar picture was observed in every social stratum.
Task 2.
A. N. Engelgardt. Lettersfromvillages. Letter nine. 1880
“... The American sells the surplus, and we sell the necessary daily bread. The American farmer himself eats excellent wheat bread, fatty ham and mutton, drinks tea, seizes lunch with a sweet apple pie ... Our peasant farmer eats the worst rye bread ... slurps empty gray cabbage soup, considers buckwheat porridge with hemp oil a luxury , he has no idea about apple pies, and he will even laugh that there are countries where sissies-men eat apple pies and farm laborers are fed the same. Our muzhik farmer does not have enough wheat bread for a baby's teat; a woman chews a rye crust that she eats herself, puts it in a rag - suck ...
... Wheat, good clean rye, we send abroad, to the Germans, who will not eat any rubbish. We burn the best, purest rye for wine, and the most bad rye, with fluff, fire, calico and all sorts of waste obtained when cleaning rye for distilleries - this is what the peasant eats. But not only does the peasant eat the worst bread, he is still malnourished. If there is enough bread in the villages, they eat three times a day ... they lean more on yarovina, potatoes, hemp zhmak are added to bread. Of course, the stomach is full, but from bad food people lose weight, get sick, the guys grow worse ... "
1. What features of peasant life did you learn from the document? 2. Why were the Russian peasants forced to sell bread to the detriment of their diet?
1. A feature of peasant life was extreme poverty, which arose due to the need to sell bread to the detriment of one's own interests. 2. The reason for this was the significantly increased mandatory payments (taxes, redemption, interest) collected from the peasants in conditions of land shortage.
Task 3. Fill the table.
Task 4. Fill the table.
Task 5. Fill in the missing names in the text.
From the memoirs of K. S. Stanislavsky.
“I lived at a time when a great revival began in the field of art, science, aesthetics. As you know, in Moscow this was greatly facilitated by the then young merchants, who for the first time entered the arena of Russian life and, along with their commercial and industrial affairs, became closely interested in art.
For example, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov
, creator of the famous gallery, which he donated to the city of Moscow. From morning till night he worked either in an office or in a factory, and in the evenings he worked in his gallery or talked with young artists in whom he smelled talent. After a year or two, their paintings ended up in the gallery, and they themselves became first just famous, and then famous ...
Sergei Ivanovich Schukin
collected a gallery of French artists of a new direction, where everyone who wanted to get acquainted with painting was admitted free of charge. His brother, Peter Ivanovich Schukin
, created a large museum of Russian antiquities.
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Bakhrushin
founded at his own expense the only theater museum in Russia, collecting in it what belonged to the Russian and partly to the Western European theater.
And here is another excellent figure among the builders of Russian cultural life... I am talking about the well-known philanthropist Savva Ivanovich Mamontov
, who was at the same time a singer, and an opera artist, and a director, and a playwright, and the creator of a Russian private opera, and a philanthropist in painting ... and a builder of many Russian railway lines.
Task 6. Read the document and give written answers to the questions.
The demands of the Morozov workers.
"one. ... We, the workers, demand and ask that the fines not exceed 5% of the earned ruble and that the worker be warned about his poor performance and called no more than twice within a month.
2. The deduction for absenteeism so that it does not exceed one ruble, but so that the owner would also be obliged to pay the worker for absenteeism that occurs through the fault of the master: for example, for a simple ... breakdown of machines and alteration of these for other work, etc. ., etc. ... not less than forty kopecks a day or twenty kopecks per shift.
3. ... So that every worker can receive a full payment without any deduction and delay, upon application by the workers 15 days in advance about their unwillingness to continue working. Likewise, the owner is obliged to announce to the worker 15 days in advance about his calculation, and all this would be recorded in the pay-books ...
4. ... Complete satisfaction of the workers for absenteeism from the day of our stop, which occurred through the fault of the owner. At the request of the workers, a day of absenteeism is considered to be at least 40 kopecks. in a day.
