In school years, many probably had a chance to get acquainted with the work of the respected Russian writer Maxim Gorky - the play "At the Bottom", without embellishment, describing to all of us the familiar archetypes of people living in Russian realities.

Despite the fact that more than a century has passed since the publication of the drama, the situations that it touches on remain relevant today.

In this article, we will analyze in detail the image of the character Luke from this play, get acquainted with his statements and talk about the attitude of other heroes of the work towards him.

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Where did the wanderer come from

does not reveal the secret the origin of Luke, only a fleeting mention of his wandering life. The wanderer has neither a homeland, nor at least some definite place of residence. He himself says this about it: "Old man – where it is warm, there is homeland.

The inhabitants of the rooming house are also not interested in the past of the old man, they are preoccupied with their problems and attempts "get out in public", and not drag out an existence "at the bottom" for the rest of his life.

Analysis of character characteristics

Luke appears before us in the form soft-hearted old man preaching goodness, love, pity and the will of a person to create his life as his heart tells.

From the hero directly emanates an aura of peacefulness and understanding, which, of course, disposes the characters of the play to him, making them believe that the future is not hopeless and there is a chance to improve their social position, fulfill dreams and desires.

To everyone who, willy-nilly, ended up in a rooming house, Luke chooses the right words, gives everyone hope and encourages them to believe in their dreams, no matter how ridiculous they may seem to themselves and others.

But no matter how sweet and comforting the words of the wanderer sounded, they were only empty sounds, distracting roommates from everyday hardships, and not real support, giving strength to get out of poverty and dishonor.

However, Luka is not a liar, he just sincerely pities those around him and cheers them up, even if it is absolutely pointless and useless.

Luke's relationship with other characters in the play "At the Bottom"

The characters relate to the elder in two ways:

• alone ( thief Vaska Pepel, Actor, Anna, Nastya, Natasha) tell him with relief about their life, confess and receive in response the necessary pity, sympathy and soothing statements;
• other ( kartuznik Bubnov, Satin, Baron, Tick) do not trust a stranger too much and speak to him briefly and skeptically.

One thing is certain - nobody remained indifferent to the appearance of such an extraordinary personality in such a dirty and doomed place.

After the sudden disappearance of the wanderer, the fate of some characters has changed dramatically. The wife of the locksmith Klesch, Anna, died of tuberculosis, the Actor could not come to terms with the hopelessness of his life and hanged himself, Vaska Pepel went to hard labor in Siberia due to an accidental murder, his dreams of an honest life with Natasha came to an end. The rest of the heroes continued to while away their time in a rooming house, but at the same time started thinking about the meaning of their existence, their actions and the problems of others.

Parable of the Righteous Land

The parable of Luke tells us about a man who endured all the hardships and sufferings of earthly life, believing that there is a righteous land where people live in great relationships, help each other and never lie. One day he went to a local scientist he knew and asked him to show the righteous land on a map. He tried to find what he was looking for, but could not. Then the man got angry, hit the scientist, and then went home and strangled himself.

This parable seemed to predetermine the fate of several characters - the death of Anna and the Actor, the imprisonment of the thief Vaska. They believed that their own righteous land would be found for them, that it was possible to get out of the bottom, poverty, but this did not happen. Luka soon left, and with him the hope that warms the heroes of the play also left.

Quotes

The play "At the bottom" is rich thoughtful phrases and the statements of the characters, but perhaps the most significant of them are the words of Elder Luke.

Here are a few of his quotes, to make an analysis and reflect on which everyone who reads the play "At the Bottom" by Gorky should:

“All of them are people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wobble, but you were born a man, you will die a man ... "

"I don't care! I respect crooks too, in my opinion, not a single flea is bad: everyone is black, everyone jumps ... "

“You, girl, do not be offended ... nothing! Where is it, where are we to pity the dead? E, honey! We don’t feel sorry for the living… we can’t feel sorry for ourselves… where is it!”

“Here, then, you will die, and you will be calm ... you will not need anything else, and there is nothing to be afraid of!”

“... not in the word - the point, but - why is the word spoken? - that's the problem!"

Outcome

The image of the wanderer Luka in Maxim Gorky turned out to be very multifaceted and reflective major philosophical questions about life, love, principles and human priorities.

And not only Luke - all the characters in one way or another reflect those who we meet in real life.

The writer managed to reflect in his work entertaining philosophical and psychological ideas:

All of the above is important for a correct understanding of the work and simply the situations that happen to people around us, it teaches us to sympathize and set life priorities correctly.

It seems to all of us that we are free to think in one way or another and as we please; but, on the other hand, each of us feels and knows that this apparent freedom has a limit, beyond which thinking becomes madness. This is because our thinking is subject to the laws of higher world thinking. Meanwhile, our cerebral mind, which does not know any other way of thinking than its own, and is convinced by experience that it depends on the brain, when considering the external world, can reach such an illusion that there is no thought in it other than our own. This illusion can even go so far that it seems to us that the world thought simply does not exist at all in itself, but only as a product of our own mind. Yes, if we were not sure of the existence of the external world as firmly as in our own, then everything that our investigation reveals in it is expedient and, as it were, deliberately and independently arranged, we could, perhaps, take for a work one of our minds and our imaginations. N. I. Pirogov
And so the question involuntarily arises: could we really not walk otherwise than with the help of our legs, or do we only walk because we have legs? Can we really think only through the medium of the brain, or do we think only because there is a brain? Seeing the inexhaustible multitude of means by which certain goals are achieved in the universe around us, can we assert that the mind could and should have been the only function of the brain? Do not the bee, ant, etc., animals, even without the help of the brain of vertebrates, provide us with examples of amazing ingenuity, striving for a goal, and even creativity? N. I. Pirogov
K. Kuznetsov and V. Sidoruk. Miraculous doctor
Cover of the work of N. I. Pirogov "Military medical business and private assistance in the theater of war with Bulgaria and in the rear of the army in 1877-1878."
A. Sidorov. Tchaikovsky at Pirogov

There are people in the history of culture and society who, through their activities and efforts, leave traces so firmly and naturally entering our lives that it seems to us that it has always been like this and cannot be otherwise. As if something is showing them the way, and their steps, random at first glance, are not at all random and not chaotic, but expedient and necessary. But only later generations see it. The lot of such people falls to painful questions and struggle to overcome the established order of things and pave the way for a new one. Studying their destinies, you begin to understand that nothing happens by itself in history, that it is created by the hands and efforts of very specific people, with their own shortcomings and advantages, in fact, the same as you and I, and maybe even ourselves. ... Well, isn't that amazing?! Take a closer look, because our culture and life itself hangs in the balance, and if you leave it to itself, stop someone making efforts, everything will break, roll, fall apart ... So what and who keeps it? Who and what fastens the seams that are constantly threatening to disperse between us? Here is the question.

