MODERN SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE -
RESOURCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF EDUCATION MODERNIZATION
The model of a modern school should correspond to the goals of advanced innovative development of the economy and the social sphere, ensure the growth of the country's welfare and contribute to the formation of human potential.
Today, the image of a school graduate is becoming a guideline for designing processes and conditions for obtaining educational results, the main tool for the development of the school and the teaching staff.
The appearance of schools, both in form and content, must change significantly.
We will get a real return if school is both exciting and interesting if it becomes a center not only for compulsory education, but also for self-training, creativity and sports. .
This means that in addition to the description in educational standards of the conditions for the implementation of educational programs, other documents regulating educational activities should also be updated: requirements for ensuring school safety, requirements for organizing a healthy diet for children, requirements for organizing medical care for students. The educational environment must change .
Goals of the New School should be built from the opportunities that are available today: this is the emergence of new projects and updating the environment of existing schools.
It is clear that we do not have the opportunity at one moment to build new, modern, equipped with the latest technology instead of old schools. Therefore, we will gradually change the infrastructure of the gymnasium, but persistently.
5. Development of the infrastructure of the gymnasium.
6. Health of students.
Russia should become the most attractive country for life. The path of development by 2020 has been determined - this is innovation: it is associated, first of all, with large-scale investments in human capital.
Therefore, the main guidelines development strategies of our gymnasium are:
Human development as a necessary condition for the progress of modern society.
Achieving a new quality of general education.
Creation of a new school model.
Essence of expected changes that will take place in the gymnasium is reduced to the following parameters:
New educational standards;
Individualization of education;
New system for assessing the quality of education;
informatization of education;
Changing the infrastructure of the gymnasium;
A new system for advanced training of teaching staff;
Introduction of normative - per capita financing;
Participation of public institutions in the management of education.
Organizational school reality requires a different school infrastructure. The President sets the task of creating a model of a new school: with good school architecture , with high-tech educational equipment, broadband Internet, competent textbooks and interactive teaching aids, a modern canteen, a library and a media library, conditions for sports and creativity.
What characterizes the school infrastructure?
The two most important components : resources and learning environment.
Resources: personnel, methodological, informational, logistical, financial support.
Educational environment: safe, adaptive, barrier-free, rich, intelligent.
What infrastructure does the gymnasium have today and what prospects does it build for itself?
There are 82 teachers working in the gymnasium, 51 of them are teachers. 96% of teachers, candidates of sciences - 5 people, teachers of the highest and first category - 72%, the average age of teachers - 49 years, winners and participants of PNP - 15 people have higher professional education. Over the past three years, 100% of teachers have improved their qualifications, full staffing.
What information resources does the gymnasium have today?
The gymnasium has 2 computer science classrooms, a language laboratory, an electronic library, a media library, and a mini-printing house. An automated teacher's workplace has been created in each classroom, all educational and administrative classrooms are united into a single local network and have Internet access. By the end of the school year, the elementary school will also be connected to the Internet.
We are currently thinking about preparing a project to create a digital school model.
The gymnasium has a fairly good material and technical base: 45 classrooms, 10 interactive complexes, 12 projectors, 52 units of video-audio equipment, 79 computers. All classrooms are 100% equipped with manuals and equipment in accordance with modern requirements. The exception is the technology room for boys, which requires more modern equipment. The gymnasium has a sports hall (by the new academic year we will also equip a gym), a ski base for 100 units, a modern sports complex, and a canteen.
The gymnasium is a municipal resource center for physics. Innovative projects for the modernization of classrooms are being effectively implemented in the gymnasium, and as a result - the silver medal of the All-Russian Exhibition Center (2006) for the implementation of the innovative project "Modern classrooms of physics and chemistry of the Udelnaya gymnasium as a result of the modernization of classrooms of the natural science cycle."
The main task of the gymnasium is to provide a comfortable, safe school environment. The organization of safety in the gymnasium consists not only of solving organizational issues and developing relevant documents that provide for the procedure for action in the event of an emergency, as well as interaction with law enforcement agencies and higher organizations, but also physical and engineering security, the availability of fire control equipment and the availability fire extinguishing means.
An important condition for creating a full-fledged school environment is the availability of a health infrastructure. To organize the educational process in such a way as to preserve the health of children is one of the main tasks of the institution. Every year, all students in grades 1,2,4,9,10,11 undergo a full medical examination.
The organization of nutrition is of great importance for maintaining the health of children. This work is done by social educators together with educators of extended day groups and class teachers. 67% of students receive hot breakfasts and lunches in an organized manner, 12% of them enjoy free reduced-price meals.
In 2008, within the framework of the RCPMO, a complete reconstruction of the catering unit was carried out with the replacement of technological equipment. More than 4 million rubles were allocated from the regional and municipal budget. rubles and about 1 million rubles were extra-budgetary funds. Reconstruction of the dining room allowed to significantly improve the quality of cooking, diversify the range of dishes, and create a cozy dining room.
For children's recreation, banquettes are placed in all recreations, tennis tables are installed. For students of the 1st grade, a dynamic pause (45 minutes) was introduced with a daily walk.
For physical culture and sports, the sports hall has been completely renovated. The gym will start operating in the new academic year.
In 2010, the construction of a modern sports complex on the territory of the gymnasium was completed. This became possible due to the attention paid to the institution by the district authorities, the involvement of social partners and investors. At the same time, it became possible to use the sports complex for other educational institutions of the district. Our sports hall and ski base are a platform for preparing for sports competitions at various levels of the pupils of the Udelninsky orphanage and the Udelninsky boarding school for orphans.
The gymnasium implements comprehensive programs "Our Safety" and "Our Health", the purpose of which is to ensure the safety and preservation of the health of students.
Traditional in the gymnasium are such events as Health Day, Children's Day, sports contests for schoolchildren, planned object trainings.
There are 7 handicapped children studying at the gymnasium. Mastering the educational program in full-time - 6 students, 1 student - in the form of an external student. Children are successful, fully feel themselves in class groups. We create conditions for the possibility of distance learning for children with disabilities and external students.
Great changes have also taken place in the library of the gymnasium. The core of the school library of the 21st century is the book component: a fund of artistic, scientific, methodological, popular science, educational literature, literature on a wide artistic and scientific and technical culture, historical and modern documents on paper and digital media. The fund of textbooks is more than 15 thousand copies, fiction and scientific literature is more than 12 thousand copies. There are 26 copies per student. Over the past 4 years, the library fund of the gymnasium has been updated by 25% at the expense of regional, parental funds, as well as through participation in PNPO. An inventory of the book fund and its reorganization were carried out. We have begun to form a digital library: digital library cards and a computer base of the library fund have been introduced in the gymnasium. There are 2 computers with Internet access, the library is connected to a local network, the author's (developed by teachers of the gymnasium) automated electronic program "Librarian-2" is used and the third version of "Librarian.3" has been prepared.
the idea of creating educational institutions with innovative, including digital technologies, was put forward. We declared our readiness to participate in the joint project of ISMO RAO and Media Group "School Library-XXI century". On the basis of our gymnasium, it is possible to simulate the use of a digitized fund.
