All parts of the hydrosphere are interconnected by the already known process of the water cycle in nature.

slide 11 from the presentation "Water". The size of the archive with the presentation is 841 KB.

Natural science grade 5

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I can't imagine summer without a rest on the seashore, or at least an ordinary trip to the lake. The greatness of Russian rivers simply amazes me, and the beauty of some lakes, for example, Baikal, is something incredible. Such a variety of water bodies is part of the hydrosphere - the water shell of our planet. Without water, there would be no life on Earth, so it must be protected.

What are the parts of the hydrosphere?

Water is found everywhere on our planet and in different states. Most of it is in liquid form. This may include:

• oceans;
• seas;
• lakes and reservoirs;
• rivers;
• The groundwater.

Here you need to understand that salt water is approximately 95% and only 5% is fresh water (the one that most living organisms consume).

There are huge reserves of groundwater on the planet. Scientists estimate them at about 5% of the entire hydrosphere of the planet, but there is a theory about a huge underground ocean deep in the bowels. True, I find it hard to believe.

Ice is also part of the hydrosphere. There are a huge number of glaciers on the planet, which are concentrated at the poles of our planet. But if you look at the absolute amount, then in the hydrosphere they make up only 2%. When I heard this, I was very surprised.

Water vapor is also part of the hydrosphere, but very, very small. Although it does rain.

The water cycle in nature

On the planet, water is in motion. It passes from one state to another, but its quantity remains constant.

The cycle takes place in the following way. Water evaporates from various bodies of water and rises to form clouds. Thanks to the wind, they are transported to another place. Water droplets form in the clouds and then fall to the surface of the planet.

Without this process, vegetation simply would not receive the moisture it needs.

How did water appear on the planet?

There is one common theory. Previously, there was almost no atmosphere on the planet, and our Earth was bombarded by various asteroids and meteorites. Many of them were made of ice. Thus, this important substance for life was introduced.

The hydrosphere includes atmospheric, surface and ground water. Each of these groups is divided into subgroups. The quantitative ratio of the types of hydrosphere waters is given in Table 1 and Figure 2.

Table 1. Parts of the hydrosphere

Rice. 2. Quantitative ratio of parts of the hydrosphere

Fresh water, occupying only a small percentage of the total composition of the planet's hydrosphere, plays an important role in human life.

About 75% of all fresh water on Earth is contained in the glaciers of the polar zones, in snow and permafrost. This water comes together under the name cryosphere. If all the ice in the cryosphere melted, the ocean level would rise by 64 meters. Recently, scientists have been anxiously monitoring the Arctic and Antarctic ice shelves. In the last few years alone, two glaciers have collapsed that have remained motionless for the past ten thousand years. Read more about it here...

20% of all fresh water reserves are groundwater and amount to 85 thousand km³.

The share of rivers, lakes, swamps and other freshwater reservoirs accounts for only 1% of fresh water. But due to the renewability of water resources, this is enough to supply water to the entire planet.

Rivers at a certain point in time contain only 1.2 thousand km 3, however, the annual flow of water for the entire planet is 41.8 thousand km 3. The lakes contain 280 thousand km 3 of water.

Up to 14 thousand km³ of water is in the atmosphere vapor, but during the year the moisture in the atmosphere is replaced up to 40 times and up to 520 thousand km 3 of water falls on the earth's surface in the form of precipitation. Precipitation is the main source of surface water renewal.

In general, the division of the hydrosphere into the World Ocean, continental waters and groundwaters is accepted. Most of the water is concentrated in the ocean, much less - in the continental river network and groundwater. There are also large reserves of water in the atmosphere, in the form of clouds and water vapor.

Over 96% of the volume of the hydrosphere is seas and oceans, about 2% is groundwater, about 2% is ice and snow, and about 0.02% is land surface water. Part of the water is in a solid state in the form of glaciers, snow cover and permafrost, representing the cryosphere.

Thus, the upper boundary of the hydrosphere reaches heights of 700-800 km, and the lower one - depths - 700-800 km from the Earth's surface. The lower boundary of the hydrosphere is assumed to be at the level of the mantle surface (the Mohorovichic surface), while the upper boundary lies in the upper layers of the atmosphere.

