Sentences and its types are examples. Simple and complex sentences

There are different kinds of syntactic units in . They can be divided into groups according to different criteria: according to the purpose of the statement, according to the features of the grammatical basis, according to intonation, according to structure. In Russian, there is a whole section that studies this construction as a unit of text. This section is called "". Consider what types of sentences exist in Russian.

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Division into groups

Let's analyze what are the proposals for the purpose of the statement:

Narrative sentences are sentences that end with a period. Declarative sentences tell about some event. Examples can be given from any text describing certain events.

An exclamation point must end with an exclamation point. It is used to express anger, surprise and other strong feelings.

An interrogative always ends with a question mark. It is used in cases where a person wants to ask about something, make inquiries, clarify information.

Attention! In Russian, unlike some other European languages (for example, from), you can make an interrogative statement from a declarative statement (and vice versa) without changing the word order. For example: “Masha is a student” and “Masha is a student?”. In the first case, this is a statement of fact, in the second case, it is an expression of uncertainty, a desire to clarify the reliability of information.

Separation into groups according to emotional coloring

According to the emotional coloring of the proposal are exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

Exclamation point:

Aren `t you ashamed!
Shame on the losers and lazybones!
Look how quiet it is around! Grace!

Exclamatory sentences, as can be seen from the examples, express different ones, from contempt to admiration.

Non-exclamatory:

My mom is a teacher.
There are many interesting places in my hometown.
When I grow up, I will be a mechanic.

In order to understand what non-exclamatory statements are, any of their examples can be read aloud. In this case, the intonation will be even, calm. If there is an exclamation point at the end of a written statement, the intonation, on the contrary, will be uneven, ascending.

Proposals vary in tone. This applies not only to Russian, but also to all other languages of the world. In Russian, according to intonation, sentences are emotionally colored or emotionally neutral.

Sentences in written speech that have a pronounced emotional coloring have an exclamation point at the end. Expressions in oral speech, characterized by emotions, are pronounced with a rise in voice at the end of the phrase.

Attention! If there is an exclamation point at the end of a phrase, this phrase should be read aloud very expressively. This is especially true for reading poetry. If you pronounce such phrases in an even, calm voice, the meaning of the statement and its expressiveness are often lost.

Classification according to the features of the grammatical basis

According to the presence or absence of the components of the grammatical basis, sentences are one-piece and two-piece. A monosyllabic has only a predicate or a subject. The two-part one has both the subject and the predicate. Characterization of constructions according to the peculiarities of the grammatical basis occupies an important place in the school course of the modern Russian language.

According to the full or partial presence of a grammatical basis, complete thoughts in writing are one-part and two-part. Here are examples of a typical incomplete one-part sentence:

It's getting light.
It's getting cold.
I came, I saw, I conquered.

And here are examples of two-part full:

The embroiderer has finished her needlework.
Santa Claus came to the Christmas tree at school.
Grandmother milked the cow and went to rest.

Offer classification

Classification by the number of grammatical bases

What groups are these syntactic units divided into according to the number of grammatical bases? For two - simple and complex. It is possible to determine what type the statement belongs to by the presence of one or more bases. When it comes to simple and complex sentences, you can learn an important rule of punctuation using simple examples. It is given below.

Simple sentences

Attention! All grammatical bases included in the composition are separated by a comma. There may be an alliance between them, but it may also be absent. For example: “The sun went down, and the animals in the barn fell asleep” or “It was raining, a boy in galoshes splashed through the puddles.”

A simple sentence is a written statement that has only one grammatical basis. Here are typical examples:

I have gone to distant lands.
My uncle works as a tractor driver on a collective farm.
The cat can jump and scream loudly.

The main features of the complex: the presence of several grammatical bases, the use of unions (although they may not be), the division of the statement into logical parts using commas. Examples:

My brother taught lessons and I played the piano.
Mom sang a song, and the children sang along with her.
Morning came, the grandmother took her grandson to kindergarten.

Types of complex sentences

A complex sentence can consist of several parts, interconnected by a coordinating or subordinating link. What groups can complex structures be divided into? On the compound and complex. Here are typical examples:

I live in a house that is under a mountain (subordination).
I will go to a place where no one knows me (subordinating relationship).
Snowflakes are spinning, and the new year is coming (composing allied connection).
I was sitting at home, my mother was sleeping (composing non-union connection).

The sentence, its grammatical basis

Different types of complex sentences

Conclusion

The characteristic of a sentence is one of the most difficult questions in modern Russian. This problem is actively studied by modern linguists, and is also considered in the Russian language course for students in grades 5–9 of secondary schools. According to various characteristics in modern Russian, they are divided into different groups. A detailed description of this syntactic unit helps to better understand the essence of the statement, as well as to understand the rules of punctuation.

Most often, the task of the B4 Unified State Examination in the Russian language involves the ability to There is a lot of information on this topic - you can find it in school textbooks, various kinds of manuals, etc. And we decided to focus on the most important thing - on what is directly useful for completing tasks.

