The theme of “Evening reflection on the Majesty of God on occasion, the great northern lights” can be defined as an enthusiastic admiration for the power of the Creator, who managed to create thousands of inhabited worlds, create a space so boundless and saturate it with such inexhaustible mysteries that the mind refuses to perceive and accommodate such diversity. .
So, the meaning of the lines “The abyss has opened, the stars are full; // There is no number of stars, the abyss is the bottom ”is that with a little observation, you can pay attention to the inexhaustibility of the world, evidence of which is very close. The universe then appears so boundless and incomprehensible in its complexity that it can only be compared to an abyss filled with countless stars. The very thought of this excites the mind and imagination, causes involuntary reflections on the extraordinary complexity of God's creation.
Nevertheless, the main idea of the work is that reason is given to man for this, so that he can comprehend the laws of the world, learn to ask “nature” questions, seek and find answers to them.
The theme “Ode on the day of the accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty Empress Elisaveta Petrovna in 1747” can be defined as the exaltation of the transformations of Peter I, the assertion of the national self-sufficiency and originality of the Russian state, the vast natural wealth of the country and the great abilities of the Russian people.
The twenty-year reign of Elizabeth Petrovna began in November 1741. The ode was written for the sixth anniversary of the reign of Peter's daughter, for six years the main tendencies of the reign of Elizabeth had already appeared, and it was possible to draw intermediate results.
The main merit of Elizabeth Lomonosov considers the establishment of "beloved silence", which gives peace to the "Russians" and which does not need "blood current" (Elizabeth did not wage wars in the first 15 years of her reign).
The second merit is the return to the policy of Peter (the powers of the Senate were restored, the boards were recreated, the Cabinet of Ministers created by Anna Ioannovna was liquidated): “... When from a joyful change / Petrovs raised walls / Splashing and clicking to the stars!” The same idea is emphasized by the extensive glorification of Peter's deeds and summary: "... The great Peter's daughter / Father's generosity exceeds, / The contentment of the muses aggravates / And fortunately opens the door."
The third merit is the patronage of the sciences: "...Here in the world to expand the sciences / Elizabeth deigned." In fact, Elizabeth paid little attention to the sciences. But her favorite was I. I. Shuvalov, a well-known patron of sciences and arts, who was friends with Lomonosov, corresponded with Voltaire and Helvetius, who contributed to the opening of Moscow University and the Academy of Arts.
The most important achievement of Lomonosov is that he not only praised Elizabeth, but taught her what she should do as an empress: if the Almighty entrusted such “land space” to “happy citizenship” and opened treasures, then you need to know that
.. .requires that Russia
The art of approved hands.
This gold will cleanse the vein;
Stones will also feel the power
the sciences restored by you.
The poet's right to teach kings manifested itself in the same century in the work of Derzhavin.
M.V. Lomonosov "Evening meditation on the Majesty of God on occasion" Great Northern Lights"
The purpose of the lesson. Spiritual and moral education of students through the word.
Tasks.
Educational : to acquaint students with the poetry of the era of classicism, with the genre features of the ode; prepare students for the perception and analysis of the ode "Evening meditation on the majesty of God ..."
Educational: to form in students moral qualities, the ability to express their moral position.
Developing: develop students' oral speech, logical and figurative thinking.
During the classes.
Teacher's word. AT Russian literatureXVIIIcentury there is a name known to all our compatriots without exception - Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. He is worthy of respect both as a scientist and as a person who has reached the heights of education and fame from the very bottom of society, and as a poet. The theory of "three calms" of Lomonosov was important for the development of Russian literature: it marked the beginning of the formation of the national Russian language. This theory was associated with the main requirement of classicism - a strict division of genres into high, medium and low. Lomonosov solved an important problem: he brought together book speech and colloquial speech.
As a poet, Mikhail Vasilievich created works of all three styles, but his odes played a particularly important role in literature.
Define ode.
(Ode is a solemn work that glorifies the most important events of the external and internal life of the state. The style of the ode is high. The ode consists of three parts: introduction, reasoning, conclusion, which brings the classical ode closer to oratory).
Expressive reading of the ode "Evening meditation on the majesty of God."
Interview with students.
Teacher. Reread the ode, examine its individual parts and answer the questions: does the ode “Evening Reflection on the Majesty of God” meet the requirements of classicism?
With what picture does Lomonosov begin his ode?
What is the role of the landscape in the ode?
What does the poet admire: the beauty of nature or the benefits it brings?
What kind of landscape does Lomonosov draw - specific or generalized (large-scale)?
How does Lomonosov's adherence to classicism manifest itself in the depiction of the landscape?
