The answers to tasks 1–26 are a word, a phrase, a number or a sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1. Interest in words denoting emotions is associated with the emergence of modern linguistic semantics, when linguists became interested in the inner world of a person.
2. Before the advent of modern linguistic semantics, the inner world of a person was of interest to psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but linguists were of little interest.
3. With the advent of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s of the 20th century, the first attempts to describe emotional vocabulary in dictionaries are associated.
4. Interest in words denoting emotions, which appeared in the 60s of the XX century, has not faded to the present.
5. With the advent of modern linguistic semantics, linguists became interested in the inner world of a person and, as a result, in words denoting emotions.
Show text(1) Until recently, the inner world of a person occupied psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but was of little interest to linguists. (2) The situation began to change with the advent of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s of the XX century, when the first attempts to describe emotional vocabulary in dictionaries appeared. (3) ____ interest in words denoting emotions is constantly increasing.
2
What adverb should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
Show text(1) Until recently, the inner world of a person occupied psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but was of little interest to linguists. (2) The situation began to change with the advent of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s of the XX century, when the first attempts to describe emotional vocabulary in dictionaries appeared. (3) ____ interest in words denoting emotions is constantly increasing.
3
Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word EXPERIENCE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
EXPERIENCE, -a, m.
1. Reflection in the minds of people of the laws of the objective world and social practice, obtained as a result of their active practical knowledge (special). Sensual about.
3. Playing some. phenomena experimentally, the creation of something. new under certain conditions for the purpose of research, testing. Lucky about. Chemical experiments. Breeders experience.
4. An attempt to implement something, a trial implementation of something. The first about. young writer.
Show text(1) Until recently, the inner world of a person occupied psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but was of little interest to linguists. (2) The situation began to change with the advent of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s of the XX century, when the first attempts to describe emotional vocabulary in dictionaries appeared. (3) ____ interest in words denoting emotions is constantly increasing.
4
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
adopted
kitchen
dispensary
5
In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. The meeting will take place if there is a quorum.
2. Paustovsky is kind to people who met him on his LIFE path and populated his book.
3. Anna CLUTCHED her daughter and spun around the room.
4. We stood on a high bank and admired the ROYAL course of the Volga.
5. Somehow my father got me a SUBSCRIBER for a series of lectures on cinema.
6
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the chosen word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Good students always do their homework.
7
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
gold EARRINGS
ROOF repair
more than THREE Hundred
WILL RECOVER FAST
LAY Bricks
8
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | SUGGESTIONS |
| A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition | 1) Azalea is considered to be one of the most luxurious plants decorating our greenhouse. |
| B) violation of supply boundaries | 2) Art not only enriches a person emotionally, but also makes him think. |
| C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application | 3) In "Ruslan and Lyudmila" A.S. Pushkin, there are features of a romantic poem. |
| D) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover | 4) Describing the grave of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Sons", Turgenev depicted an old family cemetery. |
| E) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover | 5) This case is described by N.V. Gogol in the comedy The Inspector General. |
| 6) Ivan is a very kind person. Because he sees only the good in people. | |
| 7) Having returned home, I again and again recalled the events of today. | |
| 8) At the end of the report, the scientist answered the questions of those present. | |
| 9) Thanks to the efforts of the director, the gymnasium received a new computer class. |
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other characters.
9
Indicate the answer options in which an unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing in all words of the same row
1) k..nforka, p..lisadnik, k..morka
2) suppose ..gat, pore ..sl, survey ..rit
3) absorb .. to take, (village) old .. gave birth, die .. to (for help)
4) gn..zditsya, us.comy, b..grovy
5) application, reminder, reminder, fire
10
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row.
1) to..add, to..joke, o..shine
2) pr..bautka, pr..del (churches), pr..lying
3) without .. active, without .. minty, medical .. institute
4) subjective, with..saving, without..emergency
5) and .. fry, nor .. cast, ra .. give
11
1) perform .. sew, peas .. on
2) find out .. you, nickel .. out
3) sway .. tsya, evaporate .. on
4) intimidating..writing, writing..tso
5) percentage..tsa, hide..vat
12
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) bandage .. sew, spoiled ..
2) sealed .. dried, dried .. sew
3) feed..sh, skip..ny
4) (parents) cotton..t, wandering..schee (herds)
5) saw .. who, unthinking .. my
13
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
1. The issue of financing the construction is still (NOT) RESOLVED.
2. Solving the problem turned out to be (NOT) EASY for me.
3. Winning an argument (NOT) ALWAYS implies the triumph of truth.
4. A (NOT) LOUD crack made the hunter look around.
5. The man passed through the yard and, NOT NOTICED by anyone, disappeared around the corner.
14
Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written APART. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
1. Anna Mikhailovna wrote to the front (FOR) THE PREVIOUS address and (FOR) THE STILL waited for a letter.
2. He calmly, HOWEVER (SAME), endured all these screams and, (NOT) LOOKING around, went straight to the house.
3. From each push, the boat fell (ON) SIDE, and (FOR) THIS had to constantly scoop out water.
4. (C) CONCLUSION The old people asked that (WOULD) Mironych not be touched.