The first steps

One of the favorite games of Kolya Pirogov was the game of a doctor: she "as if lifted ... the veil of the future." This original game owes its origin to the illness of the elder brother, to whom the doctor came. At the age of 14, Nikolai became a student at the Faculty of Medicine at Moscow University, where lectures were given on the basis of materials almost a century old, and at the final exam "it was necessary to describe in words or paper some kind of operation in Latin." Clinical practice was reduced to writing a medical history of a patient seen once ...

After Moscow there was Derpt University, where the best Russian students were trained for professorship. Entering there, it was necessary to decide on a specialization, and Pirogov chose surgery. Why? “But go and find out from yourself why? Probably I don’t know, but it seems to me that somewhere from afar, some inner voice suggested surgery here. ” However, the young doctor was also interested in other sciences, which his comrades laughed at: then it was customary to do one thing and even surgeons did not consider it necessary to study anatomy. Later, it was Pirogov who created a new and then revolutionary science - surgical anatomy.

After Dorpat, the young professor Pirogov had a two-year internship in Berlin, returning from which, due to illness, he stopped in Riga for several months. Having recovered, Nikolai Ivanovich performed several very successful operations there, at the request of the hospital residents he demonstrated some operations on corpses and gave a course of lectures. One of the old residents said this to the 25-year-old Pirogov: “You taught us what our teachers did not know either.”

At the age of 26, he became a professor of surgery at the University of Derpt and during his four years of work there won the great love of students and published several monographs and books, including two volumes of clinical annals, where, contrary to the accepted style, he described not examples of successful diagnoses, treatments and recoveries, but their mistakes and failures, without hiding anything and thereby allowing their students to avoid the same mistakes.

“Serving science, in general any, is nothing other than serving the truth. Here access to the truth is hampered not only by scientific obstacles, that is, those that can be removed with the help of science. No, in applied science, in addition to these obstacles, human passions, prejudices and weaknesses from different sides affect access to truth and make it often completely inaccessible ... For a teacher of such an applied science as medicine, which deals directly with all the attributes of human nature ... requires, in addition to scientific information and experience, also conscientiousness, acquired only by the difficult art of self-consciousness, self-control and knowledge of human nature. In fact, Pirogov writes about the doctor’s work on himself, about the inner work, a certain moral effort, about the choice between the doctor’s professional interest in the patient and the human attitude towards him, and this is what allows, according to Pirogov, to be both a good scientist and a good doctor. .

Father of Russian surgery

In the struggle with life's difficulties, poverty, even need, the character of Pirogov was formed, preparing him for the field in which he was to deploy all the forces of his nature and leave deep traces. In 1841, 30-year-old Pirogov accepted an offer to become a professor at the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, on the condition that he organize a department of hospital surgery so that students would receive practical medical education.

Nikolai Ivanovich reorganized the MCA hospital and assumed the duties of the chief physician of the surgical department. Here is what he wrote about the impending feat of Hercules, cleaning the Augean stables: “The picture was truly terrifying: huge hospital wards (for 60-100 beds), poorly ventilated, were overcrowded with patients with erysipelas, acute purulent edema and purulent blood poisoning. There was not a single, even bad, room for operations. Rags for poultices and compresses were transferred by paramedics without a twinge of conscience from the wounds of one patient to another, and sometimes they were removed from the corpses and simply dried. The drugs dispensed from the hospital pharmacy looked like anything but drugs...” Theft among the staff. Scurvy among the sick. Hostility towards the young surgeon, not too scrupulous in the choice of means. Open hostility, gossip, slander - everything was put into action. And the requirement for doctors to perform operations in clean white coats aroused suspicion of clouding his mental faculties. Yes, our dear reader, and it was not so long ago - a century and a half ago in an enlightened European power ... Who would have thought, because it is so natural for a doctor, especially in an operating room - a clean white coat.

In 1847, Pirogov went to our eternally hot spot - to the Caucasus, where he introduced ether anesthesia into practice, and, taking into account our human psychology, he invited other wounded to operations so that they could see for themselves the effectiveness and safety of the method. Now it is, in a sense, a natural part of our life, but then we had to substantiate, prove, convince. And a little later, in the Crimean War, having seen how the sculptor works, he began to use plaster bandages for fractures instead of much less effective popular prints or starch ones - and saved many wounded officers and soldiers from amputation.

From what little things sometimes great things grow! One day, passing by the market on Sennaya in St. Petersburg, Pirogov drew attention to a cut of a frozen pork carcass. As a result, "ice", or topographic, anatomy was born, which allowed doctors to more effectively study the human body and avoid many surgical errors that could cost the life of more than one unfortunate person. The first anatomical atlas created by Pirogov using this method is still used by students.

There is no need to list all the achievements of Nikolai Ivanovich, all the innovations, all the methods that still bear his name and are used by modern surgeons. For the most part, only doctors will understand this, but for the rest, in relation to medicine, acting as patients, it will be more important to know that Pirogov, for all his fame and extensive practice, never took money for operations - neither from members of the royal family, nor from the last poor man who trusted in him as his only hope. Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor" is about him.

sisters of mercy

A special era in the life of Pirogov is the Sevastopol War. As a doctor and as a person who did not want to remain indifferent to what was happening, he applied to be sent to the front. After a long silence, a completely unexpected answer came. He was invited by Elena Pavlovna, wife of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, son of Paul I, founder of the Russian Museum Society, midwifery and clinical institutes, head of the Mariinsky and Pavlovsk Women's Institutes.

Announcing that she took responsibility for resolving his request, she told him about her plan to establish women's assistance to the sick and wounded and offered Pirogov the role of organizer and leader. Despite the widespread belief that the presence of women leads to corruption in the troops, that women are unable to live and provide assistance in the most difficult conditions of war, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, who saw the highest and best vocation of a woman in sometimes healing, often helping and always relieving, addressed an appeal to Russian women who wished to "take on the high and difficult duties of sisters of mercy", and already in October 1854, at her own expense, she founded the Exaltation of the Cross Community of Sisters of Care for the Wounded and Sick Soldiers. Pirogov fully shared the views of the Grand Duchess: “It has already been proven by experience that no one better than women can sympathize with the suffering of the patient and surround him with cares that are not known and, so to speak, not characteristic of men.” Pirogov considered the principle of “living on earth not only for himself” the basis of sisterly mercy. So in 1854, from a small group of 35 sisters, with the most active and attentive participation of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the future Russian Red Cross was born.

