I am forced to turn to the "city and the world" due to the fact that the environmental and economic problems of Buryatia, just like my position on them, turned out to be the subject of not always conscientious discussions in the course of preparation for the preliminary voting (primaries) of the United Russia party to determine the candidate to the deputies of the State Duma.
1. I consider it necessary to reduce the water protection zone of Lake Baikal. Now it is prohibitively large - from 10 to 80 km. Its inhabitants are experiencing and will continue to experience serious difficulties. Take, for example, the village of Turka. There are a few empty spaces left in the cemetery, but neither the old one nor the new one can be created. Most likely, you will have to use the cemetery in the village of Turuntaevo - not a dipped beam. It is in Turuntaevo that now it will be necessary to export solid household waste (does anyone in Turka have a license for their transportation?). Not to mention that cars can drive on paved roads and park in paved parking lots - are there many of them in Turka? It is also forbidden to operate buildings without sewerage and waste processing systems. Where then to live?
Yes, the restriction on the privatization of land plots is associated with Art. 27 of the Land Code, but I have a court decision at my disposal, which indicates the position of the prosecutor's office that any construction in the water protection zone is prohibited.
We should not forget about the fish protection zone, approved by the same order of 05.03.2015. In the 500-meter zone, all the restrictions of the water protection and coastal protection zones are combined, for example, it is impossible to plow the land and graze livestock. And there is someone to follow these bans - fish protection.
2. I do not condemn the initiative to change the Law on the Protection of Lake Baikal and the Water Code, to reduce the water protection zone to 500 m. I just consider it more productive to change the order on water protection and fish protection zones. But for this, it will be necessary to change the resolution on the Baikal natural territory and its zoning, that is, to reduce the Central Ecological Zone. I think that the formal 500 m project of the Institute of Geography. Sochavy SB RAS with the width of the water protection zone from 40 m to 5 km. But if it's easier to change the laws and approve a 500 m zone, it's still better than the current situation.
3. I have never spoken out against the development of the Kholodninskoye field. Indeed, I proposed to design it as a natural monument following the example of almost all exploited fields in Sweden. That is, to preserve the reference pillars and outcrops, which are necessary, among other things, for the training of the mining and processing plant personnel. Already in the license agreement, the obligations of the subsoil user for underground mining, processing and disposal of waste outside the Baikal natural territory are recorded. At present, the development of the deposit is impossible due to the unfavorable situation for zinc and some other metals, the lack of a project, investors, and so on and so forth. And do not scare us with UNESCO - a uranium deposit is being developed on the territory of the Kakadu National Park World Natural Heritage Site in Australia. On the other hand, the development of the Kholodninskoye deposit will make it possible to stop the flow of adit waters with exorbitant concentrations of cadmium and other heavy metals, remove ore dumps on the steep bank of Kholodnaya, and eliminate pollution from the destroyed village of Pereval, an electric power plant and a core store on the banks of the Tyi.
4. I consider the current deputy of the State Duma, Mikhail Viktorovich Slipenchuk, to be the best candidate out of the 20 nominated candidates. I will vote for him on May 22, and I urge everyone to make the same decision.
The current state of the natural environmentIn the last decade, a set of measures aimed at ensuring environmental protection in the republic has been implemented. However, the ecological situation remains difficult.
For example, more than 10,000 thousand large and small stationary sources emit more than 170 thousand tons of pollutants into the air of the republic. Of these, 51% is accounted for by road transport emissions. A high concentration of air pollution is observed in Ulan-Ude. The average content of benzapyrene (6.8 MPC), formaldehyde (2.3 MPC), phenol (2.0 MPC), nitrogen dioxide (1.5 ^ MPC). In the city of Gusinoozersk, nitrogen dioxide is 1.4 MPC/g. Severobaikalsk - 1.3 MPC, and in the village. Selenginsk average benzapyrene (4.5 MPC), carbon disulfide and formaldehyde (2 MPC).
In recent years, there has been a persistent trend towards the deterioration of land quality, the total area of agricultural land covered by erosion processes has increased (more than 3/4 of arable land is subject to water and wind erosion). More than 90% of arable land has been eroded in the Kurumkansky and Kizhinginsky districts, and more than 75% in the Mukhorshibirsky, Khorinsky and Selenginsky districts. The main reasons are the non-fulfillment of measures for planting field-protective and water-regulating forest plantations, for the construction of hydraulic structures, etc.
There is a constant decline in soil fertility. The application of mineral fertilizers per 1 ha of crops decreased by 28 times, and organic fertilizers - by 6 times. In a number of places, soil contamination with compounds of heavy minerals is observed.
So, for example, during the environmental and geochemical survey of the city of Ulan-Ude, contamination of the earth with mercury compounds above the MPC was found (LVRZ districts, Instrument-making association, right and left banks of the Uda river, Arshan settlement, Meat processing plant, the central part of Zauda , settlement Kir-zavod, etc.); lead above the MPC (Instrument-Making Association, the settlements of Yuzhny, Kirzavod, Zagorsk and Vostochny). Pollution of farmland with lead, zinc, nickel, arsenic and chromium continues above the MPC. The most polluted with lead and zinc were farmlands in the southern regions of Buryatia. In general, soil pollution here is of a local nature. In the lands of these regions, the presence of persistent pesticides (DDT and hexochloran) and mercury-containing fungicides (gronosan) was found.
When assessing the ecological state of the lake. Baikal and the Baikal region as a whole attracts special attention to the city of Baikalsk with the pulp and paper mill located in it (JSC "BTsBK"). The zone of contamination of Baikal water with sulfur compounds of this plant reached 24.6 km, with hardly hydrolysable carbohydrates and lignin-humus complex - 13.4 km2. Dust and gas emissions from the BPPM damaged 250 thousand hectares of fir-cedar forest, of which 40 thousand hectares died. At present, the area of drying forests has exceeded 500 thousand hectares. The consequence of all this was the appearance of erosion on the slopes, the activation of mudflows, avalanches, landslides, the depletion and drying up of small rivers and streams.
A very unfavorable situation is also developing in the mining industry. In the first 25 years of operation of the Irokinda mine (Vitim Plateau), amalgamation was used to extract gold. The accumulated middlings, enriched with mercury, during this time, were constantly eroded and flowed into the Irokinda River. The flow of dispersion of mercury and gold along the river has a length of about 15 km. As a result of these actions, the grayling spawning grounds were destroyed and the hunting grounds of the Evenks were badly damaged.
Things are not quite favorable at the Kholbinsk mine (Eastern Sayan). Here, for many years in a row, household waste has been dumped directly into the loose sand and pebble strata of the river. Samarta, which flows into the Kitoy. The constructed tailing dump in the valley of this river does not quite fulfill its direct function. The industrial wastes stored here from the plant, no matter how hard the gold miners try, still seep through loose rock strata into the river. Samarta.
A dangerous ecological crisis is associated with the Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant, located in the Baikal basin in the middle reaches of the river. Jida. After 60 years of work, the plant closed. In the soil cover around him, excesses of the MAC were revealed: for nickel by 3-5 times, for lead by 1.5-10.0 times, for copper by 1.5-3.0 times, for antimony - by 20-100 times. More than 40 million tons of waste - sulfide products have been accumulated on the territory of the former plant on an area of about 700 hectares. Washing out industrial wastes of the plant with storm and melt waters, filling roads and streets with them, sharply increased the radiation background, caused contamination of soils and waters with heavy metals and specific substances. As a result, cases of morbidity of the population increased, and life expectancy sharply decreased.
In recent years, cases of deliberate arson of forests have become more frequent with the aim of buying up cheap burnt timber for a pittance for subsequent sale. Over the past 10 years, the number of forest fires has been growing and reaches 1000 fires per season.
The republic is characterized by natural-technogenic desertification due to increased wind and water erosion. The main centers of moving sands arose in the basin of the Selenga and Barguzin rivers. On some arable lands, erosion affects up to 70-90% of the area. Because of the moving sands, settlements are transferred (Staro-Selenginskoye, Maryino, etc.). In the northern regions, intense wind erosion is manifested in the intermountain basins, especially the Barguzin. where the plowing of kuytuns led to the appearance of typical eolian landforms - dunes, ridges, blowout basins. In general, in Buryatia, the area of blown sands exceeds 100 thousand hectares (Tunkinsky badars, Baunt tukulans, Barguzinsky kuytuns). In the steppe basins (as, for example, in the Borgoi steppe), salinization of the soils was manifested in connection with the irrigation of the lands.
The ongoing pollution of water bodies causes concern. Although, according to the data of regulatory authorities, there is a decrease in the flow of sulfides, chlorides, iron, nitrite nitrogen, and suspended solids into water bodies, the quality of surface waters is deteriorating. So, for example, the Upper Angara with its tributaries in 1995 was transferred from class 2 (clean) to class 3 (moderately polluted). Here, excesses of MPC for phenols, oil products are constantly noted, and for the river. Tyya, in addition, according to the ions of copper and iron. A similar situation is observed along the rivers of the Eastern Baikal region (Barguzin, Turka, Kika) and in the river. Selenga with its large tributaries. Of all the rivers of Buryatia, the water quality index 2 retains the river. Bol. River.
Unfortunately, the number of dried up rivers is steadily growing. Their number has now grown to 240.
The water quality is deteriorating. goose. Since 1992, the water of the lake has been recognized as moderately polluted (class 3) - ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, oil products, copper ions. There is a gradual warming of the lake water by 1°C and the overgrowth of its bottom with green algae.
More than 125 million m3 of underground water is used annually in Buryatia for drinking, industrial and technical needs. About 8,000 water wells are operated in rural areas. The quality of groundwater is observed in the areas of landfills in the cities of Ulan-Ude, Gusinoozersk, pos. Selenginsk and at the waste disposal sites of the Zaigraevskaya and Ulan-Ude poultry farms. The main elements of water pollutants are oil products, phenols, and increased oxidizability is also noted.
Domestic pollution is recorded by the increase in nitrites, nitrates and ammonium in the water. Nitrogen sources are numerous landfills for household waste, cesspools located within residential areas. In almost all settlements, there is a deterioration in water quality due to the presence of nitrogen compounds.
The impact of economic activity on the environment
At present, economic activity has a decisive influence on the state of the environment in Buryatia. The fuel and energy complex causes the greatest damage. For example, the Gusinoozerskaya GRES annually emits 28,000 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere and discharges 328 million m3 of normatively clean water into Lake Gusinoe, which, due to high temperature, violates the heat balance of the lake. CHPP-1 and CHPP-2 (Ulan-Ude) daily emit 79.5 tons of pollutants into the air.
During the development of the Kholboldzhinsky coal mine, 2.5 thousand hectares of land were disturbed and occupied by rock dumps, and the total volume of rock dumps on the shore of Gusinoye Lake is estimated at 300 million m3.
The experience of the Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant has shown that the development of minerals in Buryatia is still being carried out without taking into account environmental components, so the city of Zakamensk and the river. Modonkul are experiencing serious environmental stress. The use of rocks from dumps for construction work (dumping of dams, road construction, etc.) has sharply increased the background radiation in soil and water.
Many environmental protection measures have not been implemented during the construction of enterprises for the extraction of Cheremshansky quartzite, Muysky chrysotile asbestos, Kholbinsky and Irokinda gold, polymetals of the Ozerno-go and Nazarovsky deposits.
