Read on Mobile Reading mode. Major rivers of Russia

Rivers of Russia

Abstract on geography was completed by Alpatov Denis

There are over 2.5 million rivers in Russia. They belong to the basins of the three oceans, as well as to the endorheic inland basin of the Caspian. About 2/3 of the area of Russia belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin, where such large rivers as the Ob (tributary of the Irtysh), the Yenisei (tributaries of the Angara, Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Podkamennaya Tunguska) and the Lena (tributaries of the Vilyui and Aldan) flow. In its upper course, these are typically mountain rivers.

About 4/5 of the rest of the territory of Russia falls on the Pacific Ocean. Among those flowing into this ocean, the largest are the Amur and Anadyr. The rivers of the Pacific basin, unlike other rivers of the country, are shorter and have a higher flow rate.

About 5% of the country's territory falls on the Atlantic Ocean basin. The rivers of this basin are characterized by a flat flow pattern. Among them, the Don River has the longest.

The endorheic internal basin of the Caspian occupies a large part of European Russia in Russia. The largest river in this region is the Volga. On the territory of the country, the largest basins are near the Lena (2 million 400 thousand km) and the Yenisei (2 million 580 thousand km2). As for the Ob River, which has a large basin, a significant part of it lies outside the country.

The density of the river network on the territory of Russia depends on many natural conditions, such as relief, climate and vegetation. The relief affects the nature of the current. Most of the major rivers of the country are flat, their valleys are wide, the slope of the rivers is small, and the flow is slow. The Ob has the smallest slope (4 cm per 1 km), and the largest is the Yenisei (37 cm per 1 km). The rivers flowing in the mountains have narrow valleys and a rapid current, a large slope.

The influence of climate affects through the amount of annual runoff and the nature of nutrition. The greatest runoff is typical for rivers flowing in mountainous areas, and for rivers flowing in the north of the East European Plain. As for the nature of nutrition, most of the rivers in Russia have mixed nutrition (snow, rain and groundwater), although in most areas snow nutrition prevails (often more than 50% of the runoff). The regime of most lowland rivers in Russia is characterized by spring floods; flash floods are possible in summer and autumn. Rivers with summer floods associated with the melting of glaciers, precipitation of cages and late snowmelt in the mountains are typical for the mountains of the Baikal region, Transbaikalia, Kamchatka, the high mountain regions of the Caucasus, Altai and North-Eastern Siberia. Summer floods are also characteristic of the rivers of the Far East, where the climate is monsoonal: during the summer rains, floods occur on the Amur and its tributaries. The climate of the rivers of Yakutia is peculiar: a small snow cover in spring does not melt, but evaporates, and the spring flood is weakly expressed. In the summer, during the rainy season, strong floods pass along the rivers.

Heavy rains, amicable melting of snow can lead to natural disasters - floods. Frequent and severe floods occur on the rivers of the Far East.

Eurasia is the largest of the six continents, the territory of which is shrouded in a dense network of large and small rivers. The largest rivers flow into all the oceans washing the continent from four sides. The inland waters of Eurasia are very diverse.

Rivers of Eurasia

Due to its impressive size, Eurasia boasts hundreds of full-flowing and long rivers - no other continent has such a large number of large water bodies.

They carry their swift waters to the oceans washing the mainland on all sides:

Indian Ocean - in the southern part of Eurasia;
Arctic - washes the northern coast;
Atlantic - borders on the western regions of the mainland;
Quiet - belongs to the eastern part of Eurasia.

Large full-flowing rivers have a very extensive network of tributaries. The distribution of rivers is influenced by two important factors: climate and topography. The densest network of rivers is formed on the outskirts of the mainland, and the main feature of inland waters is the uneven distribution of them.

Rice. 1. Rivers of Eurasia on the map.

Consider the characteristic features of the rivers of four ocean basins:

Lakes of Eurasia

On the territory of the largest continent in the world there are a large number of lakes of various sizes. Consider the most interesting of them:

Caspian Sea - the largest lake not only in Eurasia, but throughout the world.
- the deepest lake on the continent, into which more than three hundred rivers flow, and only one flows out - the Angara River.