Then, during this infamous Crimean campaign, Pirogov developed the rules for working with the wounded, thereby creating an almost new branch of surgery - military field. He formulated the principles of hygiene for patients, the foundations of therapeutic nutrition, and in all this, oddly enough, he had to overcome again and again both misunderstanding and opposition from those who were uncomfortable with an active, honest doctor. And Pirogov was an enemy of canonical decisions, an enemy of calmness, leading to stagnation and inertia: "Life does not fit into the narrow framework of the doctrine, and its changeable casuistry cannot be expressed by any dogmatic formulas."

Pirogov-teacher

From the very first steps, still a young professor, Pirogov was a real teacher, caring about the professional growth not only of his own, but also of new generations of young doctors. “Let only those who want to learn learn, that is their business. But who wants to learn from me, he must learn something - this is my business, every conscientious teacher should think so. Hence his gigantic contribution to the system of education and teaching of medicine, which moved from the theory, and sometimes unfounded fantasies of professors, who often saw the patient only from the height of the department, to practical training on specific examples, specific operations demonstrated by the teacher.

The merit of Pirogov also lies in the fact that he saw the need to combine professional and moral education. We have already talked about his innovation in the first: now it would never occur to anyone to doubt the importance of professionalism. But with regard to the second, his ideas even today (alas, unfortunately in this case) sound almost revolutionary. The call to educate, first of all, a person endowed with a moral sense, not only having strong convictions, but also able to defend them, live by them in practice, ready for life's struggle and efforts, and only then take care of his professional growth and skill - sounds very, very modern . These thoughts are not accidental, they are the result of Pirogov's long inner path - from a materialist due to ignorance of matter, as he himself said, to a person who reveals the meaning of human existence, life, love, immortality, recognizing the essence of the inner man and seeking God. Interestingly, two such different people - what unites them? Sincerity, a heart responsive to someone else's pain, honesty in front of oneself, the desire to always be, and not seem? .. Probably.

Questions of life

Pirogov spent his last years on his estate in Vyshna (part of present-day Vinnitsa). There he wrote his confession - the last and most amazing book, largely not understood until now: “Questions of life. The diary of an old doctor, written exclusively for himself, but not without a back thought that maybe someday someone else will read it. November 5, 1879 - October 22, 1881. Pirogov himself seems to be surprised at his discoveries: “I talk about everything in my worldview about the world mind, about world thought. Where is the brain of the world? Thought without a brain and without words! Isn't that absurd in the mouth of a doctor? But a bee and an ant think without a brain, and doesn't the whole animal kingdom think without words? We are free to call thought only one human, cerebral, verbal and humanly conscious thought! And for me it is only a manifestation of a common thought, spread everywhere, creating and managing everything. Nevertheless, the 70-year-old, wise with vast experience, who has gone through fire and water, who has performed tens of thousands of operations, a surgeon, an empiricist to the marrow of his bones, comes to the conclusion that this same brain is not the only conductor of the idea that life is much wider and deeper and is not limited only to a biological organism: “Life is a meaningful, infinitely active force that controls all the properties of matter (that is, its forces), while striving continuously to achieve a known goal: the implementation and support of being.” In this, Pirogov became the forerunner of Russian cosmists - Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky ... In his little-known notes, the ideas that Paracelsus spoke about in the Middle Ages, Indian sages a thousand years earlier, and at the end of the 19th century such great philosophers as Helena Petrovna Blavatsky , Nikolay Hartman and others.

Behind these pages, which he filled almost daily for the last two years before his death, we see a philosopher who poses the most serious questions, reflects, searches, reveres the mystery and mystery that suddenly opens up to him: “... of all the world's mysteries, the most cherished and the most restless for us is “I”. There is, however, another, even more cherished, truth. But if every leaf, every seed, every crystal reminds us of the existence outside of us and in ourselves of a mysterious laboratory in which everything tirelessly works for itself and for the environment, with purpose and thought, then our own consciousness constitutes for us an even more intimate and at the same time the most disturbing mystery. I really want this book to find in our time, after a hundred years of oblivion, its new thoughtful reader. And the questions raised by Pirogov made us look for an answer today.

Salt of the earth

Glorious and amazing fate. Struggle and love, service to the motherland and disgrace is the tradition of the Russian intellectual. Maybe it is said about such people - “salt of the earth”, maybe they are that thread, the hair on which life is held, still continues to hold us. And the question is not in plaster bandages or anesthesia as such. The question is the humanity behind this and without which all these innovations lose their meaning. Humanity, which thanks to such people holds us together. This, perhaps, is the main significance of everything that Pirogov did, and his main lesson for us.

This November you, Nikolai Ivanovich, celebrate your 200th birthday. Thank you doctor.