The list of measures to ensure modern school infrastructure should also include:
Social partnership, which allows us to increase the attractiveness of the education system for potential investors;
Development of interaction of the institution with organizations of the entire social sphere: institutions of culture, health care, sports, leisure.
Education for a child should become a way for him to achieve the main goal - his own well-being, the well-being of the family, the surrounding society. The graduate must be competitive. Therefore, to create a model of a new school, it is necessary to move to an activity-competence educational model with a leading factor of interpersonal interaction, interactivity.
For more than 10 years, the gymnasium has been working on the topic “Managing the quality of education at the gymnasium level”. One of the directions for the implementation of this project is "Introduction of modern pedagogical technologies into the educational process." Teachers were trained on the basis of the gymnasium in 6 training modules:
Student-centered learning, hands. , kpn, MIPT; problem-search technologies in teaching, hands. Chernyavskaya A. G, PhD, MIPT;
The structure of the construction of a modern lesson, hands. , kpn, RAO;
Designing the activities of the teaching staff for the implementation of the Development Program of the institution (heads, knp, ASOU);
Innovative pedagogical activity in an educational institution (head, PhD, professor of Moscow State Educational Institution);
Technology of the activity method as a means of realizing modern goals of education (on the basis of the Association "School-2000", leader);
Competence-based approach to teaching (on the basis of gymnasium No. 2, leader).
It was an immersion in the problem, a search for new ways of development.
Gymnasium teachers use in practice a wide variety of pedagogical technologies, which are based on the activity method of teaching. It should be noted that the methodological basis of the Second Generation Standards is a system-activity approach. The technology of the activity method is focused on achieving the main result - the development of the child's personality on the basis of educational activities. The activity method of teaching involves a shift in emphasis in building the educational process from the “What to teach?” model. to the "How to teach?"
We note significant changes in the following areas:
Relations "student - student", "student-teacher" (building a common atmosphere of mutual interest);
Teacher status (growth of professional pedagogical competence);
Infrastructure for ensuring educational activities (the use of the information environment of the gymnasium for planning the educational process by each teacher);
Change management (system for monitoring and diagnosing performance results).
We consider all these areas through the category of education quality management.
In 2009, the gymnasium published an annotated catalogue, which presents the results of the innovation activities of the gymnasium for the period 2005-2009, the model of innovation activity, innovative projects implemented in the gymnasium, managerial and individual experience of teachers.
The "Concept for the Development of Russian Education until 2010" defines one of the priority areas - a competent approach, which should become the leading one in education. Updating the content of education dictates the need for the same approach to management issues. One of the components of the competence of managers is information competence.
Updating the management of the education system in modern conditions is primarily associated with the formation of the structure of information and analytical activities as the main management tool. At the same time, one of the most important characteristics of any system, which ultimately determines the effectiveness of its functioning, is the direction of circulation of information flows in it.
An information-analytical system has been created and is successfully functioning in the gymnasium: student workstations (including modern work areas, areas for gifted people), teachers, administrators, librarians have been created, software products have been introduced: 1C, Electronic Journal, Skype technologies.
The gymnasium has developed a successful practice of organizing electronic monitoring. The success of this process was determined by the following factors: the availability of competent personnel, the presence of a mobile management team, the ability of the team to work in an innovative mode, the availability of technical equipment that provides the process of electronic monitoring. Electronic monitoring provides the following positive effects: the process of collecting and calculating data is maximally automated, the efficiency of tracking ongoing changes is noted, and the principle of publicity is implemented.
The school has its own website. We consider the site of the gymnasium as a powerful resource for optimizing management. The site, as the core of communication, not only organizes, but also generates individual creative areas of activity, giving them a higher network status.
The educational environment of the gymnasium is quite flexible and diverse. This allows you to meet the various interests and needs of students (educational, spiritual, aesthetic) through:
Organization of children's creative associations of interest (studios, associations, clubs, circles, sections);
Organization of scientific-practical and project activities of high school students;
Involvement of primary school students in project work;
Creation of a school scientific society;
Creation of a psychological and pedagogical environment to expand the opportunities for the development of children;
The gymnasium has developed educational programs in all areas of the system of additional education.
The systematic work of the gymnasium, aimed at developing the creative abilities of students, their self-realization, leads to certain systemic changes and social effects:
100% of the students of the gymnasium are engaged in organizational educational forms;
95% of students are employed in the system of additional education;
There is a positive trend in the participation of students in various competitions and competitions;
There is a positive trend in the participation of students in subject Olympiads, intellectual competitions;
Increased satisfaction of parents with the activities of educational institutions;
The activity of parents in the public management of the gymnasium is increasing;
Increasing the competitiveness of students of the gymnasium;
The innovative activity of teachers, interest in the results of their work is increasing.
The gymnasium is strong in its traditions:
The cult of knowledge;
An intellectually and aesthetically rich life;
Joint creative activity of students and teachers.
A rich intellectual environment has been created in the gymnasium, which is built on the implementation of the Gifted Children program, an education program at the gymnasium level. And as a result, 100% of students are engaged in organized forms of educational activities, about 95% - in the system of additional education.
Tasks for the further development of the infrastructure of the gymnasium:
Continue work on the modernization of the material and technical base of the gymnasium;
Continue work on the creation of a unified information system in the gymnasium;
Creation of conditions for building up the information technology base of the gymnasium,
Development of modern teaching methods based on information technology,
Development of innovative approaches in the activities of the Gymnasium Governing Council, which ensures the interested participation of parents and the local community in the management of the gymnasium;
Development of mass sports, physical culture, interaction of the gymnasium with organizations of the entire social sphere of the village.
PROBLEMS OF INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIAN UNIVERSITIES
At the present stage, in developed countries, there is a transition to an innovative economy, which is based on an effective system for the development and implementation of new technological solutions in various fields of activity. The era when the availability of natural resources played the most important role is coming to an end, and the ability to use them as efficiently as possible in order to accelerate technological development becomes decisive.
In the course of the ongoing economic and social reforms, it was possible to maintain the scientific and technical potential sufficient to solve urgent problems of the country's socio-economic development. However, the underdevelopment of innovation activity does not allow to fully benefit from domestic scientific achievements. As a result, most promising scientific developments turn out to be unrealized, which entails another problem - the lack of additional sources of funding for research activities. Because of this, the work of scientific workers is not properly paid, there is an outflow of personnel, a useless dispersion of the scientific and technical potential of the country. In this aspect, the development of innovative processes should not only preserve the scientific potential, but also contribute to its further development.
