language norm. Types of language norms

Lecture 2

NORMATIVE ASPECT OF SPEECH CULTURE

The concept of a language norm. The concept of literary norm. orthoepic norm. spelling norm. Punctuation rule. lexical norm. morphological norm. syntax norm. stylistic norm.

The concept of "language norm"

Under language the norm we will understand the totality of stable, traditional implementations of the language system as a result of the socio-historical selection of linguistic elements from among coexisting, newly formed or extracted from the passive stock of the past and elevated in the process of social communication to the rank of correct, suitable and commonly used.

The norm of the literary language in the minds of the speakers has the qualities of special correctness, universal validity, it is cultivated in certain radio and television programs, in the mass press, academic theaters and is the subject and goal of teaching the native language.

Style is always characterized by the principle of selection and combination of available language means and their transformation, always tied to a certain social and age group. Some researchers, for example, V. Elistratov, believe that the entire national language is a collection of slang from different social groups, and literary language- this is an intellectual slang. The speech behavior of a certain group is normative for it, and all other speech realizations are declared non-normative.

Thus, the norm is a multi-layered and complex phenomenon, and each variant of the language, each form of the language presupposes the existence of its own norm. One can speak of a dialectal norm, a vernacular norm, and, in opposition to the above, the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form. The norm is a scale of transitions from what is outside the given form, to what is permissible, but undesirable (not recommended), and then to what is the only possible, it is an indicator of the form of the language and a characteristic of the speaker as a carrier of a dialect, vernacular, jargon , literary speech and this is a systemic phenomenon that manifests itself at all speech and language levels and is reflected in its graphic explications.

Accordingly, we can talk about orthoepic, phonetic, word-formation, lexical, morphological, syntactic, intonational and graphic, spelling, punctuation norm.

Violation of the language norm not always an indicator of the ignorance of the carrier (his illiteracy) or lack of knowledge of it. Violation of the norm can be a stylistic means (for example, when creating a speech portrait of a character). The disturbance may indicate the state of the speaker (nervousness, affectation, lack of self-control, fatigue, depression) or may be a symptom of a nervous, mental or somatic disorder.

The concept of "literary norm"

The most important feature of the literary language is its normativity, which is manifested both in its written and oral form.

Characteristic features norms of literary language the following are considered:

I) relative stability. The norm is mobile (cf. modern pronunciation of words officer, scam, topic with the old Petersburg [afytser], [afer], [tem]), linguistic norms are a historical phenomenon, and their change is due to the constant development of the language. What was the norm in the last century, or even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it: in the 30s-40s. 20th century graduate and graduate student meant the same applicants named all graduates dialectical motivated dialect and dialectic. So more than a hundred years ago, this text would have been absolutely normative: Some spit on the norms of literary speech. We are, they say, everything is allowed, we say so with our families, they will bury us like that. I shuddered when I heard this, but did not oppose. Change not only accentological norms but also morphological. The loss of the dual number caused variants with stress: two hours–an hour has not passed, in two rows–went out of line. Modern grammarians write that after the numeral two the genitive case is used. h., but historically it is the nominative case of the dual number. After the disappearance of the dual number, masculine nouns in the nominative case have a new ending -a, a -s disappears. This process is still observed: in the XIX century. spoke n[O]ride, now - train[A] and by analogy: contract[A], tractor[A], engineer[A], driver[A], carpenter[A] etc. If the old, original norm is denoted by the letter A, and the competing variant is denoted by B, then the competition between them for a place in the literary language takes place in four stages and graphically looks like this:

Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Stage 4

	admissible

B - nepr.		A is outdated.
uniqueness	Competition	Priority B and drop A	New uniqueness

Duality of the norm(stages 2 and 3) - the parallel existence of two equally possible, equally admissible options- always fragile. There is a clear preference for one of the options, it has more weight or more frequency, more prevalence or neutrality, universality, and after a while becomes the only possible one.

II) Distribution - this feature is rather desirable. The well-known sociolinguist B. Larin wrote that "literary languages are genetically connected with the city." But during the formation of the Russian lit. language, most of the population of Russia did not live in cities.

III) Common use - this feature is also often violated, now they rarely say p[O] et, [zh'u] ri, cancer [U] rs, f[O] lga, [I] search; the norm is often a very conditional phenomenon, accepted at the moment, not always reflecting the real state of literary speech, conveying the desirable or outdated. Correspondence between normalization and the real state of literary speech is not always achievable.

IV) General obligation, more precisely general obligation for state means of speech communication, for the education system, for science, etc., since it is impossible to convince a sailor to speak compass, but not compass, the coach of the Olympians - not pass[o]in, a p[A]sov, it is difficult to teach the minister of the oil and gas industry to speak pipeline" instead of pipeline, and all employees of the Institute of Mineralogy SB RAS - call themselves mineral[O]gami, but not miner[A]logs: "fight" professionalism and literary terms continues.