One-part sentence differs from two-part, first of all, by the fact that in it not two main members, but only one- subject or predicate. Let's observe:

Depending on which main member (subject or predicate) is in the sentence, one-part sentences are divided into two groups:

one-part sentences with the main member-subject,
one-part sentences with the main member-predicate.

Let's consider each of the groups.

One-part sentences with the main member-subject

This is nominal sentences . Their grammatical basis consists only of the subject, which in most cases is expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Nominative sentences may include secondary members (that is, be common), they often contain particles ( here, here, and there, what etc.):

One-part sentences with the main member-predicate

They, in turn, are divided into several types, depending on how the speaker or writer knows the producer of the action (“face”):

Definitely personal suggestions

Consider suggestions:

There is no subject in them, however, the one who performs the action is easily guessed in them - “the person is determined” (therefore, such sentences are called definitely personal).

As you can see, the predicate in one-part definite-personal sentences is expressed by verbs of 1 and 2 persons, singular and plural. Simply put, personal pronouns can be substituted for the predicate in a definite personal sentence: me, we, you, you.

But keep in mind: we are talking only about verbs-predicates in present and future tense. In the past time It is not that simple:

The fact is that in the past tense, verbs do not change by person. And that means definitely personal a one-part sentence with a predicate in the form of the past tense cannot be: it’s impossible to determine the “face”!

Moreover, sentences like "Walking down the street" are not one-piece. These are two-part incomplete sentences. The words in them are not missing, as in one-part sentences, - and missed and are restored from a previous context or situation. And here is the offer "Sang a song" may be one-part indefinitely personal.

Indefinitely personal sentences

Judging by the name, in indefinite personal sentences “the person is not defined” - the one who performs the action is unknown to the speaker or writer. And yet, the action is performed by someone, the “person” producing it exists:

Someone writes about the weather in the newspapers, someone knocks on the door, someone will talk about it - but who exactly does all these actions is unknown.

The predicates in such sentences are expressed in the 3rd person plural of the present, past or future tense. Remember: the predicate in an indefinite personal sentence is always in the plural!

If in an indefinite personal sentence the “person” performing the action is unknown, then in an impersonal sentence it is simply No. The action takes place on its own., without the participation of the subject.

There are many varieties of impersonal sentences, let's dwell on some of them.

In an impersonal sentence it can be expressed, for example, state of nature or man:

Impersonal are one-part sentences in which the predicates (or parts thereof) are words no, it was not (will not be), (not) necessary, impossible etc.:

The predicate in an impersonal sentence is often expressed infinitive:

By the way, such predicates are often found in one of the parts of a complex sentence:

Generalized-personal are considered one-part sentences in which the action of the verb-predicate does not refer to one person, but to many (or to all) - that is, to a generalized “person”.

Most often, generalized personal sentences are proverbs:

In form, such sentences can be definitely personal or indefinitely personal, differing, however, in their generalized meaning. That is why not all linguists distinguish generalized personal sentences into a separate type of one-component sentences. However, it is impossible to completely ignore the specifics of such proposals. Sometimes they are described as follows:

What goes around comes around.- One-part definite-personal sentence with a generalized meaning.

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.- One-part indefinitely personal sentence with a generalized meaning.

A sentence is a unit of speech, which is a combination of interconnected words that has a certain meaning and intonation. A sentence can end with a period, an exclamation mark, a question mark, or an ellipsis. Let's look at what offers are based on different classifications.

According to the purpose of the statement

Here are some suggestions for the purpose of the statement:

Narrative. Report on ongoing processes and phenomena. Their purpose is to convey certain information to the interlocutor. Example: "It will require a considerable amount, but I think the costs will pay off."
Interrogative. Formulate a question in order to obtain certain information from the interlocutor. Example: "What's wrong with that?"
Incentives. They serve to induce certain actions. They express orders, demands. Example: "Look what he gave me a few years ago!".

By intonation

Let's move on to the next characteristic of the proposals. Now let's decide what are the proposals for intonation.

Exclamation points. They are accompanied by a special heightened emotionality, a word expressing a certain emotion is distinguished by an increase in tone. Example: "It's just that all this makes my head spin!".
Non-exclamatory. They don't carry a lot of emotional overtones. Example: "People, to their misfortune, do not understand each other well."

Complex and simple sentences

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit in which there is only one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate. Example: "He came." in a simple sentence - one grammatical basis.
Compound sentences are several simple sentences that are united by a common meaning or with the help of conjunctions. Example: "There are coppers, but if you look, you will find a silver coin." A complex sentence has two or more grammatical bases.

Two-part and one-part sentences

In turn, simple sentences are divided into:

Bipartite. Simple sentences that have two main members: subject and predicate. Example: "The sun is shining."
One-piece. Simple sentences that have only one main member: subject or predicate. For example: "Dark".

Types of one-part sentences

Consider what are one-part sentences in Russian:

Indefinitely personal. Examples: "I was invited to visit"; "We did everything right."
Generalized personal. Examples: “You won’t find luck in this land”; "If you go to the right, you will lose your horse."
Impersonal. Examples: "Evening"; "He's not well."
Definitely personal. Examples: “I lie down and read”; "He looks at it and thinks."
Infinitives. Example: "Go ahead! We can't retreat!"
Names. Examples: "Love."; "War."; "Hope."; "Moment.".
Incomplete offers. They lack one or more major or minor members, but the context clearly indicates them. Example: "Did you know? Whom? Her".