	is a famous surgeon and musician. Beethoven himself highly appreciated his musical talent, and Pushkin, who consulted the famous doctor more than once, could probably appreciate his medical talent. The professor's house was one of the most interesting in Dorpat. Many remarkable people of that era were here: the poets Zhukovsky and Yazykov, Pushkin's friend Wulf, the sons of the Russian historian Karamzin. Judging by the memoirs, Moyer, “a remarkable and highly talented person,” lost interest in science over the years, “did not perform operations that were especially difficult and risky.” The appearance in Dorpat of several gifted students, and Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, who especially stood out among them, seemed to return the professor to his former life. He again gave his all to medicine and his new students.
	Nikolai Pirogov and became friends in Dorpat, where they studied surgery together with Professor Moyer. Here is how Pirogov himself describes their first meeting: “Once, shortly after our arrival in Derpt, we hear some strange, but unfamiliar sounds at our window from the street: a Russian song on some instrument. We look, a student in a uniform is standing ... holding something in his mouth and playing: “hello, my dear, my good one,” without paying any attention to us. The instrument turned out to be an organ (labial), and the virtuoso was V. I. Dal.” Pirogov was ten years younger than Dahl, but by that time he had already graduated from Moscow University, and Moyer was also the best student. Usually stingy with praise, Nikolai Ivanovich highly appreciated the medical talent of his friend and saw him as a future famous surgeon, and when he defended his medical dissertation, he became his official opponent. Dal lived up to Pirogov's hopes for some time and became a good specialist in plastic and eye surgery, but his love for literature and the Russian language turned out to be stronger in him.
I. Quiet. N. I. Pirogov examines the patient D. I. Mendeleev	Since childhood, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev he was in poor health, and when his throat began to bleed, the doctors considered that the last degree of consumption had begun. Institute friends managed to arrange an audience for Dmitry Ivanovich with the court physician Zdekauer, and he, having listened to him, advised him to urgently go to the Crimea, and at the same time show Pirogov there, just in case. In the Crimea at that time there was a war. Pirogov operated from early morning until late evening. Mendeleev came to his hospital every morning, but, seeing what the great physician was doing, he immediately left, believing that Pirogov was now more needed by the wounded. After some time, Dmitry Ivanovich decided to go up to Pirogov. Imagine his surprise when he, having carefully examined him, said: “Here, my friend, here is a letter from your Zdekauer. Save him and someday give him back. And give my regards. You will outlive both of us." The prediction came true exactly: Mendeleev outlived both Pirogov and Zdekauer.
S. Prisekin. Pirogov and Garibaldi	In the summer of 1862, Giuseppe Garibaldi was wounded in the leg. This was the most severe of the ten wounds received by the national hero of Italy in his entire life. Although the best doctors in Europe tried to help him, he did not get better. And then they decided to invite Pirogov and even collected a thousand rubles for his trip. Pirogov refused the money, but he came himself. Thanks to his advice, practical and simple, Garibaldi's condition soon began to improve. Having recovered, he thanked the Russian doctor with this letter: “My dear doctor Pirogov! My wound is almost healed. I feel the need to thank you for the kindness you have generously shown me. Accept, dear Doctor, my assurances of devotion. Yours D. Garibaldi. For many years, a valuable relic in the Pirogovs' house was a photograph of Giuseppe Garibaldi with his dedicatory inscription.
I. E. Repin. Portrait of A. F. Koni	Our well-known historian Solovyov says that peoples love to erect monuments to their outstanding people, but these people themselves, through their activities, erect a monument to their people. Pirogov also erected such a monument, glorifying the Russian name far beyond the borders of his homeland. In the days of doubts and painful thoughts about the fate of the motherland, Turgenev did not want to believe that the mighty, truthful Russian language would not be given to the great people. But can't the same be said about the best representatives of this people? And when, in the midst of the fog of sad phenomena and the properties of our everyday reality, you remember that our people had Peter and Lomonosov, Pushkin and Tolstoy ... that they finally gave Pirogov, then one cannot help but believe that this people not only can, but also must have a bright future...
	The “Diary of an Old Doctor” left by Pirogov makes it possible to look into his soul not as a public figure and a famous scientist: it makes it possible to hear the voice of a person’s heart, the person that Pirogov wanted to educate in every young man. This heart is filled with deep and touching faith in a higher Providence and tenderness before the precepts of Christ. Life teaches that Christ has many servants but few real followers. One of the last was Pirogov. A. F. Koni "Pirogov and the school of life"
Rummaging in the archive of our memory in old age, we are struck, first of all, by the inexplicable identity and integrity of our “I”. We clearly feel that we are no longer what we were in childhood, and at the same time we feel no less clearly that our "I" has remained in us or with us from the very moment we began to remember ourselves until today, and we know for sure that it will remain until the last breath, unless we die in unconsciousness or in a lunatic asylum. Strange, surprisingly strange is this feeling of the identity of our "I" in different, barely similar to one another portraits, with different opposite feelings, beliefs and views on ourselves, on life, on everything around ... The self-perception of being, and how it should inevitably to be in us from the cradle to the grave, but how and by what it makes itself known to itself and others - whether by a personal pronoun, or some other conventional sign, this does not change the essence of the matter in the slightest. N. I. Pirogov

to the magazine "Man Without Borders"

Dr. Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor" is really "wonderful" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Dr. Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor" is really "wonderful" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work appears , prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work appears , prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work appears , prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work appears , prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work appears , prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. PiroDoctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is indeed "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. PiroDoctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is indeed "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, therefore he is wonderful.gov is a real doctor, therefore he is wonderful.gov is a real doctor, therefore he is a miracle : heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work and prosperity appear. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, treats not only the doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "wonderful" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work and prosperity appear. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov - the real Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, therefore he is a wonderful doctor, therefore Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "wonderful" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life improves : work, prosperity appears. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. he is wonderful. Dese Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, that's why he is wonderful. That's why he is a miracle. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, the life of the family getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work appears , prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, therefore Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: there is work, prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful.n wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better : work, prosperity appears. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help with real deeds, heals not only in word, but also in deed. He asks for nothing in return: neither fame nor money. Pirogov is a real doctor, so he is wonderful. Doctor Pirogov in Kuprin's story "The Miraculous Doctor" is really "miraculous" for the Mertsalov family, since he not only helps the family: he heals and leaves money, but after his appearance, family life is getting better: work appears , prosperity. How is the doctor presented: he is sensitive, able not only to sympathize, but to help real

Lesson for students aged 11 - 12;

Topic: “According to the recipe of Professor Pirogov (story by Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin “The Miraculous Doctor”)”

Didactic goal: analysis of a literary work

continue the conversation about the humanity of a person, about helping other people

Develop the skills of analyzing a work of art

bring to the attention of children the main points from the biography of the famous surgeon Pirogov

to instill in children's souls love and compassion for people

· Awaken students' reflections on such issues of morality and behavior as mercy, compassion, kindness.

Methodical comments: Methods and techniques: vocabulary work, reading by roles, analytical conversation on the text, individual task, role-playing game. Methods (problematic, partially search, research)

For the lesson you need: textbooks, notebooks, portraits, illustrations of students, a reproduction of the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God, a multimedia projector, a computer. Slides help to highlight the semantic dominant of the lesson, contribute to lexical commentary, activate students' attention on the topic of the lesson.

The task was given in advance: to determine the meaning of the words “wonderful”, kindness, mercy according to the Dictionary. The key words in the lesson will be questions of morality: kindness, mercy, compassion. And the epigraph of the lesson will be the words of the author

“…a person should be…

faithful in friendship, merciful

to the sick and fallen, affectionate

to the animals"

We will refer to it throughout the lesson. And also as an epigraph on the board are written the words:

And you? Tell:

What trace will you leave?