V) Compliance with the use, custom and possibilities of language o v o y s ist e m s. This sign is violated by the codifiers themselves, since, for example, the words “[zh’u]ri” and “poet” are knocked out of the register of the possibilities of the Russian language. The norm exists where there is a choice, where there is the possibility of using such assessments as “acceptable-unacceptable”, “understandable-incomprehensible”, “publicly-inaccessible”, “enough-not enough”, “communicative-non-communicative”. The norm is a mechanism for regulating choice, a mechanism for preference. He is closely associated with cultural archetype native speaker. On the one hand, the norm reflects the desire of the language for stability, on the other hand, for expansion, going beyond the original, the inclusion of new material, new opportunities, new means. It is believed that linguistic norms are not invented by scientists, that they reflect the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language, and are always supported by speech practice. But it is not always the case. It is impossible to abandon the idea of a norm, since it is the norms that help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. The authors of many textbooks write that it is the norms that protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional slang, vernacular and this allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural. The question arises: from whom are they protecting? The norm only emphasizes the elitism of the literary language, therefore, to the question of whether normalized speech is needed or not, the answer should not be sought in the description language situations. Of course, the literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Language means that are appropriate in everyday communication may turn out to be ridiculous in official business communication (with the exception of special cases, for example, political psychology, on the contrary, recommends that politicians, when fighting the opposition, call one of the lower-ranking members of the opposition to themselves for a conversation and use the means friendly household communication). In general, the norm does not divide the means of language into good and bad, but points to them. communicative expediency.

Possible three codifying approaches, reflecting three socio-historical types of attitude to the language: to prescribe - a rigid, regulatory position taken by technical, artistic and scientific editors; reflect - descriptive, fixing position (observed in dictionaries); to predict - this position is reflected in linguistic works on the culture of speech and is based on internal trends in the development of the language. Accordingly, the norm (as a policy in relation to the language) is able to have a prescriptive (volitional), reflective (passive) and predictive (guiding) character. Variants of norms are reflected in the dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language. But different dictionaries label variants differently:

Dictionary of modern

Russian language

Pronouncing dictionary

Russian language. 1983

normalize [A] t = normalize [I] normalize

mark[A]t = mark[I] to mark

thinking [E] nie \u003d m [S] shlenie

creative [O] g, dogov [O] r

normalization[A]t

marking[A]t

thinking

creative [O] g, dogov [O] r and additional d[o]talk

Shifts in normalization are clearly seen in the example of pronunciation - ch-:

Word	Talk. sl. RYA, 1935-40	Orfoep. words. RYA, 1983
everyday		[h] and add. [sn]
bakery		[sn] and add. [h]
diner
toy
on purpose
decently		[sn] and [ch]
decent		[sn] and [ch]
creamy		[h] and add. obsolete [sn]
scrambled eggs
apple		[h] and add. [sn]

Indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity: norm 1 degree- strict, rigid, not allowing options; norm 2 degrees- neutral, allows equivalent options; norm 3 degrees- more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms. The variability of the norm is formed historically. An example of the parallel duality of the pronunciation literary norm was the Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation:

The modern norm combines different options. But it should be noted that the obsolete norm is capable of returning: the processes in the language are reversible. The state of imbalance, vagueness of the norm often creates unsolvable positions: what to recommend? (cf. [Sorry or Sorry, by [F'F']E or by [LJE], [zhY] fly or [zhA] fly). The main method for detecting n. I. the outlined model of the expert commission with its accompanying services can serve. A special methodology requires the identification of the norms of oral colloquial and codified speech. Between n. I. and "abnormal" there are many transitional phenomena that are in a kind of "tambour zone": "systemic" options that are not included in the educated usus(*d [O] conversation, oil pipeline [O] water, locksmith [I]); elements of sociolects (* party, cool, life), neologisms of various types, obsolete and obsolete words, forms, constructions (* f[O]lga, cancer[U]rs, reserve[A]sny, Polish), obsolete linguistic facts undergoing reactivation (* governor, thought, just now, the other day).

Orthoepic norm

Orthoepic norms - norms associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among orthoepic norms there are pronunciation norms(composition of phonemes, their implementation in different positions, phonemic composition of individual morphemes: * in[s]sleep–in [ei] sleep, bulo[h] naya–bulo [sh] naya, washed [sa]–washed [with '] I- in writing, such options are usually not indicated; however, the variation in the phonemic composition of the root can also be reflected in writing: * shaving lia nt–brie lya nt, to aloshi– G aloshi, cr and nka–kr s nka, matra with –matra c, n about eh– n at eh) and norms of supersegmental phonetics (accentological n.) (stress and intonation: cf. options * Sparkling–sparkling, cottage cheese–cottage cheese, delicious–delicious and etc.).