In the Republic, there are 2015 hectares of disturbed lands during the construction of various kinds of facilities that have not been reclaimed; construction and road complexes use 405 quarries for the extraction of stone, crushed stone, sand and gravel.
The amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere from vehicles is increasing every year. The city of Ulan-Ude is experiencing a special burden. There are more than 75 thousand cars in the capital of the republic, plus more than 15-20 thousand transit cars annually. An analysis of the monitoring of the condition of vehicles showed that 1/3 of the vehicles are operated with emissions in terms of toxicity exceeding the established standards by 3-4 times.
During the years of perestroika, enterprises of the agro-industrial complex practically stopped environmental construction, hundreds of fuel and lubricants and mineral fertilizer warehouses, livestock farms continue to operate in the water protection zone. If in 1991 there were only 205 land users and landowners in Buryatia, now there are more than 3,000 of them.
Military units cause great harm to the natural environment. Most boiler houses are not equipped with dust and gas trapping equipment (the cities of Ulan-Ude, Kyakhta, Gusinoozersk, Dzhidinsky, Ivolginsky and Zaigraevsky districts).
Resorts located on the coast of Lake Baikal, mineral springs, places of traditional treatment, health improvement and recreation are experiencing great environmental stress. In these places, the problems of garbage disposal are not resolved, parking places for vehicles, accommodation and meals for vacationers are not determined. The suburban green zone of Ulan-Ude is subjected to a heavy load, it is necessary to equip places for mass recreation here. In the city of Ulan-Ude, there are absolutely not enough squares and parks for the rest of the townspeople, the area of greenery on the streets is only 75 hectares or 2.2 m per inhabitant (4 times less than the required norm).
According to Sosnovgeologia, in Buryatia, in small areas, increased radiation contamination with radiocaesium-137 is noted (Tunkinsky, Dzhidinsky, Kabansky, Kyakhtinsky districts, a little less - Barguzinsky, Bauntovsky and Eravninsky). Cesium-137 is fixed in the near-surface part of the soil and is not fixed deeper than 15-20 cm. Express radon survey established high-contrast radon anomalies in the settlements of Ivolginsk, Krasnoyarovo, Gurulba, Tulunzha, Arshan (Ulan-Ude), pos. Upper Berezovka, pos. Oreshkovo.
In recent years, accidents and incidents in production and transport have become more frequent. These are major accidents on the railway of Buryatia (Kedrovaya station, 14 cars with aviation fuel overturned, Onokhoi station during the crash of a freight train with oil products, etc.). There were accidents in the North-Baikal port (spill of oil products from the tanker "Maikop"), in fuel depots in the village. Sosnovy bor - spilling fuel oil, on sewer collectors in Gusinoozersk, Ulan-Ude and Kyakhta.
The process of waste disposal in Ulan-Ude
Burial, disposal and recycling of waste are not only problems of the recreation area. The impact of landfills and waste disposal sites is already affecting groundwater quality. Every year, according to incomplete data, excluding household waste, more than 600 thousand tons of production waste are taken to landfills.
In the city of Ulan-Ude, for many years the issue of organizing landfills for industrial waste has not been resolved. The city's waste dump is in serious need of refurbishment. The construction of a waste processing plant in Ulan-Ude is planned in the Comprehensive Baikal Programme, its financing is provided from the Federal budget of Russia. Unfortunately, most of the settlements of the republic are surrounded by garbage dumps, this especially applies to regional centers. So, in 1998, 385,268.181 tons of waste of all kinds were placed on the territories of enterprises and landfills in Ulan-Ude.
The amount of waste used as secondary raw materials and materials remains low. A total of 33,674.1 tons of waste, or 8.6% of the total volume, was used. It is necessary to resolve issues related to the organization of the collection and processing of secondary raw materials and materials, the construction of a waste processing plant and an industrial waste landfill in Ulan-Ude.
Currently, 100 landfills are located on the territory of Ulan-Ude. Compared to 1997, the number of dumps has decreased due to the liquidation and reclamation of unauthorized dumps. Nevertheless, there is an increase in cases of littering of lands in the suburban area, including urban forests, floodplains of the Selenga and Uda rivers.
The Republic has developed the "Waste" program as part of the federal comprehensive program to ensure the protection of Lake Baikal and the rational use of natural resources in its basin. According to this program, activities have been developed that should be carried out in 3 stages.
The first stage provides for the development of legal and regulatory documentation for waste disposal; carrying out the formation and analysis of the basis of waste data in Ulan-Ude; collection and analysis of information on technologies and equipment for waste processing. At the 2nd stage, preliminary proposals for program activities were prepared according to the data bank for the city of Ulan-Ude. According to the 3rd stage, the development of the text block of the program and the necessary tabular applications should be carried out.
In connection with the introduction of the Law of the Russian Federation "On production and consumption waste" (1996), as well as the adoption in 1996 of the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Belarus "On approval of the annual report on the generation, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of waste production and consumption on the territory of the Republic of Belarus”, at the industrial enterprises of the republic, the collection and accounting of generated waste has significantly improved.
Industrial waste. In 1998, the enterprises of Ulan-Ude generated 293,721.681 tons of industrial waste, including 47,972.895 tons of toxic waste. The main contribution to the generation of waste is still made by the electric power industry enterprises of CHPP-1 and CHPP-2 .
Typically, industrial waste is divided into hazard classes: Class 1 - extremely hazardous; Class 2 - highly dangerous; 3 class - moderately dangerous; Grade 4 - little dangerous.
1.285 t (0.0004%) of hazard class 1 waste in the city, 784.2 t (0.27%) of hazard class 2, 250.315 (0.09%) of hazard class 3, 46937.095 of hazard class 4 t (16%). Stored only at Ulan-Ude CHPP-1
113593.5 tons of waste (29.5% of the total amount of waste), a lot of ash and slag waste - 112842 tons (38.4%).
In Ulan-Ude, ash and slag is stored in 2-3 ash dumps: intermediate and main. The intermediate ash dump is operated in winter and does not have an impervious screen. Monitoring of the impact of ash dumps on the state of groundwater has not been carried out since 1997.
Ulan-Ude CHPP-2 generated 30,072.68 tons of waste, including 30,035 tons of ash and slag waste, which is 7.8% of the total city waste.
Waste of the 1st hazard class is stored on the territory of enterprises in adapted storage facilities, which poses a great danger to the environment. Taking into account the past years, the enterprises stored 55.667 tons of waste of the 1st hazard class. These are mainly fluorescent lamps, electroplating sludge, trash waste. More than 30,000 pieces of fluorescent lamps have been accumulated at the enterprises of the city, in 1998 alone there were 14,820 pieces. Of these, 7878 pieces were sent to Ulyanovsk for disposal. At present, a centralized collection of such lamps has been organized by Vtormet OJSC, which has been operating since 1988, to transfer them for processing to other regions, such as Barnaul and Chita. JSC Vtormet received 11,170 pieces of lamps from enterprises.
The main type of waste of the 2nd hazard class is used oils, of which 736.414 tons are generated (93.9% of all types of waste of the 2nd hazard class). Such oils are used as lubricants and are burned in boilers. The rest (67.253 tons) is stored on the territories of enterprises.
62.487 tons (25%) of waste of the 3rd hazard class were used, including 36.2 tons of alcohol-dreon mixture (100% of the generated per year), 89.582 tons (35.8%) were neutralized; including 73.325 tons of oil-contaminated sawdust burned in boiler houses.
Class 4 waste includes sawdust and sleepers 7007.282 tons (93.4% of this type of waste received during the year).
Basically, wastes of hazard classes 3 and 4 are stored on the territories of enterprises.
Of the non-toxic waste, the main share is ash and slag waste - 206416.528 tons (84%) and scrap metal 29534.159 tons (12%).
NPO Ecodom produces new wall materials with high thermal insulation properties from ash and slag waste.
In 1998, work began on the recycling of waste in the republic. JSC "Selenginsky CCC" began processing waste paper into fiberboard and egg pads. Waste paper is supplied by Buryattara JSC.
Also, OJSC “Selenginsky CCC” processes activated sludge waste and lignin sludge into compost. At the locomotive depot Ulan-Ude introduced a plant for the regeneration of dry cleaning waste (trichlorethylene slag).
Municipal solid waste. In 1998, 91,546.5 tons of municipal solid waste was generated in Ulan-Ude, which were placed at an authorized landfill operated with violations of sanitary requirements and technology. At the moment, this is the only sanctioned landfill in the nose in Ulan-Ude. Glassworks. Today it is overloaded, which creates a certain threat of environmental pollution. Due to the cessation of acceptance of industrial toxic waste to the city dump, the number of unauthorized dumps in the city of Ulan-Ude and the suburban area is increasing from year to year. During 1998, 58 unauthorized landfills with a total area of 53.9 hectares were eliminated in the city. Liquidation costs amounted to 189.12 thousand rubles, including funds allocated from the Unified Environmental Fund of the Republic of Buryatia in the amount of 71.0 thousand rubles. The administration of Ulan-Ude is taking measures for the operation of landfills and their timely reclamation, and work has also begun on site selection for the construction of a waste processing plant.
Today, in the current economic conditions, landfills have remained practically ownerless.
Housing and communal enterprises do not carry out regular removal of generated municipal solid waste. The issues of disposal of solid household waste from the private and undeveloped sector have not been regulated, the current practice of exporting solid waste from the private sector is inefficient. Territories assigned to enterprises and organizations are also cleaned up irregularly; there are practically no trash cans on the streets of the city.
Such a situation with the littering of the territories of settlements, the arrangement and operation of landfills pose a threat to the state of the natural environment and human health.
The main enterprises that are sources of air pollution. Ecological state of the air environment of the city of Ulan-Ude
Currently, within the republic, it is possible to single out the existing, environmentally problematic areas: Zakamensky, Kyakhtinsky, Gusinoozersky, Nizhne-Selenginsky (Kamensky), Severo-Baikalsky and Ulan-Ude. Industrial production in these areas are not only the main participants in air pollution, but also suppliers of acid precipitation precursors.
Zakamensky industrial hub
The area of the industrial hub covers the central part of the Zakamensky district on both sides of the Dzhida River. The base enterprise is the Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant. The total number of pollutant emission sources is 118, of which only 50 are equipped with dust-collecting equipment. Unlimited sources of pollution include emissions from blasting in quarries, warehouses of dry tailings from ore processing. Gross emissions from stationary sources average 6089 m3 (according to the statistics of 1991), and from mobile sources 5932.2 m3. Comparison of actual emissions and approved ELVs indicates a significant excess of emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In general, a critical ecological situation has developed in the area of the Zakamensky industrial hub and in the city of Zakamensk, which directly affects the health of the population.
Kyakhta industrial hub
In its area, a major environmental pollutant is the Kyakhtinsky fluorspar mine, which is located 230 km south of Ulan-Ude. Fluorine and fly ash, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and fluorine compounds are emitted into the atmospheric air. Emissions do not sufficiently correspond to the MPC at the border of the sanitary-industrial zone.