Invisible lasting trace

In someone else's soul for many years?

O. Vysotskaya

Lesson progress: Emotional mood.

1. Greeting:

"Hello!"-

Let's just say to each other

Let's smile and start.

Let's open the doors for you

To the world of art and kindness,

To believe in light

To understand a lot.

And we will walk together

And you can't turn away from the path

We will work together

To find the truth.

Perception setting.

In the most tragic moments, Russian people turned to the image of the Mother of God, asking her day and night, whispering fervent words of prayer:

Mercy open the door for us,

Blessed Mother of God,

those who trust in You, let us not perish,

but let us be delivered from troubles by You:

Thou art the salvation of the Christian race.

Look at the reproduction of the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God. What is shown on it? (Student answers.)

We ask mercy from above, but can we ourselves be merciful? There is an opinion that the harder life is, the more callous some people become, while others become more merciful.

"And all the children will look at you, and stretch out their hands to you.

And on every birthday of the Baby, the Christmas tree is decorated with apples, gilded nuts, sweets, all kinds of toys and stars.

Christmas is the brightest, happiest, most mysterious holiday of Christian culture.

And so he was reflected in painting, poetry, prose.

Methodological comment:

Demonstrated paintings by Sandro Botticelli "Nativity", 1501, Pieter Brueghel the Elder "Adoration of Christ", 1551, etc.

In the new year, everyone wants to believe in good miracles, in changes for the better. Once in Russia, special collections were prepared for Christmas, there was a tradition of family reading aloud Christmas stories.

"The Miraculous Doctor" refers precisely to such works. But in his story, Kuprin emphasizes the reality of the case. And it is even emphasized when and where it happened: "In Kyiv, about 30 years ago."

The story of a trained student: "The Miraculous Doctor" (1897), published in the Christmas issue of the newspaper "Kievskoye Slovo", is written in the genre of a Christmas story. This genre is characterized by a description of a miracle that saves a person in a tragic situation. For readers of the 19th century. Christmas stories in the pages of magazines and newspapers were a common Christmas present. They were very different: kind and touching, fantastic and ironic, sad and even mournful, instructive and sentimental, but they always tried to soften people's hearts. With all their diversity, the main thing was preserved - a special, Christmas worldview. The stories contained dreams of a good and joyful life, of a merciful attitude towards each other, of the victory of good over evil. wrote: "The Christmas story should be fantastic, have a moral and be distinguished by a cheerful character of the story." The hero of the story is a Russian surgeon who made a great contribution to the formation of military field surgery. He contributed to the organization of the movement of sisters of mercy in Russia during the period of hostilities in 1853-1856. In 1867 this movement took shape in the Russian society for the care of the wounded and sick soldiers, renamed in 1879. to the Russian Red Cross Society.

You have received individual assignments. And one of them was: to prepare a story about the writer, his creative destiny.

But before we listen to the story, take a look at this portrait. (slide) Here is a portrait. Look at this amazing kind, simple, tired face. Restraint, silence and even some severity are seen in the eyes, but at the same time undisguised kindness.

A student makes a report about the writer Kuprin

And now remember your moods before the holiday (children's answers)

Teacher: But is it always like this? Does everyone see the smiles of friends, feel love and happiness? After all, in reality, next to prosperity, joy, grief, need and loneliness coexist.

To understand the beauty of the human soul, to learn to understand each other, to come to the aid of a person in time, to give joy and to feel the human lot for yourself - what can be more important than anything in the world? Isn't that what makes a person happy?

The life of people on Earth - both adults and children - throughout the history of mankind has not been simple, cloudless. A variety of trials and problems lie in wait and lie in wait for literally everyone, not only during the war, but also on peaceful, seemingly calm days.

Unemployment, lack of livelihood, illness, the inability to do anything to help the closest dear people ... These trials can be so difficult that sometimes a strong person gives up. Despair takes over. And so the help that comes at a critical moment is perceived as a miracle. And the name of this miracle is the goodness and mercy of people. " The heart beats more and more desperately, Do not perish in me, kindness.

This priceless human quality is kindness, mercy, life itself is impossible without them.

Methodical comments: Vocabulary work. Give an explanation of the words given in the text: leisure, fiction, manager, porter, pledge, day work, chasuble, frock coat, Christmas Eve.

https://pandia.ru/text/80/116/images/image004_67.gif" width="12" height="27"> MORAL CONCEPTS

How do you understand the words: kindness, mercy? (answers guys)

And here is how the interpretation of these words in different dictionaries gives. (Slide with recording on screen):

Kindness - s, well. 1. see kind. 2. Responsiveness, sincere disposition towards people, the desire to do good to others. Someone full of kindness.

· Mercy - In Christian art, mercy is depicted as a woman surrounded by children, either rocking a child or feeding him. She often holds a heart or a flower. Other symbols of mercy are a heart, a lamb, a pelican feeding its chicks with its own blood, or a person receiving or caring for children, as well as a simple tunic of Christ.

· Willingness to help, show indulgence out of compassion, philanthropy, as well as help itself, indulgence caused by such feelings. Show mercy

The story is called "The Miraculous Doctor". Explain the meaning of the word "wonderful" (screen recording)

The word "wonderful" has several meanings: magical, supernatural, fabulous, unusual.

And for you, what is more pleasant: giving gifts or receiving them?

Teacher: Not everyone likes to give gifts. But a person who loves to give and receive gifts. He experiences double joy, double wonder.

Teacher: Today we will witness another Christmas story. This is the time when unusual events happen, dreams come true, fates come true.

Teacher: The story is called "The Miraculous Doctor". Why?

Teacher: Christmas is a time when a beneficent angel descends into every family, and everything miraculously changes.

In today's lesson, we will continue the conversation about the humanity of a person, about helping other people, we will develop the skills of analyzing a work of art, cultivate a sense of respect, active compassion for a person.

Methodical comments.Work with text. Brief retelling by the teacher of the first part.