Phonetic options - variants that differ in the pronunciation of sounds, the composition of phonemes, the place of stress, or a combination of these features. Varieties of pronunciation form a circle orthoepic variants (*[therapy–[te]rapia, ag[r'e]ssia–ag [re] ssia, do [zh‘zh’] and–before [wait ‘] and). Varieties of words according to the place of stress refer to accent options (*walls–walls, cooking–culinary). Variants that differ in the composition of phonemes are called phonemic (*overshoe–galosh, tunnel–tunnel, zero–zero).

Orthoepic options - varieties of the same word, characterized, as a rule, by socially significant differences in sound composition. Orthoepic variants can characterize 1) “junior” and “senior” norms (the new pronunciation gradually replaces the old one, but at a certain stage in the development of the literary language, both norms coexist; for example, for some combinations of consonants, it is traditional to pronounce a soft consonant before a soft one: [z’v ’] er, e [s’l ’] and; according to the new norm, the first consonant is hard: [star ’] er, e [sl ’] and); 2) the national and professional sphere of use (the so-called professional standard options: *ext[S]cha–d[O] bull, [I] skra–sparks[A], mineral[O]g–mineralogist); 3) male and female speech (for example, lengthening of consonants in male emotional speech and lengthening of vowels in female); 4) territorial varieties of the literary language.

Orthoepic variants may belong to different styles. So for high style characteristic ekane: b[ei] ru, v[ei] la; pronunciation of unstressed [o]: n[o]cturne, p[o]ethical; hard posterior lingual before ending them. p. units h. adjectives: loud [k] th, strict [g] d, quiet [x] d. AT neutral style pronounced b[ie] ru, vz[ie] la, n[a] kturn, p[b] ethical, thunder [k'i] y, strict [g'i] y, ti [x'i] y. AT colloquial speech dropping of vowels and consonants is observed: wire–wire[lx]a, some–not[who]s, in general–in [a]bshe, a thousand–you[w']a, fifty–n[ii]syat. Due to their social significance, orthoepic variants can be used in stage speech for the social characterization of a character.

Spelling norm

Spelling norm - strict compliance of the letters used with the system of rules that establish the uniform transmission of the sound language in the letter. Spelling is a social institution, n. about. are obligatory, therefore spelling rules are approved not only by the relevant scientific, but also by state bodies.

As a result of the research, pronunciation recommendations are developed - orthoepic rules.

Orthology, units Section of linguistics, the subject of which is the description of the theory of correct literary speech. The concept of "about." associated with the mastery of the norms of oral and written forms of the literary language, i.e., with the study of the normative component of the culture of speech. The creation of grammars and dictionaries with orthological and functional-stylistic prescriptions that would ensure the compilation of the correct phrases in all cases of life and the understanding of everything spoken in a given language is now, perhaps, an unrealistic task for linguistics. In the discipline "culture of speech", a theory of language is currently being formed, taking into account the categories "meaning", "knowledge", "meaning". Such sections of linguistics as the philosophy of language, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of speech communication, gave the following provisions to specialists in the culture of speech: 1) thinking is preverbal, acts of thinking are instantaneous, biological in nature; 2) logical structures and language constructions are not isomorphic; 3) there are explicit and implicit ways of expressing meaning; 4) there are laws of non-expression of logical structures of thought; 5) verbal-semantic and averbal-thesaurus levels of organization of a linguistic personality function in close connection. The main task of Fr. - develop techniques and recommend conditions for successful communication - cannot be solved without studying the processes of speech-thought, i.e. cognitive processes, components of these processes: background knowledge structures, types of presuppositions, types of propositions (methods of conceptualization), evaluative knowledge, emotions , modal relations. For about. significant are the various ways of conceptualizing the world around us, captured in linguistic categories and their relationships, as well as those systems of syntactic, semantic, stylistic marks that should form an obligatory part of the articles in orthological dictionaries.

Orthological dictionaries - normative dictionaries serving the tasks of improving the language and speech, strengthening the existing norms of lit. language. There are three main types of o. with.

1. O. s., reflecting the norms of oral speech, primarily pronunciation and stress ( *Russian literary stress and pronunciation / Ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1955–OK. 52 thousand words; Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Accent Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers / Edited by D. E. Rozental. M., 1960; Borunova S. N., Vorontsova V. L., Eskova N. A. Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Under the editorship of R. I. Avanesov. M., 1983, 1989–63.5 thousand words; Eskova N. A. Brief dictionary of difficulties in the Russian language. Grammar forms. stress. M., 1994–12 thousand words).

2. O. s., fixing the difficulties of modern lexical word usage, cases of shifting meanings, their unjustified extension or constriction, tautological combinations, contamination phraseological units, etc. (* Krysin L.P., Skvortsov L.I. Correctness of Russian speech. Difficult cases of modern word usage / Edited by S. I. Ozhegov. M., 1962, 1965; Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Difficult cases of using single-root words of the Russian language. M., 1968(the 1994 edition is called "Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language"); Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language / Comp. K. S. Gorbachevich, G. A. Kachevskaya, A. M. Nevzhinskaya et al. M., 1973, 1986; Difficulties of the Russian language. Journalist Dictionary. M., 1974, 1993– 94; Rozental D. E., Telenkova M. A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1976, 1987–OK. 30 thousand words; Lexical difficulties of the Russian language. Reference dictionary / Comp. A. A. Semenyuk, I. L. Gorodetskaya, M. A. Matyushina et al. M., 1994–OK. 13 thousand words).

