The concept of a complex sentence. The main types of complex sentences

Indicate the number of grammatical bases in the sentence. Write down the grammatical bases.

1. It seemed that he was completely absorbed in his favorite pastime: he was folding a boat with a sail out of a newspaper.

2. I remember once, when I was at my parents' house, I couldn't sleep.
Answer ________3__________________

3. Go and look at the roses again, and when you return to say goodbye to me, I will tell you a secret.

4. When, half an hour later, impatient calls were heard - too long and too short, I rushed into the corridor and grabbed the receiver.

5. Finally, I threw him a cellophane skin, he swallowed it too, then the package flew, he held it with his paw, thoroughly licked it, threw it to the wind, and then looked at me and smiled.

6. It is still unknown who he will be when he grows up, but whoever he is, you can guarantee that he will be a real person.

7. He thinks that if we are children, then we will not be able to stand up for ourselves!
Answer:_________4______________

8. This tree was planted by my great-grandfather, and my wife takes care of it with pleasure, only worries if it will recover from last year's frosts.

9. She will scold her grown-up child, and then she will be happy for him and will definitely note all the good changes that have happened to her always little dear little man.

10. Venka, tell Antoine that everything will be fine: they will take away their application like they are cute!

Find complex sentences, highlight grammatical basics.
There is no happiness outside the homeland, every intonation take root in their native land. (I. Turgenev) 2) I love Russia to my heart's content and I can't even imagine myself anywhere but Russia. (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) 3) I have traveled almost the whole country, I have seen many places that are amazing and compress my heart, but none of them had such a sudden lyrical power as Mikhailovskoye. (K. Paustovsky) 4) The origins of filial feelings for the homeland lie where we are born and live. (V. Peskov)
- Read, find simple and complex sentences. Indicate the grammatical bases in them. Determine the type of each complex sentence (write in brackets next to it). Draw schemes of the 1st and 3rd sentences (after the sentences).
1) It was April, we lived in Yalta, idled after nine months of desperate beating in the winter ocean. 2) We lived in a hotel on the embankment, and at night the sea roared over our windows, sometimes splashing over the parapet. 3) I kept thinking that a man was building a house, he wanted to live quietly, drink tea, look at the sea, in general somehow be by himself, write something there, think. 4) Why we were bored, we did not know. 5) Zabavin looked around and after three or four seconds he saw the high white star of the lighthouse, surrounded by radiance, flashed for a moment with a bright light in the night and went out again. 6) Then the star flared up again and went out, and this was repeated all the time, and it was strange and pleasant to see this momentary dumb light. 7) Sometimes skiers came across a fox trail, which, in an even and at the same time winding line, stretched from past to past, from bump to bump. 8) Then the track turned and disappeared in a snowy glow. 9) Skiers went further, and they already came across hare or squirrel tracks in aspen and birch groves. 10) The windows were cold and transparent, but the benches with stoves exuded dry warmth, and it was good to look at the sunny snows outside the windows and listen to the quick soft tapping of the wheels below.
(According to Yu. P. Kazakov.)

Read. Determine the grammatical foundations and draw sentence patterns.
1) The lamb trembled with a slight shiver and fell off its legs when it was brought into the hut and lowered to the floor. 2) The sun was rising, but with it clouds were coming from the east, and somehow it did not brighten. 3) Occasionally, a flying fish will flash in the sun with a silvery scale, a playing whale will show its black back and noisily release a fountain of water, a dark frigate (sea bird) or a snow-white albatross flies high in the air. 4) Beliefs are inspired by theory, while behavior is shaped by example. 5) If I could discount another ten years, then I would have enough time to write a second story as well. 6) Dasha said goodbye to him the way they say goodbye forever.

Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentences.
I walked with my shadow along the dewy, iridescent grass of the meadow, entered the motley twilight of the alley leading to the pond, and the moon obediently followed me. I walked, looking around - she, shining like a mirror and splitting, rolled through the black and in places brightly shining pattern of branches and leaves. I stood on a dewy slope towards a full-flowing pond, shining widely with its golden surface near the dam to the right. I stood and looked - and the moon stood and looked. Near the shore, under me, there was a shaky, dark-mirror abyss of the underwater sky, on which they hung, slept lightly, hiding their heads under their wings and deeply reflected in it, ducks ... What silence - only something living can be silent like that! .. (I. Bunin.)
Urgent, Please Select Grammar Base

§ 46. The concept of a complex sentence. The main types of complex sentences

A complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonation. For example: In front of us, the brown, clayey shore sloped steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.

Simple sentences as part of a complex one do not have intonation-semantic completeness and are called predicative parts of a complex sentence.
Depending on the method of connecting simple sentences as part of a complex one, all complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (connection is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (connection is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means of communication: unions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).
Allied sentences are divided into compound and compound sentences.
simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, then ... then and others. Parts of a compound sentence are, as a rule, equal in meaning.
In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions. what, to, how, if, since, although etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where etc., which express various meanings of dependence: cause, effect, purpose, condition, etc. A simple sentence that subordinates another simple sentence is called the main one, and a subordinate, dependent sentence is called a subordinate clause.
In the schemes of non-union and compound sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence as part of a complex sentence is also indicated, while subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. The diagrams indicate the means of communication and punctuation marks. For example:
1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three launches could be seen in the distance.
, .
2) The driver slammed the door and the car sped off.
, and .
3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to harvest rye.
, (what...).
A special group of complex sentences are sentences with different types of connection. For example: Painting is poetry seen and poetry is painting heard(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and submission. The scheme of this sentence:, (which ...), but, (which ...).

1. It was April, we lived in Yalta, idled after nine months of desperate bashing in the winter ocean. 2. We lived in a hotel on the embankment, and at night the sea roared over our windows, sometimes splashing over the parapet. 3. I kept thinking that a man was building a house, he wanted to live quietly, drink tea, look at the sea, generally somehow be on his own, write something there, think. 4. Why we were bored, we did not know. 5. Zabavin looked around and after three or four seconds he saw the high white star of the lighthouse, surrounded by radiance, flashed for a moment with a bright light in the night and went out again. 6. Then the star flared up again and went out, and this was repeated all the time, and it was strange and pleasant to see this momentary mute light. 7. Sometimes skiers came across a fox trail, which, in an even and at the same time, winding line, stretched from past to past, from bump to bump. 8. Then the track turned and disappeared in a snowy glow. 9. The skiers went on, and they already came across hare or squirrel tracks in aspen and birch groves. 10. The windows were cold and transparent, but the benches with stoves exuded dry heat, and it was good to look at the sunny snow outside the windows and listen to the quick soft tapping of the wheels below.

(According to Yu. P. Kazakov.)

Ex. 51. Read. Determine the grammatical foundations and draw sentence patterns.

1. The lamb trembled with a slight shiver and fell off its legs when it was brought into the hut and lowered to the floor. 2. The sun was rising, but with it clouds were coming from the east, and somehow it did not brighten. 3. Occasionally a flying fish will flash in the sun with a silvery scale, a playing whale will show its black back and noisily release a fountain of water, a dark frigate (sea bird) or a snow-white albatross will fly high in the air. 4. Beliefs are inspired by theory, while behavior is shaped by example. 5. If I could discount another ten years, then I would have enough time to write a second story as well. 6. Dasha said goodbye to him the way they say goodbye forever.

§ 47. Test tasks

1. In what case is a complex sentence given?

a) Every language belongs to a society known to the public union.
b) Idle thought’s friend, my inkwell, I have adorned my varied age with you.
c) If there is patience, there will be skill.
d) Approaching the porch, he noticed two faces looking out of the windows almost at the same time: a woman's face in a cap, narrow and long, like a cucumber, and a man's, round, wide, like Moldavian pumpkins.