As world experience shows, a necessary condition for effective innovation development is the availability of an appropriate innovation infrastructure.
In order to form an innovative environment, develop interaction between educational institutions and industrial enterprises, support the creation of business entities established in accordance with paragraph 8 of Article 27 of the Federal Law "On Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education" and attract personnel, state support is provided to educational institutions on the basis of an open competitive selection of innovation infrastructure development programs. The participants of the competition can be educational institutions that carry out fundamental and applied scientific research in priority areas of development of science, engineering and technology in the Russian Federation, effectively implementing educational programs of higher professional and postgraduate professional education and a set of measures to develop innovative infrastructure. The competitive selection of development programs is based on an analysis of the scientific, educational and innovative potential of educational institutions over the past 3 years and the submitted development programs. For the implementation of the program for the development of the innovative infrastructure of an educational institution, budget allocations are allocated for a period of up to 3 years with funding up to 50 million rubles per year.
To attract personnel, a system of grants in the amount of up to 150 million rubles each for scientific research is provided. In total, under this program, universities will receive 12 billion rubles in the next 3 years. Formally, grants will be allocated not to scientists themselves, but to universities where researchers are going to conduct scientific activities. But universities will be able to spend the funds only with the personal consent of the scientist for whose project the money was allocated.
To support small innovative enterprises at higher educational institutions, budget money is also allocated on the basis of a competition and can be used to create business incubators, technology parks, innovation technology centers and other innovation infrastructure facilities at universities, equip them with modern equipment, develop regulatory and legal bases. Within 3 years, universities will receive 8 billion rubles for these purposes.
The innovation infrastructure is a system of interrelated and complementary organizations of various orientations and various organizational and legal forms, as well as the order of their interaction, which ensure the implementation of the stages of the innovation process, starting with the technological development of a completed scientific development.
The ultimate goal of forming an innovative infrastructure is to create a system of economic entities that can ensure the effective implementation of innovative activities in the interests of the whole society.
They also include small innovative enterprises created on the basis of universities. These enterprises have a number of benefits provided for them by law. So, they can rent premises from a university or research institute without competition at a reduced price. As a result of the change in 94-FZ on public procurement, the purchase of R&D by any budget organizations can be carried out by holding a tender with one participant. In this case, the university announces a competition for R&D, and small businesses win it. For example, a university receives a large budget grant and outsources part of the work to a small innovative enterprise. It is assumed that in the lots of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, up to 40 percent of the cost of the state contract can be directed to outsourcing.
It should be noted that universities in the form of autonomous institutions are not subject to 217-FZ.
Small enterprises have been working around some universities and research institutes for many years, formally not being in any way connected with the “progenitor” organizations. However, these enterprises cannot receive the statutory preferential rates for social payments and rental discounts, although the nature of the activities of such companies can be very innovative. Re-registration of already existing business companies, with notification of the entry of universities by co-founders, will also not allow receiving a preferential regime of social contributions and rent. According to 217-FZ and 272-FZ, a university/research institute must become a founder of a company from the very beginning of its existence with a minimum share in the authorized capital of 33.4 percent, otherwise, preferential terms do not apply to this enterprise. At the moment, the share of the authorized capital contributed by the university can be divided in any proportion between the right to use intellectual property, funds and equipment. But the equipment should not be particularly valuable: for universities of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia worth up to 500 thousand rubles. innovative environment educational enterprise
After the entry into force of 83-FZ, all budgetary institutions were able to create commercial enterprises in a notification, rather than permissive, manner.
According to statistics, patents account for about half of the intellectual property contributed by the university. The rest is almost equally divided between computer programs and databases on the one hand and know-how on the other. It should be noted that the know-how accompanies the patent in the package, and the use of separate know-how in the formation of the authorized capital is associated with a number of significant risks. Universities choose know-how because of the advantage in the speed of paperwork, but in this case, you can use computer programs or a computer database.
To implement an effective direct and feedback relationship between science, industry, business and the market, with the proactive support of government authorities, it is necessary to create an integral innovation system, the construction of which is possible only if there is an effective regulatory framework in the field of innovation.
At the moment, the special register, which takes into account small innovative enterprises, contains about 1050 entries. However, after verification, it turns out that only about a third of the companies comply with the requirements of the law. This means that all enterprises can be divided into three equal groups: a third is working, a third exists only on paper, a third is in an intermediate state.
It should be noted that according to statistics, only about 140 companies receive tax benefits from all employees. Universities, creating MIPs, faced a number of mistakes. Here are some of them:
- 1. The conditions for the formation of the authorized capital are not met - universities have shares of less than 33.34%. The solution to this error is the re-registration of the business entity.
- 2. The rights to intellectual property contributed by the university to the authorized capital are not respected. It either belongs to another individual or legal entity, or for some reason passed into the public domain. Some universities believe that if a patent belongs to an employee of the university, then it belongs to the university.
There is also a trend towards a decrease in the average authorized capital of small innovative enterprises registered by universities. According to statistics, from 315 thousand rubles in 2010 to 270 thousand rubles at the end of 2011. This speaks to the growth of small enterprises, which, with such initial capital, will not be able to do anything if they do not quickly attract external financing. Also, one should not talk about the high degree of survival of enterprises, 100% of the authorized capital of which was contributed by the university. According to statistics, there are about 40 such enterprises.
Some of the enterprises are actually located in the "valley of death". Such enterprises and intellectual property are not of interest to business angels, funds, development institutions that need a prototype or pilot production. The investor usually starts to look at the statutory documents of the IIP and sees significant omissions there. Such situations can be eliminated by developing commercialization services, patent departments at universities, building a system of state seed funding for university companies, specialized venture funds for such companies. If there is no powerful external investor interested in commercialization and the result, as well as successful practical work of the university, the survival rate of SIE is close to zero.
It should be noted that large universities are not very interested in 217-FZ, since all large universities are absorbed in the implementation of large projects in accordance with government decrees No. 218, 219, 220 on cooperation with business, on developing infrastructure, on attracting leading scientists , and for large ministerial lots within the framework of federal targeted programs. These universities do not have any incentive to create an "innovation belt" for themselves.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the innovation infrastructure is a key element of the national innovation system. The analysis showed that at the present stage the formation of the national innovation system of the Russian Federation has not been completed. The disadvantages are the lack of mechanisms capable of concentrating the existing scientific and technical potential on the innovative transformation of the economy.
List of sources used
- 1. Ulanova Zh.Yu. On the need to develop innovative infrastructure. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2005. - 1.0 p.l.