3. O. s. grammatical type, indicating the correct choice of a grammatical variant, describing the formation and meanings of grammatical forms (* Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Experience of the frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants. M., 1976; Efremova T. F., Kostomarov V. G. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1986, 1994; Sazonova I.K. Russian verb and its participial forms. Explanatory grammar dictionary. M, 1989).

Spelling error, and. An error resulting from a violation spelling norm.

Punctuation norm

Punctuation norm - compliance of the punctuation marks used in certain syntactic structures with the general codified rules for the functioning of units of the punctuation system.

Punctuation- an autonomous part of the system of means of the written language, the general purpose of which is the graphic organization (division) of the written (printed) text.

The operation of the system of punctuation marks is based on such essential features as a) the scope of the punctuation mark (sentence or text), b) the object of division (text or sentence), c) the result of division (text segment, sentence, element or group of sentence elements), d) grammatical (syntactic) and / or semantic characteristics of the object and the result of division.

Based on these features, a number of classes of punctuation marks can be identified, their core is made up of three classes: 1) separating final (period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis "break"), 2) separating the middle of a sentence (comma, semicolon, dash, colon, ellipsis "gap"), 3) highlighting the middle of the sentence (paired brackets, dashes, commas, ellipsis, quotation marks), i.e. classes of punctuation marks that provide graphical organization of the sentence (class 1 - ensuring the right border of the text of the sentence, classes 2 and 3 - ensuring its internal division).

The basic principle of organizing punctuation as a functional system is based on the delimitation of three general functions of punctuation means: 1) delimitation of one syntax in the text. structure (or its element) from another (or from another), graphic fixation of the right border of the first and the left - the second (separation or separation); 2) double delimitation of the syntactic structure (or its element) from the adjacent ones - left and right, graphic fixation of the left and right boundaries of the structure in the text (highlighting); 3) combining several syntactic structures into a single whole in the text, graphic fixation of the outer boundaries of the latter and its inner parts (distribution as a function of complexes of punctuation marks).

The correlation of common functions is hierarchical: selection includes division, both of them are included in the distribution. The center of the punctuation system is the corpus of punctuation marks, which provides the graphic organization of the sentence text. The punctuation system gives the writer some freedom in choosing a sign. For example, the writer has no doubts about the need to set a separating sign in the middle of a sentence between parts of an unassociated complex sentence. But the decision on the choice of a specific sign is left to the writer himself - depending on how he understands the semantic-syntactic relations between the parts of an asyndetic complex: as an enumeration, a simple sequence of events ( * The bell rang, the horses rushed(N. Karamzin)) or enhanced (* Tatyana in the forest; bear after her(A. Pushkin)), explanations, causes or effects (cf. possible and colon and dash in the example The youth is gone· the party got boring). Similarly, the choice of a punctuation mark can be formed in other cases, for example, with homogeneous predicates connected by non-repeating conjunctions: this can be a dash (when describing opposition and unexpectedness of an action: * Wanted to travel around the world–and did not go round a hundredth; My horse thought–and jumped) and even an ellipsis in the latter case (* Burmin turned pale... and threw himself at her feet.(A. Pushkin)).

Freedom of choice is associated with the nature of the redundancy of the punctuation system, with synonymous rows of punctuation marks. So frequent are the cases of interchange of members of the gradual synonymous series in class 3 “paired commas - dashes - brackets”. Although brackets are considered a stronger switch-off character than a dash, both characters can be used equally to distinguish insert structures of the same type (cf. * The soldiers (there were three of them) ate, not paying attention to Pierre(L. Tolstoy) and bakers–there were four–kept away from us(M. Gorky)). The researchers note that the popularity of the dash sign is extremely growing compared to commas when highlighting isolated sentences expressed by nouns and directly related to the noun, as well as in the “colon-dash” competition.