2. What complex sentence consists of three simple ones?

a) Life is terrible and wonderful, and therefore, no matter what terrible story you tell in Russia, no matter how you decorate it with robbers' nests, long knives and miracles, it will always echo in the listener's soul with reality.
b) Some shops are flooded with light, and it seems that people are swimming in them, like fish in the water of aquariums.
c) I remember that when you used to come to us for holidays or just like that, the house became somehow fresher and brighter, as if the covers were removed from the chandelier.
d) The color of the animal was so similar to the color of the bark that if it had remained motionless, it would have been completely impossible to notice.

3. What complex sentence consists of four simple ones?

a) To see and hear a writer for me, a provincial - I was then working in Siberia - would be an extraordinary, dazzling happiness, which I could not even hope for.
b) I noticed that wherever you go, you will find something wonderful.
c) I wanted to throw myself on my father’s neck and, as Anisya taught, bow at his feet, but the view of the dacha with Gothic windows restrained me.
d) Camus came to literature with the realization that life is meaningless, and the sky is empty, and this, to a certain extent, paralyzed his humanistic aspirations.

4. Which sentence is compound?

a) Heine created The Winter's Tale in Paris, where Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons.
b) As soon as the December dawn began, Anochka went out into the street.
c) Wilderness and game in the forest, but clear clearings are divided into regular numbered squares.
d) How he got here - he could not understand this at all.

5. Which sentence is complex?

a) I will answer you very simply, since we are already friends.
b) On both sides - high, up to five meters high, impregnable walls of reeds, which have long been called krepey, but the deaf thickets of green dense thickets are called the Caspian jungle.
c) The most delicate shades of colors - red, crimson, yellow and green - painted the cloud, the rays also changed their color every moment.
d) Then blows were heard, then the wheels sang.

6. Which sentence is a complex non-union?

a) I don't know if there will be a date.
b) Since these verses are written, I look at them as a commodity.
c) No matter how warm the rain was, we began to feel cold.
d) The vegetation of the sands is richer than clay deserts, so the sands have long been used for grazing sheep flocks.

7. Which sentence is complex with different types of connection?

a) Truth cannot be told in such a way that it is understood; you need to believe in it.
b) You should not even dream about it now, otherwise, perhaps, you will begin to suffer from black melancholy.
c) As soon as the division commander left, the shooting from small-caliber guns began, which was a complete surprise.
d) You can deceive the beast and any bird: shout with a wounded hare - the fox will come running to this cry.

Compound sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 48. Compound sentence and its grammatical features

Compound sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and form one semantic whole.

Depending on the type of the coordinating union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:
a) SSP with connecting unions (and; Yes in meaning and; no no;too;also;not only but;like...and);
b) SSP with dividing unions (then...then;not that... not that;or;or;either...or);
in) SSP with opposing alliances (ah but yes in meaning but, however, but, but, only, but).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can send:
- things happening at the same time And far to the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth trembled from bombing attacks, clearly approaching at night.(in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
- phenomena that occur sequentially: Dunya got into the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped on the pole, the driver whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, the permutation of sentences is not possible).
In compound sentences with connecting unions can be expressed:
- temporary relationship: Morning came, and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
- causal relationship: Several dugouts, which were blocked especially powerfully, remained completely intact, and the people, who were chilled, exhausted by the battle, falling down from fatigue and the desire to sleep, rushed there with all their might to warm themselves.;
- action and its result: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.

Note. Unions too and also introduce the meaning of assimilation into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me stories before going to bed. Unions too and also always stand inside the second part of a compound sentence. Union too, usually used in colloquial speech, conjunction also- in the bookstore.

The union also has a colloquial character. Yes in meaning and: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.
In compound sentences with dividing unions indicates such phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously: they either alternate, or one excludes the other. For example: In the sweltering air one could hear the clatter of pickaxes on stone, then the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully.;On Peresyp, something was burning, or the moon was rising;Only sometimes a birch will flash by or a spruce will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.
In compound sentences with opposing alliances one phenomenon is opposed to another: The storm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
With the help of the union but the reservation to what was said earlier is transferred. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she soon managed to assume a completely indifferent and even stern air.
Unions but, but indicate the compensation of what was said in the first sentence: The moose left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and probably weak creature;He has a lot of work to do, but in the winter he will rest.
Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same, only. For example: The head still hurt, but the consciousness was clear, distinct;The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper in the war.
A compound sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.

Compound sentences	Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members
With a whistling whisper, century-old pines exchanged among themselves, and dry frost with a soft rustle poured from the disturbed branches. [ ], and [ ].	And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, magnificent tail, swept straight to the clearing. [ and ].
The stars were still shining sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east was already beginning to lighten. [ ], but [ ].	In obedience to this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but immediately, groaning, sat down on the bear carcass. [ , but ].
The forest is noisy, the face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from the back. [ ], , a [ ].	In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened water surface. [ , a ].
For a change, a white cobblestone flashes in the weeds, or a gray stone woman grows for a moment, or a gopher crosses the road, and again weeds, hills, rooks run past the eyes. [ ], or [ ], or [ ], and [ , , ].	I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse in my veins. [ or and ].

Ex. 52. Form a complex sentence from a simple common sentence.

Sample: Even though it was late, you could still hear the birds singing in the forest. - It was late, but you could still hear the birds singing in the forest.

1. Despite the strong overwork, I did not want to sleep. 2. Due to prolonged rains, the marshes became completely impassable. 3. At the end of the report, the audience asked the speaker a lot of questions. 4. After a detailed discussion of the plan for the upcoming excursion, the students set off.

Ex. 53. Rewrite sentences, underline grammatical basics and make diagrams.

1. Snow was slowly falling outside the window, and a snowy, clear light lay on the walls of the room (A. Tolstoy). 2. Monthly light fell from the windows in pale blue, pale silver arches, and in each of them there was a smoky shadow cross, gently breaking on the illuminated armchairs and chairs (Bunin). 3. The sun set, and golden dust stood over the city (A. Tolstoy). 4. The train started, and she stopped, looking with wide blue eyes at the cars flashing along the platform (Bunin). 5. It was quiet in the garden, only the bird sometimes tossed and fell asleep again in the linden branches, and the tree frogs gently groaned, and the fish splashed in the pond (A. N. Tolstoy).

Ex. 54. Write down the text, insert the missing letters. In complex sentences, highlight the grammatical bases. Make a diagram of the 5th sentence.

It was from .. the middle of March. In .. sleep this year stood out .. was even, friendly. From time to time. We have already ridden in k..forests along roads covered with thick mud. Snow still lay in snowdrifts in deep forests and in so ..nist ..enemies, but on the fields it settled, became loose and dark, and from (under) it (in some) places more ..mi bald ..we are still. .blacked out, greasy, steamed on the so..nce earth. B.. the cut buds swelled, and the lambs on the willows from white became fat, fluffy and huge. The willow has blossomed.
Bees ..ly flew out .. from the streets for the first bribe, and in the forest villages ro ..ko showed ..the first snowdrops.
We (not) .. ardently waited for the summer of the old signs.. lumpy wells.

(According to A. Kuprin.)

§ 49. Test tasks

1. What scheme reflects the structure of a compound sentence?

a) or , or .
b) , (what...).
in) ; .
d) (if...), .

2. In what case are unions given that can connect parts of a compound sentence?

a) what if, when
b) but, however
c) because, due to the fact that, because
d) how, although

3. In what case are parts of a compound sentence connected by a connecting union?

a) Mitya slept with uncovered windows, and the garden and the moon looked through them all night.
b) It was foggy in the morning, but by breakfast the weather cleared up.
c) Either a corncrake will start screaming behind a neighboring bush, then a pood fish will strike with a cannon shot.
d) I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, vague, unclear, like a dream.