Rice. 3. Baikal.

Ladoga and Onega lakes - one of the largest in Europe, having a glacial origin.
Venern - the freshest lake in the world, located on the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Dead Sea - the most salty lake in the world, which is located on the Arabian Peninsula.
Ubsu Nur and Lop Nor - unique, so-called "wandering" lakes of Central Asia, which do not have a permanent coastline.

We all know that the surface of the planet on which we live consists of land and ocean.

But on land, there are also reservoirs - these are lakes and rivers. It is worth talking about what a river is in geography in more detail, because the river system is a rather complex structure that functions according to its own laws.

What is a river?

In geography, a river is called a permanent, i.e. flowing along the same channel, a natural flow of fresh water of a sufficiently large volume. With the help of rivers, the water balance on the surface of the planet is regulated: water evaporating from the surface of the ocean falls on land in the form of rain or snow, and then returns to the ocean with river currents. The movement of water in the river occurs under the influence of gravity: since the land is located higher than the ocean, the river water, using the natural folds of the relief, flows down to the sea or ocean.

Since the filling of most rivers depends on, their level undergoes seasonal fluctuations: it decreases in summer and winter (some rivers become shallow or even dry up), and rises in spring and autumn. These fluctuations are called the regime of the river. Each river collects rainfall from a certain area, bounded by highlands called watersheds. The water collection area is called the river basin, and it includes all tributaries, streams and underground sources that replenish the river with water.

Rivers are unevenly distributed over the land surface. The greatest density of the network of rivers is observed in the equatorial zone with its frequent and heavy rains. The temperate and tropical zones are worse provided with river moisture: vast areas here are occupied by deserts in which rivers flow only seasonally or are completely dry.

River classification

In the geography of the river, it is customary to classify according to the size of their basin, the topography of the area in which they flow, and some other features.

The size of the pool is:

- large rivers with basins, the area of which exceeds 50,000 square kilometers, located, as a rule, in several hydrographic zones;

- medium-sized rivers with basins, the size of which varies between 2,000 and 50,000 square kilometers, flowing through one hydrographic zone;

— small rivers with basins located in the same hydrographic zone and occupying an area of less than 2,000 square kilometers.

According to topographic features, mountain rivers are distinguished, which flow in mountainous areas and are distinguished by a rapid course, and whose channel passes through flat areas.

The structure of the river

The composition of most rivers includes the following parts:

— source- the place where the river originates (stream, glacier, lake, etc.);

— mouth- the place where the river flows (another river, sea, lake);

- - linear elongated relief along which its channel passes;

— floodplain- part of the river valley, which is usually flooded during high water or high water;

— stretch– deep part of the channel;

— roll– shallow part of the channel;

— rod- the line on which river water flows at the highest speed;

— river terrace- a site in a river course that does not have a slope or has a minimum slope angle;

— tributaries of the river- smaller rivers and streams that flow into the river and feed it with water.

The strips of land bordering the river are called its banks - right and left, in relation to the direction of the flow. The mouth is naturally located lower than the source, and the difference between these heights is called the slope of the river. The slope can be determined in a similar way for any section of the river channel.

Human use of rivers

People have learned to use the advantages that the river gives since ancient times, placing their settlements next to large and small rivers. The scope of the rivers includes:

- extraction or production of food (fishing, irrigation of land for growing agricultural products, drinking water intake, etc.);

- use as a navigable artery, as well as for timber rafting downstream;

- the use of the energy of the river flow (the construction of water mills, and later - hydroelectric power plants);

- use of the river (recreation centers, beaches, sanatoriums, water tourism).

In addition, rivers have been used since ancient times as a natural defense against enemy attacks, delimitation of regions, etc.