Fluctuations in punctuation norm associated with going beyond fixed rules. The most interesting for the culture of written speech is the study of the mechanisms of expressive punctuation, for example, the use of final punctuation marks (and their combinations) in the position of the middle of a sentence: a question mark and a dash (* Karamazov–characteristic. Typical for Russian people?–yes, typical(D. Likhachev)), exclamation point and dash (* What a great one!–lived modestly, secretly, did not visit the technical bureau(V. Dobrovolsky)), dots and dashes (* Just one of...–can the goal be more humane and practical, more untested and more achievable(50/50. Experience of the dictionary of new thinking)). The techniques associated with the use of the final sign in the position of the middle of the sentence are opposed reception of anti-parcellation- the use of the mid-sentence sign in the position of the end of the sentence (cf. parceling - presentation of one sentence, thanks to the isolation parcel and designing the latter with an uppercase letter and a final punctuation mark as two or more). The reception of anti-parcellation leads to the presentation as a single punctuation whole of several sentences combined into one paragraph. The purpose of this technique is to convey the inner speech of the character, its impulsiveness, the flow of thoughts (cf. * Will sign, Kemp realized; this one is all right, worked hard, tied for life; if she dares to confess everything to him, he will cease to believe her; she understands that Roman will not be able to cross his memory(Yu. Semenov), the case of anti-parcellation with a colon vm. semicolons * That is–a completely exceptional case: colonels do not often visit “China”: they do not correspond to rank: there are “visiting houses” for official officials: without publicity, in the manner of furnished rooms, quite well(M. Mstislavsky)). There are constant deviations from punctuation canons when describing someone else's speech in literary texts (cf. * –Everyone has their own tastes(A. Bezuglov) vm. Raisa Semyonovna said imperturbably:

–Everyone has their own tastes.).

A specific form of punctuation (and spelling) codification are reference books in which combinations of rule formulations with comments to them are constantly taking place (see, for example, Bylinsky K. I., Nikolsky N. N. Spelling and punctuation guide for press workers. 4th ed. M., 1970; Bylinsky K. I., Rosenthal D. E. Difficult cases of punctuation. 2nd ed. M., 1961; Valgina N.S. Principles of Russian punctuation. M., 1972; Valgina N. S. Difficult questions of punctuation. M., 1983. Rules of spelling and punctuation. M., 1956; Rosenthal D. E. Punctuation Handbook: For Press Workers. M., 1984; Rosenthal D. E., Golub spelling and punctuation. M., 1990).

However, firstly, the punctuation situation in itself can be quite complex (for example, the junction of two unions (or an allied word and a union), which can occur in a complex, complex, and complicated simple sentence), as can be complex and the rules themselves (for example, the rules for punctuation when homogeneous members of the proposal, since homogeneity is determined more semantically than grammatically, when using semantically ambiguous service words that are difficult to distinguish, requiring selection in one meaning using a paired comma ( as= comparison) or non-selection in another value ( as= ‘in quality’), while this opposition is “blurred” by chance as = 'being'); secondly, the recommendations for setting a punctuation mark may not be fully defined - the decision of the issue is left to the will of the writer (for example, the case with double dashes and quotation marks is not regulated anywhere (* When Alexei entered and asked–"Can?"–Beshelev waved his hand(E. Voevodin); And yet the question–Koenigsberg or Riga?–remained open(Around the world, 1990, No. 6)).

Lexical norm

Lexical norm requires the use of the word in accordance with its inherent meaning in the language system and the corresponding compatibility with other words. Violation of the lexical norm occurs when the context of the use of the word contradicts its systemic meaning2. For example: " To this writer presupposed solid monographs abroad". Presled in Russian literary language means "to state before something, as an introduction to something." It is obvious that a lexical error was made here, which can be corrected by replacing the word presupposed on the devoted .

To prevent lexical errors, you should first of all use explanatory dictionaries, preferably modern Russian language. You can recommend, for example: Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. / Comp. and Ch. ed. . - St. Petersburg: "Norint", 1998; and Shvedova Dictionary of the Russian Language: 72500 words and 7500 phrases. expressions. M.: Az Ltd., 1992. and others.

A kind of lexical norm is phraseological norm requiring the correct use of phraseological units. Errors in the use of phraseological units may be associated with a distortion of the meaning of the phraseological unit or, more often, its form. So, for example, if an elementary school principal proudly says that his school “brings champions capitalized", he will make a phraseological mistake, because the phraseological unit " capitalized" says "about someone, something. worthy of the highest appreciation, admiration, "that is, about someone or something held. It would be more correct to say that in this school they strive to grow future champions. The journalist who used the phrase " Put your hand in one place and be honest...”, made a phraseological mistake, since in the Russian language there is a phraseological unit “hand on heart” - with all frankness, truthfully.

In mastering the phraseological norm, in addition to explanatory dictionaries, special phraseological dictionaries will be of great help, for example: Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language of the late XVIII - XX centuries. / Ed. . – M.: Topikal, 1995; , Zhukov phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. – M.: Enlightenment, 1994.

Morphological norm

Morphological norm regulates the processes of word - and form formation, ways of expressing grammatical meanings and the use of parts of speech. So, for example, in the sentence " The cook diluted a tablespoon of gelatin in the broth. a morphological error was made, since the noun " gelatin" masculine and in the genitive case has the form " gelatin".

Syntactic norm

Syntactic norm regulates the formation (construction) of phrases and sentences, as well as complex syntactic integers (in the latter case, the syntactic norm is also a textual norm). So, for example, the phrase " pay the fare", since the verb " pay" normally governs a noun dependent on it in the accusative case without a preposition ( pay the fare); That the lake turns black but here it brightens up. This complex sentence is constructed incorrectly. In accordance with the syntactic norm, it should have been said (written) like this: ... That the lake turns black then brightens.

