Children are taught to select related words for spell checking, starting from the first grade. However, even some high school students find it difficult to complete this task. Moreover, adults often experience difficulties helping their children with homework in the Russian language. They are confused by such definitions as "related" and "cognate" words. Many have forgotten how they differ from each other.

The wording in modern textbooks is rather vague and cannot always clarify the situation. Let's try to figure out what is meant by related words in modern linguistics, and how they differ from cognates.

So, related in Russian lexemes are called:

• with the same root
• close in meaning;
• etymologically ascending to the same nest (i.e. formed from the same etymon);
• different set of prefixes and suffixes.

For example: forest - forester - forester - forest; walk - cross - exit - incoming - all-terrain vehicle - stilts.

Related lexemes may refer to both to one and to different parts of speech: pain(noun), sick(adjective), get sick(verb), hurt(adverb). Having a common root, and hence a common main meaning, such words differ slightly from each other in their lexical meaning.

Nevertheless, the shades of these meanings can be explained using the etymon from which they are all derived. A patient is someone who is in pain. To be sick is to be in pain. Pain is the way pain feels.

Related words separately - word forms separately

It is important not to confuse related words with word forms. The latter have the same root, but different endings (inflections). Sun - sun - sun; read - read - read- all these are not different lexemes, but forms of the same word. With the help of endings, only the grammatical meaning changes (case, tense, person, number, etc.), but the lexical meaning remains unchanged.

The root is one - it means related?

However, most often related words are confused with cognate words. Few are able to clearly explain what their difference is. Moreover, often these concepts are used as synonyms, which is not entirely true.

To begin with, let's remember that such words are called monosyllabic, which have the same root but different prefixes and suffixes. Unlike related ones, they do not have to be similar in meaning. From this point of view, the noun driver and adjective water are single-rooted, since they have a common root - waters. But they are not related, as they have completely different lexical meanings.

We can draw the following conclusion: all related lexemes are cognate, but not all cognate words are cognate.

It is important to remember this when choosing a test word so as not to make a mistake with the explanation of a particular spelling. Often students do not pay attention to the meaning of lexemes and try to explain the spelling of the adjective. tearful- noun slime, spelling a noun gudgeon- in a word squeak.

Rules for the selection of related lexemes in Russian

Consider the rules that will help you not to make a mistake when performing a similar task..

Selecting the root. There are two ways to do this. The first is to understand how the given word is formed. For example, builder – noun derived from verb build using the suffix body.

Sometimes you can't find the root right off the bat. Then we try to change the beginning and end of the given lexeme: retell - tell, express, tell, retell, story, fairy tale, fabulous. Root here - tale.

We educate as much as possible cognates, not forgetting that all of them should be close in their meaning.

Here it would be useful to recall that in the Russian language there is 5 main ways of word formation:

1. Prefixal(prefix). For example: read - re + read, before + read.
2. suffixal. Cheese - cheese + ok, birch - birch + ovy, lace - lace + nitsa.
3. Prefix-suffix: water - under + water + nickname, yard - at + yard + ny, dream - once + dream + sya.
4. Suffixless(used when forming a noun from verbs or adjectives): wide - breadth, bring - import.
5. Addition. Words or their stems can be formed, for example: school + boarding school - boarding school, + flies - airplane, white + teeth - white-toothed. Sometimes when word formation in this way, the stem can be reduced: salary + salary – the salary.

There are other, less common ways of word formation, for example, abbreviation (Moscow State University – Moscow State University). However, for the selection of related lexemes, the methods listed above are mainly used.

In the process of searching for cognate words, one should not lose sight of such a phenomenon as alternation of consonants and vowels in roots. Moreover - sometimes the vowel in the root can completely "disappear". For example: freeze - freeze, state - presentation, sing - sing, read - reading, shine - candle, drive - driving, sculpt - sculpt. Despite the different sounding, these pairs of lexemes are of the same root. It is easy to prove this, based on their similar lexical meaning.

Such alternations can be explained historically. They are associated with the loss of some vowel sounds ( flatter - to flatter), the identity of consonants (gz, sksh, xsh: friend - friends, squeak - squeak, hearing - listen) and other phonetic processes.

Sometimes words that are originally related and have the same root, over time, diverge in their lexical meaning. In modern language they are called "historically related". An example is the lexemes trouble - victory, nail - carnation, which are now not considered related, although they have a common root.

And, finally, the most important secret in the selection of related words - regular workouts and large vocabulary. Only in this case, the test words will be automatically remembered, and your letter will be literate.

Video

With the help of this video, it will be easier for you to understand what related words and word forms are.

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Related words are words that have the same root and are close in meaning. One-root etymons are those that have the same root, but differ in prefixes and suffixes. They can be different parts of speech or one. In their general essence, related words are always very similar to each other: house, house, home, house, homebody, home.