Grade: 6
Lesson topic: Rivers
Type of lesson: lesson learning new material, workshop
Goals:
To form an idea about the river and its parts, about the largest rivers of Russia using
new information and communication technologies;
Expand and deepen knowledge about land waters - rivers;
Teach students to find and show rivers on the map;
Develop cognitive activity, the ability to observe, tell, draw conclusions.
Tasks:
Educational

:
form an idea of the rivers (parts, composition, types);
to form skills to work with a map;
to form the ability to write a description of a geographical object;
to form skills in searching for information, processing it, comparing and describing it on the topic "Rivers".
Educational

:
develop skills in working with information material.
develop analytical thinking, the ability to identify causal relationships;
develop cognitive interest and geographical thinking of students;
Educational

:
to cultivate geographical culture and aesthetic perception of geographical objects;
educate respect for nature, the Motherland.
Planned results:
Subject UUD
Learn to name
show on the map
major rivers of the world and Russia.
Will get the opportunity
learn to identify the mouth,
source, tributaries and
river systems;
Describe the GP of the river according to the plan
Metasubject UUD
Cognitive: highlight the main,
essential features of concepts; compare
objects, facts, phenomena, events
criteria, quality and
describe the object quantitatively.
Communicative: participate in
collective discussion of problems;
exchange opinions.
Regulatory: predict results
the level of assimilation of the studied material and
save the learning task
Personal UUD
Keep motivated to
educational activities;
showing interest in new
material; express
positive attitude towards
process of cognition, adequately
accept reasons
success/failure
learning activities
Methods and forms of education:
Visual, partial search, practical, control
Individual, frontal, work in pairs, groups
Educational Resources:
Textbook "Geography" initial course: grade 6 / I.I. Barinova, A.A. Pleshakov.
Atlas and contour maps grade 6, handout
hemisphere map
Necessary equipment:
Computer, multimedia projector.

During the classes.
Organizing time
Checks the readiness of the class for the lesson, greets students:
- Hello!
- Hello, let's say we are our guests!
Today we have many guests, and I hope that we are fruitful
let's work!
Are you ready - all right
And textbooks, notebooks!
You came here to study
Don't be lazy, but work hard.
We work diligently
We listen carefully!
On the table, everyone has leaflets with tasks that you will
perform during our lesson. On the first leaf is your "tree
success", for each completed task, you give yourself one point if
task failed 0 points
Let's remember what we learned in the previous lessons.
What shell of the Earth are we studying? What does it include?
Let's complete task number 1. From the list of geographical objects, select only
those pertaining to land waters
Task number 1.
From the list of geographical objects, select and underline only those
which belong to the waters of the land.
Geographical Features: Swamp, ocean, stream, underground water, river, bay,
spring, reservoir, lake, waterfall, sea.
Let's check the assignment. Correctly completed the task 1 point.
Today in the lesson we will talk about one of the
objects. About which, the riddle will help you determine:
Flowing, flowing - will not flow out;
Runs, runs - will not run out. (River)
So what is the topic of the lesson? Your opinion
Today we will analyze one of the water bodies of land - these are rivers.
You've all been on the banks of the river, remember what a river is?
What do you know about rivers?
What else would you like to know about rivers? What are our goals
put?
So today we need to know:
what is a river, its parts;
what is a river system;
what are the rivers;
why do people need rivers
Open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.

There are almost 20 million rivers on Earth, but 53 of them are more than 1000 km long. BUT
Russia has more than 200 thousand, large and small rivers.

rapidly descend from the high mountains, giving the area a picturesque view.
What is a river? (children's answers are heard and a conclusion is made)
A river is a stream of water flowing in a deepening - a channel
rivers. Write the definition in a notebook.
River map. Every river, wherever it is, has its beginning.
Where does a river originate from? (One river flows out of the lake,
another from the swamp, the third from the spring, the fourth begins in the mountains)
So what is a source?
Source - the place where the river originates. Write the definition in a notebook.
The river flows for tens or even hundreds of kilometers and flows somewhere.
Where can a river flow? (to the sea, lake, or other river)
What is the name of this place? (mouth)
A mouth is a place where a river flows into a sea, lake or other river. Recording
definitions in a notebook.
Task: Find on the map of Russia the source and mouth of the Volga River. Define,
where they are.
The source is located on the Valdai Upland, and the mouth is in the Caspian
sea.
Working with the atlas
Work in pairs. Take the leaflets with task number 2. Open the physical
map of the Russian Federation on page 16. Read the task: you need
use the map to find the source and mouth of the rivers that are written in your table.
At the bottom of the table are geographic features that will help you
cope with this task. (Appendix 2).
Task number 2