5. In the sky LITTLE (SLOW) clouds and clouds gathered, SOME (WHERE) are still bright and beautiful, and to the west rainy, bluish, boring.
15
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.
The photo showed (1) a small street with white (2) clay (3) houses under thatched (4) roofs and neatly short (5) lawns.
16
Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. The summer was hot and rich in small and warm rains.
2. Images of primitive giants are known from fairy tales and epics.
3. Lightning strikes the ground with a direct blow, then blazes on black clouds.
4. Elms and maples blaze with yellow and red fire in the city garden.
5. Levitan hid from summer residents, yearned for a night singer and wrote sketches.
17
She swam across the Angara and (1) finding the river (2) drove the boat into it (3) pushing it far up (4) and placing (5) under a spreading birch hanging low over the river (6).
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.
In addition (1) the absence of struggle-intrigue in Chekhov's plays (2) really (3) led to an unusual organization of the speech of the characters, devoid of (4) it would seem (5) any purposefulness, which (6) happened (7) was bewildering spectators.
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
I think (1) that very often people ask for advice not when (2) they don’t know at all (3) what to do (4) but (5) when this or that decision has already been made inwardly (6) and is waiting for reinforcement of this decision from the outside from undisputed authority.
20
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Hadji Murad was sitting nearby in the room (1) and (2) although he did not understand the conversation (3) he felt (4) that they were arguing about him.
21
Find sentences that use colons according to the same punctuation rule. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
(1) In war, the Spartan was in his element. (2) He went to battle as to a feast: undressed, smeared with oil and combed his long hair. (3) Other Greeks went to battle to the wild roar of trumpets, the Spartans to the measured whistle of the flute: their fighting ardor had not to be kindled, but moderated. (4) The Spartans were the first to learn how to fight in formation, in a phalanx, and not every man for himself: to leave a place in the ranks in order to rush at the enemy or from the enemy was the same crime. (5) The Spartan Leonimus raised his sword over the enemy in battle, but heard the all-clear and drew back the sword: "It is better to leave the enemy alive than to disobey the command." (6) The boy Isad ran away to war and fought bravely - he was given a wreath for bravery and flogged with rods for violating discipline.
Read the text and complete tasks 22-27.
(According to M.A. Bulgakov.)
22
What statements do not match the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
1. Only in a dream is a procurator ready to sacrifice his career for the sake of a person who has committed a crime against Caesar.
2. The procurator of Judea was not ready to sacrifice his career for the sake of truth.
3. The procurator of Judea did not ruin his career for the sake of a man who had committed crimes against Caesar.
4. The Procurator of Judea has always been a coward.
5. The hegemon's awakening was not terrible.
Show snippet(1) Darkness and silence reigned inside the palace. (2) And inside the procurator, as he told Aphranius, did not want to leave. (3) He ordered the bed to be prepared on the balcony, in the same place where he dined, and in the morning he conducted an interrogation. (4) The procurator lay down on the prepared bed, but sleep did not want to come to him. (5) The bare moon hung high in the clear sky, and the procurator did not take his eyes off her for several hours.
(6) At about midnight, the dream finally took pity on the hegemon. (7) Yawning convulsively, the procurator unbuttoned and threw off his cloak, took off the belt around his shirt with a wide steel knife in the sheath, put it in an armchair by the bed, took off his sandals and stretched out. (8) Banga climbed onto his bed and lay down beside him, head to head, and the procurator, putting his hand on the dog's neck, closed his eyes at last. (9) Only then did the dog fall asleep.
(10) The bed was in semi-darkness, closed from the moon by a column, but a moon ribbon stretched from the steps of the porch to the bed. (11) And as soon as the procurator lost touch with what was around him in reality, he immediately set off along the luminous road and went up it straight to the moon. (12) He even laughed in a dream with happiness, before that everything turned out perfectly and uniquely on a transparent blue road. (13) He walked accompanied by Bunga, and next to him was a wandering philosopher. (14) They argued about something very difficult and important, and neither of them could defeat the other. (15) They did not agree with each other in anything, and from this their dispute was especially interesting and endless. (16) It goes without saying that today's execution turned out to be a pure misunderstanding - after all, the philosopher who invented such an incredibly ridiculous thing like the fact that all people are kind walked nearby, therefore, he was alive. (17) And, of course, it would be absolutely terrible even to think that such a person could be executed. (18) There was no execution! (19) It wasn't! (20) That's the beauty of this journey up the stairs of the moon. (21) There was as much free time as needed, and the thunderstorm would only come in the evening, and cowardice is undoubtedly one of the worst vices. (22) So said Yeshua Ha-Nozri. (23) No, philosopher, I object to you: this is the most terrible vice.
(24) For example, the current procurator of Judea did not chicken out, but the former tribune in the legion, then, in the valley of virgins, when the furious Germans almost killed the giant Ratslayer. (25) But, have mercy on me, philosopher! (26) Do you, with your mind, admit the idea that because of a person who committed a crime against Caesar, the procurator of Judea will ruin his career?