Gusinoozersky industrial hub
The area of the Gusinoozersky industrial hub covers the area of Lake Gusinoye in the central part of the Selenginsky district. The largest enterprises, which account for most of the pollution of the natural environment, are the Gusinoozerskaya mine, the Kholboldzhinsky open pit mine, and the Gusinoozerskaya state district power station. The level of air pollution in the city of Gusinoozersk remains high. Exceeding the MPC for dust by an average of 1.5 times, in winter, the content NO 2 exceeds the standards by 1.5 times due to the beginning of the heating season.
Nizhne-Selenginsky industrial hub
The area of the industrial hub occupies a significant part of the territory of the Kabansky district and has an extended character (along the Selenga River). Of the industrial enterprises, the main air pollutants are the Selenginsky CCC and Timlyuisky cement plant, because of which, in general, the environmental situation in the area of the Nizhne-Selenginsky industrial hub remains difficult and unfavorable.
Ulan-Ude industrial hub
It is the largest in terms of population and occupied territory. In total, there are 6,043 sources of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere at the industrial hub, of which only 1,784 (61%) sources are equipped with dust and gas cleaning equipment. The main pollutants are Ulan-Ude CHPP-1, aircraft plant, LVRZ, glass factory, meat processing plant, Buryatfermash Production Association, Fine cloth plant, etc., as well as large and medium-sized dumps of household and industrial waste.
CHP-1, located in the Zheleznodorozhny district of Ulan-Ude, and its ash dump is of particular danger.
In 1998, CHPP-1 consumed 492,030 tons of coal and 42,256 tons of fuel oil. The total amount of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere (according to the explanatory note to the annual report for 1998 at CHPP-1) amounted to 12,130.8 tons. due to reduced fuel consumption. This is due to the transition to the burning of Tunui coal and the stabilization of the scrubber-ditch irrigation system.It is known how dangerous phenol is. However, no one knows where LVRZ dumps phenol-containing resin and water from the gas-oxygen station. In addition, the LVRZ phenol water sump is a particular danger, since as a result of evaporation it pollutes the city's atmosphere with phenol, lead, manganese, and phosphorus. In 1991-1992 the central ecological and geochemical party of the PGO "Buryatgeologiya" ("Buryatgeocenter") carried out work on lithochemical survey of the territory of Ulan-Ude. As a result, four centers of toxic substances were identified over the city. The chromium source came from an aircraft factory.
The main mercury pollutants turned out to be the LVRZ, the city dump and, again, the aircraft factory. It should be noted that the actual content of oxides and metals that are emitted into the air and water and indicated in the reports is suspiciously close to the maximum permissible concentration, although at some enterprises, in particular at Teplopribor, they could not show neither methodical instructions, nor instruments that allow to accurately determine the content of certain elements. The situation is similar at CHPP-1. According to the data of the mobile environmental and meteorological station, created in 1996 by the laboratory of radiophysics of the Bien Institute of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in Ulan-Ude, a high level of air pollution with sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the zone of influence of CHP-1 is determined and is about 3 MPC. According to the same reports, CHPP-1 is settled in the MPC standards. But the problem is not only this. And also in the fact that with such “accuracy” the identified harmful substances are then released into the air or lie on the territory of the enterprise, then carried away by wind and rain into the rivers that feed us.
It should be noted that the industrial enterprises of nearby cities and regions “seek to help” republican enterprises in polluting the atmosphere.
City of Angarsk
In 1997, 185 thousand tons of pollutants entered the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources, including SO 2 - 66 thousand tons, nitrogen oxides - 21.7 thousand tons and 27 tons of sulfuric acid. The level of atmospheric air pollution is high.
Irkutsk city
In terms of atmospheric air, the city is also one of the most polluted cities in Russia. In 1997, 104.7 thousand tons of pollutants of 78 types entered the atmosphere of the city. SO 2 - 20.2 thousand tons, nitrogen oxides - 13.3 thousand tons.
City of Usolie-Sibirskoe
It is one of the most polluted in Russia, which is due to significant emissions from chemical industries in combination with unfavorable meteorological conditions that make it difficult to disperse impurities. In 1997, 42.5 thousand tons of pollutants entered the atmosphere of the city. SO 2 - 9.2 thousand tons, i nitrogen oxides - 5.5 thousand tons.
CityCheremkhovo
Gross emissions into the environment from sources of enterprises and vehicles amounted to 15 thousand tons of pollutants. SO 2 - 3.54 thousand tons, nitrogen oxides - 1.2 thousand tons.
City of Shelekhovo
The total emissions from sources of enterprises and vehicles in 1997 amounted to 33 thousand tons of pollutants of more than 48 types, among which SO 2 - 202 thousand tons, nitrogen oxides - 1.8 thousand tons.
At first glance, it may seem that atmospheric emissions from outside industrial enterprises cannot have a detrimental effect on the atmospheric air of the Republic of Buryatia and its inhabitants. However, a closer examination of this issue proves otherwise. Namely, the fact that extraneous industrial emissions play not the last role in the deterioration of the atmospheric air over the republic and, as a result, are among the main culprits in the formation of acid precipitation (in particular, acid rain). This happens as a result of the formation of a single cloud of industrial aerosols, which covers the cities themselves, the territory between them and shifts along the wind rose. There is a combination of foreign and local environmentally hazardous compounds. And the result of this are summer and winter acid rains and snowfalls. On this occasion, the question involuntarily arises: is it possible that, having overcome a long distance (from the source to the place of precipitation), chemical elements, gases, etc. do not dissipate and lose their ability to form acids in the atmosphere? This question can be answered knowing the main characteristics of acid-forming elements. For example, a sulfur dioxide molecule ( SO 2) on average, it can cover a distance of 1000 km, and for nitrogen dioxide it can be even more, while they do not lose their acid-forming power.
Thus, as a result of the work of all the enterprises described above, every year 760 thousand tons of harmful substances enter the atmosphere of Buryatia, among which oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon are in the first place ( SO2 NO 2, CO). Naturally, cloud elements cannot increase indefinitely. Gravity-induced droplets sooner or later fall as rain from a height of several hundred or thousand meters. During the fallout, the droplets wash out the layer of atmosphere between the clouds and the earth's surface. At this time, new gas molecules are absorbed, and new aerosol particles are captured by the falling drop. Thus, the water that reaches the surface of the earth, contrary to popular belief, is by no means distilled.
Fuel and energy complex
Electricity is the leading branch of modern industry, leading in terms of harmful effects on the environment, upsetting the balance in ecosystems. One of the forms of its technogenic impact on the environment is atmospheric pollution. The fuel and energy complex (FEC) of Ulan-Ude emits into the atmosphere almost half of the total citywide emission of harmful substances - 47.4% (Fig. 25).
Combustion products thrown out of the pipes of thermal power plants, boiler houses and other energy facilities of the city are carried over long distances, on the order of several tens of kilometers, in the directions of the prevailing winds, participating in regional environmental pollution. But the most dangerous for Ulan-Ude are those emissions that settle on the territories adjacent to the source, in the area of the so-called intense technogenic impact, i.e. to city squares. The danger is aggravated by the fact that most enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are located near densely populated areas of the city (for example, CHPP-1).
According to the conditions of combustion and the structure of fuel consumption, the fuel and energy complex of Ulan-Ude can be divided into two groups: the first includes CHP-1 and CHP-2, the second - various types of furnaces and boiler houses - sources of process and utility heat ( furnaces of the metallurgical industry, production and heating boiler houses, etc.). An accompanying source of air pollution in the fuel and energy complex is gold dumps. The largest belong to CHPP-1, with a volume of 1 million cubic meters. m3, where lead, molybdenum, zinc, vanadium and other harmful substances are contained in high concentrations.
When burning harmful fuels used by fuel and energy companies in Ulan-Ude, the following characteristic substances are emitted: carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, solid particles. For example, in the area of CHPP-2, very high maximum one-time concentrations of harmful substances are observed: nitrogen dioxide - up to 21 MPC, sulfur dioxide - up to 4.4 MPC, and the values of surface dust concentrations in the area of the gold dump of CHPP-1 reach 70 MPC. The maximum concentrations of soot in the air of the CHPP-2 area are 1.1 MPC.
The main fuel at the city's thermal power plants is Tugnui coal, which, in terms of its environmental characteristics, is quite advantageous compared to coals from other deposits - in terms of gross emissions of harmful substances per 1 ton of fuel, it ranks third among the above types, after natural gas and Kansk-Achinsk coal (Table 42).
Solid fuels contain all the elements of the periodic table in an amount from 5 to 500 g per ton of coal. During combustion, a number of elements are sublimated into gaseous oxygen compounds, and then, as the gases cool, they condense on solid particles. Others do not give volatile gaseous compounds, but when burned, they also turn into oxides, which are evenly distributed between slag and ash.
Coals and slates of the main deposits of Buryatia have an increased content of highly toxic metals - vanadium, lead, mercury, arsenic, strontium and uranium, as a result of which, in the area of CHP-1, the values of surface concentrations of vanadium are 0.9 MPC.
The main components emitted into the atmosphere during the combustion of various types of fuel in power plants are non-toxic carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Sulfur oxides are one of the most difficult air pollutants to clean up, which are not cleaned in thermal power plants and boiler houses of the city.
When fuel is burned in the boiler units of a thermal power plant, nitrogen oxide is formed. In the gas ducts of the boilers, 1-5% of the total amount of nitrogen oxide is converted into dioxide. Emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere are equal in mass to ash emissions and only 3-5 times less than emissions of sulfur oxides.
The output of nitrogen oxides depends on the combustion temperature of the fuel. The higher the temperature, the greater the release of this harmful substance. There is no purification of exhaust smoke from nitrogen oxides at the CHPP and boiler houses of the city.
With incomplete combustion of fuel, carbon oxide is formed. However, CHP plants, where the most complete combustion of fuel is ensured, emit much less carbon monoxide than small-scale heating plants. When these installations are converted to liquid and gaseous fuels, carbon monoxide emissions drop to almost zero.
Other products of incomplete combustion of fuel are aldehydes, organic acids and hydrocarbons - in the area of CHPP-2, the values of surface concentrations of hydrocarbons are equal to 1.6 MPC.
When fossil fuels are burned, carcinogenic substances are formed. The most common is benzapyrene, which is formed during the pyrolysis of coal and hydrocarbon fuels at a temperature of more than 6*00°C. The main sources of benzapyrene emissions into the atmosphere of Ulan-Ude are heating boilers.
The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The fuel and energy complex is the main pollutant of the air basin. Its enterprises emit into the atmosphere a total of 47.4% of the total
native issue. It should be especially noted that emissions produced at high altitudes (up to 100 m) are mainly carried outside the city.
2. The degree of environmental friendliness of the operated heat and power enterprises of the city is very low, since this production is characterized by high water intensity, intensive consumption of atmospheric oxygen and large emissions of harmful substances. It is quite obvious that the further development of the production of heat and energy, the needs of which are increasing from year to year, should be accompanied by both the search for fundamentally new ways of obtaining it, and the improvement of the technology of burning fossil fuels and cleaning exhaust gases. This is the main environmental problem of thermal power engineering. Industrial enterprises. Starting from the mid-1980s, a decrease in the volume of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere began, both in the republic and in Ulan-Ude (Fig. 26). It was a direct consequence of the decline in the pace of work of the entire complex of the national economy, and primarily industrial production. All industrial enterprises of the city have repeatedly reduced their production, and some have completely stopped.