river mouth
Name of the river Source of the river
Volga
Angara
Geographic features:
Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal.
Task number 2B
Yenisei River, Valdai Upland,

you need to find atlas using the physical map of the Russian Federation
the source and mouth of the rivers that are written in your table. At the bottom of the table are
geographical objects that will help you cope with the task.
Name of the river Source of the river
Irtysh
Anadyr
Geographical features: the Ob River, the eastern clefts of the Mongolian Ridge
Altai, Anadyr Bay, Anadyr Plateau.
river mouth
Task number 2B
you need to find atlas using the physical map of the Russian Federation
the source and mouth of the rivers that are written in your table. At the bottom of the table are
geographical objects that will help you cope with the task.
Name of the river Source of the river
Amur
Lena
Geographical features: Sea of Okhotsk, the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers,
Lake in the Baikal Range, Laptev Sea.
river mouth
Let's check how your couple coped with the task.
Guys, who have the same task, check whether they completed the task correctly,
rate the work.
We coped with task No. 2 without errors, we put 1 point.
Before doing the next task, we will work orally with the concepts
What is the distance from source to mouth called?
So rivers are long and short.
We work with a physical map of the Russian Federation, page 16.
Give examples of long rivers.
Give examples of short rivers.
Many rivers are tributaries of other rivers. The tributaries are right and
leftists. How to determine where is the right tributary, and where is the left?
Children's answers
Let's look at the map:
define the tributaries (right, left) of the rivers:
Lena (tributaries Aldan, Vilyui)
Ob (tributary of the Irtysh)
Volga (tributary of the Kama).
Next question What is a river system?

We continue to work in the dust. Let's start task number 3
River map. On a piece of paper, a diagram of the river and a task are shown.
Annex 3. Scheme of the river
Task number 3. Get acquainted with the scheme of the river. Sign the parts of the river
Mountains Lake
Swamp
Sea
Dictionary: source, mouth, right tributary, left tributary.
Checking the execution of the task. The diagram is shown on the slide. Checked
each empty field in pairs. If all the tasks were completed correctly, put
1 point. There are more than 200 thousand large and small rivers in Russia.

Some smoothly carry their waters among the lowlands and uplands, while others
rapidly descend from the high mountains, giving the area a picturesque view. Rivers
There are plains and mountains.
Question: How do lowland rivers differ from mountain rivers?
Let's complete the task number 4 on the leaflet Appendix 4
Task number 4
Look at the photos of the rivers. Establish a correspondence between the nature of the river and
the specifications below.

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
Characteristics: Calm current, wide river valley
large length, meandering channel, convenient for navigation
current, narrow valley, straight channel, short river, inconvenient for
shipping
Checking the job. River types
Slide №15
Mountain Slide #16

calm current
wide river valley
long length
winding channel
Convenient for shipping
turbulent current
narrow valley
straight channel
short river
Inconvenient for shipping
Group work
Sometimes you can see rapids on the river.
Thresholds - outcrops of hard rocks in the riverbed. (Students write down
definition)
Sometimes in the riverbed, bands of hard and soft rocks alternate.
The river erodes softer rocks, and outcrops of hard-to-erode hard rocks
rocks form rapids. Thresholds are very beautiful, but they interfere a lot
shipping. With horizontal occurrence of hard and soft rocks in the channel
the river erodes soft rocks, resulting in a step of
hard rock. If the step is high, the river rushes down from it in the form
waterfall.
What is a waterfall?
A waterfall is a steep ledge from which the water of a river falls down.
More often waterfalls are found in mountainous areas or on the border of mountainous and
flat terrain.
What is the name of the highest waterfall in the world if its coordinates are 50 N.S. and
630 W.D.? (Angel, shown on the map at the blackboard)
The tallest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls, located in the South
America. It is named after the pilot Angel, who discovered it in 1935 with
aircraft. A stream of water falls noisily from a height of 1054 m to the bottom of a deep
gorges.
And here is another waterfall, which will tell
Information about Niagara Falls.
The most powerful Niagara Falls, located in North
America.
The highest height of the waterfall is 51 m, width is 1200 m. The waterfall is located on
the Niagara River, which connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario in North America.
The teacher asks to look at the map north south, west east. "commit"
round the world journey through the oceans from the city of Murmansk, starting
across the Arctic Ocean through the Pacific, Indian and
Atlantic (in this case, the teacher can hold a pointer on the map, and
students follow with their eyes. Close your eyes and count to ten.
Guys, what do you think is the meaning of rivers? In nature? In human life?
Children's answers