The morphological norm together with the syntactic norm constitute grammatical norm.

Stylistic norm

In addition to the above norms, there are also stylistic norm, which requires that linguistic means (words, phrases, grammatical forms) be selected and arranged in accordance with the chosen genre and style of speech. So, for example, if an informational newspaper article says that “ on the eve of the holiday, the central streets were washed with washing powder" , then the inappropriateness of the so-called “affectionate” form of the noun in this text is obvious (the form “ powder"). Offer " your requirements unacceptable" stylistically perceived as colloquial (this result is obtained by using the full form of the adjective as the nominal part of the predicate). The stylistic norm in this case recommends the use of a short form: “ your requirements unacceptable" .

Language norms are imperative (rigid, mandatory) and advisory (non-rigid, suggesting the possibility of choosing options). For example, most of the spelling rules (norms) are imperative in nature. Imperative norms include declension, conjugation. On the contrary, many stylistic norms are advisory (in colloquial speech - on vacation better in business style on holiday). Accordingly, errors can be divided into gross (violating imperative norms) and non-serious (violating recommendatory norms).

In addition to speech errors, there are speech defects. These are not violations of language norms, but such shortcomings of speech (text) that reduce its effectiveness, for example, the poverty of the dictionary, unjustified repetitions (tautology), verbosity, etc.

In recent years, in connection with a broader understanding of the culture of speech (good, cultural speech began to be understood not only as correct speech, but also as effective speech), there has been a tendency to single out, in addition to proper language norms, communication norms and ethical, which, together with language norms, are designed to provide culture of speech communication in any socially and professionally significant situation (at work, in the family, in interpersonal communication, etc.).

If the main principle (main idea) on which language norms are based is right, then justification communication norms is the principle expediency. Speaking about communicative norms (or, in other words, the communicative component of the culture of speech), they mean, first of all, “1) the correspondence between the goal of communication of the addresser and the expectations from the communication of the addressee; 2) an accurate understanding of the speech characteristics of the addresser and addressee in this situation; 3) taking into account the particular pragmatic characteristics of the addresser and addressee" 1.

2 Motivated deviations from lexical and other norms characterize fiction as a special sphere of the use of language in an aesthetic function.

1 Shiryaev of speech as a special theoretical discipline // The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. M., 1966. S.29-30.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by speech practice. The main sources of establishing the language norm will include the works of classical and contemporary writers, analysis of the language of the mass media, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, and scientific research by linguists.

Thus, the compilers of the dictionary of grammatical variants used sources stored in the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences:

1) a card file of grammatical fluctuations, which was compiled on the basis of Soviet fiction during 1961-1972;

2) materials of a statistical survey on newspapers of the 60-70s. The total sample was one hundred thousand options;

3) recordings in the music libraries of modern colloquial speech;

4) materials of answers to the questionnaire;

5) data from all modern dictionaries, grammars and special studies on grammatical variants.

Enormous work was done by the compilers of the dictionary to determine which of the grammatical forms should be considered the norm, the use of which should be limited, and which should be considered incorrect.

To get an idea of the questionnaires that are filled out by native speakers, here are a few examples from the "Questionnaire on Modern Russian Literary Pronunciation" (1960):

35. How do you pronounce:

when or when?

Where or Where?

sometimes or otherwise?

smog or smoh?

nemoc or nemoX?

67. How do you pronounce the following words (underline):

a) arteria or artery?

bacteria or bacterium?

bruNET or brunet?

inert or inert?

conserves or canned food?

criterip or criterion?

portpvine or port wine?

progRESs or progress?

strateg or strategist?

TEMA or Subject!

ShinEl or overcoat?

b) buterbrod or a sandwich?

Degassing or Degassing?

Dean or Decak?

Demobilization or Demobilization?

intense or intensive?

instanceInstance or instance?

Why questions are asked about the pronunciation of words when, where, sometimes and I could, I couldn't!

This is due to the fact that in the literary language the letter G in position before vowels, sonorant consonants ( R, l, m, n) and in conveys the sound [g]: newspaper, dwarf, thunder, rumble, nail. When the sound [g] is formed, the back of the back of the tongue closes with the soft palate; noise occurs at the moment when the jet of exhaled air opens the closed organs of speech. Therefore, the sound [g] is called explosive, instant.

South Russian dialects, including Don dialects, are characterized by [r] fricative. With the formation of a slit [r], the back of the back of the tongue does not close, but only approaches the soft palate, a gap is formed between them. Noise arises from the friction of the exhaled air on the edges of the contiguous organs of speech. Such a sound is indicated by the letter "g".

In the Russian literary language (with rare exceptions), only the pronunciation of [g] explosive is permissible. The exception is the word the God in indirect cases: god, god, oh god and sometimes, then, always. They should have pronounced [ g ] slotted: bo [ g ] a, bo [ g ] ohm, o bo [ g ] e, otherwise [ g ] yes, then [ g ] yes, all [ g ] yes.