The main sources of air pollution among industries are: mechanical engineering and metalworking - LVRZ, ZMMK, aircraft manufacturing - aircraft plant, production of building materials - Zarechny KSM, concrete goods plant-1, food - meat processing plant. The share of industrial enterprises in the citywide emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere is 17%.
Let us consider the features of emissions of pollutants from enterprises in these industries.
Machine-building enterprises emit 5.5% of the city's total emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, which include dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, various acids and alkalis, cyanide and other compounds. The main sources of pollution include electroplating and painting shops. From foundries, dust, phenol, formaldehyde, methanol, cyanides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and other impurities enter the air. For example, the foundry shop of the LVRZ releases phenol into the atmosphere with concentrations up to 2 MPC, the pollution zone covers nearby residential buildings. From electroplating industries: cyanides, oxides and ions of metals (copper, nickel, chromium, etc.).
Paint shops emit paint aerosol, solvent vapors (toluene, xylene, solvent, chlorobenzene, dichloroethane, alcohols, acetates, white spirit, etc.), ingredients of organic and inorganic fillers (titanium salts and oxides) into the atmosphere. , zinc, lead, chromium and other metals), as well as components of film-forming substances (styrene, formaldehyde, diisocyanate, etc.). So, in the area of the Shipbuilding Plant, very high values of one-time toluene concentrations are recorded - up to 26 MPC, the source is the paint shop of this enterprise. And the painting shop of the Elektromashina plant is a source of xylene pollution of the atmosphere, in the area of \u200b\u200bthis enterprise the maximum one-time concentrations of the substance, up to 17 MPC, are noted.
The share of emissions into the atmosphere of aircraft manufacturing enterprises in the citywide emissions is 5%. In the aircraft manufacturing industry, the sources of atmospheric pollution are: paint and varnish production (xylene concentration - up to 4.7 MPC in the area of the Aircraft Plant), galvanic and battery areas, repair facilities, and an aircraft run-in area. During the processing of aircraft at the working airfield of the Aviation Plant, located near the village of Zagorsk, catastrophic one-time concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were recorded - 136 MPC. The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in aircraft engines is accompanied by the formation and emission of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, soot and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. For example, in the village of Zagorsk, high concentrations of chromium and its compounds are noted - up to 3 MPC.
The contribution of the production of building materials to the citywide emission of pollutants into the atmosphere is 5.3%. Construction industry enterprises producing concrete, lime, gypsum, glass, within a radius of up to 5 km, heavily pollute the air not only with dust, but also with carbon monoxide, phenols, soot and other substances.
The production of cement is associated with significant dust emission, the concentration of dust in the exhaust gases from the drying drums of the raw material shop is 15-40 g/m3 The gases leaving the rotary cement kilns contain 10-20 g/m3 of solid particles. The concentration of dust in the aspiration air of cement mills is 120 g/m3.
Asphalt concrete plants and individual plants are incomparable in their capacity to the production of cement, lime, glass and other large-capacity products. However, these objects are located within the city (the districts of the village of Kirzavod, Strelki) and have a significant negative impact on the air quality of the residential area. Sources of dust in asphalt production are drying drums, mixers, screens, elevators and hoppers for sand and crushed stone. Both during the drying process and when all the components are mixed, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, phenol vapors, sulfurous anhydride and unsaturated hydrocarbons are formed. So, for example, asphalt mixers DSU "Buryatgrazhdanstroy" emit dust into the atmosphere with very high one-time maximum concentrations - up to 93 MPC.
The contribution of the food industry to the city's gross emission of harmful substances is 0.2%. Large sources of air pollution are poultry farms that emit ammonia and its derivatives, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, foul-smelling substances (indol, skatol, etc.). For example, in the area of the poultry farm in Yuzhny, high concentrations of the following substances are noted: ammonia - up to 5 MPC, hydrogen sulfide - up to 11 MPC, nitrogen dioxide - up to 13 MPC.
A meat processing plant has significant emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. As a result of production at the Ulan-Ude meat processing plant, a large amount of methyl mercaptan is released into the atmosphere with very high one-time concentrations - up to 27 MPC, the pollution zone covers the entire village. Meat-packing plant.
Main conclusions:
1. Since the mid-80s. there is a decline in industrial production, as a result of which the volume of air emissions from industrial enterprises is steadily declining.
2. The contribution to air pollution by industrial enterprises is 17% of the city's total emissions.
3. Very high one-time values of surface concentrations of the following substances are recorded in emissions from various industrial enterprises: nitrogen dioxide - 136 MPC, inorganic dust - 93 MPC, methyl mercaptan - 27 MPC.
Motor transport
The increase in the car park in Russia in recent years has brought motor vehicles into the ranks of the most significant air pollutants. This situation has developed due to the lack of a unified state policy aimed at stimulating the development and implementation of advanced technologies that can reduce the toxicity of engines and motor fuels. Domestic cars are obsolete, but the industry continues to produce extremely toxic carburetor engines, while industrialized countries are constantly upgrading the production of more economical and less toxic gasoline engines with direct injection and electronic control of the air-fuel mixture formation process.
The environmental problems of motor transport in Ulan-Ude, due to the design characteristics of the engine and the fuel used, are exacerbated by the existing climatic conditions of operation - a long severe winter requires more energy consumption. In addition, the deplorable state of roads, the lack of engine toxicity diagnostic points in the city and the organization of traffic still do not allow maintaining economical operating modes of engines with minimal toxicity.
Unlike stationary sources of air pollution, tied to certain territories, motor transport is a mobile source that actively and constantly penetrates into residential areas and recreation areas.
21404 tons/year (as of 01.01.95) of poisonous substances are emitted into the air environment of Ulan-Ude, which is 24% of the total city emission. According to its gross emission, the city belongs to the 1st category of danger. It should be noted that the number of vehicles in Ulan-Ude is increasing year by year, as is their total emissions.
Emissions from vehicles, yielding in volume to emissions from stationary sources, have a higher toxicity. The exhaust gases of automobiles, entering the lower layer of the atmosphere, immediately enter the respiratory tract of a person, and the process of their dispersion differs significantly from the process of dispersion of emissions from high stationary sources. Therefore, vehicles should be classified as the most dangerous sources of air pollution.
Automobile gases are an extremely complex, insufficiently studied mixture of components - a working car releases into the environment more than 280 substances and compounds that have a toxic effect. The composition of exhaust gases varies considerably and depends on a number of factors: the type of engine (carburetor, diesel), its mode of operation and load, technical condition, fuel quality, qualification and experience of the driver. Table 43 shows the approximate composition of the exhaust gases of cars with carburetor and diesel engines.
Considering that lead, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide belong to the first category of danger, and carbon monoxide - to the second, there is reason to attribute the atmospheric emissions of vehicles to the first category of danger, i.e. the most dangerous.
From the data in Table 43, it follows that for most of the above components, diesel engines are more environmentally friendly than carburetor ones. But diesel-powered vehicles emit significant amounts of soot and ultra-microscopic soot particles.
One of the partial and real solutions to the problem of toxicity of car exhaust gases at present is the use of converters, particulate filters, etc. in exhaust systems. This path is successfully used in developed countries, and the design of filters is constantly being improved, and there is a search for effective adsorbents and technologies for their regeneration. Unlike Western countries, the wide distribution of converters and filters in Russia is difficult due to their relatively high cost. fuels. Undoubtedly, the use of car engines running on gaseous fuels, as well as the concept of an electric car, could significantly ease the very tense environmental situation associated with the so-called greenhouse effect.
Thus, the versatility of the problem of creating an environmentally friendly car comes down not only to optimizing the design solutions of the engine and the type of car, but also to the type of environmental fuel and optimizing overall performance.
1. Toxicity and aggressiveness of vehicle emissions due to the low location of sources above industrial ones. Motor transport is the most dangerous source of air pollution, emitting harmful substances directly into the human breathing zone. The contribution to its pollution of the air basin of Ulan-Ude is 24% of the citywide emission. It should be noted that the number of vehicles is increasing year by year, as well as the contribution to air pollution.
2. The absence of highways with high-quality coverage and the general poor condition of roads in the city have a negative impact on the mode of movement of cars. Periodic traffic jams in the Elevator area, in the city center and other places create an increased background of atmospheric pollution. -ra" concentration of carbon monoxide is equal to 4 MPC.
3. Since the beginning of the 90s. in Ulan-Ude, there is a tendency to increase the number of vehicles due to the import of used cars from Japan and South Korea, mostly 5-10 years old, the technical condition of which often does not meet the requirements of the Russian traffic police. And the general dilapidation of municipal transport and the decline in the quality of manufactured domestic cars ultimately lead to an increase in the pollution of the city's air basin.
4. There is a need to build bypass transit roads.
However, the cardinal solution to the problem of environmental pollution with vehicle emissions lies in a completely different way and is associated with the latest technologies in the automotive industry. Since this is a global problem, its solution must be comprehensive and requires a special approach.
Private residential sector. Private residential areas are scattered evenly across the city, growing spontaneously along the outskirts and gradually being replaced by comfortable housing in the center and new districts. The main arrays are settlements: Battery, Left Bank, Zauda, Shishkovka, Arshan, Komushka, etc. Private houses, as a rule, are heated individually.
The private residential sector is II hazard category with emissions at the level of 3% of the citywide, which is 2582 tons / year (see Table 45).
Stove heating pipes in the residential sector are small sources of pollution, but at the same time, a large number of small sources under adverse meteorological conditions can significantly pollute the surrounding air. According to the fire department of Ulan-Ude, the number of sources is 21388 (stoves). The type of fuel burned in private houses is firewood (pine, larch, birch) and coal (mainly Tugnui). Approximate annual consumption per stove, according to Gortop, is 4 m3 of firewood or 0.5 tons of coal.
The calculation of pollutant emissions from furnace heating pipes was carried out by the Republican Ecological Information Center using the method of fuel combustion in boilers with a capacity of up to 30 t/h. The results of calculations are given in Table. 45.
The share of a private residential area in the citywide emission of pollutants is the lowest among sources
pollution - 3%. The highest contribution among pollutants has carbon monoxide - 6%.
Consequently, a characteristic feature of the private residential sector is that the emission of harmful substances is carried out only during the heating period - from September to May, its contribution to the citywide emission is insignificant -3%, reaching 6% for carbon monoxide, 2% for coal ash and di- nitric oxide - 1%.
River pollution Selenga by industrial enterprises of Ulan-Ude
The main sources of water pollution in Ulan-Ude, mainly the river. Selenga, are MP "Vodokanal", Ulan-Ude CHPP-1, OJSC "Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant". Although CHPP-1 and Aviazavod discharge wastewater directly into the river. Uda, they pollute and r. Selenga, since the Uda is one of its tributaries, and, falling into it, brings with it waters polluted by the above-mentioned enterprises.
Within the city of Ulan-Ude, there are 4 outlets of wastewater (2-MP "Vodokanal", Ulan-Ude CHPP-1, OJSC "Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant"), through which in 1998 51.6 million m3 of sewage was discharged. water (in 1997-55.43 million m3) and 24.5 thousand tons (in 1997 - 28.12 thousand tons) of pollutants.