World water cycle- this is a process of continuous movement of water under the influence of solar energy and gravity, covering the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and living organisms. From the earth's surface, under the influence of solar heat, water evaporates, and most of it (about 86%) evaporates from the surface of the oceans. Once in the atmosphere, water vapor condenses during cooling, and under the influence of gravity, the water returns to the earth's surface in the form of precipitation. A significant amount of precipitation falls back into the ocean.

The water cycle, in which only the ocean and atmosphere take part, is called small, or oceanic, the water cycle. The land is involved in the global, or large, water cycle: the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean and land, the transfer of water vapor from the ocean to land, the condensation of vapor, the formation of clouds and precipitation on the surface of the ocean and land. Next is the surface and underground runoff of land waters into the ocean. Thus, the water cycle, in which, in addition to the ocean and the atmosphere, land also takes part, is called the global water cycle.

The annual amount of precipitation falling on the earth's surface is equal to the amount of water evaporated in total from the surface of the land and oceans. P + R + T - E - F = N (N>0) General water balance equation, where E - evaporation, P - atmospheric precipitation, R - regional, underground and other types of runoff controlled by precipitation, T - endogenous inputs water, F - loss on photolysis.

The world ocean occupies 70.8% of the earth's surface. Its average depth is 3.8 km, the average water temperature is 3.8°C. The share of the World Ocean accounts for about 90% of all waters of the hydrosphere, therefore, chem. the composition of the latter is close to the composition of ocean waters, in which O (85.7%), H (10.8%), C1 (1.93%) and Na (1.03%) predominate. Most of all in the World Ocean (and in G.) contains ions Cl - , SO 2 2- , Na + , Mg 2+ , somewhat less - Br - , Ca 2+ , K + . A river is a constant stream of water flowing in a channel developed by him and fed mainly by precipitation.

Parts of the river: source- the place where the river originates. The source can be a spring, a lake, a swamp, a glacier in the mountains; mouth A place where a river flows into a sea, lake or other river. A depression in relief that extends from the source to the mouth of a river river valley. The depression in which the river constantly flows is the channel. floodplain- flat, flooded during the flood bottom of the river valley.

Above the floodplain, the slopes of the valley usually rise, often in a stepped form. These steps are called terraces. They arise as a result of the eroding activity of the river (erosion), caused by a decrease in the erosion base.

river system a river with all its tributaries. The name of the system is given by the name of the main river. river basin- the area from which the river with all its tributaries collects water. Watershed- a line dividing the basins of two rivers or oceans. Usually some elevated spaces serve as watersheds. Depending on the nutrition, rivers are distinguished with rain, snow, glacial, underground, and when they are combined, with mixed nutrition. The regime of the river largely depends on what kind of nutrition prevails.

River regime- regular changes in the state of rivers over time, due to the physical and geographical properties of the basin and, first of all, climatic conditions. The river regime manifests itself in the form of daily, seasonal and long-term fluctuations in the level and flow of water, ice phenomena, water temperature, the amount of sediment carried by the flow, etc. The elements of the river regime are, for example, low water - the water level in the river in the season of its lowest standing and high water - a prolonged rise in water in the river, caused by the main source of food, repeated from year to year. Depending on the presence of hydraulic structures on rivers (for example, hydroelectric power stations) that affect the regime of the river, there are regulated and natural regimes of rivers. All the rivers of the globe are distributed among the basins of the four oceans. Lakes are reservoirs of slow water exchange located in natural depressions on the land surface.

By origin, lake basins can be: 1) tectonic(formed in faults in the earth's crust, usually deep, and have banks with steep slopes); 2) volcanic(in the craters of extinct volcanoes); 3) glacial(characteristic of territories subjected to glaciation); 4) karst(characteristic for areas of distribution of soluble rocks - gypsum, chalk, limestone, appear in places of failures when rocks are dissolved by groundwater); 5) dammed(they are also called dams; they arise as a result of blocking the riverbed with blocks of rocks during landslides in the mountains); 6) oxbow lakes(a lake on a floodplain or a lower terrace above a floodplain is a section of a river separated from the main channel); 7) artificial(reservoirs, ponds). Lakes are fed by atmospheric precipitation, groundwater and surface water flowing into them.