It was important for scientists to find out what sound the majority utters and whether the norm should be changed.

At the end of words, the sound [g], like other voiced consonants, is deafened: bank [g] a - take [k], but [g] a - but [k], la [g] y - la [k]. In the South Russian dialect [g] at the end of words also turns into a deaf consonant, but not in [k], as in the literary language, but in [x]: take [g] a - take [x], but [g] a - but[x].

Thus, violation of one orthoepic norm, i.e. pronunciation [g] instead of [g], leads to violation of other pronunciation norms.

The formulation of the 67th question is also understandable. In this case, we are talking about the pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation.

So, in most borrowed words before [e] consonants are softened: ka[t"]et, faculty [t"]et, [t"]e-oriya, [d"]emon, [d"]espot, [n" ] ervy, [s "] section, [s "] series, mu [s "] her, ga [s"] eta, [p "] enta, [p"] vector.

However, in a number of words of foreign origin, the hardness of consonants before [e] is preserved: sh [te] p-sel, o [te] l, s [te] nd, ko [de] ks, mo [de] l, ka [re] , [dz]mi-urg, [de]mping, kash[ne], e[ne]rgia, [de]march, mor[ze], k[re]do, etc.

[se], criterion [te and add, those], port wine [ve and add. ve], progress [re and add. re], strategist [te and additional, te], theme [te], overcoat [not]; b) sandwich [te], degassing [de and de], dean [de and add. de], demobilization [de and additional, de], intensive [te], international [te], copy [ze and additional, ze].

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity:

norm of the 1st degree- strict, tough, not allowing options;

norm 2nd degrees- neutral, allows equivalent options;

norm 3rd degrees- more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms.

Task 139. Using the data of the "Orthoepic Dictionary" on the norm of pronunciation of foreign words, give examples for all three degrees of norms.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and commonality. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.

The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Language means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be ridiculous in another (official business communication). The norm does not divide the means of language into good and bad, but points to their communicative expediency.

The language norm (literary norm) is the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language, that is, the rules for pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means adopted in social and linguistic practice. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

The norm is obligatory for both oral and written speech and covers all aspects of the language. There are norms: orthoepic (pronunciation), spelling (writing), word-formation, lexical, morphological, syntactic, punctuation.

Signs of the norm literary language: relative stability, general usage, general obligatory nature, compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

Language norms - historical phenomenon, they change. The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: colloquial speech; local dialects; vernacular; professional jargons; other languages. The change of norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that really exist in the language at a certain stage of its development, are actively used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in the dictionaries of the modern literary language. For example, in the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, accented variants of such words as normalize and normalize, thinking and thinking. Some variants of words are given with appropriate marks: cottage cheese and (col.) cottage cheese, contract and (simple) contract. If we turn to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language", then we can follow the fate of these options. Yes, the words normalize and thinking become preferred and normalize and thinking are labeled "additional." (permissible). In a relationship cottage cheese and cottage cheese the norm has not changed. And here is an option treaty from the colloquial form he moved into the category of colloquial, has the mark "additional" in the dictionary.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by speech practice. The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical and contemporary writers, analysis of the language of the mass media, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, scientific research by linguists. Thus, the compilers of the dictionary of grammatical variants used sources stored at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences: 1) a card file of grammatical fluctuations, which was compiled on the basis of fiction during 1961–1972; 2) materials of a statistical survey on newspapers of the 60–70s. (the total sample was one hundred thousand options); 3) recordings of the music library of modern colloquial speech; 4) materials of answers to the "Questionnaire"; 5) data from all modern dictionaries, grammars and special studies on grammatical variants. As a result of the analysis of all the listed material, the most common options used equally were identified; rare or completely disappeared. This allowed scientists to determine what is considered the norm, how it has changed. The indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity:

- norm of the I degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;

– norm II degree – neutral, allows equivalent options;

– norm III degree – more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms. The historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, the change in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, the functioning of literature and art lead to a constant renewal of the literary language and its norms.

The norms of the literary language reflect the originality of the Russian national language, contribute to the preservation of the linguistic tradition, the cultural heritage of the past. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to remain holistic, generally understandable, to perform its main function - cultural.

According to the norms adopted and in force at any stage of the existence of the literary language, it is possible to determine what changes in relation to normalization have occurred and what are the trends in the further development of the norms of the literary language.

Thus, the compilers of the dictionary of grammatical variants used sources stored in the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences:

1) a card file of grammatical fluctuations, which was compiled on the basis of Soviet fiction during 1961-1972;
2) materials of a statistical survey on newspapers of the 60-70s. The total sample was one hundred thousand options;
3) recordings in the music libraries of modern colloquial speech;
4) materials of answers to the questionnaire;
5) data from all modern dictionaries, grammars and special studies on grammatical variants.