Discharged wastewater is categorized as:
Insufficiently treated - 51.59 million m3 (in 1997 -55.42 million m3);
Contaminated - 0.005 m3 (in 1997 - 0.007 m3). Insufficiently treated wastewater is discharged into water bodies in excess of MPD standards for pollutants. The excess is allowed for the content of suspended solids, organic pollutants according to BOD5, nitrogen group, phenols, oil products, synthetic surfactants, sulfates, iron ions, chromium, copper, fluorine, etc., which has a significant impact on the state of the Selenga and Uda rivers.
According to the Buryat Center for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, the average annual concentrations in the river. Selenga of suspended and mineral substances in the control site (0.5 km below the wastewater discharge of the MP "Vodokanal") were slightly higher than in the background - 2 km above the city. Compared to 1997, the level of pollution has not changed significantly, and the water corresponds to class 3 (moderately polluted).
Along the river Uda influence of sewage is observed for suspended solids, copper ions, chromium, oil products and iron. According to the Buryat Center for Hydrometeorology, in the control site (1.5 km from the mouth), the average annual concentration of oil products did not exceed the MPC, phenols corresponded to the MPC, copper ions - 2 MPC, iron - 6 MPC. The content of organic substances (according to COD) on average exceeded the MPC. In general, the level of pollution of the river. Uda has decreased compared to last year and corresponds to the 3rd class.
Dynamics of discharge of wastewater containing pollutants MP "Vodokanal". The municipal enterprise "Vodokanal" in Ulan-Ude has the highest capacity of wastewater treatment facilities, which operates two facilities on the right-bank and left-bank parts of the city with a total capacity of 202 thousand m / day. In addition, on the balance sheet of MP "Vodokanal" are the head water intake facilities of Ulan-Ude (59 wells), 221 km of sewer networks. MP "Vodokanal" is one of the main sources of pollution of the river. Selenga, dumping insufficiently treated wastewater into it. And also the issues of disposal of sewage sludge are a problem. The presence of pollutants of industrial origin, such as heavy metal ions, petroleum products, surfactants do not allow the use of sludge as an organic fertilizer in agriculture. Of the more than 25 thousand tons of sludge formed annually, only 30% is utilized, the rest of the sludge is stored in the territories of treatment facilities, unorganized landfills, and is an additional source of groundwater pollution.
In 1994, the right-bank treatment facilities of MP Vodokanal discharged 64 million m3 of insufficiently treated wastewater containing 840 tons of suspended solids; 728.7 tons of organic pollution according to BOD5; 313.2 tons of ammonium nitrogen; 159.8 tons of phosphorus compounds, as well as salts of heavy metals.
Left-bank treatment facilities discharged 2 million m3 of wastewater containing 13.5 tons of organic compounds; 15.8 tons of suspended solids; 3.6 tons of nitrogen; 5.4 tons of phosphorus compounds.
In 1995, the volume of wastewater discharged from the right-bank and left-bank treatment facilities amounted to 62.167 million m, and the amount of pollutants was 30,518 tons.
In 1996, insufficiently treated wastewater in the amount of 55.5 million m3. The amount of pollution discharged with wastewater amounted to 24407 tons, including suspended matter - 127.7 tons, nitrite nitrogen - 22.2 tons, nitrates - 827.5 tons, synthetic surfactants - 4.7 tons, phenols - 0.23 t., oil products - 2.7 t.
In comparison with 1995, there is a decrease in the discharge of pollutants by 6.1 tons due to a decrease in the volume of processed wastewater by 5.76 million m3/year.
The discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater has an impact on the hydrochemical composition of the Selenga in terms of the content of organic compounds and mineral contaminants.
With a design capacity of biological treatment facilities in the left-bank part of the city of 17.0 thousand m3/day or 6.2 million m3/year, the actual discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater in 1996 was 4.8 thousand m3/day or million m3/year. 1325.24 tons of pollutants were discharged, including suspended solids - 13.6 tons, organic compounds according to BOD5 - 9.4 tons, nitrite nitrogen - 0.12 tons, ammonium nitrogen - 2.5 tons, nitrate nitrogen - 33.2 tons, synthetic surfactants - 0.1 tons, iron ions - 0.04 tons, oil products - 0.28 tons.
Compared to 1995 insufficiently treated wastewater and pollution were discharged by 279 thousand m3 and 826 tons less. At the same time, an increase in the mass of pollution by ammonium nitrogen by 2.2 tons was observed.
The discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater has an impact on the river. Selenga in the control section for the concentration of suspended solids, nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates, dry residue.
In 1997, it was dumped into the river. Selenga MP "Vodokanal" from two treatment facilities 6.9 million m3 of insufficiently treated wastewater, polluting - 27586 tons. The quality of wastewater does not meet the MPD standards for suspended solids, organic pollution for BOD5, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen , zinc, surfactants, chlorides, sulfates, phenol and copper.
The impact on the Selenga at the place of wastewater discharge is observed for organic pollution by BOD5, phosphate phosphorus, nitrite nitrogen, zinc, chlorides and sulfates.
In 1998, it was dumped into the river. Selenga from two treatment facilities 51.4 million m of insufficiently treated wastewater containing 24289.1 tons of pollutants. The quality of wastewater from the right-bank treatment facilities does not meet the MPD (maximum permissible discharge) and exceeds for suspended solids by 3.4 times; for organic pollution BOD, iron - 5 times; phosphorus phosphates - 58 times; ammonium nitrogen by 9 times; nitrite nitrogen by 57 times; nitrates, oil products by 2 times; Surfactants, phenol-lames, for metals, nickel by 3 times, copper by 4 times.
The excess of MPD in wastewater from the left-bank treatment facilities is 1.5 times for suspended solids, 3 times for BOD, 68 times for phosphate phosphate, 4 times for ammonium nitrogen, 28 times for nitrite nitrogen, and 2 times for nitrate nitrogen. times, surfactants, common iron by 4 times, chlorides by 54 times, chromium by 14 times, copper by 2.8 times.
Influence on the river. Selenga in the place of wastewater discharge from the right-bank treatment facilities is observed for suspended solids, ammonium nitrogen. In the place of discharge of the left-bank treatment facilities, there is an effect on the reservoir in terms of nitrate nitrogen, common iron.
Currently, the volumes of wastewater discharges and the masses of pollutants are gradually decreasing. This is due to the decline in production at the industrial enterprises of the city.
Dynamics of wastewater discharge from the Ulan-Ude CHPP.
1. At Ulan-Ude CHPP-1, the source of surface water pollution is the ash dump. As a result of design flaws and violations in the technological scheme of production, the circulating water supply system, the construction of which was completed in 1991, is not operated in the bypass mode. The discharge of insufficiently treated industrial wastewater (surplus) from the ash dump into the river continues. Uda, reservoir of fishery type of use of the 1st category. In addition, the ash dump affects groundwater, as it is designed and operated without impervious protection.
In 1994, 490 thousand m3 of insufficiently treated wastewater was discharged from the ash dump in Udu.
In 1995, the volume of discharged wastewater amounted to 520 thousand m3, including 18 thousand m3 of drainage water. The amount of pollution discharged together with wastewater amounted to 332.6 tons, including suspended solids - 4.24 tons, oil products - 10.06 tons, sulfates - 163.63 tons, chlorides - 155 tons.
The discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater has an impact on the river. Udu for sulfates (up to 36 MPC), iron ions (up to 12.4 MPC), the reaction of the medium increases.
In 1996, 484.8 thousand m of insufficiently treated wastewater was discharged, containing 755.2 tons of pollutants, including suspended solids - 5 tons, oil products - 0.08 tons, sulfates - 151 tons, chlorides - 127.4 tons of fluorine ions - 1,085t.
The qualitative composition of the discharged wastewater does not meet the MPD standards for suspended solids, oil products, chlorides, sulfates. The quality of wastewater discharged has deteriorated compared to 1995 in terms of the content of suspended solids, chlorides, and phenols.
In 1997, Ulan-Ude CHPP-1 discharged 375.5 thousand m3 of insufficiently treated wastewater. The amount of pollutants amounted to 531.9 tons.
In 1998, it was dumped from the ash dump into the river. Uda 191.07 thous. substances by 4.2 times, sulfates by 4 times.
The influence of insufficiently treated wastewater on the state of the river. Uda can be traced by the content of suspended solids, oil products, sulfates.
The dynamics of wastewater discharge JSC "Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant"
In 1994, the aviation plant was dropped into the river. Uda 0.012 million m3 of untreated polluted industrial and storm water.
In 1995, the volume of untreated polluted wastewater discharged amounted to 0.01 million m3. In the same year, for 30 days, polluted wastewater was discharged into Udu in excess of the Air Force standards (temporarily agreed discharge) for suspended solids, oil products, and common iron.
In 1996, the enterprise discharged wastewater in the amount of 0.01 million m. The amount of pollutants was 0.035 tons.
The quality of discharged wastewater does not meet the requirements of the "Conditions for the acceptance of industrial wastewater in the city sewerage network" for chromium ions, surfactants.
In 1997, wastewater was discharged in the amount of 0.007 million m
In 1998, in the river. Uda Aircraft Plant discharged 0.005 mln. MPC), copper ions - 0.032 kg, chromium ions - 0.074 kg, zinc ions - 0.068 kg.
Influence of pollutants on hydrobionts. Pollutants entering the river. Selenga as a result of the discharge of insufficiently purified and polluted wastewater from industrial enterprises in the city of Ulan-Ude have a significant impact on hydrobionts. In the ecological chain: water - algae - plankton - benthos - fish there is an accumulation of environmentally highly hazardous elements, especially heavy metals. Heavy metals are the most common group of highly toxic and long-lasting chemicals. These substances in low concentrations, especially under chronic exposure, can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals and be transmitted along trophic routes, actively affect the reproductive system of hydrobionts, in addition, they can cause toxic, allergic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect. These substances, accumulating in the body of fish, can adversely affect the health of people who consume fish. Considering the low rates of destruction of pollutants (petroleum products, a number of specific substances), these substances enter the lake in significant quantities. Baikal. Despite the fact that with the waters of the river. The Selenga is taken out into the lake. Baikal accounts for about 50% of all chemicals entering it, a relatively small number of works have been devoted to the study of the chemical composition of this river and, in particular, the content of heavy metals in fish.
Fish for the study were caught at three stations:
1) control area in the delta of the river. Selenga;
2) in the vicinity of Ulan-Ude (harbour);
3) below the city of Ulan-Ude (platform station Zenith).
Fishing sites for chemical analysis in the vicinity of Ulan-Ude are shown in fig. 27.
Fishing was carried out with nets with a mesh of 24 to 45 mm with a total length of 120 m and a fry seine in June, July, September and October.
Data from the study of the content of heavy metals in fish in the vicinity of Ulan-Ude are given in Table. 52.
An analysis of data on the content of ecologically highly and moderately hazardous elements in the muscles of fish in the vicinity of Ulan-Ude showed that in terms of the level of accumulation of these elements, perch ranks first, roach is second, and then ide, etc. accumulation of heavy metals is due to the feeding habits (trophic relationships) of the studied fish. With an increase in the number of trophic links, the level of accumulation of heavy metals increases. In a row, ide (a specialized benthophage), - roach (a benthophage with an element of euryphage) - perch (euryphage with an element of predation, including cannibalism) is given in Table. 52.