Answer. The poet depicted a large-scale and generalized landscape. In the ode, Lomonosov not so much admires the beauty of nature as this landscape is interesting to him as a means of revealing the main idea. The reproduction of specific pictures of nature was not part of the tasks of the classicist poet, since excessive detail would interfere with a clear presentation of the main idea of the ode.
Teacher. What are the main means of expression used by the author in this picture?
Answer: The main artistic means of the image is the personification:
Teacher. To what main idea does the poet bring in the first part of the ode? How do artistic means and techniques help the poet to reveal it?
Answer. Lomonosov, drawing pictures of the secrets of nature, was sure that they were the secrets of God, which it was impossible for the human mind to fully reveal. It was necessary for Mikhail Vasilyevich to use personification when depicting nature in order to convey to the reader the idea that nature is an animated manifestation of God's power.
Teacher. What stanza does the second part of the ode begin with?
Answer. From the third stanza.
Teacher. AT ode "Evening Reflection ..." we immediately feel the mighty spirit of the author-scientist. He turns to scientists, arguing with them, and he himself is looking for answers to endless questions:
What does the meadow vibrate on a clear night?
What thin flame strikes into the firmament?
Like lightning without menacing clouds
Strives from the earth to the zenith?
How can it be that the frozen steam
Was there a fire in the middle of winter?
The last two lines of this stanza refer toX. Wolf, who considered the cause of northern sowing to be “fine vapors” formed in the bowels of the earth. It is with Wolf's theory of "fine evaporation" that Lomonosov is arguing in this stanza.
And in the next stanza, Mikhail Vasilyevich talks about another hypothesis, according to which the northern lights are a reflection of the fire of the Icelandic volcano Hekla in the northern moving ice:
Or the tops of fat mountains are burning,
Or the marshmallow stopped blowing into the sea,
And smooth waves beat into the air ...
These lines already set out Lomonosov's own theory, which pointed to the electrical nature of the northern lights.
A magnificent picture of the northern lights is given - a phenomenon that the poet remembered from childhood: it is a kind of symbol of his native North. But it is also a picture of creative consciousness, insatiable curiosity. Offers, included in these stanzas are interrogative reasoning. But there are no answers to these questions - there are only suggestions and doubts. But they are inherent in a person, a true scientist, who questions many things, puts forward his conjectures and assumptions. So, the ode "Evening reflection ..." ends with questions that lead from the northern lights to the secrets of the universe:
Tell me, how vast is the light?
And what about the smallest distant stars?
Do you know the end of the creatures?
Tell me, how great is the Creator?
In science, the poet saw an assistant and ally of theology in the knowledge of God's wisdom.
And what is the difference between an ode and an oratorical speech, because both of them are similar in composition, logical presentation, style?
Answer. The ode expresses the lyrical feelings of the hero.
Teacher. How do you define the feelings of a lyrical hero?
Answer. These are feelings of delight, firstly, before God's majesty and, secondly, the lyrical hero admires the beauty of nature, in which he sees an animated manifestation of God's power. And although the author uses the pronoun “I” in the ode, he conveys only those experiences that could arouse general interest.
Teacher. With the help of what artistic means, stylistic devices does the author manage to convey the state of delight of the lyrical hero?
Answer. AT describing the landscape, the author uses a large number of epithets: a black shadow, a clear beam, frozen steam, a thin flame, rhetorical questions and exclamations.
Teacher. So the poet is describing nature?
Answer. No, the poet does not describe, but enumerates natural phenomena: the onset of evening, the northern lights. But Lomonosov names individual elements of the landscape, and the artistic means and techniques he uses do not characterize nature. at the moment of description, but recreate the image of ideal nature, in which Divine greatness is manifested.
Teacher . So, we see that the lyrical content occupies an important place in the ode. The main thing in the poem is the personality of the poet with his philosophical reflections, reflections on the essence of being. The addressee of his ode, the Creator, stands at an unattainable height, which is emphasized by the solemnity, sublimity of the sound of the poem. And with the help of what is the high style of the ode created?
Answer. The high style of the ode is created by the abundant use of old Slavic words: they say, they sweep, fire, the specter, ziblet, firmament, marshmallow - the god of light breezes, the unknown ...
Teacher. What is the meter of this poem?
Answer. The author uses iambic tetrameter, which was considered the most appropriate for a classic ode.
Teacher. AT than the value of M.V. Lomonosov? To answer this question, let us turn to the statements of the people of the next generation. A.S. Pushkin in the article “On the preface of Mr. Lemonte to the translation of the fables of I.A. Krylov" writes about Mikhail Vasilievich as follows: "His style is even, flourishing and picturesque, borrows the main advantage from a deep knowledge of the bookish Slavic language and from its happy merging with the language of the common people.