The composition of the work is unusual. This is a story within a story. Kuprin heard this story from a successful banker, a prosperous, wealthy man who was known as a model of decency and beneficence. But only the life of this man in his youth was difficult, joyless, dreary. He remembers the terrible Christmas cold. He and his brother came out of the cold, frozen basement. Hungry children walked through the frosty streets and found themselves in a bright, beautiful, alluring city. City - a fairy tale. But only there was no place for the suffering family of the Mertsalovs. The owner of the family could not find work, Mashutka was dying of hunger, the boys Grisha and Volodya ate empty cabbage soup and salted them with their tears, and Elizaveta Matveevna was killed by lack of money and exhausted by work. The family tried to find a way out more than once: they asked for help from many, but those who could financially save this family refused, citing a lack of time, money, and desire. The tragedy of the Mertsalovs was so strong that the owner himself almost committed suicide. At Christmas, everyone is waiting for the supernatural, forgetting that every person is capable of a miracle. And suddenly... what happened?

Find out what events happened on the day before Christmas.

Methodical comments.The teacher organizes work with the text. Role reading.

Why does Kuprin describe in such detail the conversation of the boys at the shop window?

- Can the boys Grisha and Volodya hope for a surprise, gifts during these holidays?

- Is it possible to see the contradiction between the life (life) of the boys and the world around them at the beginning of the story?

The world around	boys
In front of the huge window of the grocery store	Dancing from the cruel cold
Great exhibition	Stimulating their minds and stomachs alike
Effective picture: Whole mountains of strong apples and oranges rose; There were pyramids of tangerines; Huge smoked and pickled fish stretched out; Sliced ​​hams showed off with a thick layer of pinkish fat.	Both boys forgot about the twelve-degree frost and about the important task entrusted to them by their mother. Both of them had not eaten anything since morning, except for empty cabbage soup.
An enchanting sight	He spoke harshly, suppressing a heavy sigh

What did you learn about them and their mission?

- What do you think, what was said in the letter to the former owner of the head of the Mertsalov family?

Why didn't the porter give the letter to the owner? ( It is obvious that he is a cruel and vicious person, does not like those who are poor)

Teacher: The Christmas miracle happened, and grace descended on the Mertsalov family.

What do we learn about the boys' family from the description of the "dungeon" and its inhabitants?

And how does a writer help us to feel the tragedy of disadvantaged people more strongly?

Guys, I want to draw your attention not only to everyday contrasts. Try to see the landscape in the story and understand why Kuprin describes it in such detail. Find this place in the story, read

Why does the writer lead his exhausted, hungry hero into the city garden?

Teacher: The beauty of the landscape is created with the help of metaphors, personifications, epithets. All this, firstly, serves as a contrast, i.e., opposition. Regal, calm, luxurious nature and the beggarly existence of the Mertsalov family. Secondly, it pushes Mertsalov to the same calmness, the same silence, and he is already ready to fulfill his intention.

What role does the portrait of Mertsalov play in the story? We read the episode of the hero in the city garden

Guys, have you ever experienced feelings of resentment, loneliness and fear due to the fact that you are not able to change anything? (student answers)

methodological comments. Work with text. Conversation with the old man (reading the dialogue in faces)

- How did the unfamiliar old man behave after talking with Mertsalov? What did he offer Mertsalov?

-What picture did the doctor see when they entered the basement where Mertsalov lived?

-Who was the unfamiliar old man?

- How little a person needs for happiness: a warm home, hearty food, the health of loved ones. This is our well-being and the well-being of those close to us. The salvation of the family was accomplished by a man whom we can call a saint. His name is Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.

How many of you have heard of Dr. Pirogov?

methodological comments. In advance, the teacher prepared a student who makes a report about Pirogov. High school students can be involved.

The life story of this remarkable man is familiar to many from the stories of Gilyarovsky and Bunin, Kuprin and Pikul, we learn about him from the diaries and letters of the St. Petersburg and Moscow intelligentsia of the fast-flowing nineteenth century. He survived three kings, passing away, probably at the peak of his fame...

At the beginning of the last year of his life, on a harsh winter evening in 1881, he could often be found on one of the snow-covered St. Petersburg alleys of a dense city garden. He was busy with his evening exercise, because he believed that such walks contribute to good sleep and excellent appetite. Walking through the winter garden, as usual, he smoked a cigarette.

The gray-haired old man knew how to appreciate loneliness. This is what happens when a person gets tired of the most endless stream of people and, like a snake, is looking for a small loophole to hide, quietly slip away from society. There was a small bench ahead. But he passed by, hearing only the creak of his steps, distinctly heard in the frosty air. It seemed that at that moment he rejoiced at this loneliness and the silence that arose around him, with his whole appearance showing kind hospitality to rare passers-by. - Glorious, God knows, the night is something! he said in a soft and somehow especially affectionate voice. - What a charm - Russian winter!

In the face of this man there was something so calm and inspiring confidence in everyone that everyone who found him walking in the winter garden wanted to open his soul, sharing the most intimate and painful, without any concealment. The old man knew how to listen to people for a long time and attentively, without interrupting them with a word or a gesture, and was extremely patient. Finally, he used to jump up from the garden bench and tenaciously grab his interlocutor by the hand: - Happiness, my dear, yours, that you met with the doctor today. Let's go, let's go home! To tell the truth, I can't vouch for anything...

The garden, shrouded in its fabulously white robes, seemed to doze in its motionless beauty and splendor of nocturnal grandeur. But among this winter fairy tale, the silhouette of a touching and very sweet old man, who took the first driver and rushed off to the patient's address, was no longer noticeable. But could he have been in time everywhere, this doctor, already quite small in stature, in a warm hat, fur coat and high galoshes, who suddenly with one quick movement broke this illusion of peace and tranquility and hurried to the aid of another unfamiliar interlocutor? Why did he suddenly jump up from his seat and rush headlong to one of the poor ends of St. Petersburg, into the unknown at night? Probably because he respected himself and truly loved people. Because the man himself was correct and very decent, and the doctor was a rare, wonderful one.

He was like a beneficent angel for ordinary people, treating them and not taking money for a visit. Sometimes, he himself paid for their medicines and, hastily saying goodbye to the patient, left several large credit notes under some tea saucer or sugar bowl along with the written prescription.

Patients learned about the name of their benefactor by the inscription on the pharmacy label attached to the bottle of medicine, where it was clearly written: "According to the prescription of Professor Pirogov."

At parting, the usually wonderful doctor said in his calm and confident voice to desperate patients: Everything will get better, it will get better. God bless you, and most importantly - never lose heart!