4. In what case are the parts of a compound sentence connected by a disjunctive union?

a) The sea shone, everything was in bright light, and the waves beat menacingly against the stone.
b) Only the heart beats, but the song sounds, but the string quietly rumbles.
c) Neither the viburnum grows between them, nor the grass turns green.
d) You either listen or let others listen.

5. In what case are parts of a compound sentence connected by an adversative union?

a) The root of the doctrine is bitter, but its fruits are sweet.
b) Either the bird is flying, or the rain is making noise.
c) Her face was pale, her slightly parted lips also turned pale.
d) This artist is talented, and yet his paintings do not touch you.

6. In what case are parts of a compound sentence connected by a double connecting union?

a) Bunin was incredibly curious, and he always needed to know the life around him in every detail.
b) But with bluebells, the calyx always leans towards the ground, and with these unknown flowers, the calyxes stood, stretched upwards.
c) The inspector walked around the classroom with concentrated anger, not saying a word, and that was bad form.
d) Not only I could not endure this circus performance, but my sister looked at the trained animals with longing, resentment and pity.

WORKSHOP ON PUNCTUATION

§ 50. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence

In a compound sentence, a comma is placed between the predicative parts: Here a slight whistle rang out, and Dubrovsky fell silent.;Oleg chuckled, but his brow and eyes clouded with thought(Pushkin).

The comma is not put:
- if simple sentences that are part of a compound sentence and connected by a union have and , a common minor term: Soon after sunrise, a cloud came up and a short rain splashed.(Pushkin);
- if the union and combines two denominative sentences: Frost and sun...(Pushkin).
If the second predicative part contains an unexpected addition or a sharp contrast, then a dash is placed before it. For example: He will give a sign - and everyone laughs; More pressure - and the enemy runs(Pushkin).

Ex. 55. Explain the punctuation marks in the following compound sentences. Highlight the unions that connect the parts of the sentences.

1. The plane was gaining altitude, and a large city with squares and rectangles of quarters was rapidly decreasing before our eyes (Azhanov). 2. He appeared at our construction site only six months ago, and we immediately became friends (Chakovsky). 3. The hot sun longingly looked for the wind, but there was no wind (Turgenev). 4. Either I did not understand myself, then the world did not understand me (Lermontov). 5. Warm summer rain fell all night, and by morning the air was fresh, it smelled strongly of lilacs, and I wanted to run out into the garden as soon as possible (Nagibin). 6. He never cried, but at times a wild stubbornness came over him (Turgenev).

Ex. 56. Indicate in which cases the union and used in compound sentences, and in some - in sentences with homogeneous members. Put the appropriate punctuation marks.

1. Mountains stretched on the right side of these meadows and the Dnieper (Gogol) was burning and darkening in a slightly noticeable distance. 2. It became dark and the street gradually became empty (Chekhov). 3. We walked towards the sea and soon found ourselves on a rocky ledge hanging over the abyss (Nagibin). 4. Cranes fly away and low autumn clouds cover the sky (Soloukhin). 5. The summer was dry and hot, and the glaciers in the mountains began to melt already in the first days of June (Babel).

Ex. 57. Put the necessary punctuation marks.

1. By evening it got colder and the puddles were covered with thin ice. 2. In early April, starlings were already making noise and yellow butterflies were flying in the garden (Chekhov). 3. Dark rain clouds were moving in from the east and moisture was sipping from there. 4. Sunrise rose and fell again and the horse was tired of galloping in the steppes (Svetlov). 5. Clouds float in the blue sky and migratory birds rush by (Prishvin). 6. Soon the whole garden, warmed by the sun, caressed, came to life and dew drops like diamonds sparkled on the leaves, and the old long-running garden this morning seemed so young and smart (Chekhov). 7. The swallows disappeared, and yesterday at dawn all the rooks were flying, and like a net they flickered over that mountain (Fet).

Ex. 58. Write off with the missing punctuation marks. Highlight the grammatical bases in compound sentences.

1. The memory of the past of Russia is kept not only by the manuscripts of ancient authors, ancient burial mounds and settlements, but also by old geographical names hide some historical facts. 2. KamAZ is known as a supplier of heavy dump trucks and this fact allows it to actively use its trademark. 3. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra was founded in the 14th century and the monks still maintain the tradition of hospitality. 4. A strong cyclone hit Sakhalin, but communication with the mainland was not interrupted.

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that has in its composition at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonation. For example: In front of us, the brown, clayey shore sloped steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.
Simple sentences as part of a complex one do not have intonation-semantic completeness and are called predicative parts of a complex sentence.
Depending on the method of linking simple sentences as part of a complex one, all complex sentences are divided into two main types: unionless(the connection is made only with the help of intonation) and allied(communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means of communication: unions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).
Allied proposals are divided into compound and complex subordinate.
AT compound sentences simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, then ... then and others. Parts of a compound sentence are, as a rule, equal in meaning.
AT complex sentences simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions what, to, how, if, since, although etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where etc., which express various meanings of dependence: cause, effect, purpose, condition, etc. A simple sentence that subordinates another simple sentence is called the main one, and a subordinate, dependent sentence is called a subordinate clause.
In the schemes of non-union and compound sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence as part of a complex sentence is also indicated, while subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. The diagrams indicate the means of communication and punctuation marks. For example:
1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three launches could be seen in the distance.
, .
2) The driver slammed the door and the car sped off.
, and .
3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to harvest rye.
, (what...).
A special group of complex sentences are sentences with different types of communication. For example: Painting is poetry seen and poetry is painting heard(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and submission. The scheme of this sentence:, (which ...), but, (which ...).

Ex. fifty. Read, find simple and complex sentences. Indicate the grammatical bases in them. Determine the type of each complex sentence and tell how the simple ones are connected in it. Draw the schemes of the 1st and 3rd sentences.

(According to Yu. P. Kazakov.)

Ex. 51. Read. Determine the grammatical foundations and draw sentence patterns.

§ 47. Test tasks

1. In what case is a complex sentence given?
a) Every language belongs to a society known to the public union.
b) Idle thought’s friend, my inkwell, I have adorned my varied age with you.
c) If there is patience, there will be skill.
d) Approaching the porch, he noticed two faces looking out of the windows almost at the same time: a woman's face in a cap, narrow and long, like a cucumber, and a man's, round, wide, like Moldavian pumpkins.

2. What complex sentence consists of three simple ones?
a) Life is terrible and wonderful, and therefore, no matter what terrible story you tell in Russia, no matter how you decorate it with robbers' nests, long knives and miracles, it will always echo in the listener's soul with reality.
b) Some shops are flooded with light, and it seems that people are swimming in them, like fish in the water of aquariums.
c) I remember that when you used to come to us for holidays or just like that, the house became somehow fresher and brighter, as if the covers were removed from the chandelier.
d) The color of the animal was so similar to the color of the bark that if it had remained motionless, it would have been completely impossible to notice.

3. What complex sentence consists of four simple ones?
a) To see and hear a writer for me, a provincial - I was then working in Siberia - would be an extraordinary, dazzling happiness, which I could not even hope for.
b) I noticed that wherever you go, you will find something wonderful.
c) I wanted to throw myself on my father’s neck and, as Anisya taught, bow at his feet, but the view of the dacha with Gothic windows restrained me.
d) Camus came to literature with the realization that life is meaningless, and the sky is empty, and this, to a certain extent, paralyzed his humanistic aspirations.

4. Which sentence is compound?
a) Heine created The Winter's Tale in Paris, where Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons.
b) As soon as the December dawn began, Anochka went out into the street.
c) Wilderness and game in the forest, but clear clearings are divided into regular numbered squares.
d) How he got here - he could not understand this at all.