That is why the transcriptions of the Psalms and other strong and close imitations of the high poetry of the sacred books are the best of his works. They will remain eternal monuments of Russian literature...” A.P. Vyazemsky said that "Lomonosov in his good stanzas floats like a swan," but he "is more of an orator in his verses."
We, modern readers, are primarily interested in Lomonosov as a poet, reformer of the Russian language and poetic style, one of the founders of classicism. His merit to the Fatherland and Russian culture is great.
Homework. Written analysis of M.V. Lomonosov's ode "Morning Reflection on the Majesty of God" (1751).
M. V. Lomonosov. Translation of Psalm 103. Morning reflection on God's majesty. Evening meditation on the majesty of God at the occasion of the great northern lights
Three poems by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711 - 1765), published in this book, reflect the spirit of his poetry and his artistic discoveries, which largely determined the further development of Russian literature: the creation of the foundations of the literary language, improvement - following V. K. Trediakovsky, but with the originality and power of the genius - Russian verse, the development of the beginnings of epic and lyrical poetry, scientific literature. Lomonosov's transcriptions of the biblical psalms and reflections on the majesty of God (in the current word usage - greatness) amaze with the unity of unshakable faith in the incomprehensible wisdom of the Creator, the perfection of His creation and a fiery thirst for knowledge, creativity, a happy consciousness of the power and beneficence of the human mind.
The "Proposition of Psalm 103", written, like other "prepositions", in the 40s, is a high example of fidelity to the spirit of the original and the freedom to transform it in the mind of a poet of a different time, language and culture. Comparison of the original text with Lomonosov's for readers of our time is extremely difficult because they also have translations at their disposal: into Old Slavonic and Russian (for the first time, a complete handwritten Slavic Bible was created in 1499, a complete printed one in 1581, its Old Testament part was edited in the first half XVIII century, the first complete Russian Bible was published in 1876). Lomonosov could use the Slavic Bible, as well as translations of the Bible into Greek (“Septuagint” - “Translation of the Seventy”, III century BC) and into Latin (“Vulgate” - “Folk”, IV century AD). ). Nevertheless, a comparison even with the Russian Bible, which did not exist under Lomonosov, allows one to feel the nature of the “preposition”. Here are two verses from the Bible:
“You have set the earth on solid foundations: it will not shake forever and ever;
You covered her with the abyss as with a garment; there are waters on the mountains.”
The corresponding two quatrains of Lomonosov:
You have firmly founded the earth, And for the reliable strength of the Immovable, you have laid rivets And you have given eternal inflexibility.
You clothed it with an abyss, You commanded the waters in pairs, To rise, thickening above us, Where rain is born and snow.
The fidelity to the source is obvious, and the features introduced by the northerner poet and naturalist are also noticeable.
The poem is understandable to the modern reader: ancient words give it solemnity, their meaning is revealed in the context, with the exception of the word “onager” - a donkey, an animal that was highly valued in Palestine for its exceptional utility in the economy; honorable people rode on white donkeys.
"Morning" and "Evening" reflections were written in 1743. These are lyrics created by a convinced Christian, a poet-scientist; a striking fusion of scientific insight and poetic imagery (for these poems, see also the first chapter of the book). Here the words "Builder" - the creator, "creature" - creation, "nature", "nature" - nature, need to be explained.
Pech. according to the book: Lomonosov M. V. Works. L., 1957.
1b M. V. LOMONOSOV
Translation of Psalm 103
May my spirit and tongue of the Almighty Creator praise the state, splendor and glory. Oh my God, how great You are!
Clothed with marvelous beauty, Dawn of divine light, You spread the stars without counting The tent like before You.
Having covered the heights with water, You rise on light clouds, You make noise with the wings of the winds, When You fly on them.
And Your wills are ambassadors, Like airy aspirations, Obedient to almighty manias, Flowing, burning, not knowing the darkness.
You firmly founded the earth, And for reliable strength, you laid rivets, And you gave eternal inflexibility,
You clothed it with an abyss, You commanded the waters to rise in pairs, thickened above us, Where rain and snow are born.
Their will is Your single view. From the prohibition they are troubled And in the clouds, frightened, they crowd; As soon as Your thunder strikes, they make noise downstairs.
Mountains rise in height; You set steep rapids And you lay green valleys, Multiplying beauty with gloominess.
He put a limit on their tops, So that they would not turn to hide the earth, They would not bow down to anything, Except for Your immeasurable powers.
From the mountains into the valleys you pour the keys And cool you from the heat: They murmur for sweet peace, Between the mountains they flow.
And they will give water to all the animals, That around the villages they feed themselves; Onagers wait, as they melt in thirst, Joy from Your hand.