(27) - Yes, yes, - Pilate groaned and sobbed in his sleep.
(28) Of course, it will destroy. (29) In the morning I would not have destroyed, but now, at night, having weighed everything, I agree to destroy. (Z0) He will do anything to save a decidedly innocent crazy dreamer and doctor from execution!
(31) “Now we will always be together,” a tattered vagabond philosopher told him in a dream, who, no one knows how, stood on the road of a rider with a golden spear.
(32) - Once one - then, then, right there and the other! (ZZ) They will remember me - they will immediately remember you too! (34) Me - a foundling, the son of unknown parents, and you - the son of the king-astrologer and the miller's daughter, the beautiful Pila.
(35) - Yes, don’t forget, remember me, the son of an astrologer, - Pilate asked in a dream.
(36) And, enlisting in a dream the nod of a beggar from En-Sarid walking next to him, the cruel procurator of Judea wept and laughed in his sleep with joy.
(37) All this was good, but the awakening of the hegemon was all the more terrible. (38) Banga growled at the moon, and the slippery, as if rolled with oil, blue road failed in front of the procurator. (39) He opened his eyes, and the first thing he remembered was that there was an execution. (40) The first thing the procurator did was, with a habitual gesture, clung to Bungui's collar, then with sore eyes he began to look for the moon and saw that she moved a little to the side and turned silver.
(According to M.A. Bulgakov.)
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (1891-1940) - Russian writer and playwright. Author of novels, short stories, collections of short stories, feuilletons and about two dozen plays.
23
Which of the following statements are false? Specify the answer numbers.
1. Sentences 1-5 list the character's sequential actions.
2. Sentences 15-17 present reasoning.
3. Sentences 7-9 are a description.
4. Sentences 37-40 contain narration.
5. Sentences 23-26 present the narrative.
Show snippet1. (1) Darkness and silence reigned inside the palace. (2) And inside the procurator, as he told Aphranius, did not want to leave. (3) He ordered the bed to be prepared on the balcony, in the same place where he dined, and in the morning he conducted an interrogation. (4) The procurator lay down on the prepared bed, but sleep did not want to come to him. (5) The bare moon hung high in the clear sky, and the procurator did not take his eyes off her for several hours.
2. (15) They did not agree with each other in anything, and from this their dispute was especially interesting and endless. (16) It goes without saying that today's execution turned out to be a pure misunderstanding - after all, the philosopher who invented such an incredibly ridiculous thing like the fact that all people are kind walked nearby, therefore, he was alive. (17) And, of course, it would be absolutely terrible even to think that such a person could be executed.
3. (7) Yawning convulsively, the procurator unbuttoned and threw off his cloak, took off the belt around his shirt with a wide steel knife in a sheath, put it in an armchair by the bed, took off his sandals and stretched out. (8) Banga climbed onto his bed and lay down beside him, head to head, and the procurator, putting his hand on the dog's neck, closed his eyes at last. (9) Only then did the dog fall asleep.
4. (37) All this was good, but the awakening of the hegemon was all the more terrible. (38) Banga growled at the moon, and the slippery, as if rolled with oil, blue road failed in front of the procurator. (39) He opened his eyes, and the first thing he remembered was that there was an execution. (40) The first thing the procurator did was, with a habitual gesture, clung to Bungui's collar, then with sore eyes he began to look for the moon and saw that she moved a little to the side and turned silver.
(27) - Yes, yes, - Pilate groaned and sobbed in his sleep.
(28) Of course, it will destroy. (29) In the morning I would not have destroyed, but now, at night, having weighed everything, I agree to destroy. (Z0) He will do anything to save a decidedly innocent crazy dreamer and doctor from execution!
25
Among sentences 4-10, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.
Show snippet(4) The procurator lay down on the prepared bed, but sleep did not want to come to him. (5) The bare moon hung high in the clear sky, and the procurator did not take his eyes off her for several hours.
(6) At about midnight, the dream finally took pity on the hegemon. (7) Yawning convulsively, the procurator unbuttoned and threw off his cloak, took off the belt around his shirt with a wide steel knife in the sheath, put it in an armchair by the bed, took off his sandals and stretched out. (8) Banga climbed onto his bed and lay down beside him, head to head, and the procurator, putting his hand on the dog's neck, closed his eyes at last. (9) Only then did the dog fall asleep.
List of terms:
1. anaphora
2. metaphor
3. comparison
4. professional vocabulary
5. parceling
6. lexical repetition
7. opposition
8. epithets
9. contextual synonyms
Show snippetA. (5) The bare moon hung high in the clear sky, and the procurator did not take his eyes off her for several hours.
B. (6) At about midnight, the dream finally took pity on the hegemon.
V. (21) There was as much free time as needed, and the thunderstorm will only come in the evening, and cowardice is undoubtedly one of the worst vices. (22) So said Yeshua Ha-Nozri.
G. (38) Banga growled at the moon, and the slippery, as if rolled with oil, blue road failed in front of the procurator.
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, a phrase, a number or a sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1) Until recently, the inner world of a person occupied psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but was of little interest to linguists. (2) The situation began to change with the advent of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s of the XX century, when the first attempts to describe emotional vocabulary in dictionaries appeared. (3) ____ interest in words denoting emotions is constantly increasing.