- 2. Ulanova Zh.Yu. On the measures of state innovation policy aimed at the development of innovation infrastructure. //Youth and economy. Sat. mat. interregional scientific and practical. conf. - Yaroslavl, 2005. - 0.3 p.l.
- 3. Federal Law No. 217-FZ of 02.08.2009 “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Concerning the Establishment of Economic Companies by Budgetary Scientific and Educational Institutions for the Purpose of Practical Application (Implementation) of the Results of Intellectual Activity”
- 4. Sterligov I. Article “A third of small enterprises at universities exist only on paper” 02.08.11 (http://www.strf.ru/material.aspx?CatalogId=223&d_no=41450)
Changing school infrastructure
The new school is undoubtedly a modern infrastructure. The school should be a modern building with original architectural and design solutions, with solid and functional school architecture - a canteen with delicious healthy food, a media library and a library, high-tech educational equipment, broadband Internet, competent textbooks and interactive teaching aids, conditions for sports and creativity. The face of our school must change radically. We want all our dreams of what our school should be to come true in the new school building. It should be a "smart", modern building with a good heating and lighting system. The school must be provided with good drinking water. It must be safe for the life and health of children. Being at school should be comfortable. The architecture of the school space should allow for the effective organization of educational and extracurricular activities. Children need spacious, aesthetically designed classrooms with all the necessary equipment, laboratories, teaching aids, good landscaping. Primary school students should have "their own territory", a separate block, equipped with age characteristics of younger students with space for games and recreation. Children spend a significant part of the day at school. After lessons, they are happy to engage in hobby groups, clubs, sports sections. Holidays, concerts, competitions, competitions - this is a bustling school life, where everyone can show themselves, their talents and abilities, find something to their liking, protect themselves from the negative influence of the street, television, and the media. And for this, the school must have a developed space for intellectual games with appropriate equipment (from chess to complex computer programs, etc.), a space for extracurricular activities (an assembly hall equipped with modern audio equipment, a dance hall, etc.). education of students in the spirit of patriotism, respect for the history of their small homeland, the Republic should continue a good school tradition - to preserve the school museum, which contains unique antiquities of the indigenous peoples of the republic, materials on the history of the village, school, etc. Museum collections must be constantly replenished. The sports and health part of the school should include a complex of outdoor and indoor sports facilities: - fitness, gymnastic, game halls; - athletics outdoor area; - football, basketball, volleyball and hockey fields; - if necessary, special means of recreation and physical development for students with different physical health problems and disorders. It should be beautiful not only at school, but also on the school grounds. You should carefully consider and develop a plan for the school site, garden; break flower beds, plant trees and shrubs, purchase the necessary gardening equipment. Undoubtedly, the school must have a solid material and technical base, which requires constant strict control of safety. This requires interaction with parents and the local community, as well as with student self-government bodies. It is necessary to purchase computers of a new generation, to purchase single tables for the computer science cabinet designed to work with a PC, lifting and swivel work chairs, adjustable in height and angle of inclination of the seat and back. Update educational furniture (desks, chairs). Install a drinking fountain. In classrooms, blackboards should be equipped with spotlights, with two mirror lamps installed parallel to the board, placed 0.3 m above the upper edge of the board and 0.6 m - towards the class in front of the board.
Preserving and strengthening the health of schoolchildren
- Prevention Diagnostics (individual and group (screening) Counseling (individual and group) Developing work (individual and group) Correctional work (individual and group) Psychological education and education: formation of psychological culture, development of psychological and pedagogical competence of students, administration of educational institutions, teachers , parents Examination (educational and training programs, projects, manuals, educational environment, professional activities of specialists of educational institutions).
Preschool education - early diagnosis and correction of developmental disorders, ensuring readiness for school.
Elementary School - determination of readiness for learning at school, ensuring adaptation to school, increasing the interest of schoolchildren in educational activities, developing cognitive and educational motivation, developing independence and self-organization, support in the formation of desire and “ability to learn”, development of creative abilities.
Main school - support in the transition to the main school, adaptation to new learning conditions, support in solving problems of personal and value-semantic self-determination and self-development, assistance in solving personal problems and socialization problems, the formation of life skills, prevention of neurosis, assistance in building constructive relationships with parents and peers , prevention of deviant behavior, drug addiction.
Old school - assistance in profile orientation and professional self-determination, support in solving existential problems (self-knowledge, search for the meaning of life, achieving personal identity), development of a time perspective, goal-setting abilities, development of psychosocial competence, prevention of deviant behavior, drug addiction.
VI. Expanding School Autonomy
The relevance of this direction lies in the fact that it covers all the key moments of the modernization of the education system. The expansion of the independence of schools creates conditions where the school becomes not only financially independent, but also responsible for the final result, and, as a result, effective. Efficient in spending budgetary funds, effective in creating conditions for the implementation of the educational program, an effective and open developing system capable of actively rebuilding and updating the content and forms of activity through interaction with the environment. This is, first of all, the school's transition to normative per capita financing, as a result of which financial and economic mechanisms are being introduced that allow the head of an educational institution to independently distribute financial resources. If the required concept of the "New School" is expressed as concisely as possible, then it should look like this: "New School = Freedom + Financial Resources" Freedom is understood as an independent determination of the OU's development strategy, its goals, ways and means. Accordingly, the forms of the final assessment of the achievements of students, the qualifications of teachers are also chosen, if not by the educational institutions themselves, then by the associations and associations they create. Naturally, this raises the dialectical question of establishing that legal limiting boundary that determines the permissible field for the institution's initiative. Laws should, on the one hand, preserve a single educational space and not allow “sliding into anarchy”, and on the other hand, they should not prevent an educational institution from developing in accordance with the emerging internal situation and the requirements of the surrounding society. At present, the trend towards administrative-command methods of managing education is clearly preserved. To overcome this situation and provide the necessary freedom, the following should be done: 1. Reduce the number of different forms of reporting required from the institution. Strict control is only worth exercising in matters relating to finances and ensuring the safety and comfort of students. All other aspects, especially methodological ones (the choice of forms, methods, means, concepts, approaches), should be determined by the educational institution itself. The role of the state in this case is reduced to providing prompt and qualified assistance to teachers and school leaders in the form of consultations, advanced training courses, etc. The function of administration becomes especially significant in this case.
- All questions of a methodological nature, problems of professional development of teachers and their qualification tests should be decided by pedagogical associations. Such an informal public assessment of an employee by his colleagues will save him from numerous bureaucratic procedures, a large amount of paperwork, will allow him to present the actual results of his work, see possible shortcomings, and ultimately stimulate him to professional self-improvement and self-development. Provide real funding for those items of expenditure that can be disposed of by the administration of the educational institution. At present, the stimulating wage fund is not such, since it is spent not on development, but on the provision of a declared, but not guaranteed by the state, mandatory minimum wage for low-paid workers. Therefore, per capita funding will be successful only when the per capita funds are sufficient to implement promising school innovations and projects.