Birds flocking there into the shade, Singing and whistling uplift, Stony dens live And by this they spend a hot day.
You pour moisture from above on the mountains, You plant the earth with fruits, And you satisfy all peoples, Witnesses to Your deeds.
You grow grass in the fields for the flocks; We need different potions. You generously apply to bread, You are rich in generosity to everyone.
Bread strengthens our breasts with strength, Oil softens our limbs, Wine comforts us in sorrow And fills our hearts with joy.
You give abundant fat to the trees, You crown the fields with them, generous one! Cedars have been planted in Lebanon by the might of omnipotent hands.
Morning reflection on God's Majesty
Already the beautiful luminary Has spread its brilliance over the earth And revealed the works of God. My spirit, listen with glee, Wondering only the rays of clear rays, Imagine what the Builder himself is like!
If only mortals could fly high, So that our mortal eye could approach the sun, approaching, gaze, Then from all countries the Ocean burning forever would open.
There the fiery shafts strive And find no shores, There fiery whirlwinds revolve, Struggling for many centuries; There the stones boil like water, The rains are burning there.
This terrible mass is like a spark before you alone. Oh, how bright the lamp is lit by Thee, O God, For our daily affairs, What have You commanded us to do!
Fields, mounds, seas and forests were freed from the gloomy night And opened to our gaze, Full of Your miracles. There, every flesh cries out: “Great is our Builder, the Lord!”
The light of day shines Only on the surface of bodies; But Your gaze pierces into the abyss, Not knowing any limit. From the lightness of Your eyes, the joy of the whole creation flows.
Creator! To me who is covered with darkness, Stretch out the rays of wisdom And do anything before You Always teach to do And, looking at Your creature, Praise You, immortal King.
1743 (?)
Evening reflection on the Majesty of God at the occasion of the great northern lights
The day hides its face, The fields are covered with a gloomy night; A black shadow ascended the mountains, Rays leaned away from us. The abyss has opened, full of stars; The stars have no number, the abyss of the bottom.
A grain of sand is like a wave in the sea: How small is a spark in eternal ice, Like fine dust in a strong whirlwind, In a fire as fierce as a feather, So I, deepened in this abyss, I get lost, tired of thoughts!
The lips of the wise say to us: “There are many different lights, Innumerable suns burn there, Peoples there and a circle of centuries; For the common glory of the Deity There, the power of nature is equal.
But where, nature, is your law? Dawn rises from midnight countries! Doesn't the sun set its throne there? Do not the ice-folk stir up the fire of the sea? This cold flame covered us! Behold, the day has entered the night on earth!
O you, whom the swift vision Pierces into the book of eternal rights, To whom the small sign of things Is the charter of nature, You know the path of all the planets; Tell me what's bothering us so much?
What does the ray of clear night vibrate? What thin flame strikes into the firmament? Like lightning without menacing clouds Strives from the earth to the zenith? How can it be that frozen steam in the middle of winter gives rise to a fire?
There argues oily haze with water; Or the rays of the sun shine, Bending through the thick air towards us; Or the tops of fat mountains are burning; Or the marshmallow stopped blowing into the sea, And smooth waves beat into the ether.
Your answer is full of doubts About what is around nearby places. Tell me, how vast is the light? And what about the smallest distant stars? The ignorant creatures are the end of you? Tell me, how great is the Creator?