We guys continue to work and in order to consolidate the knowledge that we
received in class, let's do practical work.
We work in a group.
Take the leaves Task number 5 Description of the river according to the plan. river name
you choose yourself (appendix 5)
Appendix 5
Task number 5
Description of the river according to the plan. The name of the river is up to you.
River description plan ___________________
1. The mainland on which the river is located
2. The source of the river
3. The mouth of the river
4. The direction of the river
5. The nature of the current (flat, mountainous)
6. Tributaries of the river
7. Which ocean basin does the river belong to
Corrects work in groups.
Checking practical work in groups
To summarize the lesson, today we learned:
what is a river, its parts;
what is a river system;
what are the rivers;
why are they to a person;
Have everyone take their "Tree of Success" and evaluate their work in the lesson.
Guys, rate who did a good job today in the lesson. Agree?!
Introduction to homework:
For all Paragraph 23, questions at the end of the paragraph
Choice:
1Guys, what is the largest river in the Rostov region?
2) Creative task: describe the Don River according to the practical plan
work.

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

The purpose of the lesson: to form knowledge about the rivers of the globe. Show their differences and common features.

Lesson objectives:

To begin the formation of students' understanding of the rivers.
To introduce students to the basic concepts, terms, definitions.
Continue to develop the ability to work with a geographical map.
Continue the formation of the ability to write a description of a geographical object - a river.
Formation of the ability to identify, analyze, compare phenomena and facts, work with text.

Basic Tutorial: V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva. Geography. Geography. 6th grade. – M.: Bustard, 2012.

Equipment: map of the hemispheres, physical map of Russia, physical map of the Krasnodar Territory, atlases, contour maps, computer, multimedia installation, presentation on the topic: “Rivers”.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Repetition of the studied material.

Task: From the list of geographical objects, select only those that relate to inland waters.

Answer: inland waters do not include the sea, ocean, gulf.

Mystery

Flowing, flowing - will not flow out;
Runs, runs - does not run out.
Not a horse, but running
Not a forest, but noisy (River).

Determining with students the topic, objectives and goals of the lesson.

III. Learning new material.

What river flows through our region? Describe the Kuban River.

- What is a river? (This is a natural water stream flowing in a depression he has developed - a channel). This definition marks the most important features of the river. It is natural, and not created by human hands (canal, reservoir), flowing in a direction given by nature, which does not change dramatically.

What are the parts of a river?

channel- the main part of the river, which is located at the bottom of the river valley.
floodplain- part of the river valley, flooded with water during river floods.
river valley- a wider depression in the relief.

- Where do rivers begin? What are the sources of rivers? The concept is being formed source- the beginning of the river. Examples of rivers are given that originate in the mountains or the source is swamps, lakes.

Where do rivers end? (Textbook analysis p. 149, fig. 132)

mouth- the place where a river flows into another river, lake, reservoir, sea, ocean.

What are the types of river mouths?

Delta- the mouth of the river with channels;
Estuary- funnel-shaped mouth of the river.

Slide 9

Rivers that flow into other rivers are called tributaries. They may be left and right.

- How to determine where the river has left or right tributaries? (Give an example on the map). Name the left and right tributaries of the Kuban River.

river system- this is the main river with all tributaries;
Watershed– boundary separating neighboring river basins;
river basin- the area of the earth's surface from which all the water flows into the river.

slide 10-12

The longest river in the world is the Nile (6671 km), the deepest river in the world is the Amazon. Among the greatest rivers of Russia are the Ob, Lena, Yenisei, Amur, Volga. The Kuban River is the main river of our region.