5. Which sentence is complex?
a) I will answer you very simply, since we are already friends.
b) On both sides - high, up to five meters high, impregnable walls of reeds, which have long been called krepey, but the deaf thickets of green dense thickets are called the Caspian jungle.
c) The most delicate shades of colors - red, crimson, yellow and green - painted the cloud, the rays also changed their color every moment.
d) Then blows were heard, then the wheels sang.

6. Which sentence is a complex non-union?
a) I don't know if there will be a date.
b) Since these verses are written, I look at them as a commodity.
c) No matter how warm the rain was, we began to feel cold.
d) The vegetation of the sands is richer than clay deserts, so the sands have long been used for grazing sheep flocks.

7. Which sentence is complex with different types of connection?
a) Truth cannot be told in such a way that it is understood; you need to believe in it.
b) You should not even dream about it now, otherwise, perhaps, you will begin to suffer from black melancholy.
c) As soon as the division commander left, the shooting from small-caliber guns began, which was a complete surprise.
d) You can deceive the beast and any bird: shout with a wounded hare - the fox will come running to this cry.

Compound sentence

:43Kruglova I.A.1

What do we call a complex sentence? A complex sentence of at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) A complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonation. In front of us, the clayey coast descended steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened., a: 43 Kruglova I. A.2

:43Kruglova I. A.3

Generalized personal sentences Generalized personal sentences are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a generalized subject (the action is attributed to everyone and everyone individually). The main member is most often expressed by the verb of the 2nd person singular. and many others. h. and bud. tense or 3rd person plural verb. h. Good does not change for bad (proverb); Nowadays, elders are not very respected (Ostrovsky); What you sow, you will reap (proverb). Generalized-personal sentences are usually presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, aphorisms. Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences containing the author's generalization. To give a generalized meaning, instead of the 1st person verb, the speaker uses the 2nd person verb. Sometimes you go out into the street and wonder at the transparency of the air: 43 Kruglova I. A. 4

Impersonal sentences How the predicate is expressed in an impersonal sentence It is getting light (a state of nature) With an impersonal verb It smells pleasantly of bird cherry (a state of the environment) With a personal verb in an impersonal meaning I can’t sleep (a state of a person) A reflexive verb in an impersonal meaning To be a thunderstorm! (inevitability) Infinitive There is no beast stronger than a cat (I. Krylov) (absence of something) Invariable verb form no It is quiet in the forest (state of nature) State word I am sad (human condition) State word: 43 Kruglova I. A.5

Test tasks 1. What sentence is one-part? a) All around was quiet and calm. b) Let's not throw wood on the fire. c) Only one small star burned in the sky. d) It's been about two years. 2. What sentence is a one-part definitely personal? a) I always slept very well in the fresh air. b) We drove through the woods, saw tits, listened to woodpeckers. c) I am standing alone in the middle of a naked plain... d) In the editorial office we were bombarded with questions endlessly. 1. What offer is one-part? a) There are no visitors in the corridor. b) There are many songs about love. c) The sun is big and hot in the sky. d) The singing in the next room did not last long. 2. What sentence is one-part indefinitely personal? a) In folk tales, the fox is usually depicted as a cunning beast that deceives birds and other inhabitants of the forest. b) And it's time for us to go on a long journey again. c) Damp earth from the window pulled. d) They still have a long way to go. 1 V2 V:43Kruglova I. A.6

3. What sentence is a one-part generalized-personal? a) So, take a test tube with a solution in your left hand. b) The flight was postponed again. c) Chickens are counted in the fall. d) Will you come to visit me tomorrow? 4. What sentence is one-part impersonal? a) Something is really not heated now. b) I listen to the cry of a bird. c) Previously, honey was viewed as a sweet, but now as a medicine. d) It got very cold during the night. 3. Which sentence is not one-part impersonal? a) There is a smell of burning leaves in the garden. b) Every skill needs to be known. c) He will have to leave his homeland forever. d) All this was created for one purpose. 4. What sentence is a one-part nominal? a) Outside the window, gray, tedious, light rain. b) Twelve o'clock at night. c) Houses are always affectionate with him. d) Gathering of counselors at nine o'clock in the morning. 1 V2 V:43Kruglova I. A.7

5. In which variant is the correct description of the proposal given? On a low bell tower, nestled under the wall of a seven-story building, they rang for vespers. a) one-part, definitely-personal b) one-part, indefinitely-personal, c) two-part, complete d) two-part, incomplete 6. Which sentence is not a one-part nominal? a) Night, street, lamp, pharmacy. b) Meaningless and dim light. c) Three wars, three hungry times, what the century has rewarded. d) Freshness blew from the water. 5. What sentence is a one-part definite-personal? a) Get out of here! b) Life is given to a person once. c) It was difficult to dissuade him of anything. d) Fireworks at ten o'clock in the evening. 6. Which sentence is not a one-part generalized personal? a) With true friends, sorrows and joys are shared in half. b) Alone in the field is not a warrior. c) There is no way in the dense forest. d) A person is valued not by age, not by money, but by reason. 2 V1 V:43Kruglova I. A.8

They did not know exactly where to turn into the forest to get to the pond where they planned to have a picnic. They looked for an oak with a red smear on the trunk, Maria decided that they had already missed it, but the old man ordered to go further. After walking about a hundred yards more, they saw this oak and, leaving the road, began to make their way between the trees along a gentle slope. Soon the undergrowth became thicker, a strip of water flashed ahead, and a few minutes later they came to the grassy bank of the pond. The forest approached almost close to the water, there were no signs of habitation around. A charming place that miraculously preserved its untouched appearance: 43 Kruglova I. A. 9

Prove that you have complex sentences in front of you. The lamb trembled with a slight shiver and fell off its legs when it was brought into the hut and lowered to the floor. 2. The sun was rising, but with it clouds were coming from the east, and somehow it did not brighten. 3. Occasionally a flying fish will flash in the sun with a silvery scale, a playing whale will show its black back and noisily release a fountain of water, a dark frigate (sea bird) or a snow-white albatross will fly high in the air. 4. Beliefs are inspired by theory, while behavior is shaped by example. 5. If I could discount another ten years, then I would have enough time to write a second story as well. 6. Dasha said goodbye to him the way they say goodbye forever: 43 Kruglova I. A. 13

COMPLEX PROPOSAL UNION-NON-UNION: 43 Kruglova I. A. 14

ALLIED PROPOSALS COMPLEX COMPOSITE COMPLEX SUBJECT, Gulls circled over the lake, two or three longboats could be seen in the distance. . ., and that 1) The driver slammed the door and the car sped away. , and . 2) I knew that in the morning mother would go to the field to reap rye. , (what ...): 43Kruglova I. A.15

Ex. 50. Read, find simple and complex sentences. Indicate the grammatical bases in them. Determine the type of each complex sentence and tell how the simple ones are connected in it. Draw the schemes of the 1st and 3rd sentences. 1. It was April, we lived in Yalta, idled after nine months of desperate bashing in the winter ocean. 2. We lived in a hotel on the embankment, and at night the sea roared over our windows, sometimes splashing over the parapet. 3. I kept thinking that a man was building a house, he wanted to live quietly, drink tea, look at the sea, generally somehow be on his own, write something there, think. 4. Why we were bored, we did not know. 5. Zabavin looked around and after three or four seconds he saw the high white star of the lighthouse, surrounded by radiance, flashed for a moment with a bright light in the night and went out again. 6. Then the star flared up again and went out, and this was repeated all the time, and it was strange and pleasant to see this momentary mute light. 7. Sometimes skiers came across a fox trail, which, in an even and at the same time, winding line, stretched from past to past, from bump to bump. 8. Then the track turned and disappeared in a snowy glow. 9. The skiers went on, and they already came across hare or squirrel tracks in aspen and birch groves. 10. The windows were cold and transparent, but the benches with stoves exuded dry heat, and it was good to look at the sunny snow outside the windows and listen to the quick soft tapping of the wheels below: 43 Kruglova I. A. 16