Unhindered distribution of food until the workers are satisfied in their demands, without any receipt ... Also for the future ... the payment of wages would not be delayed further than the 15th or the first Saturday after the 15th.
The free choice of the headman in the artels and that the headman could not serve for more than three months ... Dismiss those employees and foremen who the workers find necessary and show in a separate note.
1. What are the reasons for the workers' strike at Morozov's Nikolskaya manufactory? 2. Did the workers make political demands? 3. What does the very fact of putting forward a collective demand of the workers testify to? 4. How were the demands of the Morozov workers reflected in Russian factory legislation?
1. The reasons for the strike were the deteriorating situation of the workers, cruel exploitation by the owners and the arbitrariness of the administration. 2. No political demands were put forward. 3. On the formation of an organized labor movement. 4. The factory legislation adopted in 1886 determined the procedure for hiring and firing, the relationship between the administration and workers, systematized fines and the organization of labor at enterprises.
Task 7. Fill the table.
Changes in the position of the Orthodox clergy
| the date | Government measures | Their consequences |
| 1862-1864 | Establishment of the Special Presence and Parish Trustees | Improving the financial situation of the clergy |
| 1863-1866 | Children of clerics and graduates of seminaries are allowed to receive a secular education |
Elimination of class barriers and renewal of the clergy |
| 1867 | Elimination of the heredity of parishes and the right to receive spiritual education for all Orthodox | |
| 1869-1879 | Liquidation of small parishes, establishment of salaries and pensions for the clergy | Improving the financial situation and the transformation of the clergy into civil servants |
Task 8. Compose a text using the phrases below.
Abolition of serfdom. Liberalization of education. Democratization of the intelligentsia. Preservation of estate privileges. Lack of political freedoms. Increasing anti-government sentiment.
Afterthe abolition of serfdom At the initial stage of the reforms, steps were taken toliberalization of education . This contributed to the formation anddemocratization of the intelligentsia - a new social stratum. But,lack of political freedoms andpreservation of class privileges hindered the development of society and led toincreased anti-government sentiment .
Question 1. What new groups have appeared in Russian society? What are the reasons for their appearance?
Answer. The bourgeoisie and the proletariat appeared. This happened due to the development of industry. Industry was largely owned by the public sector, but there was a lot of it in the private sector as well. Private owners of industrial enterprises constituted the bourgeoisie. In the second half of the 19th century, the technological process was such that in many areas of production, factories had to be large, otherwise they would cease to be profitable. Both large and small industrial enterprises employed hired workers. They constituted the proletariat.
Question 2. What new phenomena occurred in the peasant environment?
Answer. After the abolition of serfdom and the temporary obligation, the peasants needed money much more than before. Taxes and redemption payments were paid to the state with money. Therefore, the peasants were forced to focus more on the market. But not all peasants were equally successful in making money. Property stratification in the countryside proceeded at an accelerated pace. A mass of landless peasants appeared who were employed by more fortunate neighbors. Farming has also become a new phenomenon. Urbanization was also new. Some of the landless peasants went to the city and joined the ranks of the proletarians, although even the poor were tied to their native places and did not aspire to become city dwellers.
Question 3. How did the position of the nobility?
Answer. The nobility also stratified on the basis of wealth. Some of its representatives, who not only could boast of nobility (that is, they had not only a noble rank, but also a certain title), but also retained their wealth, continued to rule the country, hold key positions, and constitute the high society of both the capital and provincial cities. But many nobles went bankrupt, lost their estates. Some of these nobles joined the ranks of the intelligentsia. Others tried to live off state salaries, such as military service. At the same time, the nobles lost their monopoly on officer ranks. And some tried to live the old way, borrowing and reborrowing money. Such are vividly shown in the "Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov as a symbol of the passing era.
Question 4. What strata of the population formed the bourgeoisie? How did the face of the Russian merchant class change?