However, there were few doctors from God in the distant 19th century: you can count on the fingers the names of Botkin and Zakharyin - two great doctors who created two magnificent clinical schools, respectively in St. Petersburg and Moscow, physiologists Sechenov and Pavlov. But even among them, the name of Professor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov stands out in a special way.

The future great surgeon was born on November 13, 1810 in the family of a poor treasury official. He was only fifteen years old when Pirogov, attributing two years to himself, entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. Passionate about surgery and anatomy. True, in those years, the “anatomists” at the universities were closed, and the preparation of anatomical preparations itself was prosecuted by law as an ungodly deed, and the discovered preparations, as usual, were interred with a memorial service.

However, the inquisitive Pirogov managed to work with real drugs, which were sometimes obtained behind the scenes. Working in the "anatomist" all day, the dissecting student barely found time to have time to eat in a tavern or ask one of his friends for fifty dollars to buy tea, sugar and rolls in the nearest shop.

After graduating from the university, Pirogov was sent to Dorpat (Tartu), where he is preparing to receive the title of professor. In 1832, he brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation in surgery, where he resolved a number of questions on the technique of aortic ligation.

In 1833, Pirogov was already in France, then in Prussia, where he improved his surgical skills. The Berlin professor Langenbeck taught him not to hold the scalpel with his full hand, but to pull, like a bow, over the tissue being cut. (This is how they put the hand of a novice pianist!)

However, what Pirogov saw in Europe should have somewhat disappointed him. Here, the operations lasted exactly as long as the patient could endure. As a rule, no longer than two or three minutes. After all, neither anesthesia nor local anesthesia was used then. Most of all, he was struck by the blunders of the French surgeons.

Returning to Dorpat in 1835, where he was elected professor, the great surgeon will pay special attention to the analysis of the mistakes made by students, doctors, and sometimes even by himself in the diagnosis or treatment of the disease. Soon, in 1839, two volumes of the Clinical Annals will be published, which will make a lot of noise and bring scandalous fame to their author. Pirogov in his book, for the first time in the history of medicine, dared to openly report what had happened in the clinic to the medical public. Thus, the young surgeon dared to break the old guild tradition of physicians - not to wash dirty linen in public. No one had ever publicly discussed blunders committed by surgeons before his book.

“Whether I am right in my view or not, I leave it to others to judge. In one thing I can assure you that in my book there is no place for either lies or self-praise,” the professor wrote about his scientific method.

In 1840, he took over a hospital with a thousand beds, and in 1846 he created the first anatomical institute in Europe at the Department of Surgery of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. At this time, he publishes several famous scientific works, the main of which is the atlas "Topographic Anatomy ...". The atlas brought worldwide recognition to Pirogov. In 1847 he was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences.

But Pirogov cannot sit still in the capital, where, between lectures and operations, he barely has time to eat pies and gravy every day. He takes on another responsibility - he is in charge of the technical part of the military medical plant, where he creates sets of surgical instruments for work in the field.

So the great professor gradually turns into a military surgeon. In the same year, he leaves in this capacity for the active army in the Caucasus. During the siege of the village of Salty, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine used ether for anesthesia during operations in the field. Later, he will explain that ether, as a narcotic substance, has an effect through the blood on the central nervous system. On innovations in the treatment of wounds, Pirogov will report in detail to the Minister of War, Count Chernyshev.

Perhaps immortal glory will come to Pirogov during the defense of Sevastopol. In combat conditions, he will prove himself in practice as an excellent organizer; for example, for the first time he will make very extensive use of the help of sisters of mercy in the field. The experience of a military surgeon during the Caucasian and Crimean wars will allow him to start writing the main and final work on military surgical practice, which he will call "The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery" (1864).

In 1870, Pirogov would be in the area of ​​operations as a representative of the Russian Red Cross Society during the Franco-Prussian War. In 1877, he was already in Bulgaria, where fierce battles unfolded between Russian and Turkish troops.

Returning to Russia, Pirogov settled in his estate near the village of Cherry near Vinnitsa. He devoted a good half century to Russian medicine and, it would seem, could finally retire and find long-awaited peace.

As a man, Pirogov enjoyed exceptional love and respect among the people. As a doctor, the professor until his death helped everyone - from the poor to the courtiers. He continued to practice until the last minute of his life, faithful to the Hippocratic oath. Both of them considered Pirogov a holy man who endlessly performs miracle after miracle in surgery.

Petersburgers saw the miraculous doctor for the last time at the end of November 1881, when his embalmed body was transported to his own estate Cherry. Everyone noticed with bitterness: something great, life-giving and holy, which burned so brightly in the wonderful doctor during his lifetime, died out forever ...

The charitable activities of Pirogov, the doctor, left their mark in fiction. Kuprin in the story "The Wonderful Doctor" told how Pirogov saved the family of a poor official from illness and hunger, helped her "break out." We somehow do not really trust the ends, where, like in a fairy tale, a great person appears who arranges everything, because everything is possible. But the story is reliable - it is a tribute to the humanity, kindness and nobility of Pirogov.

The stranger left, did not give his name and did not openly give money. Why?

Answer of the students: Pirogov was not only an experienced doctor, but an outstanding kind savior of human souls. He helped suffering people free of charge, without demanding awards and praise. After all, true kindness is not flaunted. And they do it from a pure heart, sincerely, secretly. That is why many monuments have been erected to Pirogov. And in his native Vinnitsa, the body of a surgeon rests in the mausoleum, who, even after his death, bequeathed himself to science.

methodological comments.

Relaxation. The presentation in absentia introduces students to Pirogov's hometown (cognitive function), the music on the slide contributes to the relaxation and rest of children, helps the teacher generalize the content side of the story, and summarize at the analytical level.

Let's go to Vinnitsa. Let's get together. Let's concentrate. Let's close our eyes. Let's listen to great music. Let's reach out to the world. Let's open our hearts to love.

Teacher: What spiritual qualities are revealed in a person who performs such humane acts? (Responsiveness, kindness, mercy, love, tolerance, nobility, patriotism, generosity.)

Write down these qualities for yourself.

What is the meaning of active compassion? (The main thing in life is to be necessary, necessary, to lend a helping hand. And a person who has all these qualities is ready for active compassion)

methodological comments. Students need to take a physical minute to relieve stress. 2 options are offered. The teacher chooses the one that he likes best:

・We worked great

Take a break now.

And charging is familiar to us

Comes to class for class.

Above the hand, above the heel,

Smile more cheerfully.