The accumulation of heavy metals in the body of fish is associated not only with the discharge of wastewater, but also with their entry from the atmosphere, sedimentation from surface and underground runoff, and fish migrations.
The presence of a high level of heavy metals in the body of fish increases the number of abnormalities in embryos, contributes to the development of toxicosis, and the zinc content at a concentration of 10 to 40 mg/l causes a violation of the coordination of movement, increases the rate of breathing and enhances the locomotor activity of fish. From this position, the most adverse effect of heavy metals can be observed in the river. Selenga in the vicinity of Ulan-Ude and especially in the perch and grayling.
Thus, fish can be bioindicator organisms for assessing the level of pollution of water bodies and the quality of the aquatic environment, since they are the final link in the trophic chains in a water body and reflect changes in the habitat at all stages of their development.
River pollution control. Selenga. Monitoring of pollution sources and their impact on the quality of surface waters, including the river. Selenga, carried out by specialists of the State Committee for Ecology of the Republic of Buryatia and 3 special inspections of analytical control - Selenginskaya, Severobaikalskaya and Kyakhtinskaya. In addition, 71 departmental laboratories at 101 treatment facilities, 68 water outlets and 136 control points deal with these issues.
River pollution monitoring Selenga in places of wastewater discharge. The quality of water at the point of discharge from the sewage treatment plant in Ulan-Ude improved in the following indicators: surfactant from 0.008 mg/l to 0.004 mg/l, oil products from 0.08 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l, which is lower MPC, sulfates from 15.8 mg/l to 14.3 mg/l, nickel from 0.0006 mg/l to not detected, and dry residue from 136.8 mg/l to 132.3 mg/l. The concentrations of phosphorus phosphates (below MPC) and copper (1.5 MPC) remained unchanged. For other indicators, the deterioration of water quality was observed - nitrites to MPC, iron ions to 18 MPC, for the rest within MPC.
In the control section at the place of discharge from the left-bank treatment facilities of Ulan-Ude, the water quality improved in terms of indicators: organic substances according to BOD5 from 2.2 mg/l to 1.7 mg/l (below MAC), phosphate phosphorus from 0 .48 mg/l to 0.016 mg/l (below MAC), nitrite nitrogen from 0.0086 mg/l to 0.004 mg/l (below MAC), nitrate nitrogen from 2.7 mg/l to 0.19 mg/l , petroleum products from 0.2 mg/l to 0.017 mg/l (below MPC), chlorides from 20.9 mg/l to 3.5 mg/l, sulfates from 22.8 mg/l to 13.2 mg/l , nickel from 0.0007 to not detected, dry residue from 161.0 mg/l to 131.0 mg/l. The concentrations of suspended solids remained unchanged - 2 MPC, zinc, surfactants and chromium were not detected. For other indicators, a deterioration in water quality was observed - ammonium nitrogen from 0.12 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l (close to MPC), copper from 0.0003 mg/l to 0.002 mg/l or 2 MPC, phonols with 0.0003 mg/l to 0.0007 mg/l (below MPC) and iron ions from 0.11 mg/l to 0.97 mg/l or 19 MPC.
River water quality Selenga in the control and background sections. In the area of Ulan-Ude, observations of water pollution were made in three sections: 2 km above the city (background); 0.5 km below the discharge of wastewater from urban wastewater treatment plants (control) and at the rzd. Bridge. The influence of wastewater from the city's enterprises was traced to one degree or another in almost all indicators. The average annual and maximum concentrations of suspended, mineral and pollutants in the control section were higher than in the background one. The average concentrations of petroleum products, phenols and copper were within 1-3 MPC, the maximum, respectively, 4 MPC (10.09), 5 MPC (29.09) and 6 MPC (12.05). The mineralization of the river water, as usual, depended on the water content of the river: during the winter low water period it was medium, and in the summer period it was low. The maximum amount of suspended solids was registered in the amount of 115 mg/l at the water level rise (18.06) in the control section. The value of the pollution index ranged from 1.02 in the background section to 1.41 in the control section (moderately polluted water, III Class). Organochlorine pesticides were not found in the river water; the concentration of TCA herbicide did not exceed the MPC. Compared to last year, the level of pollution of the river in the area of Ulan-Ude has not changed significantly. Hydrobiological characteristics of the water quality of the river. Selenga. According to the state of phyto-zooplankton, zoobenthos in the controlled section of the river (Figure 6) from the village. Naushki to s. Kabansk (402.0 - 43.0 km from the mouth) on 8 sections in 1998 in comparison with 1997 there was a higher overall level of water pollution, benthic Selenga. Against this background, there was an even greater decrease in the quality of water, the benthal watercourse in the cross-sections below the discharge of wastewater from the treatment facilities of Ulan-Ude.
The overall level of pollution, water quality, soil of the Selenga in 1998 compared to 1997 was recorded slightly higher, but pollution was characterized as moderately polluted, III class.
In order to achieve the norms of MPD pollutants since 1989, the construction of post-treatment facilities has been carried out at the city's wastewater treatment plants. On the basis of the Federal Comprehensive Program to ensure the protection of Lake. Baikal and the rational use of natural resources of its basin by the order of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated 12.03.96. No. 137-r in 1996, funds were allocated from the budget of the republic for measures to reduce surfactants in wastewater from urban wastewater treatment plants.
Work is underway on the first start-up complex - facilities for dehydration and drying of sludge: a dehydration building, sludge ponds, centrifuges have been purchased. According to the plan of water protection measures in 1998, filter plates were replaced in 3 aerotanks with aeration pipes. Disinfection of wastewater with the use of chlorine, as an environmentally hazardous substance, has been discontinued, but at the same time, Vodokanal does not carry out work to disinfect wastewater from pathogens before being discharged into the Selenga.
Measures taken by industrial enterprises of Ulan-Ude to reduce their negative impact on the river. Selenga.
At Ulan-Ude CHPP-1, work was carried out to reconstruct the old ash dump, partial work was done to replace the dredger, clean the pool with clarified water, and work was also done to expand the new ash dump.
In order to reduce the negative impact on water bodies and rational use of water resources, the following work was carried out at the Aircraft Plant:
Development and implementation of diffusion galvanizing technology instead of cadmium cyanide plating;
A technical process of chromium plating of parts with an electronic circuit for automatic control of preset pulse modes has been introduced;
Measures have been taken to improve the efficiency of the work of local treatment facilities, to account for wastewater, to store and store toxic waste;
In terms of increasing the efficiency of reagent treatment facilities, rubber-lined drain pump valves are being installed, and electric motors are being repaired;
Silver-containing waste is processed;
In order to stop the flow of technogenic pollution into water bodies, OAO Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant plans in 1999 to complete the reconstruction of the industrial storm sewer.
Problems of drinking water in Buryatia
surface water
The Republic of Buryatia is one of the regions of Russia, which occupies an exceptional place in terms of water resources. Only in the lake Baikal contains 23.6 thousand km3 of water of low (up to 0.1 g / l) mineralization with a high oxygen content and an almost complete absence of organic matter. In addition, there are thousands of smaller freshwater lakes, of which 16 have a surface area (mirror) of water greater than 10 km2. The largest of them, Gusinoye Lake, has a water mass volume of about 2.5 km3.
Buryatia is characterized by a fairly extensive river network. 25,106 rivers flow on its territory with a total length of 125,026 km, with an average density of the river network of 0.36 km/km. The largest is R. Selenga - the main tributary of the lake. Baikal, which carries about 60% of the total runoff into it and has a significant impact on the level and hydrochemical regime of the lake's waters. About 80% of the republic's population and 90% of industrial and agricultural enterprises are concentrated in the river basin. The average annual discharge of the Selenga is 944 m3/s. Less large in terms of catchment area and water content are the rivers Vitim, Upper Angara, Barguzin, Chikoi, Khilok, Dzhida, Oka, Uda, etc. By the nature of the regime, all rivers belong to the type of rivers with high water, rainy floods and long winter low water .
The groundwater
The natural conditions of the republic determine the patterns of distribution, formation and regime of groundwater. Intermountain depressions, which are Arrtesian basins, contain significant (up to tens of cubic kilometers) natural groundwater reserves. Mountain ranges composed of crystalline rocks and in many places frozen, little watered, with the exception of large tectonic disturbances. They are areas of groundwater feeding of intermountain depressions and river valleys.
On the territory of Buryatia, two types of artesian basins are distinguished: Baikal and Transbaikal. Baikal. They are made by a thick (up to 3-5 km.) layer of loose and weakly cemented sediments (sands, pebbles, gravel, sandstones, clay) and represent a huge sandy reservoir of fresh, well protected from pollution, underground waters. Artesian basins of the Transbaikalian type are filled with well-cemented sandstones, conglomerates, mudstones, coals of the Mesozoic age and contain much less groundwater resources. In addition, waters often from a depth of 50-100 meters have an increased (more than 1 g / l) mineralization and are not suitable for drinking water supply.
Thus, according to the degree of groundwater availability on the territory of Buryatia, three categories of districts are distinguished: well-provided, medium- and low-income. The first category includes intermountain depressions of the Baikal type with practically unlimited volume of water collection (up to 3-5 m/s and more). The second category includes artesian basins of the Trans-Baikal type with a fresh water withdrawal volume of up to 1 m / s, and the third - mountain ranges with limited (up to 5-Yul / s) operational resources of fissure waters. Azonal are the waters of alluvial deposits of river valleys and large zones of tectonic disturbances. Cutting through mountain ranges and depressions, river valleys and faults concentrate large volumes of fresh groundwater suitable for household and drinking needs. Currently, more and more large water intakes in Buryatia exploit the waters of river valleys (Ulan-Ude, Kyakhta, Zakamensk, Selenginsky CCC, etc.) or fissure-vein waters (Ulan-Ude CHPP-1, etc.) . To date, in the territory of Buryatia, 55 deposits of fresh groundwater have been explored and approved by the State (GKZ) and Territorial (TKZ) commissions with operational reserves in categories A + B + C in the amount of 1100 thousand m3 / day, including 27 deposits for settlements with reserves of 480 thousand tons. m / day
Qualitative characteristics of water sources
The vast majority of surface waters are of the fresh and ultra-fresh type. The sum of ions in the waters of small rivers varies from 0.01 g/l during the period of rains and snowmelt to 0.3 g/l during winter low water. On medium rivers, lakes, seasonal changes in mineralization are less and are in the range of 0.1-0.3g/l. According to the chemical composition, surface waters are bicarbonate sodium-calcium and calcium-magnesium, contain macro- and microcomponents within the limits of GOST 2874-82 "Drinking water". The exceptions are individual small rivers and streams with a low content of fluorine in the waters (up to 0.5 mg / l), and some of them, especially those flowing through ore-bearing zones (Zakamensky, Ozerny and other ore nodes), are characterized by increased concentrations of heavy metals. fishing (zinc, lead, molybdenum, etc.). A noticeable deterioration in the quality of surface water occurs in places of anthropogenic pollution. The latter is mainly associated with the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater into drains and reservoirs by flushing organic fertilizers, pesticides, and oil products with rain and melt water. Nitrogen compounds, phosphorus, phenols, pesticides, surfactants, oil products and other organic substances appear in surface waters, which are not characteristic of waters that form under natural conditions. So, in 1994, in some sections of the rivers, the concentration of oil products was 1.1-5.0 MPC (fishery reservoirs), phenols 2-7 MPC, copper ions 2-4 MPC, total phosphorus 1.2-3 .0 MPC, ammonium nitrogen 1.0-5.9 MPC, nitrite 1.3-12 MPC. Organic substances in terms of BOD and COD increased, respectively, to 2.2-2.6 MPC. The content of iron ions in rivers was almost everywhere high and amounted to 1.3-25 MPC, which was mainly due to natural factors. The greatest anthropogenic impact of surface waters was noted: r. Se-lenga - Naushki, Ulan-Ude, r. Uda - p. Khorinsk, p. Onokhoy, r. Tugnui - coal mine, r. Timlyui - below the discharge of wastewater from the ACI plant, lake. Pine - with. Sosnovoozrersk, oz. Gunda - s. Gunda, oz. Goose - Gusinozersk.