To get an idea of the questionnaires that are filled out by native speakers, here are a few examples from the "Questionnaire on Modern Russian Literary Pronunciation" (1960):

How do you pronounce:

when or when?

Where or where?

sometimes or sometimes?

smog or smoh?

NemoK or NemoX?

Why are questions asked about the pronunciation of words when, where, sometimes I could, I could not!

This is explained by the fact that in the literary language the letter g in the position before vowels, sonorant consonants (p, l, m, n) and in conveys the sound [g]: newspaper, dwarf, thunder, rumble, nail. When the sound [g] is formed, the back of the back of the tongue closes with the soft palate; noise occurs at the moment when the jet of exhaled air opens the closed organs of speech. Therefore, the sound [r] is called explosive, instantaneous.

In the Russian literary language (with rare exceptions), only the pronunciation of [g] explosive is permissible. The exception is the word god in oblique cases: god, god, about god and sometimes, then, always. In them it was necessary to pronounce the slot: boa, boom, about the fight, inoda, toda, everywhere.

It was important for scientists to find out what sound the majority utters and whether the norm should be changed.

At the end of words, the sound [g], like other voiced consonants, is deafened: bank [g] a - take [k], but [g] a - but [k], la [g] y - la [k ]. In the South Russian dialect, at the end of words it also turns into a voiceless consonant, but not in [k], as in the literary language, but in [x]: berea - bere [x], noa - but [x].

Thus, the violation of one orthoepic norm, i.e. pronunciation instead of [r], leads to a violation of other pronunciation norms.

In this case, we are talking about the pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation.

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to speak of three degrees of normativity:

the norm of the 1st degree is strict, rigid, not allowing options;

the norm of the 2nd degree is neutral, allows equivalent options;

the norm of the 3rd degree is more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.

The historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, changes in social conditions of life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to a constant renewal of the literary language and its norms.

A. NORMS OF MODERN RUSSIAN

LITERARY LANGUAGE

(OPTIONS, TYPES OF NORMS)

Plan

1. The concept of the language norm (literary norm).

2. Norm options.

3. Norm types.

1. The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance with language norms.

What is included in this concept? Let's offer a definition.

The norm of the language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of language means, the uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of the elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.

The linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposite features. We list the most important of them and give the necessary commentary.

1. Relative sustainability and stability language norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of the language, which is constantly developing along with the creator and native speaker - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, change. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources 100 years old, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of closet), zhyra(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returnedhis(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of necessarily), need to(instead of necessary) etc.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized prevalence and obligatory nature compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to "manage" the elements of speech. On the other hand, one can also talk about "linguistic pluralism" the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (author of speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition and source authority, should also be kept in mind author's individuality able to violate the norms, which, of course, is justified in certain situations of communication.

In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Norms of the language are obligatory for both oral and written speech. It must be understood that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a particular communicative situation.

In general, the literary norm enshrined all the best that was created in the speech behavior of representatives of this society. It is necessary because it helps to preserve the integrity and intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from vernacular, dialectisms, and jargon.

2. The change in linguistic norms is preceded by the appearance of their options(doublets) that actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of the norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the Orthoepic Dictionary, the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, the Dictionary of Word Combination, etc.

Exist 3 degrees of normativity:

– norm of the 1st degree- strict, rigid, not allowing options (for example, put, but not lie down; call, but not calls; socks, but not sock);

– norm of the 2nd degree- less strict, allowing equal options, combined in a dictionary entry by the union "and" (for example, right and right, blinds(cf. and pl.), immoral and immoral);

– norm of the 3rd degree- the most mobile, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by a note "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or only a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic."(poetic), "prof."(professional) etc. For example: bank sprat(additional sprats),cup tea(additional expansion tea), compass(prof. compass).

The norm of the 1st degree is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degree - dispositive rules.

At present, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that the language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, a deviation from the norm is possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of the norms that exist in the literary language.

3. In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(gr. correct speech) - the norms of stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors interfere with the perception of the speaker's speech. The social role of correct pronunciation is very great, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the process of communication.

In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Russian Stress, Orthoepic Dictionary, Dictionary of Oral Speech Difficulties, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive marks: “ no rivers."(Not recommended), "not right."(not right), "rude."(rough), "bran."(swear words), etc.

2. lexical rules, or norms of word usage are: a) the use of the word in the meanings that it has in the modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymic series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of the word. Note that the morphological norms primarily include: the norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, the norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, the norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When building a phrase, it is necessary first of all to remember about management; when building a sentence, one should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using adverbial phrases, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under the general name - grammar rules.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) and punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (writing a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (punctuation marks).

Questions for self-control:

1. What is the norm of the language and what are its features?

2. What is the inconsistency of the norm?

3. What are the differences in the degree of normativity?

4. What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language means?

Let us turn to a detailed consideration of the types of norms indicated above.

Portal for the student. Self-training

RELATED ARTICLES