Answer. The bourgeoisie was formed from almost all classes. Some nobles used the money received under the peasant reform or increased the profitability of their estates and opened production there. The merchants had capital in the form of money, not land, and therefore they were especially active in replenishing the ranks of the bourgeoisie. In their small workshops, some philistines also managed to accumulate initial capital, they also became bourgeois. There are also stories of some peasants who, usually over several generations, turned from strong rural owners into owners of huge industrial empires. The glory of Russian entrepreneurship was also made up of representatives of the peoples of the outskirts of Russia, especially those outskirts on whose territory there were abundant minerals like oil. The industrialists felt themselves masters of a life in which money began to rule more and more. However, they did not only enjoy life themselves. They became the largest patrons of their country. This was especially true for people from the merchant class. Their families sometimes for many generations held a lot of money in their hands, did not experience shock or euphoria from this. These include A.A. Korzinkin, K.T. Soldatenkov, P.K. Botkin and D.P. Botkin, S.M. Tretyakov and P.M. Tretyakov, S.I. Mamontov, and many others.
Question 5. What were the features of the Russian proletariat?
Answer. Peculiarities:
1) the Russian proletariat maintained close ties with the countryside, the proletarians were usually city dwellers in the first generation, more than half of them continued to combine work in their enterprise and agricultural work;
2) the proletariat consisted of representatives of many nationalities;
3) the concentration of the proletariat in large enterprises in Russia was even greater than in other countries;
4) the workers used to send money to families who stayed in the villages, so they saved on everything and because of this their living conditions were especially difficult.
Question 6. What has changed in the second half of the XIX century. in the position of the clergy?
Answer. Monks and nuns basically continued to live as they lived. Their statutes were once specially created to maintain the inviolability of their existence. And the white clergy were waiting for serious changes. The main one happened in 1867 - parishes ceased to be inherited. This means that people from other classes could go to the white clergy, and people from the clergy could choose a secular career. Attempts were also made to improve the financial situation of the priests and their cultural level. For this, parish guardians were created from parishioners, including parishioners of the rich and influential. Also, many smaller parishes were merged together or with larger parishes. Thanks to this, the incomes of the priests who retained their chairs increased.
Question 7. How was the formation of the intelligentsia?
Answer. The intelligentsia is all people who earn by mental labor, live off it. With the development of industry, the number of such people has increased dramatically. The production required a large number of engineers and technical specialists, who constituted the intelligentsia in the same way as doctors, lawyers, teachers, scientists ... Traditionally, people from raznochintsy went to the intelligentsia. But in the second half of the 19th century, impoverished nobles actively replenished its ranks.
Question 8. What features of the Cossacks allow us to call it a "special" estate?
Answer. Peculiarities:
1) in the language, including the language of official documents, there was a special term "Cossacks";
2) the Cossacks had self-awareness, they understood that they were a special group;
3) the Cossacks were the only class in Russia whose representatives were both warriors and farmers;
4) in the Cossack regions there was a special nature of land ownership;
5) there was a special system of command and control of the Cossack troops;
6) the Cossacks had their own system of education, special schools;
7) the Cossacks developed their productions, and developed them in many respects together and clearly separated them from the productions of the bourgeoisie.
Grade 8 History of Russia
Lesson topic : "The situation of the main segments of the population in the second halfXIXcentury"
The purpose of the lesson:
Lesson type:
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Slides captions:
The great chain broke, It broke and struck with one end - at the gentleman, with the other - at the peasant
The position of the main strata of society in the second half of the XIX century
What is an estate? Large groups of people, distinguished by rights and obligations fixed in tradition or law and inherited
Lesson plan: Estates and classes in a post-reform society Peasantry Nobility
The purpose of the lesson: To show how the position of the peasantry and the nobility changed after the abolition of serfdom; Determine the reasons for the change in the social status of these population groups.