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1. Interest in words denoting emotions is associated with the emergence of modern linguistic semantics, when linguists became interested in the inner world of a person.
2. Before the advent of modern linguistic semantics, the inner world of a person was of interest to psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but linguists were of little interest.
3. With the advent of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s of the 20th century, the first attempts to describe emotional vocabulary in dictionaries are associated.
4. Interest in words denoting emotions, which appeared in the 60s of the XX century, has not faded to the present.
5. With the advent of modern linguistic semantics, linguists became interested in the inner world of a person and, as a result, in words denoting emotions.
2
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
2. Since then
5. Because
3
Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word EXPERIENCE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
EXPERIENCE, -a, m.
1. Reflection in the minds of people of the laws of the objective world and social practice, obtained as a result of their active practical knowledge (special). Sensual about.
3. Playing some. phenomena experimentally, the creation of something. new under certain conditions for the purpose of research, testing. Lucky about. Chemical experiments. Breeders experience.
4. An attempt to implement something, a trial implementation of something. The first about. young writer.
4
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
adopted
kitchen
dispensary
5
In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. The meeting will take place if there is a quorum.
2. Paustovsky is kind to people who met him on his LIFE path and populated his book.
3. Anna CLUTCHED her daughter and spun around the room.
4. We stood on a high bank and admired the ROYAL course of the Volga.
5. Somehow my father got me a SUBSCRIBER for a series of lectures on cinema.
6
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
gold EARRINGS
ROOF repair
more than THREE Hundred
WILL RECOVER FAST
LAY Bricks
7
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | SUGGESTIONS |
| A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition | 1) Azalea is considered to be one of the most luxurious plants decorating our greenhouse. |
| B) violation of supply boundaries | 2) Art not only enriches a person emotionally, but also makes him think. |
| C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application | 3) In "Ruslan and Lyudmila" A.S. Pushkin, there are features of a romantic poem. |
| D) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover | 4) Describing the grave of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Sons", Turgenev depicted an old family cemetery. |
| E) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover | 5) This case is described by N.V. Gogol in the comedy The Inspector General. |
| 6) Ivan is a very kind person. Because he sees only the good in people. | |
| 7) Having returned home, I again and again recalled the events of today. | |
| 8) At the end of the report, the scientist answered the questions of those present. | |
| 9) Thanks to the efforts of the director, the gymnasium received a new computer class. |
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other characters.
8
Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
r ... vegetative
scan...scan
bl...sleep
scalding ... burning
9
Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.
injection ... injection, sub ... cell
vz...mother, roz...sk
pr ... filed (lesson), pr ... brought
and ... under the forehead, and ... bend
r...list, under...went
10
Write down the word in which the letter is written in the place of the gap Yo.
brocade...
retouching... vka
11
Write down the word in which the letter Yu is written at the place of the gap.
clean...
hate...t
12
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
1. The issue of financing the construction is still (NOT) RESOLVED.
2. Solving the problem turned out to be (NOT) EASY for me.
3. Winning an argument (NOT) ALWAYS implies the triumph of truth.
4. A (NOT) LOUD crack made the hunter look around.
5. The man passed through the yard and, NOT NOTICED by anyone, disappeared around the corner.
13
Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written APART. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
1. Anna Mikhailovna wrote to the front (FOR) THE PREVIOUS address and (FOR) THE STILL waited for a letter.
2. He calmly, HOWEVER (SAME), endured all these screams and, (NOT) LOOKING around, went straight to the house.
3. From each push, the boat fell (ON) SIDE, and (FOR) THIS had to constantly scoop out water.
4. (C) CONCLUSION The old people asked that (WOULD) Mironych not be touched.
5. In the sky LITTLE (SLOW) clouds and clouds gathered, SOME (WHERE) are still bright and beautiful, and to the west rainy, bluish, boring.
14
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.
The photo showed (1) a small street with white (2) clay (3) houses under thatched (4) roofs and neatly short (5) lawns.
15
Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. The summer was hot and rich in small and warm rains.
2. Images of primitive giants are known from fairy tales and epics.
3. Lightning strikes the ground with a direct blow, then blazes on black clouds.
4. Elms and maples blaze with yellow and red fire in the city garden.
5. Levitan hid from summer residents, yearned for a night singer and wrote sketches.
16
She swam across the Angara and (1) finding the river (2) drove the boat into it (3) pushing it far up (4) and placing (5) under a spreading birch hanging low over the river (6).
17
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentences.
In addition (1) the absence of struggle-intrigue in Chekhov's plays (2) really (3) led to an unusual organization of the speech of the characters, devoid of (4) it would seem (5) any purposefulness, which (6) happened (7) was bewildering spectators.
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
I think (1) that very often people ask for advice not when (2) they don’t know at all (3) what to do (4) but (5) when this or that decision has already been made inwardly (6) and is waiting for reinforcement of this decision from the outside from undisputed authority.