The underground waters of the region are very diverse in chemical composition and are subject to a certain geochemical hardness. Underground waters of mountain ranges contain ultra-fresh (mineralization 0.03-0.05 g/l) waters. In the artesian basins of the Baikal type (Ust-Selenginsky, Barguzinsky, Upper Angarsky, etc.), their mineralization to a depth of 2000 meters does not exceed 0.5-1.0 g / l with a predominantly bicarbonate-sodium and calcium-sodium composition. Depressions of the Transbaikalian type (Borgoyskaya, Gusinoozerskaya, Orongoyskaya, Ivolginskaya, etc.) are characterized by very complex hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions for the formation of deposits of fresh groundwater for household and drinking purposes. These depressions are distinguished by a very uneven and generally weak watering of the water-bearing vapors. Underground waters, which are of interest for water supply, are confined to small, closed structures, developed, as a rule, in the river valley. Partial absorption of river runoff provides a significant share in the formation of operational reserves of these structures. A consequence of the high variability of the permeability and filtration properties of water-bearing rocks is the diversity of the chemical composition and mineralization of groundwater in the basins of the Transbaikalian type. In the areas of development of low-permeable rocks with low filtration properties, hydrocarbonate-sulfate, sulfate sodium waters are formed with a mineralization of up to 3g/l. These waters are not suitable for household and drinking purposes due to high mineralization, total hardness (up to 12 mmol/l) and sulfate concentration (up to 1.5 g/l). In water-bearing structures, characterized by a sharp increase in the filtration capacity of water-bearing rocks and an increase in water exchange, low-mineralized (0.2-0.3 g / l) bicarbonate calcium, calcium-sodium waters are developed, which are quite suitable for drinking water supply.
Underground waters washing ore deposits contain high concentrations of fluorine and metals. So, in the southern regions of the republic, numerous manifestations of fluorite ( CaF 2), and the waters are polluted with fluorine in many places. Natural pollution of groundwater with iron is widely developed in Buryatia. It is especially clearly manifested in the valley of the Selengg River and its left-bank estuarine part. The concentration of iron in the waters here reaches 48 mg/l.
Anthropogenic pollution of groundwater is of a local nature and occurs mostly in places where solid industrial and domestic wastes are stored, as well as in areas of concentrated wastewater discharge to the terrain. In the areas of the gold dump of the thermal power plant and the Gusinoozerskaya GRES, groundwater contains elevated concentrations of sulfates, chlorine, phenols, oil products, cadmium and other heavy metals. In places where poultry manure is stored, groundwater contains up to 137 mg / l of ammonia, 3600 mg / l of nitrates, and other pollutants. Intensive pollution of groundwater occurs within the settlements located in the floodplains of the rivers and the first floodplain terraces. The waters here are enriched with nitrogen compounds, chlorine, surfactants, phenols. The upper hydrodynamic zone of groundwater with a thickness of up to 5-15 m is subjected to pollution. Anthropogenic pollution of surface and groundwater is confirmed by microbacteriological indicators.
Sanitary and epidemiological state
The sanitary-hygienic, epidemiological and ecological situation, along with the socio-economic conditions in the republic, has developed a tense one, which has a noticeably adverse effect on the population's health indicators, especially in recent years. A significant proportion of the incidence of infectious and paracytic diseases in the population is acute intestinal infections, infectious hepatitis: every year 7-8 thousand people suffer from intestinal infections.
Water consumed by the population of the republic from sources of non-centralized household and drinking water supply is regarded as high epidemiological danger in 12 districts. In the Barguzinsky district, this figure is 41.1%, Ivolginsky 44.4%, Yeravninsky 44.6%, Dzhidinsky 41.1%, Kabansky 33.6%, Kyakhtinsky 36.6%, Tunkinsky 32.3%, Khorinsky 31, 7%, Pribaikalsky 30.8%, Kizhinginsky 30.9%, Bichursky 29.3%, Bauntovsky 20.1%. Drinking water from sources of non-centralized water supply in 3 districts of the republic is of increased epidemiological danger: Zaigraevsky 14.3%, Kurumkansky 12.5% and Mukhorshibirsky 17%.
Only in 3 districts and the city of Ulan-Ude, water from non-centralized sources of high epidemiological danger - the number of samples with an excess of salt-index in these districts is no more than 10% of the total number of studies in Severobaikalsky 3.3%, Tunkinsky 1.4 %, Tarbagatai 6.2%. Ulan-Ude 1.8%.
Thus, in Buryatia, the water of household and drinking water supply sources in most areas poses a high epidemic hazard, especially intense pollution of water from non-centralized sources. Considering that in Buryatia only half of the population is provided with centralized water supply, it is possible to assess the state of domestic drinking water supply in the republic as unfavorable. This is one of the main reasons why a high level of morbidity of the population with diseases of the digestive system is recorded in ten districts of the republic.
Particularly alarming is the problem of the growth of infections, the emergence and spread of which is associated with water factors. For the period 1991-1994. the level of incidence of intestinal infections in the republic increased by 4.5 times - from 104 cases to 465.8 cases per 100 thousand people. Among diseases, about 60% are children under 14 years of age. The incidence of bacillary dysentery increased by 6.2 times. The incidence of infectious hepatitis A has almost doubled - from 73.4 cases to 145.7 cases per 100 thousand people.
Low water supply of the population, and such unsatisfactory water quality, in particular, high iron content in most areas, limits the use of water for domestic and drinking needs, causes a high incidence of scabies and pediculosis (lice). The incidence rate is threatening due to the possibility of the emergence and spread of typhus, especially among people without a fixed place of residence and other social groups of the population.
Current state of water supply
As of 01.01.95 88 groundwater intakes with a total capacity of 449.1 thousand m3/day are operated in the republic. With a total number of wells - 356 pcs. Centralized water supply systems provide 43% of the population, including 10% of the rural population. In the urban housing stock, apartments equipped with water supply make up 80%, sewerage - 78% and hot water supply - 70%. The average daily supply of water for household and drinking needs per inhabitant of Buryatia is about 150 l/day.
All cities and most of the workers' settlements have group water intakes and groundwater is used for water supply, with the exception of the city of Gusinoozersk and the village. Kamensk, where the sources of water supply are surface waters. The total length of networks in operation is 1135 km and their wear is 45%, requiring a complete replacement of about 200 km of networks. Many water intake structures were built long ago and their wear and tear often exceeds 47%. Borehole water intakes are not equipped with control and measuring equipment, a complete chemical and bacteriological analysis of water is not carried out regularly or at all.
Up to 12% of the population of the republic decentralized use for drinking needs from surface water sources, including 120 rivers and streams, as well as lakes Baikal, Gusinoe, Eravninskoe and others.
The city of Ulan-Ude with a population of 385.6 thousand people has infiltration water intakes on two islands of the river. Selenga - Bogorodsky and Spassky with a total productivity of 219 thousand m3 / day and about. Bogorodsky - 51 thousand m ^ / day. Water intake is carried out from 60 wells by submersible pumps with a capacity of 160-250 m3/hour. The length of water supply networks in Ulan-Ude is 184.8 km. Due to the dilapidated state of networks, the wear of which is more than 50%, up to 45 major accidents occur annually. In addition to the city water intake, there are more than 10 departmental ones that provide individual enterprises (CHP-1, aircraft plant, LVRZ, POSH, etc.). The population of micro-districts not covered by centralized water supply is supplied with water from 13 single wells and from water-filling booths. In connection with the development of the southwestern, southeastern and left-bank parts of the city, as well as the provision of centralized water supply to its suburbs, it became necessary to increase the productive capacity of water intake facilities to 330 thousand m3 / day and, accordingly, increase the length of water supply networks.
Angarsky Slava, Grade 8
The main problems of Baikal are described.
Download:
Preview:
GKOU SKOSHI No. 62 III-IV type
Abstract on biology on the topic "Problems of the ecology of the Baikal region"
Completed by: Anagarsky Slava, Grade 8
Head: Cherdonova V.A.
2014
Introduction
Baikal is located in Eastern Siberia and is rightfully considered one of the wonders of nature. This is the deepest (1637 m) oldest lake on Earth, whose age exceeds 25 million years. Despite its age, Baikal is not going to grow old, on the contrary, its shores diverge at a rate of 2 cm per year, and geophysicists say that Baikal is a nascent ocean. With a length of more than 600 km and a width of 27 to 79 km, Baikal has a colossal volume of water - 23 thousand cubic km, which exceeds the volume of all the Great American Lakes combined. Baikal contains 20% of the world's surface fresh water reserves. The amazing purity of Baikal water is due to the small amount of suspended matter and is maintained thanks to the endemic planktonic crustacean - epishura. The transparency of Baikal water reaches 40 meters. This pearl of Rossi is located in a magnificent frame of mountain ranges: Khamar-Daban, Primorsky, Baikal and Barguzinsky. More than 300 rivers flow into Baikal, the largest tributary is the Selenga River. Only one river flows out of Baikal - the Angara, it is called the "daughter of Baikal". There are 22 islands on Baikal - the most famous is Olkhon Island. According to legend, it is Olkhon that is the abode of the formidable spirits of Baikal. Olkhon is known for a large number of sunny days - more than 300 days a year the bright sun shines there. There is also the famous Shaman-stone, the place where the ancient shamans lived. Baikal is a biodiversity champion. Of the 2635 species of animals and plants found in the lake, 75% of them are found nowhere else in the world, that is, they are endemic. The only mammal inhabiting Baikal is the Baikal seal, the hallmark of Baikal is also the Baikal omul. The indigenous population of Baikal is the Evenks, then the Buryats came about 700 years ago. Russians appeared in the Baikal region in the 17th century with a detachment of the Pentecostal Kurbat Ivanov, who was the first to map Baikal. What does the name of the lake mean? The most common version is that Baikal is a Turkic-speaking word and comes from "bay" - rich, "kul" - lake. It turns out: "rich lake".