Expected results of school development
As a result of the implementation of the program by 2015, the school assumes: 1. The effective functioning of the polyvariant components of the educational environment of the school, namely: - preschool, basic, correctional - developing, pre-profile, profile, additional education.2. Mastering the technologies of developmental education, which became the basis for creating models of the educational environment, which provides the expansion of social, cultural opportunities and life chances of a growing person. At the same time, the goals and objectives of education should be aimed at educating new value attitudes and human activity abilities.3. Creation of the most favorable conditions for the mental, moral, emotional and physical development of the individual, the development of her abilities, thinking and activity.4. Formation and development of a personality with a developed intellect and a high level of culture, prepared for life in a civil society and the assimilation of professional and educational programs.5. Raising the theoretical level of education, transferring to children not only empirical knowledge and practical skills, but also high forms of social consciousness (scientific concepts, artistic images of moral values) .6. Formation of sustainable worldview positions based on the best examples of world social practice. Educational initiative OUR NEW SCHOOL APPROVED by the President of the Russian Federation D.Medvedev February 04, 2010 Pr-271 National educational initiative "Our new school" Modernization and innovative development - the only the path that will allow Russia to become a competitive society in the world of the 21st century, to ensure a decent life for all our citizens. In the context of solving these strategic tasks, the most important qualities of a person are initiative, the ability to think creatively and find non-standard solutions, the ability to choose a professional path, and a willingness to learn throughout life. All these skills are formed from childhood. The school is a critical element in this process. The main tasks of the modern school are the disclosure of the abilities of each student, the education of a decent and patriotic person, a person ready for life in a high-tech, competitive world. School education should be structured in such a way that graduates can independently set and achieve serious goals, skillfully respond to different life situations. The school of the future What characteristics should a school have in the 21st century? The new school is an institution that meets the goals of advanced development. The school will ensure the study of not only the achievements of the past, but also technologies that will be useful in the future. Children will be involved in research projects and creative activities to learn how to invent, understand and master new things, express their own thoughts, make decisions and help each other, formulate interests and recognize opportunities. The new school is a school for everyone. Any school will ensure the successful socialization of children with disabilities, children with disabilities, children left without parental care, who are in a difficult life situation. The age characteristics of schoolchildren will be taken into account, training is organized differently at the primary, basic and senior levels. The new school means new teachers who are open to everything new, who understand child psychology and the peculiarities of the development of schoolchildren, who know their subject well. The task of the teacher is to help the children find themselves in the future, to become independent, creative and self-confident people. Sensitive, attentive and receptive to the interests of schoolchildren, open to everything new, teachers are a key feature of the school of the future. In such a school, the role of the director will change, the degree of his freedom and the level of responsibility will increase. The new school is a center of interaction both with parents and the local community, as well as with institutions of culture, healthcare, sports, leisure, and other social organizations. Schools as leisure centers will be open on weekdays and Sundays, and school holidays, concerts, performances, sports events will be a place for family recreation. The new school is a modern infrastructure. Schools will become modern buildings - the schools of our dreams, with original architectural and design solutions, with solid and functional school architecture - a canteen with delicious and healthy food, a media library and a library, high-tech educational equipment, broadband Internet, competent textbooks and interactive teaching aids, conditions for sports and creativity. The new school is a modern system for assessing the quality of education, which should provide us with reliable information about how both individual educational institutions and the education system as a whole work. The main directions for the development of general education 1. Transition to new educational standards From standards containing a detailed list of topics in each subject that are mandatory for each student to study, a transition will be made to new standards - requirements for what school programs should be like, what results should be demonstrated children, what conditions should be created at school to achieve these results. In any educational program there will be two parts: compulsory and one that is formed by the school. The older the stage, the greater the choice. The new standard provides for extracurricular activities - circles, sports sections, various kinds of creative activities. The result of education is not only knowledge in specific disciplines, but also the ability to apply them in everyday life and use them in further education. The student must have a holistic socially-oriented view of the world in its unity and diversity of nature, peoples, cultures, religions. This is possible only as a result of combining the efforts of teachers of different subjects. The school must create personnel, material and technical and other conditions that ensure the development of the educational infrastructure in accordance with the requirements of the time. Financial support will be built on the principles of per capita funding (“money follows the student”), the transition to which is planned to be completed in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the next three years. At the same time, the funds will go to the municipalities, and to each school according to the standard, regardless of the form of ownership.
“One of the basic themes is the creation of a comfortable and healthy living environment for students. Behind these words, of course, are the most different positions. These include design standards for school buildings, modern equipment for these buildings, medical supervision, medical care, high-quality nutrition for schoolchildren, and, finally, it’s just creating an open modern creative atmosphere in learning.”
D.A. Medvedev
“The school needs to be filled with creativity and information…
D.A. Medvedev
The Our New School initiative emphasizes that the face of the modern school, both in form and content, must change in the near future. The school should become a center not only for compulsory education, but also for arts, sports and other leisure activities. In this regard, the school infrastructure should change qualitatively.
At present, the order of the state for the preparation of graduates has also changed. It is necessary that they be able to navigate in changing life situations, independently acquiring the necessary knowledge, see emerging problems and look for ways to rationally solve them, be able to think creatively, be able to competently work with information, independently improve their own cultural level, moral potential. With the traditional approach to education, this problem is difficult to solve. Today dictates the need to connect education with information and communication technologies, and this, in turn, requires a transition to education quality management through the creation of a unified educational information environment and the active use of ICT in the educational process.
The relevance lies in the fact that:
- the infrastructure of educational institutions at the present stage should become electronic;
- schools today are working out methods for developing the information and educational environment and using its resources in teaching and educational activities;
- issues of improving the quality of education, updating the methods of pedagogical activity are largely determined by the quality and level of development of the information and educational environment.
School infrastructure is everything that directly or indirectly contributes to the organization and successful implementation of the educational process.
President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev in the national educational initiative "Our New School" formulated the requirements for a modern school as follows: "The model of a modern school must meet the goals of advanced innovative development of the economy and the social sphere, ensure the growth of the country's welfare and contribute to the formation of human potential."
Thus, it is necessary to create a modern infrastructure for providing educational activities, which involves material, methodological and organizational components and requires a detailed consideration of each of them:
The material component of the infrastructure is aimed at changing the quality of conditions. The school space must be functionally and aesthetically well-designed, must ensure physical and psychological safety, and must not contain health risks. The infrastructure of our school involves the use of the information and educational environment for planning the educational process by each teacher who is ready for this, has professional ICT competence. It is important that in both educational and extracurricular activities, we give the student and teacher the necessary ICT tools for activity.