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Hadji Murad was sitting nearby in the room (1) and (2) although he did not understand the conversation (3) he felt (4) that they were arguing about him.
20
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the chosen word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Before the start of the school year, I read back the stories of A.P. Chekhov.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.
(1) Discussions about the state of the Russian language have been going on since the time of mighty ornate centuries of the past: A.S. Pushkin, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.I. Herzen, V.G. Belinsky, F.M. Dostoevsky. (2) Now for us their disputes, reflections on the fate of their native language are the high lessons of Russian literature, human thought. (3) And as for the "degradation", "weakening", and even the inevitable "death" of the Russian language, literature - this is nothing more than hyperbole, based quite often on sincere, natural and understandable anxiety for the fate of their people, especially in times of change, upheaval.
(4) The current upheavals and profound changes in Russia are taking place, in my opinion, rather in the minds and souls of people. (5) For the Russian language, they do not seem very significant to me, if we recall such trials as the “Mongol invasion” or Peter’s “window to Europe”.
(6) “East wind” and “west wind” come and go, unable to shake the mighty tree of the Russian language, rooted for centuries and in wide open spaces, only refreshing it, and therefore strengthening it.
(7) In such cases, trials, the mighty ocean of the great language (and not only Russian), with its incomparable mass, power, energy, measured and tireless work, will cut, polish other people's words, attaching them to their own needs, sprinkle them with the living keys of their native land, taking into folk speech, writing, fiction. (8) So it was. (9) Apparently, it will be so. (10) Two hundred thousand words of V.I. Dalia - isn't it the ocean? (11) Someone else will grind, grind, and throw away the dirty with foam. (12) An ordinary, current, spelling dictionary, and that one is a hundred thousand words, each of which is not old mold, but living speech, which, of course, is richer than any dictionaries, it’s not for nothing that they draw generously from it, but the bottom, thank God, is not it is seen. (13) The Russian language not only lives, but gives life!
(14) One of the chemical industries, of course, poisonous, has been pumping its waste into deep earth layers for a long time, destroying living waters. (15) They do not heed reproaches and reproaches. (16) The main thing for them is profit. (17) On the same earth, keeping the waters alive, the schoolchildren of the farms of Malogolubinsky, Pyatnitsky and others, of course with teachers, take care of earthly springs and keys, clean them. (18) To each his own.
Maybe they didn't know how to pray?
History says that "impossible things" actually happen very often. Ancient and even modern historical records are full of stories of people who actually did something like repairing a broken egg - stories of men and women who did something equally impossible.
Miracles - even if a very small part of the stories are true - have happened throughout history and are still happening today...
The center of your inner world must always be in perfect balance so that you can absorb the best of the surrounding reality and radiate light. Don't let anything throw you off balance or upset you. Just know that when you move forward without being affected by the negative influences of this world, in the end everything turns out perfectly. Learn to laugh at yourself, especially when you notice that you are becoming a rhyme serious or external circumstances dominate you ...
The secret of the "internal clock" of a person is revealed by scientists from the American University of Washington. As reported today by the London newspaper "Daily Telegraph", the scientific team is now working on the creation of a drug that will allow people to avoid the severe consequences for the body of rapid jet lag.
The latter occurs during long intercontinental flights, when many people cannot get used to the new time for a long time and suffer from insomnia.
According to the work manager...
Modern parents pay a lot of attention to the development and upbringing of their children. The bookshelves are teeming with an abundance of literature on child psychology. However, the psychological formation and development of the baby largely depends not only on the moral, but also on the physical environment in which he grows.
Therefore, we should not forget that the children's room and its interior play a paramount role in the daily life of the child.
For a child, his room is the most important place in the apartment. That's where he spends...
These words of Nikita Moiseev, one of the outstanding Russian scientists, the successor of the tradition of Russian cosmism, cannot but affect a sensible person. It is surprising that we, not knowing each other, simultaneously spoke and wrote about the same thing without the development of the inner world of man there is no future.
By Ecology of the Inner World, I mean the principles of human behavior described in my latest book Morals of the 21st Century, based on conscious and impartial reflection.
I'll just bring...
From time immemorial, ancient people folded myths about the world and the universe, trying to explain certain phenomena that were inaccessible to their understanding. The human need to gain knowledge about the world around us has always stood along with elementary biological needs, such as food and sleep.
From an early age, the child gets acquainted with the world with the help of 5 senses: taste, hearing, smell, touch and sight. The acquired knowledge remains and accompanies a person throughout his life; The ball will always...
If your internal clock is off, get it repaired immediately! Or at least read this article. Perhaps, for many, the existence of such a hierarchical model of human needs as Maslow's pyramid is not a secret.
And although it is criticized in every possible way, it is difficult to argue with one thing: the American psychologist has clearly shown that the satisfaction of lower needs is a necessary condition for the higher ones to be satisfied. Let's talk about one of these needs...
Man is the drink of God - part 2 - Reflections ... there are preachers from God ... ... there are from personal pride and conceit ... ... and also - from human immeasurable stupidity ... I would call true preachers only the first who have heard the voice of God (if you already turn around everything on a religious topic, mentioning beliefs in your question) - God's Work ... The rest I would not even call false, because in their inner (spiritual) essence they are absolute nothing ... exclusively biological principle ... without human ...