We jump like bunnies!

Let's get everyone up and running right away!

They stretched and sighed.

Have a rest? Have a rest!

Became slender birches,

And the oak trees pulled up

Straightened their leaves

The sun smiled gently.

Bow down to the earth

For warmth, for the day, for affection

Let's all say "Thank you" together

What we are and what we are

methodological comments. The teacher organizes the discussion. The class is pre-divided into groups. Group work: explain aphorisms. Which of them can serve as a kind of result of reflections on Kuprin's story? What episode of the story is reflected in the aphorism?. Choose from the proposed aphorisms the one that would correspond to your life principles. Realization of life experience. The presentation introduces the wise thoughts of great people and allows students to form an active life position.

Kindness is what the deaf can hear and the blind can see. Mark Twain

Kindness is beauty in action. .

Good is life. .

· Think well, and thoughts will ripen into good deeds. .

· You must be good with both friend and foe!

Who by nature is kind, you will not find malice in him.

Hurt a friend - you make an enemy

You embrace the enemy - you make a friend. Omar Khayyam

· Goodness for the soul is the same as health for the body: it is invisible when you own it, and it gives success in every business.

Teacher's word. Generalization.

Many years will pass. Each of you will choose a business to your liking, you will have a family, close people. And most importantly, that you become a person who is ready to help, to sympathize. This requires a lot of work on yourself.

What does the story make you think about?

Can we say with certainty that the story is relevant, modern today?

Teacher: The story contains a deep reflection of the writer about good and evil, which exists not only somewhere, but is in the person himself. After reading this story, you understand that you need to love your neighbor. After all, if you love a person, you will be loved yourself.

One famous writer said that beauty will save the world. I agree with him. But what can we add to make the world a better place?

Don't pity your heart.

Do not conceal your kindness and tenderness,

Not their insights and discoveries

Do not hide in life from people.

Life is always full of pain.

On the ground, walking one path,

Generous in love lives richly,

The stingy one lives in misery to the grave.

Hurry up to give everything in life,

And come to the rescue in time

Good deed, good word,

And the good itself, meeting on the way.

Is there something in common between the words merciful and alms? (Good is disinterested. But you can do good not to help, but to demonstrate to others who is the best, kindest).

Here is what the Bible says about it:

- “Look, do not do your alms before people so that they see you: otherwise you will not be rewarded from your Heavenly Father. // So, when you do alms, do not blow your trumpets, as hypocrites do in synagogues and on the streets, so that people glorify them. I tell you truly, they are already receiving their reward.

With you, when you do alms, let your left hand not know what your right hand is doing.

“So that your alms may be in secret, and your Father, who sees in secret, rewards you openly.” (Matthew 6:1-4).

Why is the story called "The Miraculous Doctor?"

Is it necessary to help someone who does not ask you?

Summarizing:

The ability to help another person who needs this help. Each of us must be prepared for this and remember that:

What a trail

Invisible lasting trace. We will leave in someone else's soul

For many years?

Such a trace that Professor Pirogov left in the lives of other people. And most importantly, never lose heart, fight against circumstances and, at the first opportunity, lend a hand to someone who needs help.

Homework: Write an essay “What miracles should people believe in?”

Used Books:

All works of the school curriculum in summary / Ed. , 1997.

Data of the worldwide computer network INTERNET.

A. Kuprin wrote stories and stories not only about love. The themes of philanthropy and mercy were also raised in his work. As many have noted, the writer loved to study people and all the phenomena of life. Therefore, it is not surprising that he touched on such important issues. Kindness and mercy are discussed in the story "The Miraculous Doctor", an analysis of which is presented below.

History of creation

In the analysis of The Miraculous Doctor, the following should be noted: even at the very beginning of the story, the author sets the reader in a serious mood. He writes that this story is not fiction. And in fact, this amazing story was told to Kuprin by a familiar banker.

The work was written in 1897, when the writer was in Kyiv. His friend told about the events that happened about 30 years ago. This is a story about a family on the verge of despair. They huddled in a closet, there was no money, not only for food and medicine, they had nothing to make a fire with.

The narrator's sister fell ill, and there was nothing to treat. Parents tried to find some money, but they were chased away from everywhere. And, when the head of the family had already decided to commit suicide, a New Year's miracle happened to him. He met the famous doctor Pirogov. Nikolai Ivanovich helped a poor family and did not even begin to give his name. Only later did they learn that it was Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.

As noted by those who knew the doctor, for him such disinterested help was natural. He was distinguished by his philanthropy, mercy. He brought happiness to the Mertsalov family: after his visit, their life improved, things went well. This story impressed the writer so much that he created a work that belongs to the genre of Christmas stories.

Features of building a composition

In the analysis of "The Miraculous Doctor" one should note the features of the composition. At the very beginning, the author describes two boys who are standing and looking at the shop windows - bright, festive. But when they go home, the environment becomes darker, gloomier. There are no more festive lights, and their house looks like a dungeon. The whole work is built on such contrasts.

Everyone is preparing for the New Year holiday, decorating Christmas trees, buying gifts. Everyone is making noise, fussing, and people have nothing to do with the poor Mertsalov family. They had no money, they were in a very difficult situation. And such a sharp transition from the holiday to darkness allows the reader to feel the despair of the Mertsalovs more deeply.

In the analysis of "The Miraculous Doctor" it should be noted that there is a contrast among the characters. The head of the family is shown as a weak man, so desperate that he sees only one way out - to commit suicide. And Pirogov is shown as a kind, strong, active person. And he, like a ray of light, illuminates the darkness in the Mertsalov family. The contrast made it possible to convey the importance of the meeting of those people with Pirogov, all the miraculousness of his appearance.

Main idea of ​​the story

In the analysis of "The Miraculous Doctor" by Kuprin, it is necessary to highlight the main idea of ​​the work. The writer wanted to show how rare qualities of mercy, attention to one's neighbor, selflessness have become, that they are perceived as a miracle. The author, using the example of a famous person, showed how one good deed can change the lives of others for the better.

Why was the story named that way?

In the analysis of the work "The Miraculous Doctor" it is also worth explaining the meaning of the title of the story. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was an amazing person. He possessed on fact miraculous abilities - kindness. It was these qualities that Kuprin highly valued in people. And for him, their manifestation was like a miracle. The writer wanted to show that good deeds should not only be done on holidays, but should be done daily. Then every day in a person's life will be wonderful.