Find and correctly show them on the map of the hemispheres (rivers are shown from source to mouth).

In contour maps, label the rivers indicated on the map:

Nile, Congo (Africa);
Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Volga, Amur, Kuban, Yangtze, Indus (Eurasia);
Amazon (South America);
Mississippi (North America).

How are rivers affected by terrain? Compare the nature of the flow of mountain and lowland rivers. Students look at the slide and work through the textbook pp. 151-152.

mountain rivers have:

stormy and swift current,
relatively straight channels
river valleys are narrow and deep, their destructive work is directed inland,
the bottom is almost all occupied by the channel,
unfavorable conditions for navigation.

lowland rivers have:

smooth and calm flow
the channel is winding, the river valleys are wide with a flat bottom, the width of the valleys is greater than their depth,
destructive work is directed in breadth - to erosion of the coast,
the channel occupies only part of the flat and wide bottom of the valley,
developed shipping.

One and the same river may have a different flow pattern along its course.

Slide 15-16

Under what conditions are rapids and waterfalls formed on rivers? What are their differences?

Concepts are being formed threshold- stone unevenness that arose when the river crossed solid rocky rocks in the channel and waterfalls- Steep sheer ledges of hard rocks. When rapids are formed, the river boils and foams, whirlpools appear. Angel Falls is the highest in the world, 1054 m high (South America). The waterfall was discovered in 1935 from an airplane by pilot Angel. Niagara Falls is not the highest (51 meters), but it is the most powerful. It destroys the ledge, from which the flow of water falls at a rate of 1 meter per year. If the destruction is not stopped, then in 20-30 thousand years it can reach Lake Erie, and it will be lowered.

How are rivers affected by climate? The climate determines the density of the river network, the full flow of the rivers and their behavior during the year. In those areas of the globe where there is a lot of precipitation and there are many rivers, they are full-flowing (Amazon). There are few rivers in the deserts, some of them dry up.

Nutrition It is the way moisture enters the river. Rain, melted snow and glaciers, as well as groundwater, take part in the nutrition of the rivers. Rivers that would have one source of food do not exist in nature.
River mode- the behavior of the river during the year.
high water- a rise in the water level of a river that repeats annually at the same time. When is the flood on the Kuban River?

What is the importance of rivers? (they fish, shipping is developed, the energy of falling water is used to build a hydroelectric power station, a recreation area for people, people have always settled along the banks of rivers, etc.)

IV. Fixing the material.

Indicate the direction of the river flow - from northwest to southeast;
name the numbers of all sources - 1, 2, 3.4;
name the numbers of all mouths - 11, 5, 6, 7, 8;
name the numbers of all right tributaries - 9;
name the numbers of all left tributaries - 10, 12.

V. Summing up.

Practical work: "Description of the river according to the plan."

Option 1 - Volga, Option 2 - Amur.

Name of the river: 1st option - Volga, 2nd option - Amur;
What continent is it on?
Source (beginning of the river);
Mouth (place of confluence);
direction of flow;
Tributaries (left and right);
Feeding the river;
Economic use.

VI. Homework.

§ 38-39, indicated on the contour map of the river, to know and be able to show on the physical map of the hemispheres.

Literature:

Dronov V.P., Savelieva L.E. Geography. Geography. 6th grade. – M.: Bustard, 2012.
Nikitina N.A. Pourochnye developments in geography. 6th grade. - M .: "Wako", 2005.
Geography lessons using information technology. 6-9 grades. Methodological manual with an electronic application (S.V. Dolgorukova, L.I. Eliseeva and others) - M .: Globus, 2008.
Geography. 6-10 grades. Library of electronic visual aids. Multimedia publication on geography for general educational institutions.
www.cabri-volga.org/eng/VolgaMap.html
en.picscdn.com/domain/keldysh.ru/
www.ecosystema.ru/07referats/slovgeo/252.htm
www.skitalets.ru/water/karelia/keret_pushkin2003

Portal for the student. Self-training