Your inner world is not really yours... Man is like a meme machine.The amazing power of language: it shapes our inner reality. Love, success, money, happiness… these are just viruses of the mind. Inside us live ideas that use our brain as a breeding ground. Ideas, like viruses, don't care about their carriers. Test: what ideas live inside you and what do they do to you?
Words that shape your reality.
We live in several worlds at the same time. In the material world and in the world of words, ideas. It seems that it is language that makes us human. The ability to convey information with the help of words, or rather with the help of complex structures that we call "sentences".
Our language has an amazing ability. It forms our inner world, which is the only reality for each of us.
Our language is absolutely natural to us. We, without hesitation, add words and convey meanings. The most important thing here is “without hesitation”. Words have an amazing ability. They shape reality within us. This inner world for each of us is obvious and unique. At the same time, we are convinced that other people share this reality with us, forgetting that the inner world of a person is deeply subjective. This is a key illusion that does not allow a person to build interactions with others, achieve their goals and change.
Let's see how words shape the different subjective realities of each of us.
Firstly, we all understand the same words a little differently. If your friend sends you a message that he is a little late, how do you rate this delay? Just like him, or in his own way?
Naturally, in your own way. And this can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.
Behind each word without exception for different people are: their images, metaphors, properties, history and emotions.
Imagine two people using the phrase "good rest". One means climbing Kailash, the other means a five-star all-inclusive hotel in Turkey with unlimited alcohol.
When you read other people's success stories, or advice from experts on finding happiness, remember that they describe something of their own in words you know, which only the authors of these stories fully understand. Something that matches their inner world. No more.
However, that's not all.
Love and success in the inner world of a person: a process or a state?
Many words are actions turned into states. There is a verb "to love".
Figure 1. Love - a process or a state?
It becomes the noun "love". The verb describes an action that is characterized by movement from the beginning to the end. To love means to do something. We can never do things in the same way. Therefore, to love means to do different things all the time. But love is an abstract concept, a state, a frozen action. State implies immutability. If it changes, then love has ceased to be love.
One more example. The notorious "success". Most people talk about success as a state. In their perception, success is static, which means that it does not involve any action and change.
Like the word "love", the noun "success" had its own verb progenitor. Unfortunately, it has not survived to this day in colloquial speech. It was the verb "to sing". It meant "strive", "move", "hurry", "develop", "ripen", "succeed". A great set of activities that are the backdrop for success.
Many fall into the trap of the magic of the modern meaning of the word, cut off from its roots, and unconsciously believe that once you find “success” and you will have it “in your pocket” for the rest of your life. If this were so, then people, having once reached the state of wealth, happiness, self-realization, would remain in them until the end of their lives.
Figure 2. Ideal and real success charts.
Naturally, this is not so. A successful athlete gets old and leaves the big sport. A successful businessman invests in a new venture and goes bankrupt. A happy mother has children and she is forced to rebuild her life. A careerist succeeds in his company, but loses his health as a result.
If you want to achieve some goals and change your life, remember that this goal and these changes are not the last ones. Don't fall into the trap of words. There are no fixed states in our life. They change all the time.
If we talk about success as an action, it is worth remembering that a successful person is constantly striving, moving, developing in order to succeed.
If he stops doing this, success disappears.
In the previous two cases, I showed how people use words to shape not only their inner reality, but also their actions and their consequences.
Ideas are the viruses of our inner world.
Ideas are intangible. For their existence and development, a person is needed, or rather his brain. Ideas can multiply. In this they are very similar to viruses.
This is an amazing phenomenon. Ideas are intangible. For their existence and development, a person is needed, or rather his brain. Note that I'm using the word "brain" here as a metaphor, because no one really knows where ideas live.
The idea is alive while it is in the human "brain". Ideas can multiply. To do this, they must be transferred from one person to other people. In this sense, ideas or memes, as they are often called, are very similar to viruses. They cannot exist on their own without a "carrier". Just like viruses, ideas can infect a huge number of people and compete with each other.
3. How ideas infect people
Some ideas successfully survive and occupy a huge percentage of brains. Others are slowly dying out, either being forced out by more successful ideas, or due to the physical disappearance of their carriers.
For example, in the Christian world there were sects that practiced complete celibacy for all their members. Sometimes it came to physical castration. As long as these ideas attracted new adherents to the sects, the ideas "lived". Over time, the ideas lost their appeal, the influx of new members into the sects decreased and gradually came to naught. The sects are dead. Ideas have disappeared, or rather, they have been preserved, written down on paper and in the memory of researchers. This is reminiscent of the behavior of those viruses that, under adverse conditions, are able to turn into crystals in order to wait for a new favorable period.
Ideas have an unusually strong influence on people's behavior. Just as a drug addict does not notice the deterioration in his condition that is obvious to others, the bearer of the idea also ignores all signals that the idea harms him.