Complex sentences

Consider what are the sentences from the category of complex.

Compound sentences are made up of simple independent sentences with the help of conjunctions, which are called coordinating: but, but, yes, or, or, and, but, however. There are also complex coordinating conjunctions: that ... that, or ... either, not that ... not that. Example: "The wind carried away the clouds, and the moon appeared"; "The daughter will look out the window, then the son will look at the clock."
Complex sentences consist of simple sentences, and one of the parts of such a sentence is grammatically dependent on the other. Parts connect allied words and subordinating prepositions: where, to, what, where, why, which, whose. Subordinating conjunctions include: instead of, despite the fact that. An allied word or a subordinate conjunction is always present only in a subordinate clause. Example: "I know they are colleagues"; "She doesn't want us to be late."
Unionless proposals. Their parts are non-union sentences, usually independent, but not always have equal semantic rights, allied words and conjunctions are absent in such sentences. Examples: "It was raining, drops were pounding on the roof"; "Heard a knock, opened the door."

Common and non-common

Depending on the presence of secondary members in the proposals, there are:

Unused offers. There are no secondary members of the proposal. Example: "Summer is over."
Common suggestions. The proposal contains secondary members. Example: "This summer has gone by unnoticed."

Now you know what types of sentences are in Russian, and you will never confuse them again.

Offers are divided into simple and complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be widespread and uncommon, i.e. contain or not contain, in addition to the main secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. and He came.

Simple sentence

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.

A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. Cloud - black, heavy outlines.

A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main member (with or without dependent words). One-part proposals are:

Indefinite-personal: Me called to the director.
generalized-personal: Easily you won't pull out and fish from the pond.
Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
Definitely personal: Sitting and I draw.
infinitive: be silent ! you already drive.
denominative: Night. The street. Lamp. Pharmacy.
incomplete sentence- this is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, which are indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, and rumor - rumor. We talked as if they had known each other for centuries. You probably know about our work? And about me? I will wear this is blue.

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and intonation. A complex sentence has two or more grammatical bases. Simple sentences as part of a complex one can be connected both with the help of unions and without them: Cranes fly away, and low autumn clouds cloud the sky.

A comma is placed between simple sentences in a complex one. A complex sentence, consisting of simple ones connected without conjunctions, is called a non-union complex sentence:

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and / or with the help of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:

Compound sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), grammatically independent, related in meaning and with the help of coordinating conjunctions and, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither ... nor ..., then ... then ..., either ..., or ..., not that ..., not that ... and etc.: The rain is over , and the sun came up. That phone will ring , then will ring the doorbell.
Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, to, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, though, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating unions: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating union and the allied word are always in the subordinate clause: I know , what they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because did not hear the question.
Unionless proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always grammatically independent, but sometimes unequal in meaning; conjunctions and allied words are missing: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it.

The typology of sentences in the Russian language is built on the basis of taking into account various features - meaningful, functional, structural.
Content features underlie the division of sentences according to the nature of the objective modality, according to the specifics of the correlation of the two components of thought. Different meanings of objective modality are realized in sentences of real modality and in sentences of unreal modality. Various shades of subjective-modal meanings appear in sentences expressing assumption, doubt, confidence, possibility, impossibility, etc.
According to the correlation of the components of thought (the subject of thought and its attribute), sentences are divided into affirmative (what is said about the subject of thought is affirmed) and negative (what is said about the subject of thought is denied).
Functional features are made up of the communicative purposefulness of sentences and the intonation that depends on this. According to the function (purpose of the utterance), sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences.
In a separate type according to the purpose of the statement, sentences with the meaning of desirability can also be distinguished, although traditionally they are included in incentive sentences. Each of these types of sentences can become exclamatory with the appropriate emotional coloring, conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.
The structural characteristic of sentences is built on the basis of taking into account signs that indicate the structure of sentences.
Depending on the number of predicative units, sentences can be simple or complex.
Simple sentences are characterized by syntactic articulation or non-segmentation and are divided into articulating (having sentence members) and indivisible (sentences that lack the ability to distinguish sentence members in their composition). Depending on the number of main members of the proposal (one or two) acting as the organizing center of the proposal, segmented proposals are divided into one-part and two-part.
By the presence or absence of secondary members, proposals are distinguished between common and non-common.
Both one-part and two-part sentences are considered complete if all the syntactic positions required for a given structure are verbally represented, and incomplete if one or more syntactic positions of a given sentence structure turn out to be unsubstituted by the conditions of the context or situation.
When making a sentence, intonation is of great importance, which performs both a grammatical and a stylistic function. With the help of intonation, the completeness of the sentence is conveyed and its division into syntactically significant segments is carried out, the emotionality of speech is expressed, strong-willed impulses are transmitted, as well as various modal shades of meanings.