COMPOUND SENTENCES SSP with connecting unions SSP with connecting unions (and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ... nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ..., and); SSP with separating unions BSC with separating unions (that ..., then; not that ..., not that; or; or; either ..., or); BSC with opposing unions BSC with opposing unions (a, but, yes in the sense of but, however, but, only, same): 43 Kruglova I. A.17

Compound sentences Simple sentences with homogeneous members of the sentence With a whistling whisper, century-old pines spread among themselves, and dry frost with a soft rustle poured from the disturbed branches. , and . And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, magnificent tail, swept straight to the clearing. [ and ]. The stars were still shining sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east was already beginning to lighten. , but . In obedience to this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but immediately, groaning, sat down on the bear carcass. [, but ]. A compound sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating unions: 43 Kruglova I. A. 18

Compound sentences Simple sentences with homogeneous members of the sentence The forest is noisy, the face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from the back. , , a . In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather it resembled a darkened water surface. [, a ]. For a change, a white cobblestone flashes in the weeds, or a gray stone woman grows for a moment, or a gopher crosses the road, and again weeds, hills, rooks run past the eyes. , or , or , and [, ]. I had to stand with my eyes closed, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse in my veins. [or and] :43Kruglova I.A.19

:43Kruglova I.A.20

Ex. 55. Explain the punctuation marks in the following compound sentences. Highlight the unions that connect parts of sentences, and grammatical foundations. 1. The plane was gaining altitude, and a large city with squares and rectangles of quarters was rapidly decreasing before our eyes (Azhanov). 2. He appeared at our construction site only six months ago, and we immediately became friends (Chakovsky). 3. The hot sun longingly looked for the wind, but there was no wind (Turgenev). 4. Either I did not understand myself, then the world did not understand me (Lermontov). 5. Warm summer rain fell all night, and by morning the air was fresh, it smelled strongly of lilacs, and I wanted to run out into the garden as soon as possible (Nagibin). 6. He never cried, but at times a wild stubbornness came upon him (Turgenev): 43 Kruglova I. A. 21

Ex. 56. Indicate in which cases the union and is used in compound sentences, and in which in sentences with homogeneous members. Put the appropriate punctuation marks. 1. Mountains stretched on the right side of these meadows and the Dnieper (Gogol) was burning and darkening in a slightly noticeable distance. 2. It became dark and the street gradually became empty (Chekhov). 3. We walked towards the sea and soon found ourselves on a rocky ledge hanging over the abyss (Nagibin). 4. Cranes fly away and low autumn clouds cover the sky (Soloukhin). 5. The summer was dry and hot and the glaciers in the mountains began to melt already in early June (Babel): 43 Kruglova I. A.22

Ex. 57. Put the necessary punctuation marks. 1. By evening it got colder and the puddles were covered with thin ice. 2. In early April, starlings were already making noise and yellow butterflies were flying in the garden (Chekhov). 3. Dark rain clouds were moving in from the east and moisture was sipping from there. 4. Sunrise rose and fell again and the horse was tired of galloping in the steppes (Svetlov). 5. Clouds float in the blue sky and migratory birds rush by (Prishvin). 6. Soon the whole garden, warmed by the sun, caressed, came to life and dew drops like diamonds sparkled on the leaves, and the old long-running garden this morning seemed so young and smart (Chekhov). 7. The swallows disappeared, and yesterday at dawn all the rooks were flying, and like a net they flickered over that mountain (Fet): 43 Kruglova I. A. 23

Complex sentence and its grammatical features We went to the path so as not to get lost. 12 MAIN SENTENCES FOR WHAT PURPOSE? , (): 43Kruglova I. A.24

Complex sentences are called complex sentences in which one simple sentence is subordinate to another in meaning and is connected with it by a subordinating union or allied word. UNIONS UNION WORDS Simple: what, to, how, when, while, as if, as if, if, exactly, barely, only, although, for, etc. Compound: because, since, because, because, in connection with with the fact that, etc. Relative pronouns: what, who, what, which, what, whose, how much, etc. Pronominal adverbs: where, how, when, where, where, why, etc: 43 Kruglova I. A. 25

Building a HBS A) Through the window, I saw a big black bird perched on a maple branch in the garden. B) How a big black bird sat on a maple branch in the garden, I saw through the window. C) I saw a big black bird sit on a maple branch in the garden, through the window. 2. , ().1. (), . 3. [,(),] :43Kruglova I. A.26

Ex. 60. Highlight the main and subordinate clauses. Pay attention to punctuation marks. 1. It was so dark that it was impossible to identify objects at the closest distance (L. Tolstoy). 2. The sun shone brightly into his eyes, so it hurt to look (Dostoevsky). 3. Although there was no snow from above, not a single star was visible overhead (L. Tolstoy). 1. It was so dark that it was impossible to identify objects at the closest distance (L. Tolstoy). 2. The sun shone brightly into his eyes, so it hurt to look (Dostoevsky). 3. Although there was no snow from above, not a single star was visible overhead (L. Tolstoy). 4. The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously (Gorky). 5. Three days later, Athanasius came to me and asked if it was necessary to send for a doctor (Chekhov). 6. I read to the point that when I heard the bell ring on the front porch, I did not immediately understand who it was calling and why (Gorky). 4. The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously (Gorky). 5. Three days later, Athanasius came to me and asked if it was necessary to send for a doctor (Chekhov). 6. I read to the point that when I heard the bell ring on the front porch, I didn’t immediately understand who was calling and why (Gorky): 43 Kruglova I. A. 27

Types of subordinate clauses 1. Defining (including pronominal-defining) Answer the questions what? whose? Who exactly? what exactly? and refer to the noun or pronoun in the main part; they join most often with the help of allied words which, which, whose, where, etc. and unions what, to, as if, etc. The native places where I grew up will forever remain in my heart. One who does nothing will achieve nothing. She looked with such a look that everyone fell silent: 43 Kruglova I. A. 28

2. Explanatory Answer questions of indirect cases and usually refer to the predicate in the main part; join with the help of conjunctions what, to, if, whether, if, etc. and allied words where, where, how much, which, etc. Subordinate explanatory clauses can be attached to the main one with the help of a particle used in the meaning of the union. I soon realized that I was lost. It seemed to him that everyone around him rejoiced at his happiness. He didn't know if tomorrow would come. They asked if we would go with them:43Kruglova I.A.29

3. Circumstances: modes of action, measures and degrees Answer the questions how? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much? and usually refer to one word in the main clause; join with the help of unions what, to, as if, exactly, and allied words like, how much, how much. We were so tired that we could not go further: 43 Kruglova I. A. 30

Time Answer the questions when? From what time? until what time? how long? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of conjunctions when, while, how, while, as, for now, as long as, after, barely, since, just, a little, before, as soon as, just, just now , only, just a little, earlier than, before. Until the rain stops, you will have to stay at home: 43 Kruglova I. A. 31

Places Answer the questions where? where? where? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of allied words where, where, from where. People go to folklore practice where folk traditions are still alive. Goals Answer the questions why? for what purpose? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of unions so that, in order to, so that, then so that, so that, if only, yes, if only. In order not to get lost, we took the path: 43 Kruglova I. A. 32

Causes Answer the questions why? from what? for what reason? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of unions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, then that, since, for, good, because, due to the fact that, especially since . Because the candle burned weakly, it was almost dark in the room: 43 Kruglova I. A. 33