According to the water regime, they distinguish sewage and drainless lakes.

Depending on the degree of salinity of the water, the lakes are insipid and salty.

According to the origin of the water mass, lakes are of two types: 1) lakes, the water mass of which is of atmospheric origin (such lakes prevail in number); 2) relic, or residual, - were once part of the World Ocean (Caspian Lake, etc.) Swamps - excessively moistened land areas covered with moisture-loving vegetation and having a peat layer of at least 0.3 m. The water in the swamps is in a bound state . Marshes are formed due to the overgrowth of lakes and the swamping of land. Lowland swamps are fed by ground or river waters, relatively rich in salts. riding swamps are fed directly by atmospheric precipitation. They are located in watersheds. The main reason for the formation of huge swamps is the excessive humidity of the climate, combined with a high level of groundwater due to the close occurrence of water-resistant rocks and flat relief to the surface.

Glaciers- Atmospheric water turned into ice. Glaciers are constantly moving due to their plasticity. Under the influence of gravity, the speed of their movement reaches several hundred meters per year. The movement slows down or accelerates depending on the amount of precipitation, warming or cooling of the climate, and in the mountains, the movement of glaciers is influenced by tectonic uplifts. Permafrost. By permafrost, or permafrost, one should understand the strata of frozen rocks that do not thaw for a long time - from several years to tens and hundreds of thousands of years. Water in permafrost is in a solid state, in the form of ice cement. The emergence of permafrost occurs in conditions of very low winter temperatures and low snow cover.

Including the total mass of water found on, under and above the surface of the planet. Water in the hydrosphere can be in three states of aggregation: liquid (water), solid (ice) and gaseous (water vapor). The Earth's hydrosphere, unique in the solar system, plays one of the primary roles in sustaining life on our planet.

Total volume of hydrosphere waters

The earth has an area of ​​about 510,066,000 km²; almost 71% of the planet's surface is covered with salt water with a volume of about 1.4 billion km³ and an average temperature of about 4°C, not much above the freezing point of water. It contains almost 94% of the volume of all water on Earth. The remainder occurs as fresh water, three-quarters of which is locked up as ice in the polar regions. Most of the remaining fresh water is groundwater contained in soils and rocks; and less than 1% is found in the world's lakes and rivers. As a percentage, atmospheric water vapor is negligible, but the transfer of water evaporated from the oceans to the land surface is an integral part of the hydrological cycle that renews and sustains life on the planet.

Hydrosphere objects

Scheme of the main components of the hydrosphere of the planet Earth

The objects of the hydrosphere are all liquid and frozen surface water, groundwater in soil and rocks, as well as water vapor. The entire hydrosphere of the Earth, as shown in the diagram above, can be divided into the following large objects or parts:

• World Ocean: contains 1.37 billion km³ or 93.96% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• The groundwater: contain 64 million km³ or 4.38% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Glaciers: contain 24 million km³ or 1.65% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Lakes and reservoirs: contain 280 thousand km³ or 0.02% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Soils: contain 85 thousand km³ or 0.01% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Atmospheric steam: contains 14 thousand km³ or 0.001% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Rivers: contain a little more than 1 thousand km³ or 0.0001% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• TOTAL VOLUME OF THE EARTH'S HYDROSPHERE: about 1.458 billion km³.

The water cycle in nature

Scheme of the cycle of nature

Involves the movement of water from the oceans through the atmosphere to the continents and then back to the oceans above, on and below the land surface. The cycle includes processes such as sedimentation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, percolation and runoff. These processes operate throughout the hydrosphere, which extends about 15 km into the atmosphere and up to about 5 km deep into the earth's crust.