Ideas have an unusually strong influence on people's behavior. They modify their value system, motivation and force people to live "for the sake of something." Think about what should happen to a man so that he voluntarily decides on castration? This is a painful and absolutely irreversible step. But people, under the influence of ideas, did it.
Some religious and social ideas have involved and are involving people in monstrous, bloody conflicts. Other ideas help people develop and live happier lives.
Ideas - like viruses, do not care about their carriers. The idea doesn't care if you die in its name or live.
What is important to know about ideas? They, like viruses, do not care about their carriers. The idea doesn't care if you die in its name or live. The task of an idea is to infect your brain and do everything so that you protect it, and even better pass it on to other people.
Figure 4. How ideas make you think, feel and act.
A person who believes in an idea, it is extremely difficult to refuse it. If someone tries to dissuade him, psychological defense mechanisms are activated. "Infected" denies even the most obvious arguments and devalues them. He is ready to defend the idea even contrary to common sense and a threat to his health.
There are ideas of different scales. But they work about the same.
If you think that I am talking here only about the destructive ideas of religious fanatics, then this is not so. There are ideas of different scales. But they work in much the same way:
- A bore husband who scolds his wife for misplaced the dishes in the dryer;
- A mother who makes a child finish eating porridge;
- The business owner who forces his subordinates to read their favorite leadership book
All these people are obsessed with ideas. For them, these ideas and their implementation have a deep meaning. And, despite their absurdity and pettiness, they will defend these ideas "with foam at the mouth."
What else is important to know if you want to make changes in your life? The idea of change is also an idea.
The idea of change is also an idea.
If you let an idea take control of your brain, it can destroy your life.
If you let it take control of your brain, it can ruin your life. I have seen more than once how people, in the name of the idea of self-development, destroyed their families, careers, and health.
Ideas are a lot like alcohol and drugs. Just as a drug addict does not notice the deterioration in his condition that is obvious to others, the bearer of the idea also ignores all signals that the idea harms him.
Pay attention to the stable expression "it serves the idea." It means that a person does not belong to himself and does not live for himself. He lives for the sake of realizing some kind of abstraction. Adherence to an idea can make many people sacrifice their lives.
Practical exercise.
Please feel free to do a simple exercise from time to time, remembering the principles of selfishness and pragmatism (these two (out of four) principles):
- What events in life do you consider the most important for yourself? (for example: love, self-realization, justice, career, family, children, money, sex, health, etc.)
- Write down your answers.
- Choose from 1 to 3 most important phenomena or concepts.
- Try to answer in writing the question why these ideas, concepts, phenomena are important to you.
- Write down what they give you.
- What do they force or encourage you to do in life?
- What can you lose if they disappear from your life.
- What in life becomes impossible for you because you attach great importance to these things, phenomena and ideas?
- If you were more selfish and pragmatic, would these ideas and phenomena occupy an equally significant place in your life?
- How would your life change if you were more at ease with these ideas and phenomena?
- How do you think, how did you first know that these ideas and phenomena are important in general and, moreover, important for you?
Look at the answers you wrote down and think, do you serve ideas, or do ideas serve you?
outside of washing the windows, what else did you do? "Except washing windows (lit.: outside washing windows), what else did you do?"<...> how much window washing did you do? "How many windows did you clean?" (lit.: "How much window cleaning have you done?").
Thus, an occupation (activity) is considered as a container for actions and other occupations that are part of it. They are also seen as receptacles for the energy and materials needed to carry them out, and for their by-products, which can present as being in them or emerging from them:
I put a lot of energy into washing the windows "I invested a lot of energy in window cleaning.
I get a lot of satisfaction out ^/washing windows "I get great satisfaction from washing (lit.: from washing) windows."<...>
Different types of states can also be thought of as containers. So we have the following examples:
He's in love "He is in love (lit.: He in love)".
We're out of trouble now "We don't have any trouble (lit.:
We outside trouble) now."
He's coming out of the coma "He coming out of coma".
I "m slowly getting into shape "I I'm slowly getting into shape."
Not entered a state of euphoria "He fell into a state of euphoria."
Not fell into a depression "He sank into depression."<...>
V.Yu. Apresyan, Yu.D. Apresyan
METAPHOR IN THE SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION OF EMOTIONS
(Apresyan Yu.D. Selected works. T. 2. Integral description of the language and system lexicography. M., 1995)
1. Two approaches to describing emotional vocabulary
Until recently, the inner world of a person was occupied by psychiatrists, philosophers, poets, but was of little interest to linguists. The situation began to change with the advent of modern linguistic semantics in the 60s, when the first experiments of lexicographic description of emotional vocabulary appeared. Since then, interest in words denoting emotions has continuously increased both theoretically and lexicographically.<...>. Curious data on emotions, which may be of value for linguistics, are contained in a number of modern psychological, physiological, sociological and other studies.<...>. I would like to hope that the linguistic results of the study of emotions will be of interest to representatives of other disciplines. The experience of thousands of years of psychological and cultural introspection of its speakers is fixed in the language, the data of which, in terms of their reliability, are in no way inferior to the data of experimental studies.