From the book of Psalms-Psalter in translations (arrangements) by the author's versesM. V. Lomonosov. PROPOSITION OF PSALM 1 M. V. Lomonosov PROPOSITION OF PSALM 1 1 Blessed is he who does not go to the evil in council, Does not want to follow sinners And with those who lead to destruction, To sit in concordant thoughts, 2 But will only subject the Law of God in everything And with his heart he watches
From the book Spiritual Poems author Lomonosov Mikhail VasilievichMV Lomonosov SENTENCE OF PSALM 14 1 Lord, who dwells In a bright house above the stars? Who with you inhabits the upper sacred mountain places? 2 He who walks blamelessly Keeps the truth forever And with an unflattering heart, exactly As with his mouth, he speaks; 3 He who does not flatter with his tongue, does not know his neighbor
From the author's bookMV Lomonosov SENTENCE OF PSALM 26 1 The Lord is my Savior and light: Whom shall I fear? The Lord himself watches over my life: Whom shall I fear? 2 In malice to devour my flesh Repulsive rushed; But, evil advice though to begin, Fallen lamented. 3 Though the regiment rise up against me, But I do not
From the author's bookM. V. Lomonosov. PROPOSITION OF PSALM 34 MV Lomonosov PROPOSITION OF PSALM 34 1 Judge offenders, Builder, And from those who fight with me, Be my Patron, Intercessor and Savior. 2 Now bow down to my voice, Take up arms and shield And take up arms to help me, When my enemy
From the author's bookM. V. Lomonosov. PROPOSITION OF PSALMS 143 MV Lomonosov PROPOSITION OF PSALMS 1431 Blessed be the Lord my God, Strengthening my right hand And teaching my fingers in battle To erase the enemies of the uplifted horn. 2 Intercessor and my savior, Protection, and mercy, and consolation, Hope in battle and a fence, Under
From the author's bookM. V. Lomonosov. PROPOSITION OF PSALM 145 MV Lomonosov PROPOSITION OF PSALM 145 Praise to the Almighty Lord Strive, my spirit, to exalt; I will sing in a thundering face About him as long as I can breathe. No one ever puts his trust in the vain power of the princes of the earth: They were born by the same people, And there is no salvation from
From the author's book From the author's bookMORNING REFLECTION ON THE MAJESTY OF GOD 1. Already the beautiful luminary Spread its brilliance over the earth, And revealed the works of God: My spirit, listen with joy, Wondering at the clear roofing rays, Imagine what the Builder himself is! When only mortals would be able to fly high To the sun
From the author's bookPSALM 14 PROPOSITION 1. Lord, who dwells in a bright house above the stars, who dwells with you on the sacred top of high places? The one who walks immaculately keeps the truth forever, and with an unflattering heart exactly as he speaks with his tongue.3. Who does not know to flatter with his lips, does not cause harm to his neighbors, cunning
From the author's bookPSALM 26 PROPOSITION 1. The Lord is my Savior and Light: Whom shall I fear? The Lord Himself watches over my life: Whom shall I fear? In malice to devour my flesh Repugnant rushed. Though the regiment rise up against me, But I am not horrified. Let the enemies
From the author's bookPROPOSITION OF PSALM 34 1. Judge those who offend, O Builder, And from those who fight with me, always be my Patron, Intercessor and Savior.2. Now bow down to my voice, Take up arms and shield, And take up arms to help me, When the enemy threatens me.3. Restrain the desire of the persecutors, Striking with fiery
From the author's bookPROPOSITION OF PSALM 70 1. In You I place hope, O Almighty Lord, I always resort to You and now, May they be saved forever from the cold.2. By Thy holy truth Deliver me from evil hands, Bow down with my prayer And crush the insidious bow.3. Be my champion and my God against striving enemies And
From the author's bookPROPOSITION OF PSALM 103 1. May my spirit and tongue of the Almighty Creator praise the state, splendor and glory. O my God, how great You are! 2. Clothed with marvelous beauty, Dawn of divine light, You spread the stars without counting, Like a tent, before You.3. Having covered heights with water, On light clouds
From the author's bookPsalm 116 Praise the Lord, tongues of all the earth, Sing to the Most High, all small and great, That He has placed His mercy in us forever, And His truth will endure all
From the author's bookPROPOSITION OF PSALM 143 1. Blessed be the Lord my God, Strengthening my right hand, And teaching the fingers in warfare, The uplifted horn will erase the enemies.2. My intercessor and Savior, Cover and mercy and joy, Hope in battle and fence, The holy people gave me power. Oh God, what is a man? What are you
From the author's bookPROPOSITION OF PSALM 145 1. Praise to the Most High Lord Strive, my spirit, to exalt: I will sing in a thundering face About Him as long as I can breathe.2. No one trusts forever In vain the power of the princes of the earth: They were born by the same people, And there is no salvation from them.3. When they are parted from the soul, And their flesh is perishable in
The solemn ode was not the only genre in Lomonosov's poetry. In his odes, Lomonosov not only glorifies the Russian victories over enemies "(" Ode on the Capture of Khotyn ") or celebrates various solemn dates. He also wrote odes on religious and scientific topics. Such, for example, are his two "Reflections": "Morning Reflection about the majesty of God "(second half of 1740) and" Evening reflection on the majesty of God in the case of the great northern lights "(1743). It is also worth noting that among the scientific works of Lomonosov there were studies on astronomy. One of them was called" The Phenomenon of Venus in the Sun" (1761).
Lomonosov devoted poems with scientific themes to natural phenomena, primarily to the cosmic theme. Being a deist philosopher, Lomonosov saw in nature a manifestation of the creative power of a deity, but in his poems he reveals not the theological, but the scientific side of this issue: not the comprehension of God through nature, but the study of nature itself, created by God.
In them, he, like no one after him, up to the present day, managed to give a combination of science and poetry in a single whole. In a figurative, poetic form, Lomonosov gives in "Morning Reflection" a scientific description of the physical structure of the sun, and in "Evening Reflection" - his theory of the origin of the northern lights.