Conditions Answer the question under what condition? usually refer to the entire main clause; join with the help of unions if, if, when, if, if, how, once, how soon, whether. If the weather does not improve within a day, the trip will have to be rescheduled. consequences Answer questions as a result of what happened? what follows from this? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of the union so. The summer was not very hot, so the mushroom harvest should be good: 43 Kruglova I. A. 34

Concessions Answer questions no matter what? contrary to what? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of unions, although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, even if the combinations of pronominal words with a particle are no matter how, where, no matter how much, no matter where. Despite the fact that it was already well after midnight, the guests did not disperse; No matter how the tree rots, it grows all the way up: 43 Kruglova I. A. 35

Comparisons Answer questions like what? like who? than what? than who? and usually refer to the entire main sentence; join with the help of unions as, like, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what. Birch branches stretch towards the sun, as if stretching out their hands to it: 43 Kruglova I. A. 36

REMEMBER! the semantic question is the main one for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question. For example: The village where Eugene was bored was a lovely corner: 43 Kruglova I. A. 37

It is usually not difficult to determine which member of the sentence is the union word. The union word can act as a subject, predicate, inconsistent definition, circumstance and addition. To determine the syntactic function of the allied word which, you need to find out which word of the main clause it replaces, substitute it for the allied word and determine which member of the subordinate clause it is. For example: The village, which is located on the banks of the river, is very beautiful. In this sentence, the allied word that refers to the noun village. If we substitute the word village in the subordinate clause, we get: The village is located on the shore. Compare: The lake we approached turned out to be clean and deep. I met a man whom I had not seen for a long time: 43 Kruglova I. A. 38

In order to distinguish allied words and unions, it should be remembered that: 1) allied words what and how logical stress usually falls; 2) one can pose a semantic question to them and determine which member of the sentence they are; 3) they cannot be removed from the sentence without violating the meaning, but they can be replaced by synonymous allied words. Compare: I knew that our house needed repairs. I knew our house was in need of repair. With. With. I don’t understand what he wants from me: 43 Kruglova I. A. 39

WHEN THE ALLOY WORD UNION in the relative clauses and often in the clauses of the explanatory in all other cases: 43 Kruglova I. A. 40

Ex. 61. Write off complex sentences by inserting a simple union or allied word that is necessary in meaning. Set up punctuation marks. 1. It is known __ in the first period of his career, Pushkin was loved by his compatriots. 2. Most importantly, children were taught to work from a young age. 3. The feeling of humanity is offended __ people do not respect human dignity in others. In vain Afanasy Ivanovich joked and wanted to know __ she was so sad. 5. And their faces were so exhausted __ these people carried an exorbitant burden: 43 Kruglova I. A. 41

A complex sentence with several subordinate clauses [Often in the autumn I closely watched the falling leaves], (to catch that imperceptible split second), (when the leaf separates from the branch and begins to fall to the ground). SUCCESSIVE OBJECTION WHY? WHICH? :43Kruglova I. A.42

[From the world, (which is called the nursery), the door leads to space], (where they dine and drink tea). WHAT? WHICH? PARALLEL SUBMISSION: 43 Kruglova I. A. 43

(When the britzka left the yard), [he looked back and saw] (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and seemed to be looking closely, wanting to know), (where the guest would go). WHEN? WHAT? ABOUT WHAT? COMBINED SUBMISSION: 43 Kruglova I. A. 44

[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native places], (where she was born) and (where the months of childhood were so memorable). WHICH? All subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question, and belong to the same type of subordinate clause. UniformUniform:43Kruglova I.A.45

With such subordination, the subordinate clauses refer: a) to different words of the main sentence, or one part to the entire main sentence, and the other to one of its words; b) to one word or to the entire main clause, but they answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses. (If joy ends), [seek], (what was wrong). UNDER WHAT CONDITION? WHAT? HeterogeneousHeterogeneous (), , (). under what condition? what? :43Kruglova I. A.46

Ex. 59. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Mark the grammatical bases. Make diagrams. Specify the types of subordination. 1. Kutuzov wrote that the Russians did not retreat a single step, that the French lost more than ours, that he hurriedly reports from the battlefield 2. In the best friendships, flattery and praise are necessary as grease is necessary for wheels to keep them moving. 3. They arrived at their mother's apartment by car on Usachyovka, where they had so recently lived for two days on the way to Simferopol, and where they now returned with such a feeling as if they had lived not for five days, but for five years. 4. Serpilin looked at the gunners, wondering if what he had just heard could be true. 5. The night was so black that in the first minutes, until the eyes got used to the darkness after the light, they had to grope their way. 6. When their work is over and the wet net again lies on the bow platform of the longboat, I see that the whole bottom is covered with live, still moving fish: 43 Kruglova I. A. 47

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence Simple sentences in a complex sentence are separated by commas. My father told me with warmth and detail how many birds and fish are found, how many lakes, what wonderful forests grow. Clouds descended over the valley near which we were driving. The guest was laid out in the hall on the sofa and, so that it would not be dark, they lit a lamp: 43 Kruglova I. A. 48

Ex. 64. Write down the sentences with the missing punctuation marks. Explain the placement of a comma between parts of a complex sentence. 1. The Voronezh press does not get tired of writing that the contents of our reservoir resemble a warehouse of a laboratory for the production of chemical and bacteriological weapons. 2. The audit found that the company has no control over accounting. 3. Two international conferences at which the problems of introducing advanced technologies will be discussed are planned to be held within the framework of the agro-industrial week. 4. From the fact that the speech must be written in a complete form, it does not follow that it must be recited by heart. 5. A few years ago, astrophysicists reported that for the first time they saw through the most powerful telescope a "black hole" into which the Milky Way supposedly leads. 6. It should be noted that Russia was one of the first European countries that in 1865 created a society for the protection of animals: 43 Kruglova I. A. 49

The comma is not put! if homogeneous clauses are connected by single connecting, separate unions and, yes (= and), or, or. It is obvious that Savelich was right in front of me and that I needlessly offended him with reproach and suspicion: 43 Kruglova I. A. 50

The comma is not put! if there is a negative particle not before the subordinating union (union word): I want to know not how it is done, but why it is done: 43 Kruglova I. A. 51

The comma is not put! if a subordinating union or allied word is preceded by a repeating composing union and, or, or, etc.: The student could not remember either the name of the work or who its author was: 43 Kruglova I. A. 52

The comma is not put! if the subordinate clause consists of one word: They reproach me, but I don’t know what: 43 Kruglova I. A. 53

BUT: She told him that if he is sick, he should be treated. with two adjacent subordinating unions, what if, what, although, if there is a second part of the double union then or so: She told him that if he is sick, then he must be treated. The comma is not put! then, 7. It seems to me that if I followed him for several years, he would also be elusive. 8. Dasha noticed that when Roshchin appeared in the dining room after the bell, Katya did not immediately turn her head to him, but hesitated for a moment. 9. It is well known that if an athlete does not train regularly, then he will not achieve good results: 43 Kruglova I. A. 54

Ex. 63. Write off with punctuation marks. Explain the presence or absence of a comma at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions and at the junction of a coordinating and subordinating conjunction. 1. In the house, to my considerable surprise, it was quiet, and if it weren’t for the bright fire in the window, one would think that everyone was already sleeping there (Abramov). 2. Bunin once told me that if he were very rich, he would not live in one place, start an apartment, a library, a wardrobe, but would travel around the globe (Kataev). 3. While I got home, I sat at home for two hours, so when I left it was already light (L. Tolstoy). 4. The full moon floated across a clear, cloudless sky, and as the light of the month became brighter, our shadows became shorter and blacker (Arsenyev). 5. There are such deep and secluded places on our river that when you make your way through the tangled forest thickets and sit down near the water itself, you will feel yourself in a separate world fenced off from the rest of the earthly space (Soloukhin): 43 Kruglova I. A.55

Attention! It should be borne in mind that in some cases compound unions (because, because, due to the fact that, in order to, as, etc.) in a complex sentence can be divided. In this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the compound union. The division of a compound union depends on the meaning and intonation of the sentence. Compare: We began to make notches on trees in order not to get lost in the forest. We began to make notches on trees in order not to get lost in the forest: 43 Kruglova I. A. 56

Sources _Rus_EGE_B/4.html _Rus_EGE_B/4.html: 43 Kruglova I. A.57

Exercises on the topic "Complex sentence"

Exercise 1.