The methodological component of the infrastructure has been reoriented to support the activities of each teacher: for this, the school has provided round-the-clock access to various methodological, informational and consulting resources. The methodological component of the infrastructure has been reoriented to support the activities of each teacher. All teachers of the school have completed coursework in informatization of education, information and communication and media culture. Assistance is provided to teachers in their professional and creative activities.
An integral part of the methodological component of the school infrastructure is the teacher's office. Today the lesson should not be limited to the subject textbook, the blackboard and the teacher. According to the modern requirements of the educational standard, the traditional form of a lesson cannot provide students with such a volume of information as a lesson using information technology, this requires the appropriate technical equipment of the classroom.
Technical equipment (computer equipment):
The school has Internet access. 4 computers connected to the Internet (Wi-Fi).
Teachers and students of the school do not use enough various digital educational resources in the classroom: electronic textbooks, interactive manuals, media presentations, videos. This does not fully allow you to make the lesson interesting and exciting, to increase the amount of information received, and to qualitatively assimilate the material.
The organizational component of the infrastructure is aimed at creating a space for social communications that provide the child with the opportunity to build their own patterns of behavior and self-determination in changing social conditions, to ensure higher educational achievements of teachers and students, personal and professional growth, an extensive system of searching, supporting and accompanying talented children.
In connection with the promotion of the process of informatization of education among the organizers of education, practicing teachers and the scientific pedagogical community, the issues of the emergence within the walls of the school of a new phenomenon for our education - a unified information environment of an educational institution are being discussed. At the same time, the range of topics discussed is quite wide: from what should be the information environment of the school, to how it should be managed and how to build it.
The school has always reflected the essence of the era, cemented it, creating its foundation. The change of eras is certainly a painful period for school education.
Maybe that's why the words "reform", "innovation" in the pedagogical environment are often perceived negatively. Nevertheless, the innovative development of the economy, the change of technologies, the individualization of needs and global competition force the school to radically change its development vector: it must prepare the child for professional mobility, for possible retraining, initiative and the ability to creatively look at the world around. All this makes the school, whether it wants it or not, to become different today.
“The Russian school should not be dilapidated, both literally and figuratively” - these words of the President of the country, in fact, refer not only to the need to create a modern school infrastructure with equipped first-aid posts, canteens, gyms, media centers, laboratories, but also put forward new principles school work.
Of course, a new procedure for the formation of the material and technical base of schools should be established. The fundamental requirement of today is the renewal of SanPiNs, the safety and comfort of the child's stay at school.
The school has a modern material and technical base that allows solving urgent problems of education:
- classrooms equipped with new furniture and technical equipment,
- an assembly hall with modern television and musical equipment for all school and consular events and for working with society.
A sports hall, a gym, a swimming pool - all this allows you to conduct physical education lessons, sports holidays and competitions at a good level.
The school has a computer class.
Today the main task of the school is to develop a creative personality in a child. In the student environment, there is currently an increase in interest in design and research activities. This activity at the school is built in accordance with the directions:
Cooperation with other organizations plays an important role in the work of the school. This is cooperation with the RCSC, with the parent community, with representative offices of Russian foreign institutions.
Today, the school has a small team of teachers. But they are all educated, creative people, experts in their field.
The school has a library, computer and music classes. A sports hall, a swimming pool, a gym are open for physical education, there is a "White Hall" - a hall for holding ceremonial events. A playground is equipped for children on the territory of the Consulate General.
The consular doctor supervises the health of children.
Library Computer class Music class
Gym Pool Gym
Playground
One of the main constraints to the development of the Russian economy is the continuing deterioration and decay of the infrastructure. This applies equally to the industrial and social parts of it. Energy, transport, roads, housing and communal services, healthcare - without updating and modernizing these industries, the implementation of plans to turn Russia into a “dream country” will have to be forgotten.
On June 16, the World Bank (WB) presented a report on Russia, which notes the unsatisfactory state of the country's transport infrastructure and its insufficient financing. The study, in particular, notes that in 2010 transport costs are projected to decline by 0.6% of GDP compared to 2.5% of GDP in 2009, which was already low. “Public infrastructure has long been recognized as one of the key drivers of economic development,” the report emphasizes. At the same time, according to the WB, insufficient expenditures on the repair and maintenance of the transport infrastructure are one of the reasons for the deterioration of its quality in Russia.
Severity of problems and insufficient measures
According to preliminary estimates of the World Bank, the annual volume of underfunding of the repair and maintenance of the road network in Russia is 1.2% of GDP. In the bank's view, allocating sufficient funds to repair and maintain infrastructure is cost-effective and much cheaper than financing cumulative maintenance problems and new road construction in the future.
In the profile rating of the World Bank, Russia is in 48th place in the world in terms of the availability and quality of transport infrastructure. Including in terms of the quality of the railway infrastructure, it ranks 33rd in the world, in terms of the quality of the road infrastructure - in 111th place, almost at the very end of the list. In terms of the quality of the infrastructure of air and water ports, Russia is in 87th and 82nd places, respectively.
Financing the maintenance, modernization and construction of new transport facilities in the country is "the most difficult issue." President Dmitry Medvedev spoke about this at a meeting with the government on June 17. “According to the established standards, the need for the repair and maintenance of federal roads is about 200 billion rubles, and for regional and municipal roads - 650 billion rubles. For these purposes, the budget provides for completely different funds, the deficit is quite decent,” the head of state said.
The deficit is indeed "very decent", to say the least. So, in 2010, 274 billion rubles were allocated from the federal budget for the construction and repair of roads, but in reality, according to the head of the Federal Road Agency Anatoly Chabunin, 1-1.2 trillion rubles a year are required for these purposes!
Only 39.6% of roads in Russia are in normal condition, corresponding to transport and operational standards. With chronic underfunding and unsatisfactory quality of repair and construction work, the existing road potential of the country cannot withstand the stresses of a market economy. According to Anatoly Chabunin, 30% of the roads in Russia are designed for a maximum load of six tons, and ten-ton and heavier trucks drive on them. In addition, a significant number of commercial vehicles travel with a large margin. An equally important factor is the increase in the overall intensity of traffic.
To solve the problems of financing, proper maintenance and construction of roads, the government has prepared the following proposals. In May of this year, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin came up with the initiative to create a trust fund within the framework of the Russian budget system. The draft law, prepared by the Ministry of Transport, proposes to replenish the funds at the expense of a part of taxes, for example, transport, and at the expense of excise tax on fuel. In addition, import duties on cars and tires will also be sent there.
In order to slightly reduce the financial burden on the population, the ministry proposed to abolish the transport tax, which could partially offset the increase in excise duty. As for toughening responsibility for the quality of repair and construction work, according to the Ministry of Transport, builders should be responsible for the maintenance of the roads they have built for 12 years. The proposal has already been sent to the government.