In "Evening Reflections" Lomonosov has several assumptions about the northern lights: this is the refraction of the sun's rays, or "the fat mountains are burning," or this is due to the calm on the sea and the waves beat on the air, etc. In conclusion, he actually speaks of the impotence of modern science in answering certain questions. In nature, where everything seems to go once and forever in an established order, sometimes wonderful things happen that confuse the mind with their incomprehensibility.
In each of the "Reflections" the same composition is repeated. First, phenomena are depicted that are familiar to a person from his daily impressions. Then the poet-scientist lifts the veil over the invisible, hidden region of the Universe, introducing the reader into new worlds unknown to him. Thus, in the first stanza of the Morning Reflection, the sunrise, the onset of morning, the awakening of all nature are depicted. Then Lomonosov begins to talk about the physical structure of the Sun. A picture is being drawn that is accessible only to the inspired gaze of a scientist who is able to speculatively imagine what the “mortal” human “eye” cannot see - the hot, raging surface of the sun. Complex phenomena occurring on the surface of the Sun, Lomonosov reveals with the help of ordinary, purely visible "terrestrial" images.
The poet imagines the structure of this planet as "an ever-burning Ocean", where "stones boil like water, the rains are burning there." Thoughts about the greatness of the sun lead the poet to realize the greatness of the Creator: “The luminary of the day shines only on the surface of bodies; but your gaze pierces the abyss, not knowing any limit. In the finale, Lomonosov compares the luminary with enlightenment, and asks the Creator to help the scientist cognize the universe in order to glorify his creation: “Creator! to me covered with darkness / Stretch out the rays of wisdom / And anything before you / Always teach to do.
In these two Meditations, the poet comes to the main questions that he has been trying to resolve all his life. What is the Universe? Is it cognizable by the human mind? What is the place of man in it?
The abyss of stars has opened up,
The stars have no number, the abyss of the bottom.
A grain of sand, like in the waves of the sea,
So I am deepened in this abyss,
I'm lost, I'm tired of thoughts!
Although the title of the poem contains "God's Majesty", the motive of the life-giving forces of matter, "natural nature" is on an equal footing with the motive of the great Creator: The lips of the wise say to us:
"There are many different lights,
Countless suns burn there,
The peoples there and the circle of centuries;
For the common glory of the deity
There is equal force of nature."
The form of the poems is expressive. The construction of phrases, syntactic constructions provoke an excited tone of the narration. In "Evening Reflection" the abundance of questions gives rise to a tense emotional atmosphere of the search for clues to the most amazing mysteries of nature:
But where, nature, is your law?
Dawn rises from midnight countries!
Doesn't the sun set its throne there?
Do not the ice-folk stir up the fire of the sea?
The final stanza of "Evening Reflections" demonstrates the position of a true researcher-scientist: the main thing in science is to raise a new question. And then look for answers to it and doubt. This is how the impudent thinker Lomonosov doubts the boundless "majesty" of the heavenly Creator himself (be careful with this, he doubts, of course, but in his morning reflection he glorifies him, approx. Ben.), This is how he pushes scientific thought to a new, more modern, understanding of the laws universe:
Your answer is full of doubt
About what about the cross near places.
Tell me, how vast is the light?
And what about the smallest distant stars?
The ignorant creatures are the end of you?
Tell me, how great is the Creator?
Thus, in these works Lomonosov combines science and art. Then he will do this in the well-known parable "Two astronomers happened together at a feast" (1761). His admiration and flight of thought cause not only unusual phenomena (the northern lights), but also quite ordinary ones (sunrise), which is inherent in a real scientist. As a scientist, he asks questions about the causes of these phenomena, and as a poet, he admires the grandeur and obscurity of the universe, talks about his place in it and glorifies the Lord for such a grandiose creation.
20. Scientific evidence of the benefits of glass in the "Letter on the Benefits of Glass" by M.V. Lomonosov.
Poetry and science organically merge in a wonderful poem by Lomonosov "Letter on the Benefits of Glass" (1752) addressed to Shuvalov. He explains his interest in glass: “They think wrong about things, Shuvalov, who revere glass below minerals.” Lomonosov not only talks about the benefits of glass, but also reaches deep scientific, philosophical and social issues. Having drawn a picture of the birth of glass, explaining the usefulness of glass in everyday life and its scientific use, he logically moves on to other topics: about the human mind, daring to know nature and subjugate it, about the struggle between reason and ignorance throughout the history of mankind, about religion as “illumination ignorance”, about science that unites people, about gold that brought misfortune to people. He writes with indignation about the destructive power of gold.
In this work, the scientific interests of a researcher of nature are combined with the experience of an active practitioner, the promotion of a scientific worldview.