Somewhat schematizing the real state of things, we can say that in linguistics there are two approaches to the description of emotions, which we will conditionally call semantic and metaphorical. Within the framework of these approaches, the main difficulty that the researcher faces when describing emotional vocabulary is solved in different ways. As you know, emotions themselves are inaccessible to direct observation. In this respect, they are similar to other internal states, such as mental ones. However, unlike mental states, which are quite easily verbalized by the subject himself, emotions are very difficult to translate into words. This ontological difficulty gives rise to a linguistic difficulty: it is almost impossible for a word denoting emotion to be given a direct lexicographical interpretation.
As a rule, in those cases when a direct explanation of a phenomenon is impossible for one reason or another, the speaker uses various roundabout ways, referring to the knowledge that, according to his assumption, is already in the experience of the addressee. The most common, and perhaps the only possible, are the following two methods of explanation: either the speaker points to a situation known to the addressee in which this phenomenon usually occurs, or he compares this phenomenon with another phenomenon similar to it, familiar to the addressee. In fact, it is these principles that underlie the two linguistic approaches to the description of emotions that we have mentioned.
1.1. Semantic approach
X feels ashamed= "X feels what a person feels when he thinks he did something bad or funny, and when he wants no one to know about it."
X is proud= "X feels what a person feels when he thinks he has done something more than just good, and when he wants other people to know about it."
BUT upset because of B \u003d "A experiences such a passive-negative emotional state, which is usually causated in the average person i by his next assessment of some event]: 1) i is sure that the event will occur]; 2) j is undesirable for i; the specified state is caused in A by the specified assessment with side A of event B.
In subsequent works by A. Vezhbitskaya and L.N. Jordanskaya, as well as other authors who adopted a semantic approach, these and other similar interpretations were improved, but the principle of reduction to a prototype was preserved.<...>
The principle of reduction to a prototype still seems to us highly valuable, but it alone is not enough for a complete and adequate lexicographic representation of emotional vocabulary.
First, the quality of the emotion itself needs further specification.<...>. Essentially, differences in the states of the soul, as described in the above interpretations, are reduced to differences in the causes that give rise to them. It is possible, however, to assume<...>that the states of the soul, even in the case of emotions close in prototype, such as fear and apprehension - various. Similarly, negative feelings differ in the case of grief and sorrow, also almost identical in prototype: both, as a normal cause, suggest a great loss.
Secondly, I would like to find such semantic representations of emotions that would allow us to give a fundamental (semantically motivated explanation of "symptomatic" vocabulary. These are expressions like turn cold with fear, blush with shame, suffocate with indignation<...>.
1.2. Metaphorical approach
J. Lakov and M. Johnson<...>note that the linguistic means of expressing emotions are highly metaphorical. Emotion is almost never expressed directly, but is always likened to something. Therefore, the authors consider the description through metaphors, in which these emotions are conceptualized in language, to be the most adequate linguistic description of emotions. For example, emotions happiness(HAPPY) and sadness(SAD) in English are metaphorically opposed as UP and BOTTOM. This metaphor is given, on the one hand, a physical motivation - a person raises his head when he is happy, and lowers when he is sad. On the other hand, a linguistic motivation is proposed: this metaphor is a special case of a metaphor of the type GOOD - UP, BAD - BOTTOM. Thus, in J. Lakov and M. Johnson, the description is built in the form of hierarchies of metaphors, in which lower-order metaphors inherit the structure of metaphors - "ancestors".<...>
The absolute advantage of this approach is that it makes it possible to reflect the internal semantic comparativeness of words denoting emotions, and to introduce into the description, in addition to these words themselves, large groups of metaphorical expressions associated with them.
The disadvantage is that the metaphor is taken as the end product of linguistic analysis, and there is no proper semantic motivation for why this or that metaphor is associated with a certain emotion. There is no linguistic, semantic link between physical motivation and the metaphor itself.
In addition, the specificity of metaphors relating specifically to emotions (mainly to "symptomatic" vocabulary) does not receive any explanation.
Finally, some metaphorical rapprochements seem to be dictated not so much by established language practice as by single usages. For example, on the basis of such occasional and peripheral statements about the nature of love relationships as We're at a crossroads We've gone too far(the last example is taken from an unpublished work by J. Lakov), J. Lakov offers the image of a journey for love. More precisely, he represents love as a vehicle in which lovers move towards their common goal. Obviously, many types of human activity (disputes, negotiations, decisions, criticism, praise, etc.) can be likened to a journey or a means of transportation, so that the value of this metaphor as a description of love is reduced.
Interesting ideas on the same topic were put forward by V.A. Uspensky, who considered<... >behavior of abstract nouns authority, fear, grief and joy as part of metaphorical expressions like strong authority, fragile authority, exaggerated authority, authority burst, etc.; Fear attacks a person, embraces him, chokes, paralyzes, fight fear, defeat fear in himself etc.; deep grief, heavy grief, drink grief, take a sip of grief, Grief falls on a person, crushes him, A person is crushed by grief etc.; Joy overflows in a person, boils, plays, sparkles, splashes over the edge etc.