"Economically sound" desolation
However, these measures will only partially solve the growing problems. Every year the country needs more and more new highways and a regional road network. The urgent need for such construction is due to the problems of other modes of transport, which were created in the USSR not as competitors, but as complementary components of the country's unified transport system. Today, the once unified transport mechanism is largely deregulated. So, for example, instead of building a separate high-speed line fully equipped with all the necessary infrastructure (bridges, crossings, protective fences, etc.), as is done in Europe and Japan, Russian Railways launched the Sapsan along a general-purpose line in a high-speed mode. As a result, the number of electric trains was reduced. The intervals of movement between them have increased, it has become more difficult for people to get from home to their place of work or study. The remaining trains stopped stopping at some stations. At the same time, the bus service in a number of areas is very poorly developed.
Problems of this kind exist both within the most diverse modes of transport, and between individual infrastructure sectors. This is clearly seen in the example of another, the most important mode of transport for Russia - aviation. It is well known that life in hard-to-reach regions of our country and their development almost completely depend on the state of the transport infrastructure. Taking into account the harsh climatic conditions, remoteness, low population density, the use of aviation in these regions has no alternative. However, the air communication network in the Russian Federation is steadily declining. Of the 1302 airports that existed at the beginning of 1992, 329 remained today (for comparison: in relatively small, compact and warm France, where other modes of transport are well developed, there are 450 of them, in the USA there are 280 airports in the state of Alaska alone, and in total there are 19 thousand such objects in the country). After 1991, the transition from social tariffs to "economically justified" ones led to a reduction in the volume of passenger traffic on light aircraft with a capacity of 15-19 seats by almost 40 times, and on aircraft with a capacity of 12 seats - by more than 50 times. Mainline aviation, linking large centers into a single network with its lines, has practically no effect on life within the regions. These lines do not allow the formation of networks for the exchange of goods, services, knowledge, etc., either at the level of districts and small cities, towns, villages, or at the level of contacts between small cities and large scientific and industrial centers. In the absence of a stable functioning air communication network, 12-15 million people on 60-67% of the territory of the Russian Federation are practically cut off from the life of the country.
According to Viktor Gorbachev, director of the Association "Airports of Russia", only 204 (62%) airfields have a runway with artificial turf, the rest (125) are content with unpaved ones only. Moreover, almost 70% of paved runways were built more than 20 years ago, and only 34 of them have been reconstructed over the past 10 years. 25 paved runways are in urgent need of reconstruction, while 23 unpaved runways are long in need of major repairs. 65% of airfields are equipped with lighting equipment. This means that only 214 airports out of 329 can operate at night, and 115, respectively, cannot be operated. Depreciation of fixed production assets reaches 80%. The average level of provision with industrial buildings and structures is no more than 60%.
Over the past 25 years, only one new civil airport has been built in Gelendzhik. According to Viktor Gorbachev, with the industry's annual need for investments at the level of 65-70 billion rubles, the largest flow of funds was only in 2008 - 24.2 billion rubles.
Electricity industry is a trigger for disasters
On June 17 of this year, RIA Sibir reported: “The airfield pavements and the runway of the Abakan airport have been in operation for more than two standard periods and are now in critical condition. This problem poses a threat to flight safety, which ultimately may lead to the inability to receive heavy aircraft and, as a result, to the failure to complete the repair and restoration work at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP.” Like this. Because of problems in one infrastructure sector, another, already affected, will suffer.
Moreover, troubles happen in our energy sector with frightening frequency. But the wear and tear of equipment and the growing threat of accidents in this industry are more dangerous than anywhere else. Let us recall May 2005, when, due to an accident at the Chagino substation, power outages practically paralyzed life in the Russian capital. Among the consequences was even a failure at the central command post of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces. The damage in Moscow alone amounted to about 2 billion rubles in 2005 prices. The accident was caused by wear and tear on equipment that had not changed since 1958.
Later there were others, not so significant (before the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station), but no less disturbing for this. On September 12, 2007, a major fire broke out at the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station at one of the transformers due to a short circuit and, as a result, ignition of the bitumen and the casing of the transformer. August 3, 2009 - fire on the voltage transformer of the open switchgear 200 kV Bureyskaya HPP. August 16, 2009 - a fire in the mini-automatic telephone exchange of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, as a result of which the communication and telemetry equipment of the hydroelectric power station failed. And these are just known facts. The high level of obsolescence and physical depreciation of the main production assets of the electric power industry in Russia, despite the reform carried out by RAO UES, still remains the most important problem for the industry. Depreciation of fixed assets of Russian power industry enterprises today is almost 60%. In some regions, the estimated depreciation of generating capacities is at the level of 65-70%. At the same time, more than 35% of the equipment of hydroelectric power plants and about 20% of the equipment of thermal power plants have worked out 100% of the park resource (in general, for thermal and hydroelectric power plants, the park resource has expired for 50 GW of generating capacities).
Experts are already talking about the entry of the Russian Federation into a disaster zone. According to some estimates, there are currently 50,000 dangerous facilities and 5,000 especially dangerous facilities in Russia. 60 thousand hydraulic structures, many of which support six and eight cubic kilometers of water, of which 6 thousand have been operating for more than a hundred years, 6.5 thousand require major repairs, 400 are in disrepair.
The indicators of depreciation of generating capacities in the nuclear power industry are classified, but by 2015 at a number of nuclear power plants it is necessary to ensure the commissioning of replacement capacities and decommission the power units of the first generation, the extension of the service life of which is already unacceptable, which will require a multiple increase in investment.
The problem of physical depreciation is exacerbated by a high level of moral depreciation. Generating capacities in Russia are mainly steam cycle power plants, the efficiency of which is 40-45% lower than combined cycle or gas turbine power plants used in most developed countries.
Network equipment is also getting old. At present, the length of transmission lines that are in poor and unusable condition is twice the length of transmission lines undergoing reconstruction, technical re-equipment and major repairs. Moreover, the annual growth of lines in unsatisfactory and unusable condition is 1-2%.
High moral and physical wear and tear of all types of equipment in the electric power industry, in addition to the growing threat of technical failures, malfunctions and large-scale accidents with severe consequences, causes a large percentage of electricity losses, in which energy saving and modernization of the economy, providing for an increase in its efficiency, are impossible.
Public infrastructure requires trillions
The situation in other infrastructure sectors does not contribute to the implementation of these plans. “In general, the physical depreciation of fixed assets of housing and communal services is still at the level of 60%. In some municipalities, this figure reaches 70-90%,” Viktor Basargin, Minister of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, said at the congress of the All-Russian Trade Union for Life Support held in May this year. According to him, already by 2009 the number of thermal networks that have exhausted their resources increased to 32%, and water supply networks - up to 44%. “It takes up to 6 trillion rubles to restore the fixed assets of the utility sector to the standard values,” Basargin said.