Prepare to read aloud (place logical stresses; determine the place of pauses; remember what is the signal for the end of a sentence).
How to prove that we have one complex sentence? Write it down.

In what cases can you only indicate the place where a sign is needed, but do not yet know how to justify its choice?

Already the sky was breathing in autumn, the sun was shining less often, the day was getting shorter, the mysterious canopy of the forests was exposed with a sad noise, fog was falling on the fields, the caravan of noisy geese was stretching to the south: a rather boring time was approaching; November was already at the yard.
(A. Pushkin)

Exercise 2.

From these simple sentences, make complex ones using the union And. Write down the resulting sentences using the desired punctuation rule.

What do we learn from the first complex sentence in addition to the content of the simple ones included in it? And from the second? Based on the observations made, prove that the content of a complex sentence is richer than the content of its constituent simple sentences.

I.1) It started to rain. 2) The field workers breathed a sigh of relief.
II. 1) It started to rain. 2) The farmers began to worry.

Exercise 3

Find complex sentences, underline grammatical basics.
Indicate the means of communication included in complex simple sentences. Write down, denoting the type of complex sentence.

1) There is no happiness outside the homeland, every intonation take root in their native land. (I. Turgenev) 2) I love Russia to my heart's content and I can't even imagine myself anywhere but Russia. (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) 3) I have traveled almost the whole country, I have seen many places that are amazing and compress my heart, but none of them had such a sudden lyrical power as Mikhailovskoye. (K. Paustovsky) 4) The origins of filial feelings for the homeland lie where we are born and live. (V. Peskov)

Exercise 4

From these simple sentences, make complex sentences using the appropriate means of communication and eliminating the repetition of words.
Write down the received sentences, placing punctuation marks.
Explain what new shades of meaning have appeared in complex sentences compared to the simple ones from which they are composed.

1) This year we are starting to study the history of Russian literature. To know the history of Russian literature is the need of every cultured person. 2) We could meet the name of M.V. Lomonosov not only at the lessons of chemistry, physics, astronomy, literature, but also at the lessons of the Russian language. M. V. Lomonosov is the author of the first Russian grammar. 3) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is written in Old Russian. We read "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" in translation.

Exercise 5

Think of non-union complex sentences in which the semantic relations between their parts would be based on the lexical meanings of such words and phrases: bad weather - a failed walk; dictionary - spelling of words; spring - flowers; hot weather - beach; train ticket - business trip

Exercise 6

Complete the sentences with the missing punctuation marks. Specify the type of complex sentences.
Name the punctuation rules that have been used in the sentences you have recorded.
Outline sentences highlighted for parsing to explain punctuation.

1) I learned that autumn mixed all the pure colors that exist on earth, and applied them like a canvas to the distant expanses of earth and sky. 2) I saw foliage not only gold and purple but also scarlet purple brown black gray and almost white. 3) The colors seemed especially soft because of the autumn haze hanging motionlessly in the air.4 4) And when it rained, the softness of the colors was replaced by brilliance.4 5) In the pine thickets, birch trees covered with gold leaf trembled from the cold. 6) Trees began to turn yellow from below: I saw red aspens at the bottom and still quite green at the tops. 7) I assured myself that this autumn is the first and last in my life.
(K. Paustovsky)

Exercise 7

Read, find simple and complex sentences. Indicate the grammatical bases in them. Determine the type of each complex sentence and tell how the simple ones are connected in it. Draw the schemes of the 1st and 3rd sentences.

1) It was April, we lived in Yalta, idled after nine months of desperate beating in the winter ocean. 2) We lived in a hotel on the embankment, and at night the sea roared over our windows, sometimes splashing over the parapet. 3) I kept thinking that a man was building a house, he wanted to live quietly, drink tea, look at the sea, in general somehow be by himself, write something there, think. 4) Why we were bored, we did not know. 5) Zabavin looked around and after three or four seconds he saw the high white star of the lighthouse, surrounded by radiance, flashed for a moment with a bright light in the night and went out again. 6) Then the star flared up again and went out, and this was repeated all the time, and it was strange and pleasant to see this momentary dumb light. 7) Sometimes skiers came across a fox trail, which, in an even and at the same time winding line, stretched from past to past, from bump to bump. 8) Then the track turned and disappeared in a snowy glow. 9) Skiers went further, and they already came across hare or squirrel tracks in aspen and birch groves. 10) The windows were cold and transparent, but the benches with stoves exuded dry warmth, and it was good to look at the sunny snows outside the windows and listen to the quick soft tapping of the wheels below.
(According to Yu. P. Kazakov.)

Exercise 8

Read. Determine the grammatical foundations and draw sentence patterns.

1) The lamb trembled with a slight shiver and fell off its legs when it was brought into the hut and lowered to the floor. 2) The sun was rising, but with it clouds were coming from the east, and somehow it did not brighten. 3) Occasionally, a flying fish will flash in the sun with a silvery scale, a playing whale will show its black back and noisily release a fountain of water, a dark frigate (sea bird) or a snow-white albatross flies high in the air. 4) Beliefs are inspired by theory, while behavior is shaped by example. 5) If I could discount another ten years, then I would have enough time to write a second story as well. 6) Dasha said goodbye to him the way they say goodbye forever.

Exercise 9

Write the sentences using correct spelling and punctuation. Insert the words predatory or predatory in place of the gap. Make up complex sentences. Perform syntactic analysis of simple sentences.

1) The epithet "rustic" meant (not) so much mental (n, nn) poverty as the absence of ... inclination (n, nn) awns. (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) 2) With a bullet sticking out his neck, a teal is flying (not) behind him, falling and trying on a pr_vorny ... falcon. (A. N. Tolstoy) 3) According to the scientists (n, nn) th, the best places are spoiled by their ... development of gold-bearing (?) sand. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak) 4) He hastily untied the knot, trying to dodge (twist, get out) from ... the hands of those who pulled him out and put an apple in someone's hand that bothered him. (A. Kuprin)

Exercise 10.

Write with correct spelling and punctuation. Make up complex sentences. Determine their type.

Everyone was mumbling about the snow, and finally the braids (?) went across the sky, the frost began to give up. The wind died down again and the blessed snow began to slowly (n, nn) about fall (sit, ss) to the ground. Rados (?) but looked cross (?) at fluffy snowflakes fluttering in the air that fell to the ground. To (would) enjoy (tsya, tsya) this picture, I went out into the field. A wonderful sight opened up to my eyes: the whole boundless space (in) around me presented the appearance of a snow stream. It seemed to me that the heavens opened up ra (s, ss) with snow fluff, filling the whole air with movement and shocking silence. There were long (n, n) winter twilights and the falling snow began to cover all objects and covered the earth with white darkness. (According to S. Aksakov)

Exercise 11

Write down the text. Underline the grammatical basis of the sentences.