Peasantry Before 1861 After 1861 Rights Land Money
Peasantry Before 1861 After 1861 Rights Personally dependent - lack of rights Land Money
Peasantry Until 1861 After 1861 Rights Personally dependent - lack of rights Land Assignment for service Money
Peasantry Until 1861 After 1861 Rights Personally dependent - lack of rights Land Allotment for services Money Dues cash, state taxes
Peasantry Before 1861 After 1861 Rights Personally dependent - lack of rights Personally free, but rights are very limited Land Allotment for service Money Dues, state tax
Peasantry Before 1861 After 1861 Rights Personally dependent - lack of rights Personally free, but rights are very limited Land Allotment for services Lack of land Money Dues, state tax
Peasantry Before 1861 After 1861 Rights Personally dependent - lack of rights Personally free, but rights are very limited Land Allotment for services Lack of land Money Quit, state tax Lack of money
The position of the peasantry after the abolition of serfdom ... legal status financial position attachment to the community stratification of the peasantry Personally a free peasant, but with limited civil rights. He was in a difficult financial situation, primarily because of the redemption payments. Poverty and hardships of life firmly tied to the community with its mutual responsibility. But the stratification led to the emergence of a "new" peasant who wanted to manage independently.
Nobility Before 1861 After 1861 Economic situation Political situation
Nobility Before 1861 After 1861 Economic position Privileged position: land is the property of the nobility Political position
Nobility Before 1861 After 1861 Economic position Privileged position: the land is the property of the nobles Political position Political dominance
Nobility Before 1861 After 1861 Economic position Privileged position: the land is the property of the nobles Lost economic and political advantages Political position Political dominance
Guess...
“The great chain broke up, It broke up and hit with one end - at the gentleman, with the other - at the peasant” How do you understand this statement in the context of the topic of today's lesson?
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Grade 8 History of Russia
Lesson topic : "The situation of the main strata of the population in the second half of the 19th century"
The purpose of the lesson: Show how the position of the peasantry and nobility changed after the abolition of serfdom;
determine the reasons for the change in the social status of these population groups.
Lesson type: "Discovery" of new knowledge (1 lesson)
Number of hours of this topic - 2
Lesson number in the section - 14
Lesson stage | Teacher activity | Student activities |
Creating a problem situation updating knowledge Target: preparation of students' thinking and organization of their awareness of their inner need to build a new way of action | I quote the words of the great Russian poet Nekrasov: "The great chain has broken, Broke up and hit One end - on the master, Others - for a man. Guess the topic of today's lesson, what will be discussed in the lesson? | About nobles and peasants On the change in their position after the abolition of serfdom |
Statement of the learning task | After the reforms of the 60-70s. XIX century there were noticeable changes in the social structure of the Russian state. What are the main groups divided the population of Russia? Click - estate system click - we will talk in today's lesson about the main classes - the nobility and the peasantry. | estates |
What are "estates"? | Large groups of people, differing in rights and obligations fixed in tradition or law and inherited. |
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“Discovery of new knowledge” (construction of a project for getting out of a difficulty) (up to 10 min.) | The development of capitalism gradually changed the social structure and appearance of estates, formed two new social groups - the classes of capitalist society (the bourgeoisie and the proletariat). The features of the old and new social order were intertwined in the social structure. | |
After 1861, the bonds of feudalism, which had held and determined the social structure of the empire for many centuries, broke. New conditions forced all segments of the population to adapt to themselves, changed the rules of the game, the usual way of life. To see the changes, you need to remember what happened. Rights Earth - money - | Personally dependent, lawlessness Done for duties quitrent, state tax |
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To determine "What has changed since 1861", you must complete the tasks BLOCK 1 in the worksheet | Work in the worksheet - task 1 (Attachment 1) |
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Primary fastening | The liberation of the peasants from serfdom brought great changes to the countryside. What did Engelhard write about this? | Task 2 in the worksheet |
Poverty, hardships associated with redemption payments, lack of land and other troubles firmly tied the bulk of the peasants to the community. After all, it guaranteed its members mutual support. What was a self-governing rural society - task 3 in the worksheet. | Complete task 3 "Peasant community" |