What are we being taught

From the first years of schooling, children are taught to pick up words with the same root. In this science, there are several basic rules that we describe below:

Words must have the same root (the root is the main part of the word that carries the main lexical meaning);

The form of the same utterance and related words are completely different things, for example: gardener, garden, garden - related; gardener, gardeners, gardener - one word in different forms;

It is impossible to allow a mechanical selection of sayings similar to each other, because the sounds at the root can be combined, but the words will be unrelated, for example, driver and water;

Single-root words are not always a noun, for example driver (noun), drive (verb), driver (adjective) - they have the same basis, but they are different parts of speech;

It is worth using collections of related words by searching for suffixes and prefixes - running, running, running;

Related words are the basis for the selection of etymons of verification, which allows you to make a minimum of errors.

Consider the basics of Russian grammar

In studying the order of selection of similar sayings, there are several important rules:

Etymons derived from the same word are called single-root, the explanation of which allows the use of the same term, for example, a fungus is a small mushroom, a mycelium is a place where a mushroom grows, and so on;

Such expressions should have a pronounced connection in meaning;

Sometimes statements can be close in meaning, but not have a common part - they are not related;

It is necessary to select related words with the help of prefixes;

Modified etymons (door, doors, door) are not related;

The role of the vowel sound in single-root test words is important - it must be stressed.

Before starting to select related words, you must first think, then double-check, and finally write. If you train this process of brain activity, words with the same root will automatically form in your head, so that the risk of making a mistake will tend to zero. In any speech, words complement each other, helping a person to express them in speech form or on paper. Therefore, it is worth helping the brain by asking some question commands. Thanks to this, the formation of words occurs - hints that help determine the necessary letter in the spelling of the word.

Some features of related words

There is a science of etymology that allows you to find family ties between words, and explains their origin. Etymologically related words are words that have undergone phonetic and semantic changes in the process of their development. You can take a simple example: the word "carnation" is written through the letter "o" due to the fact that it was named because of the similarity of the plant's flowers to nails. It is precisely such word-formation processes that etymology deals with.

Related words are words that have the same root, but not always related to the same part of speech. An example is the words white, whiten, whiteness All three words have the same root. When determining related words, a number of features should be taken into account. This will be discussed further.

How are related words formed?

Related words are formed due to a certain set of prefixes and suffixes (or so-called postfixes). If words with one common root differ from each other only in endings (inflections), then it is wrong to classify them as related. For example, "river" and "river" are not related words, but a form of the same word.

In Russian, the most common methods of word formation are suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal. With the first method, the word is formed by adding a suffix, the second - with a prefix. The prefix-suffix method, respectively, implies the use of these two methods together. It is not practical to create related words in a prefix way. After all, for example, the words "run away", "run away" and "run" not very different from each other in terms of meaning.

unrelated words

It is worth paying attention to homonymous roots. For example, words "to drive" and "water" cannot be considered related, because their root values ​​are different.

In addition to all of the above, it is worth mentioning historically related words. For example, words "victory" and "trouble" were previously related, but in modern Russian they ceased to be such. Therefore, they should be attributed specifically to historically related words.

How to choose related words?

The correct selection of related (single-root) words is taught from elementary school. Thanks to this skill, students check the spelling of words. How to learn to choose the right related words?

Basic rules for choosing related words:

1) Words with the same root always have the same root. The root is the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the same part is common for related (single-root) words.

2) Root words can be confused with the form of the same word. In order not to be mistaken in the future, try to practice now, making chains of single-root words and in parallel with grammatical forms. For example:

gardener - gardener - gardener(a chain consisting of single-root words);

gardener - gardeners - gardeners(forms of one word).

3) Single-root words do not in all cases belong to the same part of speech. For example:

drive(verb) - driver(noun) - driving(adjective).

Together with the article "What are related words?" read:

The concept of related words is identical to the concept of cognate words. Such words are derived from one initial form and have a single root. This circumstance determines that all related words have a similar meaning. At the same time, their forms can vary greatly and be supplemented by prepositions, suffixes, endings.

Examples of related words

To understand the concept of related words and learn how to distinguish them among other words, you need to give a few examples:

• the words "lace, swirl, circle" are related to each other. They all contain the basic "circle, circle" shape. In this case, the letters "g, g" change, but the meaning and meaning of the words remain unchanged. In this case, the word "circle" is the initial word that denotes a shape. This is actually a circle. Therefore, the word "mug" will also be related, since it is formed from the word "circle" because of the round shape;
• the words "wall, wall, dungeon, wall" are also related. Their main part is the shape of the "walls". That is, the initial word will be the word "wall", which denotes the main concept, the object itself. All other words are already formed from it. Prefixes and endings were added to them, due to which new forms of words were created;
• "movement, latch, move, move." In this case, we are talking about the performance of actions, that is, about “movement”. This is the main word that denotes the basic concept. Then, derived forms are formed. For example, the word "valve" means a locking device that can move. Due to this, it locks the door. Therefore, all the listed words are related to each other.