About a third of the solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface is used to evaporate ocean water. The resulting atmospheric moisture condenses into clouds, rain, snow and dew. Humidity is a decisive factor in determining the weather. It is the driving force behind storms and is responsible for the separation of electrical charge, which is what causes lightning and therefore the natural ones that negatively affect some. Precipitation moistens the soil, replenishes underground aquifers, destroys the landscape, nourishes living organisms, and fills rivers that carry dissolved chemicals and sediment back to the oceans.

Importance of the hydrosphere

Water plays an important role in the carbon cycle. Under the influence of water and dissolved carbon dioxide, calcium is weathered from continental rocks and transported to the oceans, where calcium carbonate is formed (including the shells of marine organisms). Eventually the carbonates are deposited on the seabed and lithified to form limestones. Some of these carbonate rocks later sink into the interior of the Earth due to the global process of plate tectonics and melt, which leads to the release of carbon dioxide (for example, from volcanoes) into the atmosphere. The hydrological cycle, the circulation of carbon and oxygen through the geological and biological systems of the Earth, is the basis for maintaining the life of the planet, the formation of erosion and weathering of the continents, and they contrast sharply with the absence of such processes, for example, on Venus.

Problems of the hydrosphere

The process of melting glaciers

There are many problems that are directly related to the hydrosphere, but the most global are the following:

sea ​​level rise

Sea level rise is an emerging issue that could affect many people and ecosystems around the world. Tide level measurements show a worldwide increase in sea level of 15-20 cm, and the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has suggested that the increase is due to the expansion of ocean water due to rising ambient temperatures, melting mountain glaciers, and ice caps. Most of the Earth's glaciers are melting due to, and many scientific studies have shown that the rate of this process is increasing, and also has a significant impact on global sea levels.

Reduction of Arctic sea ice

Over the past few decades, Arctic sea ice has shrunk significantly. Recent NASA studies show that it is declining at a rate of 9.6% per decade. Such thinning and removal of ice affects the balance of heat and animals. For example, populations are declining due to a break in the ice that separates them from land, and many individuals drown in attempts to swim across. This loss of sea ice also affects the albedo, or reflectivity of the Earth's surface, causing the dark oceans to absorb more heat.

Precipitation change

An increase in precipitation can lead to floods and landslides, while a decrease can lead to droughts and fires. El Niño events, monsoons and hurricanes also affect short-term global climate change. For example, a change in ocean currents off the coast of Peru associated with an El Niño event could lead to changes in weather conditions throughout North America. Changes in monsoon patterns due to rising temperatures can cause droughts in areas around the world that depend on seasonal winds. Hurricanes that intensify with rising sea surface temperatures will become more destructive to humans in the future.

Melting permafrost

It melts as the global temperature rises. This affects the people living in this area the most, as the soil on which the houses are located becomes unstable. Not only is there an immediate effect, but scientists fear that thawing permafrost will release massive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) into the atmosphere, greatly impacting the environment in the long term. The released will contribute to further global warming by releasing heat into the atmosphere.

Anthropogenic influence of man on the hydrosphere

Humans have had a significant impact on our planet's hydrosphere, and this will continue as the world's population and human needs increase. Global climate change, river flooding, wetland drainage, flow reduction, and irrigation have put pressure on existing freshwater hydrosphere systems. The steady state is being disturbed by the release of toxic chemicals, radioactive substances and other industrial wastes, as well as the leakage of mineral fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides into the Earth's water sources.

Acid rain, caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the burning of fossil fuels, has become a worldwide problem. The acidification of freshwater lakes and the increased concentration of aluminum in their waters are believed to be responsible for significant changes in lake ecosystems. In particular, many lakes today do not have significant fish populations.

Eutrophication caused by human intervention is becoming a problem for freshwater ecosystems. As excess nutrients and organic matter from agricultural and industrial wastewater are released into water systems, they become artificially enriched. This affects coastal marine ecosystems as well as the introduction of organic matter into the oceans, which is many times greater than in pre-human times. This has caused biotic changes in some areas, such as the North Sea, where cyanobacteria thrive and diatoms thrive.

As the population increases, the need for drinking water will also increase, and in many parts of the world, due to temperature changes, fresh water is extremely difficult to obtain. As people irresponsibly divert rivers and deplete natural water supplies, this creates even more problems.