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The community guaranteed its members support. At the same time, a small layer of farmers was born in the community, who were constrained by the communal order. Determine which categories of peasants were clearly manifested after 1861, task 4. Conclusion: the stratification led to a confrontation between two types of community members: those who were adherents of the traditions of their fathers and grandfathers, the community with its collectivism, and the “new peasants” who wanted to manage independently at their own peril and risk. | Poor, wealthy |
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"Discovery of new knowledge" - independent work on the standard Purpose: interiorization (transition from outside to inside) of a new mode of action and performing reflection (individual) of achieving the goal of a trial educational action. | If after 1861 the position of the peasants changes, then the position of the nobles, who before the reform were inextricably linked with the peasants, must also change invariably. The Russian nobility owned the vast majority of the country's means of production and wealth. The autocracy ruled in the interests of the nobility, it was best protected by law, it was the most educated. | Economic position - privileged (land - property) Political position - privileged |
Task 1 BLOCK 2 - what was the nobility Who could get the nobility? | Scheme - hereditary and personal Personal - representatives of various classes, who are in the public service and have the lowest rank in the Table of Ranks. Hereditary - a certain rank (military - not lower than 12 ranks, civil - not lower than 9) or an order award. |
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Thus, it is clear that after the reform of 1861, the stratification of the nobility was rapidly going on at the expense of people from other segments of the population. Further changes in the position of the nobility can be seen by completing task 2 from the worksheet. | perform BLOCK 2 task 2 |
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What conclusion can be drawn? Lost economic and political advantages. Political power was concentrated in the hands of officials, economic power in the hands of the bourgeoisie. Imagine how you would carry out the "Abolition of Serfdom" reform in order to satisfy the interests of both the peasantry and the nobility? | The decline of the landlord economy accelerated the stratification of the nobility and weakened the influence of the landowners in the state. Their interests are so different that it is impossible to do it in one reform. To give the peasants land for free is to infringe on the interests of the nobles. Do not give land or give little - to infringe on the interests of the peasants. |
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Inclusion of new knowledge in the knowledge system | The new conditions changed the face of the peasantry and the nobility. Changes are clearly visible between what was and what has become. And again I return to the lines of Nekrasov: "The great chain has broken, Broke up and hit One end - on the master, Others - for a man. Give an understanding of this quatrain in the context of the topic of today's lesson "The situation of the main strata of the population in the second half of the 19th century." |
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Worksheet on the topic "The situation of the main sections of society"
BLOCK 1 "Peasantry"
- Using the text of the textbook (pp. 158-159, 224-226), fill in the table: "The situation of the peasantry after the reform of 1861."
2. Read the document and answer the questions.
A.N. Engelgard. Letters from the village. Letter nine. 1880
“... The American sells the surplus, and we sell the necessary daily bread. The American farmer himself eats excellent wheat bread, fatty ham and mutton, drinks tea, seizes lunch with sweet apple pie ... Our farmer peasant eats the worst rye bread ... sips empty gray cabbage soup, considers buckwheat porridge with hemp oil a luxury, about apple pies and has no idea. Our muzhik farmer does not have enough wheat bread for a baby's teat; a woman chews a rye crust that she eats herself, puts it in a rag - suck ...
Wheat, good clean rye, we send abroad, to the Germans, who will not eat any rubbish. We burn the best, pure wheat for wine, and the worst rye with all sorts of waste - that's what the peasant eats. But not only does the peasant eat the worst bread, he is still malnourished. If there is enough bread in the villages, they eat three times ... they lean more on yarovina, potatoes, add kopoplya zhmaka to bread. Of course, the stomach is full, but people are losing weight from bad food, the guys grow worse ... "
- What features of peasant life did you learn from the document?
- Why were Russian peasants forced to sell bread to the detriment of their diet?
3. Using the text of the textbook (p. 224), fill in the table: "The peasant community is a self-governing rural society"