Thus, all related words have a single root. That is what makes them related. Therefore, it is important to isolate such a root and understand its semantic meaning.

Related words and synonyms

Related words have the same root and are derived forms from the initial word. Synonyms are words that have a similar meaning. But the root of the synonyms will be different. So, the words "bright" and "brilliant" are synonymous. But they are not related to each other.

Subject: related words.

Target: to form the concept of related words, to introduce the concept of root, the development of the ability to recognize single-root words by two signs, to find the root in the word.

Tasks:

• observation of a single spelling of the roots when comparing the sound and spelling of the roots in related words;
• a combination of spelling and speech training;
• enrichment of children's vocabulary;
• activation of cognitive activity of students experiencing learning difficulties.

Equipment: a computer, a multimedia program, a tape recorder with a cassette for physical education, posters with a tree, a basket, a Christmas tree, figurines of mushrooms and leaves, Christmas decorations, a textbook by M. Soloveichik "To the secrets of our language"

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

The teacher greets the children. Checks their readiness for the lesson. Children make an entry in a notebook (number, class work).

II. A minute of calligraphy

What letter will we write? ( letter bb)Appendix 1 slide 1.(This application exceeds the allowed size. The link can be obtained from the author of the article - approx. ed.)
- Try to write beautifully and correctly.

III. vocabulary work

- Write down vocabulary words. Slides 2-10

IV. Introduction to the topic of the lesson

Scene.

W: Look who came to visit us. Met once the root of the bush and the root of the word.

- Hello, I'm a root, and who are you?
I am also root.
- I live in the earth. And where did you live?
And I live in words.
- Well, what kind of root can live in words? Here I am the root as the root! Look: sprouts originate from me in the ground and grow a whole bush of currant or hazel, or even a whole tree. What grows from you?
- Do not brag. From me and from other roots like me, whole bushes also grow, only not plants, but new words. Look at how many different words have grown from only one root:

mountain, hill, mountain, mountain, miner

- Think! But on the bushes and trees that grow from me, delicious fruits and berries ripen that you can eat. Don't eat your words!
- And without the words that grow from me, not one of your plants, berries, or fruits can even be named!

W: Do not argue, friends! We need both of you. We also need such roots from which plants grow and those from which new words can be grown.

V. Announcement of the topic of the lesson

slide 11

- Today we will find out what words are called related and what is the root. If people come from the same ancestor, then they are similar to each other and they are called relatives. The words are also similar. How are the words on the bush similar? (MOUNTAIN, HILL, MOUNTAIN, MOUNTAIN, MINER)
– They have the same part, they are also called related. And I know another word with such an e part - to burn. Will it be related? (It has no other meaning). So let's formulate the definition of related words. What words are related? (children's answers)
Let's check if we said the definition of related words correctly. slide 12

VI. Fizkultminutka. Breathing exercises

During the exercise, quiet pleasant music sounds.

- I ask you to fulfill my request: to do it quietly and with the desire that only your breathing be heard.
- Take a full and deep breath. Holding your breath, imagine a circle (draw with eyes) and slowly exhale air into it. 2 times.
- Inhale. Imagine (draw with eyes) a triangle and exhale into it. 2 times.

VII. Primary fastening

- Opened the textbook on page 7, exercise 283. Gather all relatives in a column. We check.

Fish
Rybka
To fish
fish

What part of these words do they have in common? ( fish- ) Here is the common part of all related words, it is customary to highlight the arc. Why is this part called the main one? (New words depend on this part) Those. new words grow from this part, so this part is called the root. slide 13
What words are written in the second column? (Catch, catch.)
- In the third column? (Perch, perch.)
What words are left? (Dipped, dexterous)

VIII. Physical education minute

IX. Anchoring

- Let's read it again in the textbook on page 8. What is called the root? How to find the root?
- You need to choose related words.
- Highlight the common part in related words.

Work on options. One option collects leaves on a tree, and the other option collects mushrooms in a basket.

- Find leaves from your tree, for this, select related words with the root Leaf - leaf, leaf, leaf, foliage, leafless, leaf fall. Mushroom - fungus, fungus, mushroom picker, mycelium, mushroom.

As they call, the children attach the words-leaves to the tree, put the mushrooms in a basket.

X. Repetition

The game "Finish the sentence" using the same root word

In the dining room there is a large round … (table).
They brought a new one to the dovecote ... (pigeon).
The gardener looks after... (garden).
The forester keeps... (forest).
They poured into the salt shaker ... (salt).
In the feeder was... (feed).
Came out of the stable... (horse).

XI. Lesson summary

- What did we meet today?
What are the related words? What is called a root?
- Now you will choose a toy that matches your impression of the lesson and attach it to the Christmas tree, the better the mood, the higher the toy is attached.

XII. Homework: learn the rule, ex. 285.