Humans have had a great impact on the hydrosphere and will continue to do so in the future. It is important to understand the impact we have on the environment and work to reduce negative impacts.

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The globe is covered by a geographical envelope, which includes the lithosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Without the complex of geospheres and their close interaction, there would be no life on the planet. Let us consider in more detail what the Earth's hydrosphere is, and what is the importance of the water shell in all vital processes.

The structure of the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is a continuous water shell of the planet, which is located between the solid earth shell and the atmosphere. It includes absolutely all water, which, depending on environmental conditions, can be in three states: solid, gaseous and liquid.

The hydrosphere is one of the most ancient shells of the planet, which existed in almost all geological epochs. Its occurrence became possible due to the most complex geophysical processes, the result of which was the formation of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, between which there has always been the closest connection.

The hydrosphere, one way or another, permeates all the geospheres of the globe. Groundwater percolates to the very bottom of the earth's crust. The main mass of water vapor is distributed in the lower part of the atmosphere - the troposphere.

The hydrosphere accounts for about 1390 million square meters. km. It is usually divided into three main parts:

• World Ocean - the main part of the hydrosphere, which includes all the oceans: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic, Arctic. The totality of the oceans is not an integral water shell: it is divided and limited by continents and islands. Salty oceanic waters make up 96% of the total volume of the hydrosphere.

The main characteristic of the World Ocean is the general and unchanging salt composition. Fresh water also enters the ocean waters along with river runoff and atmospheric precipitation, but its amount is so small that it does not affect the salt concentration in any way.

Rice. 1. Waters of the oceans

• Continental surface waters - these are all water basins located on the surface of the globe: swamps, reservoirs, seas, lakes, rivers. Surface water can be both salty and fresh, artificial and natural.

The seas of the hydrosphere are marginal and inland, which, in turn, are divided into intracontinental, intercontinental and interisland.

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• The groundwater are all waters located underground. Sometimes the concentration of salts in them can reach a very high level, they may contain gases and various elements.

The classification of groundwater is based on the depth of their occurrence. They are mineral, artesian, soil, interstratal and soil.

Of great importance in metabolic processes is fresh water, which in total makes up only 4% of the total water reserves on the planet. The main part of fresh water is contained in snow covers and glaciers.

Rice. 2. Glaciers are the main sources of fresh water

General properties of all parts of the hydrosphere

Despite the difference in composition, states and locations, all parts of the hydrosphere are interconnected and represent a single whole. All its parts take an active part in the global water cycle.

The water cycle - a continuous process of moving water masses under the influence of solar energy. This is the connecting link of the entire earthly shell, a necessary condition for the existence of life on the planet.

In addition, water performs a number of important functions:

• The accumulation of a large amount of heat, thanks to which the planet maintains a stable average temperature.
• Oxygen production. A large number of microorganisms live in the water shell, producing a valuable gas necessary for the existence of all life on Earth.
• resource base. The waters of the World Ocean and surface waters are of great value as resources for human life. Catching commercial fish, mining, the use of water for industrial purposes - and this is only an incomplete list of human use of water.

The influence of the hydrosphere on human activity can also be negative. Natural phenomena in the form of high waters and floods pose a great threat, and can overtake almost any region of the planet.

Hydrosphere and man

With the development of scientific and technological progress, the anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere began to gain momentum. Human activity has caused the emergence of geoecological problems, as a result of which the water shell of the Earth began to experience the following negative effects:

• pollution of water by chemical and physical pollutants that significantly worsen the quality of water and the living conditions of living animals and plants;
• a sharp decrease or depletion of the water resource, in which its further restoration is impossible;
• the loss of a water body of its natural qualities.

Rice. 3. The main problem of the hydrosphere is pollution

To solve this problem in production, it is necessary to apply the latest protection technologies, thanks to which water basins will not suffer from all kinds of pollution.

What have we learned?

When studying the most important topic in grade 5 geography, we learned what the hydrosphere is and what the water shell consists of. We also found out what is the classification of hydrosphere objects, what are their differences and similarities, how the hydrosphere affects the life of our planet.

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