Find quotes about scientific evidence!
M.V. Lomonosov is a satirist.
Lomonosov waged a struggle with the official church and foreign professors, who hindered education in the country. This struggle was reflected in his sharply satirical poems. Like Kantemir, Lomonosov used satire as a means of fighting for enlightenment. But if the pathos of Kantemir's work consisted in the desire to promote enlightenment in the country by the power of a negative example, then Lomonosov saw his task in influencing the civil consciousness of his compatriots by the power of a positive example, and therefore satire occupied a very modest place in his life. Satires did not appear in the press during Lomonosov's lifetime.
Satirical works for him were primarily a means of combating the churchmen. "Hymn to the Beard"- the famous caustic and evil parody poem directed against greedy, ignorant priests. The bearers of the beard are “fools, lied, leprosy”, Lomonosov considers their church teaching to be false.
This poem aroused the Synod, and he sent a denunciation of Lomonosov to Elizabeth. The Synod demanded that the anthem be burned and that Lomonosov be sent to the Synod for a "cruel execution." Fortunately, this denunciation turned out to be without consequences.
A fierce literary struggle flared up around the "hymn to the beard". In 1757, the clergy sent a series of letters against Lomonosov with a hymn to the head, in which Lomonosov was slandered. These letters were signed with the fictitious name of Zubnitsky.
Lomonosov erroneously considered Trediakovsky to be an enemy hiding under the name of Zubnitsky. This was due to the fact that Lomonosov knew about the denunciations to the Synod that Trediakovsky wrote about Sumarokov. Lomonosov responded to Zubnitsky with an epigram beginning with the words: “Godless and hypocrite, liar of anonymous letters!”
Lomonosov also had to fight against the churchmen over the Copernican system. Defending the Copernican system in scientific writings, Lomonosov resorted to poetic means, writing an epigram fable "two astronomers happened together at a feast." The dispute between two astronomers is resolved by a cook who calls for common sense: there is no such simpleton who would turn the hearth around the roast.
22. M.V. Lomonosov about journalism and journalists (article "On the position of journalists").
A special place in the history of journalism belongs to Lomonosov's polemical article "Reasoning about the duties of journalists in presenting their essays, designed to maintain the freedom of philosophy." The immediate reason for writing the article was the need to respond to a German reviewer who, in 1752, in a Leipzig journal, subjected unfounded criticism to the theory of heat developed by Lomonosov (“On the Cause of Warmth and Cold”). In 1754, the Hamburg Correspondent also criticized the theory.
At the Academy of Sciences, a scientific journal in Latin "Comments" was published, in which scientific works were published. With the release of the New Commentaries in 1750, published works began to receive evaluation in foreign journals. Foreign reviewers, who had a very favorable attitude towards these works, constantly criticized Lomonosov's works, which made him a pioneer in a number of fields of science. The intentionality of their assessments was obvious.
Lomonosov undertook to respond to foreign opponents, in whose statements he saw unscrupulousness and dishonesty, detrimental to the identification of scientific truths.
The article was written in Latin and a year later published in French in an Amsterdam magazine. The article was printed without a signature at the request of the author. Lomonosov does not confine himself to polemics only on scientific issues, he raises a number of fundamental problems concerning the rights and obligations of journalists in general. "Strength and will - that's what is required of them," and he does not find these qualities in European journalists.
At the end of the article, Lomonosov outlines his famous seven rules, which must be properly "confirmed both by the Leipzig journalist and by everyone like him."
Rules for journalists:
1. A journalist must weigh his strength, whether he is able to grasp everything essential in writings that sometimes belong to people of genius
2. In order to be able to make a sincere and just judgment, it is necessary to free the mind from any prejudice, from any prejudice.
3. The journalist must be able to argue his objections, must repeatedly weigh what he intends to say in order to be able to justify his words, if necessary.
4. A journalist should not rush to condemn hypotheses. They are permissible in philosophical subjects, and this is even the only way in which the greatest people were able to discover the most important truths.
5. It is most dishonorable for a journalist to steal from one of his fellows the expressed thoughts and judgments, and appropriate them to himself.
6. Doubts and questions alone do not give a journalist the right to condemn a work and he should not assume that what is incomprehensible and inexplicable for him is the same for the author.
7. A journalist should never have an overly high opinion of his superiority, his authority and the dignity of his judgments.
The day hides its face;
The fields were covered with gloomy night;
A black shadow ascended the mountains;
The rays from us leaned away;
A grain of sand, like in the waves of the sea,
How small is the spark in the eternal ice,
Like fine dust in a strong whirlwind,
In fire as fierce as a feather,
So I, deepened in this abyss,
I'm lost, I'm tired of thoughts!