I walked with my shadow along the dewy, iridescent grass of the meadow, entered the motley twilight of the alley leading to the pond, and the moon obediently followed me. I walked, looking around - she, shining like a mirror and splitting, rolled through the black and in places brightly shining pattern of branches and leaves. I stood on a dewy slope towards a full-flowing pond, shining widely with its golden surface near the dam to the right. I stood and looked - and the moon stood and looked. Near the shore, under me, there was a shaky, dark-mirror abyss of the underwater sky, on which they hung, slept lightly, hiding their heads under their wings and deeply reflected in it, ducks ... What silence - only something living can be silent like that! .. (I. Bunin.)

Exercise 12

Set up punctuation marks. Determine whether each part of a complex sentence is two-part or one-part, determine the type of one-part predicative construction (impersonal, indefinitely personal, etc.)

1) I had to hire bulls to pull my cart up this damned mountain because it was already autumn and sleet. (M. Lermontov.) 2) It became so dark that electricity was turned on in the cabin and salons. (V. Kataev.) 3) When I read or hear about an ear with smoke, I will certainly be visited by the same but very joyful memory of how my one-eyed grandfather Pavel hit me with a stick on the ear smelling of smoke because it can smell only because of sloppiness. (V. Astafiev.)

Exercise 13

Place punctuation marks in complex sentences. Find predicative constructions in complex sentences. Find words that do not allow you to use predicative constructions as simple sentences.

1) He jumped up from the bench and deftly left before Litvinov had time to utter a word. (I. Turgenev.) 2) ... As soon as the devil hid his month in his pocket, it suddenly became so dark all over the world that not everyone would find their way into the tavern. (N. Gogol.) 3) I began to repent that I went to Sushkovo, but my heart fluttered when I saw a shaggy, gray-haired man near a lonely and flat barrack standing on the shore. (V. Astafiev.) 4) When the night dew and the mountain wind refreshed my burning head and my thoughts returned to their usual order, I realized that chasing lost happiness was useless and reckless. (M. Lermontov.)

Test on the topic "Complex sentence"

2. How many grammatical bases are contained in the following sentence?

It has long been noted by smart people that happiness is like health: when it is there, you do not notice it.(M. Bulgakov)

3. In what case is a complex sentence given?

1) Every language belongs to a society known to the public union.
2) An idle friend of thought, my inkwell, I have adorned my varied age with you.
3) There is patience, there will be skill.
4) Approaching the porch, he noticed two faces looking out of the windows almost at the same time: a female in a cap, narrow and long, like a cucumber, and a male, round, wide, like Moldavian pumpkins.

4. What complex sentence consists of three simple ones?

1) Life is terrible and wonderful, and therefore, no matter what terrible story you tell in Russia, no matter how you decorate it with robber nests, long knives and miracles, it will always echo in the soul of the listener with reality
2) Some shops are flooded with light, and it seems that people are swimming in them, like fish in the water of aquariums.
3) I remember that when you used to come to us for holidays or just like that, the house became somehow fresher and brighter, as if the covers were removed from the chandelier.
4) The forest was ending, and, opening up to the distant blue sky, the dewy fury of the meadows hit my eyes.

5. What complex sentence consists of four simple ones?

1) To see and hear a writer for me, a provincial - I was then working in Siberia - would be an extraordinary, dazzling happiness, which I could not even hope for.
2) I noticed that wherever you go, you will find something wonderful.
3) I wanted to throw myself on my father’s neck and, as Anisya taught, bow at his feet, but the view of the dacha with Gothic windows restrained me.
4) Camus came to literature with the realization that life is meaningless, and the sky is empty, and this, to a certain extent, paralyzed his humanistic aspirations.

6. Which sentence is compound?

1) Heine created The Winter Tale in Paris, where Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons.
2) As soon as the December dawn began, Anochka went out into the street.
3) Wilderness and game in the forest, but clear clearings are divided into regular numbered squares.
4) How he got here - he could not understand this at all.

7. Indicate the numbers of two compound sentences. (No punctuation marks.)

1) Like all Russian nobles, he studied music in his youth, and like almost all Russian nobles, he played poorly. (I.S. Turgenev)
2) At that moment, the voice of his wife came and, turning around, Vasilisa ran into her. (M. Bulgakov)
3) In the languor of sadness, hopeless in the anxieties of noisy bustle, a gentle voice sounded to me for a long time and lovely features dreamed. (A.S. Pushkin)
4) As long as Apollo does not require the poet to the sacred sacrifice, in the cares of the vain world, he is cowardly immersed. (A.S. Pushkin)

8. Which sentence is complex?

1) I will answer you very simply, since we are already friends.
2) On both sides - high, up to five meters high, impregnable walls of reeds, which have long been called krepey, but the deaf thickets of green dense thickets are called the Caspian jungle.
3) The most delicate shades of colors - red, crimson, yellow and green - painted the cloud, the rays also changed their color every moment.
4) Then blows were heard, then the wheels sang.

9. Indicate the numbers of three complex sentences. (No punctuation marks.)

1) I have already noticed that in the world, in addition to summer, there is also autumn, winter, spring, when you can only leave the house occasionally. (I.A. Bunin)
2) When you wandered through the forest you were brave and beautiful. (V. Khlebnikov)
3) So he stood blocking the door, huge and black, and Jesus spoke and loudly echoed his words with the intermittent and strong breathing of Peter. (L. Andreev)
4) In the third grade, I told the director an insolence for which I was almost expelled from the gymnasium. (I. Bunin)

10. Which sentence is a complex non-union?

1) I don't know if there will be a date.
2) Since these verses are written, I look at them as a commodity.
3) No matter how warm the rain was, we began to feel cold.
4) The vegetation of the sands is richer than clay deserts, so the sands have long been used for grazing sheep flocks.

11. Indicate the numbers of three complex non-union proposals. (No punctuation marks.)

1) Again the clouds have gathered above me in silence, rock with an envious misfortune threatens me again. (A.S. Pushkin)
2) The dinner went on for quite some time Bersenev talked with Elena about university life, about his intentions and hopes. (I.S. Turgenev)
3) All twenty-four years of my life I lived in the city and thought that the blizzard howls only in novels. (M. Bulgakov)
4) There is no goal in front of me, the heart is empty, the mind is empty. (A.S. Pushkin)

12. Which sentence is complex with different types of communication?

1) Truth cannot be told in such a way that it is understood; you need to believe in it.
2) It is not worth even dreaming about it now, otherwise, perhaps, you will begin to suffer from black melancholy.
3) As soon as the division commander left, the shooting from small-caliber guns began, which was a complete surprise.
4) You can deceive the beast and any bird: shout with a wounded hare - the fox will come running to this cry.

13. Write down the numbers denoting commas in a complex sentence between parts connected by a coordinative connection.

Spaces have become more accessible, (1) roads have shortened in time. Once, in one day, I had to visit the capitals of three European states, (2) and in the evening I still managed to gawk at the public in the port of Marseille, (3) but during the day, due to fatigue and haste, almost nothing remained in my memory ...
It seems to many, (4) that the more a person travels, (5) the more cultured he will be and the wider his horizons will become.

14. Write down the numbers denoting commas between parts of a complex sentence.

There was a time (1) when the night watchman in the estate rang the bell, (2) beating the evening and morning dawn. The ringing broke out of the outskirts, (3) spread over the Sorotya River, (4) lakes and faded in Mikhailov's groves. Some colors were replaced by others, (5) some sounds were absorbed or, (6) on the contrary, (7) amplified. All this and much more was what (8) made up the life of the Pushkin estate.

15. Write down the numbers indicating the punctuation marks between the parts of the non-union sentence.

Have you ever thought about (1) how many words there are in Russian, (2) can they be counted? Obviously, (3) to establish the exact number of words in the Russian language, (4) and any other, (5) it is absolutely impossible, if only because, (6) that the vocabulary is in constant motion: (7) some words leave the language, (8 ) others are fixed in it.

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