A third of the buildings of Russian hospitals and polyclinics also require major repairs. The Minister of Health and Social Development, Tatyana Golikova, has already spoken about this. According to her, 11.44 thousand buildings are in need of major repairs. It is necessary to reconstruct 9441 hospital buildings. In addition, about 2,000 buildings of outpatient clinics require major repairs. In April 2010, Vladimir Putin drew attention to the need to reconstruct Russian medical institutions. Speaking in the State Duma with a report on the activities of the government in 2009, the prime minister promised to allocate 300 billion rubles for the modernization of hospitals and polyclinics within two years.
As a result of insufficient investment in infrastructure, Russia fell from 49th to 51st place in the annual world competitiveness ranking compiled by the Swiss business school IMD, being next to Jordan. This is the worst result since 2006 (then it was 54th), the best was 41st place in 2004.
Increase costs or will it do?
There has been a lot of controversy over investment in infrastructure in recent years. The crisis has made them more bitter. The main subject of discussion is whether infrastructure spending is included in the package of anti-crisis measures or not? If they enter, then they should not be reduced, but increased, and intensively, if they do not enter, then they can be sequestered. “If you look at the structure of spending on anti-crisis measures in China, you can see that most of them are spent on infrastructure and technology,” says Sergey Zaversky, head of the analytical research department at the Institute for Comprehensive Strategic Studies. “Thus, China is trying not only to mitigate the problems that have emerged as a result of the crisis, maintaining the level of employment and income, but also laying the foundation for further development.” It must be said that even without a crisis, China, in the presence of a huge mass of extremely poor people and other problems, annually spends about $ 500 billion on infrastructure, mainly from its own resources.
Russia is investing in infrastructure far less than China and other developing countries in Asia. These investments make up approximately 4-5% of Russia's GDP. In China, according to Troika Dialog, this figure is 8%. And if the Celestial Empire increases its infrastructure spending, including through the money allocated to fight the crisis (which, according to the World Bank, is about 12% of GDP), then Russia, on the contrary, is reducing it, and in the first place. “Spending on social obligations, which make up a significant part of the cost of fighting the crisis in Russia, is certainly necessary, but they do not lay the foundation for post-crisis growth,” Sergei Zaversky emphasizes.
Paul Roger, Head of the Infrastructure and Transport Analytical Group at Renaissance Capital Investment Company, also speaks about this. According to him, "In the short term, increasing spending on infrastructure is a great way to stimulate demand, and in the long term it increases the country's competitiveness." In addition, about 15% of Russia's workforce is employed in infrastructure, and this share is even higher in Siberia and the Far East.
The thesis that during the crisis the authorities should focus on infrastructure development and pay more attention to them than before, was also voiced in his report at the XII annual meeting in the American Chamber of Commerce and Industry in St. Petersburg by the Director and Resident Representative of the World Bank in Russian Klaus Roland. “There are bottlenecks in the elimination of infrastructure problems that cannot be solved overnight. And the Russians should remember from the experience of the 1998 crisis that it is the lag in solving these problems that is a deterrent to the development of the economy,” he said.
Critics of the increase in infrastructure spending, primarily Russian Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, say that if this money is put into the economy, it will inevitably lead to higher inflation. “However, the funds used for investments, in particular, in infrastructure and technology, do not directly affect the growth of consumer prices,” Sergei Zaversky believes.
The high level of corruption is also mentioned. They say that an increase in spending on infrastructure will only lead to unjust enrichment of officials and related businesses. But here, as they say, cutlets separately, flies separately. Corruption is undoubtedly a huge problem and must be fought, but this does not eliminate the need to maintain, develop and modernize the infrastructure.
Apparently, the positions of opponents of increasing investments in the decrepit infrastructure of the country are quite strong. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain the fact that in the fat pre-crisis years, petrodollars were spent on securities of foreign states, and not on roads, bridges, waterways, energy facilities, housing and communal services, hospitals, etc.
The volume of annual losses that Russia incurs due to chronic underfunding of infrastructure, the authors of an analytical review entitled "Russian infrastructure: overhaul - instructions for carrying out", prepared by the Renaissance Capital investment company, is estimated at 6% of GDP. But that is not all. The decline of infrastructure does not stimulate the domestic private sector and foreign investors. It also does not motivate the population for any accomplishments and breakthroughs that we need so much now.
The Russian authorities intend to increase spending on infrastructure projects again as soon as budget revenues allow it, Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov said in mid-June. But when exactly and in what volumes this will happen, he did not specify.
Beyond money
Finances, of course, are important, and without them there is nothing to talk about any modernization of the economy. But there are other problems besides money. So, despite the fact that since 2004 the volume of state financing of the aviation sector has increased 20 times, due to the irrational spending of allocated funds, high production costs and poor corporate governance, Russia is losing its position in the global aviation services market.
Another example. Delivery of goods by river is several times cheaper than by railways and roads. But a strategy for the development of the Russian river fleet has not yet been developed, although such a document would help determine what kind of river fleet the country needs, where and how it can be optimally used for the development of the domestic economy and social sphere.
A unified regional standard of requirements for engineering and social infrastructure for a city, rural area, settlement is also not yet available. And without it, it is impossible to decide what parameters they should correspond to, what to strive for.
According to a number of deputies of regional legislative assemblies, there is no serious coordination in the development of infrastructure at all. In many places, the most important problems, such as energy, are perceived as purely sectoral. Local authorities are trying to shift a number of social infrastructure tasks onto the shoulders of businesses. For this and a number of other reasons, failure to meet the deadlines for repair and construction work at significant infrastructure facilities and networks has become widespread. Local investment programs in terms of infrastructure are practically not implemented at the level of 100%. With per-object execution, the situation is even worse. A number of them are not only not ready for the deadline, but are generally at the zero level. The quality of performance has also dropped noticeably. There are two main reasons: a general decline in professionalism (from managerial to design and work levels) and mass irresponsibility.
The so-called division of responsibility has an extremely negative effect on the implementation of infrastructure projects. So, all roads, according to the current legislation, are divided into federal, regional and municipal. At the same time, few experts will be able to show where the municipal road ends and where the regional road begins. And shifting responsibility leads to the collapse of road management as a whole.
Not to list all the problems. Some of them are typical for all sectors of the economy and social life of modern Russia, some are very specific. But each of them does not exist on its own, but is part of the whole, becoming either the cause of other problems, or the result of existing ones. They cannot be overcome pointwise and according to the residual principle. Adequate funds, state thinking and personal responsibility for the implementation of specific plans at all levels are needed.