The lips of the wise say to us:
There are many different kinds of lights;
Countless suns burn there,
The peoples there and the circle of centuries:
For the common glory of the Godhead
There is equal force of nature.
Dawn rises from midnight countries!
Doesn't the sun set its throne there?
Do not the ice-folk stir up the fire of the sea?
This cold flame covered us!
Behold, the day has entered the night on earth!
O you, whom the swift eye
Pierces into the book of eternal rights,
Which small things sign
Is the charter of nature,
You know the path of all the planets;
Tell me what's bothering us so much?
What does the ray of clear night vibrate?
What thin flame strikes into the firmament?
Like lightning without menacing clouds
Strives from the earth to the zenith?
How can it be that the frozen steam
Fire in the middle of winter?
There argues oily haze with water;
Or the rays of the sun shine,
Leaning through the thick air towards us;
Or the tops of fat mountains are burning;
Or the marshmallow stopped blowing into the sea,
And smooth waves beat into the air.
Your answer is full of doubt
About what is around nearby places.
Tell me, how vast is the light?
And what about the smallest distant stars?
The ignorant creatures are the end of you?
Tell me, how great is the Creator?
In this philosophical ode, Lomonosov reflects on the power of the Divine mind: “Tell me, how great is the Creator?” The greatness of the Divine mind was manifested primarily in the fact that God introduced order, or, as they said then, "order" into the structure of the Universe, subordinating it to quite clear and firm laws, eliminating chaos and disorder: after the day, the night comes with inexorability, after the night the sun rises and the morning comes. This law of the organization of natural life is clear, firm and simple.
Each phenomenon, object and living being has its own place. Man in comparison with the Universe is a small and seemingly imperceptible “grain of sand”, however, God gave man part of his privilege and endowed man with reason, which turned the “grain of sand” into a powerful being. He did this so that man would study the laws of the universe and turn them to his advantage. Thus, at the heart of a human being lies a mental activity that encourages us to explore the world, comprehend its laws and penetrate into the secret, unexplored depths of its structure. Thought gives a person the opportunity to imagine and study these laws, build hypotheses and try to find the truth:
But where, nature, is your law?
Dawn rises from midnight countries!
These lines directly relate to establishing the cause of the northern lights, which at that time was guessed by Lomonosov, but on the whole they characterize the scientist's attitude to the secrets of nature that are to be revealed to mankind.
It is clear from the poem that the human mind, capable of embracing the Universe and finding its laws - “charters”, represents it as infinite, eternally alive, not disappearing anywhere. This is the greatness of God and the universe He created. But just as majestic is the human mind, aimed at studying the laws of the world.
At the same time, admiration for the greatness of God, the Universe is not free from the “piitic horror” of nature: Lomonosov never forgets that the power of the mind is given to the “insignificant dust”, the “grain of sand” of being, which, unlike the Universe, is mortal. Experiencing delight in the mind of man, he simultaneously feels a sacred awe. He sings a hymn to a reasonable person with a clear consciousness of the transience of existence. These two feelings give rise to "thought soaring". The poet seeks to comprehend the inner harmony of nature and bows before its power.
In the most ordinary phenomena, Lomonosov notices the action of hidden elemental forces. The thirst for knowledge is combined with a poetic sense of nature. The poet finds himself face to face with the cosmos, with the entire boundless and infinite universe. The scientific ideas of that time were powerless to explain many physical and other phenomena, and the poet calls for help from fantasy, which was not an arbitrary fiction, but was based on scientific foresight. This is how the picturesque image of space is born in Lomonosov. The main idea of this picture is the inexhaustibility of cosmic life, the existence of a plurality of worlds in it:
The abyss has opened, full of stars;
The stars have no number, the abyss of the bottom.
Experiencing delight and sacred horror, Lomonosov, in the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment, depicts a person not as a powerless, depressed and drooping contemplator, but as a figure who cherishes not only the theoretical, but also the practical results of his mental labors. When Lomonosov wrote: “I am lost, I am tired of thoughts!”, He did not mean the confusion of a person, but the lack of knowledge to explain the omnipotence of nature and the complexity of the tasks facing the scientist. He is "tired of thoughts" because he firmly believes in the cognizability of the world, but still cannot cognize its laws.
The subject of concern and poetic worship of Lomonosov is a wise, powerful, happy, prosperous and peaceful Russia. Since enlightened Russia was personified by Lomonosov in an enlightened autocratic empress, then, presenting a picturesque portrait of the country, the poet depicts her as a majestic and portly woman with attributes of royal power - a purple, scepter and crown. Zephyr - in Greek mythology, the god of the western wind, light and warm