In 1996, Baikal was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The total area of the Baikal World Heritage Site is 8.8 million hectares, of which 3.15 million hectares are the surface of the lake, and 1.9 million hectares are occupied by 3 reserves (Baikalsky, Zabaikalsky, Barguzinsky) and Tunkinsky). 5 urbanized industrially developed territories (Baikalsk, Slyudyanka, Kultuk, Babushkin and Severobaikalsk) are excluded from the boundaries of the Plot. The Selenga River Delta is under the protection of the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands, as it is a key point in northern Asia for migratory bird migration around the world.
2. Major environmental issues
1) Pollution of Baikal coming from the waters of the Selenga River
The Selenga River is the largest tributary of the lake. Baikal, the volume of its runoff is more than 50% of the total river runoff in Baikal. The Selenga is a unique natural object - a key point in Eastern Siberia on the migration route of migratory birds. More than 5 thousand hectares of the river delta is protected by the RAMSAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of Wetlands). The main spawning grounds for the Baikal omul are located in the shallow waters of the delta.
A small part of the water pollution of the lake. Baikal falls on the Chita region. Pollution comes from metallurgical and woodworking enterprises in the city of Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky and several enterprises in Khiloksky and Krasnochikoysky districts. Pollutants enter the lake. Baikal along the river Chikoy and Khilok, which are the main tributaries of the Selenga. These enterprises annually discharge more than 20 million m3 of wastewater, including tens of thousands of tons of suspended solids and organic matter.
The main sources of pollution of the river. The Selengs are located in the Republic of Buryatia. Here are located large industrial centers, such as the city. Ulan-Ude and Selenginsk. In Ulan-Ude - urban wastewater treatment plants provide 35% of all discharges into the Selenga. In 2000, water samples taken in the river. Selenga in the immediate vicinity of the city of Ulan-Ude contained pollutants in concentrations several times higher than the MPC. Thus, it was noted that the permissible concentrations for phenols were 2-8 times higher and COD (chemical oxygen demand) 2 times higher. There was also an excess of MPC for copper ions, iron, BOD, nitrates, zinc and oil products, for the content of phosphorus and nitrates.
In 1973, near the city of Selenginsk, 60 km from the lake. Lake Baikal was built Selenginsky Pulp and Cardboard Plant (STsKK). In 1991, a closed water circulation system was introduced on it. According to the statements of the enterprise, the discharge of wastewater into the river. Selenga is completely stopped. However, the plant continues to pollute the atmospheric air, annually more than 10,000 m3 of solid waste containing heavy metals and organochlorine compounds is generated, which, infiltrating, enter Baikal with the waters of the Selenga.
Chemicals used in agricultural activities are washed away by rains into the river. Selenga and then fall into the lake. Baikal. The total area of agricultural land in the Republic of Buryatia occupies 11.2% of the entire territory of the Republic of Buryatia. Animal waste and soil erosion also adversely affect the quality of water in the lake. Baikal.
Investigation of pollutant concentrations in bottom sediments and water in the upper and lower deltas of the river. Selenga, carried out in 2001, showed an excess of MPC by 1.5-2 times for such heavy metals as copper, lead and zinc.
The high level of pollution of the river delta. Selenga are considered the main cause of the death of omul caviar.
2) Pollution of Lake Baikal with air emissions
Pollution of the air basin over the water area of Lake Baikal mainly comes from the settlements located directly around the lake, especially along its southern part. Almost all emissions from Baikalsk (completely from the BPPM) and Slyudyanka enter the lake. The surrounding mountains protect Lake Baikal from distant sources of pollution, but at the same time prevent the dispersion of air emissions from local sources. The valley of the Angara river forms a passage to the lake for the northwestern winds prevailing in Baikal, which carry air emissions from the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial hub along the Angara valley to Baikal. The impact of air emissions depends on the time of year. In December, the wind strength is low and emissions may not reach the lake; in April-May, the wind speed increases. Depending on the direction of the wind, air emissions from the Selenga river valley also reach the lakes, incl. from Ulan-Ude, Selenginsk and Gusinoozersk. The highest level of air pollution was found in the southern part of Baikal. The most common pollutants are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons.
7 out of 45 Russian cities with the highest level of air pollution are located in the Irkutsk region (IUGMS data, 1995). These are the cities: Angarsk, Bratsk, Zima, Irkutsk, Usolie-Sibirskoye, Cheremkhovo and Shelekhov. In terms of air quality, the East Siberian economic region is one of the worst places to live in Russia.
5 of these 7 cities are located within 200 km of the Baikal air basin zone - Irkutsk, Shelekhov, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye and Cheremkhovo (Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial hub). The increased pollution of the cities of the region with the main pollutants is associated with emissions from thermal power plants, coal, mining, aluminum, chemical, machine-building, metalworking, light and food industries. The total emissions from stationary and mobile sources in the Irkutsk region in 2000 amounted to 633.3 thousand tons, the total amount of air emissions that reached Lake Baikal reached thousands of tons. The distribution area of atmospheric pollution of the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial hub exceeds 30 thousand square meters. kilometers and extends from Tulun to Baikal.
The influence is also exerted by the settlements of Buryatia, located directly on the shore of the lake, or not far from it, for example, Severobaikalsk, Kamensk and Selenginsk.
The consequences of the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station - a change in the level of Lake Baikal
In 1950, a decision was made to start construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station - the first hydroelectric power station of the Angarsk cascade. The hydroelectric dam raised the level of Lake Baikal by 1 meter. The Irkutsk HPP reached its design capacity in 1959. During the creation of the Irkutsk reservoir, 220 thousand hectares of valuable floodplain agricultural land were flooded. Almost 500 thousand hectares of valuable forests with berry and hunting grounds were under water.
Sharp fluctuations in the water level of Lake Baikal cause irreparable damage to the flora and fauna of Baikal. With a sharp decrease in the water level, the spawning grounds of valuable fish species dry out, and eggs and juveniles perish. The dam of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, which does not have fish passage devices, blocked the migration paths of fish going to spawn in the upper reaches of the Angara. In reservoirs, valuable fish species such as sturgeon and whitefish species are being replaced by perch, horned and ruff. The scientists of Buryatia concluded that fluctuations in the water level affect the entire ecosystem of Lake Baikal, leading to a mixture of water masses, and a strong destruction of the coast. Spawning grounds, reproduction of fish mass are under threat.
3) Pollution of Lake Baikal with domestic wastewater from settlements in the coastal zone
About 80,000 people live directly in villages and small towns along the shores of Lake Baikal.
A rough estimate shows that all these settlements discharge about 15 million m3 of effluent per year. Treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater in settlements around Baikal is either non-existent or of very low quality.
Dumping of polluted waters from ships
Discharges of ballast water from ships and pollution of the lake waters with oil products are a particular problem. In total, there are more than 300 ships on Baikal (not including the small size fleet). Navigation lasts about 6 months. In 2000, a total of 29 vessels entered into a contract for the delivery of bilge waters. About 160 tons of oil products enter Baikal annually. According to the existing rules, any ship that has the right to sail on Lake Baikal must conclude an agreement for the delivery of bilge waters. Dumping them into the lake is prohibited, they must be taken to special treatment facilities.
For the time being, there is only one such station in Baikal - in the port of Baikal, on the barge "Samotlor". Previously, this ship cruised throughout Baikal, collecting waste in different places according to a certain schedule. A few years ago, due to lack of funding, the barge was laid up in the port of Baikal, where it remains to this day.
4) Deforestation in the watershed
Primary wood is the main source of income for the Republic of Buryatia, as out of 35 million hectares of the total territory, 72% are covered with forests. Forest reserves in Buryatia are estimated at 1900 million m3.
Official sources in Buryatia state that only sanitary cuttings are carried out in the territory of the Baikal drainage basin, which is necessary to prevent natural disasters, such as fires and insect infestations. Despite these claims, satellite imagery and testimony from local residents confirm that significant logging has continued since Baikal was granted World Heritage status in 1996. According to Greenpeace Russia, more than 3 million m3 of forest is cut down annually in the Baikal watershed. Penalties for illegal logging are extremely lenient, if not non-existent.
In recent years and at the present time, forest fires are increasingly occurring, mostly due to careless handling of fire. There is also no ongoing monitoring and control of legal logging.
With the transition to a market economy in the region, the number of illegal timber operations has greatly increased. Almost all timber from Buryatia is exported to China.
5) Commercial and amateur withdrawal of biological resources
Hunting
As a result of legal and mostly illegal hunting in the post-Soviet period in the taiga of the Baikal region, the total number of reindeer decreased by 16%, sable - by 21%, elk - by 33%, bear - by 44%, wild boar - by 62 %
Fish
Fish populations are affected by overfishing, the destruction of spawning grounds, the amount of epishura, the radiation and temperature balance in the upper water layer, the breeding of atypical fish species, and pollution. However, there have been no systematic studies of human impact on fish stocks. Of the 55 species of fish in Baikal, 15 are the object of fishing, these include: omul, whitefish, grayling, lenok, taimen, sturgeon, burbot, perch, pike, roach, dace, ide, yellowfin and long-finned goby. The main object of fishing (70% of the total) is the famous Baikal omul.
Despite the fact that the total biomass of omul was halved in the 70s, the total biomass of omul in the lake in 1980 remained approximately the same as before 1930. This situation has developed due to the ban on commercial fishing from 1969 to 1975 and the intensive introduction of the practice of artificial insemination of omul eggs.
Currently, there are five fish farms (Bolsherechenskaya, Barguzinskaya, Selenginskaya, Burduguzskaya and Belskaya), which in 1993 hatched about 3 billion omul eggs.
In the 1950s, a special fish farm was built on the lower Selenga to restore the Baikal sturgeon population and produce caviar. The Baikal sturgeon is included in the Russian Red Book. In 2000, more than 900,000 sturgeons were artificially reared here.
Vostsibrybtsentr claims that over the past twenty years the number of sturgeon and grayling has decreased by about 10 times. It is most likely that this happened due to overfishing, in addition, the disappearance of spawning grounds as a result of the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, and general water pollution, also affected the abundance. Artificial insemination to prevent the extinction of the species in Baikal is now necessary not only for omul and sturgeon, but also for grayling. Another endangered fish species is the taimen. Species atypical for Baikal, such as ratan and carp taken from the Amur, and bream from small lakes near Baikal, also pose a certain threat to the ecological balance of the lake. Ratan is a serious competitor for local fish species such as omul and splinter.
6) Projects for the construction of pipelines through the Baikal drainage basin
Due to the rapid economic development and population growth of Asian countries on the Pacific coast, the total energy demand of these countries is growing by about 14% annually. This stimulates the interest of Russian oil companies in building an oil pipeline from Western Siberia, where the main oil fields are located, to the Pacific Ocean.
There is already a pipeline running from Western Siberia east to Angarsk, where an oil refinery, the Angarsk Petrochemical Combine (ANHK), is located 90 km from Lake Baikal. The simplest solution would be to continue this pipeline eastward, but Baikal lies in the way. Two different oil companies have proposed two plans for how to go around the lake, the north and south routes.
Features of the nature of Buryatia
In the south of Eastern Siberia, on an area of 351.4 thousand square meters. km stretches the land of Buryatia. The remoteness from the seas and oceans and the mountainous relief of the territory greatly influence the features of its nature.
The continuous and focal distribution of permafrost and the predominance of a sharply continental climate are also closely related to the high relief.
These factors take an active part in the formation of various natural complexes - taiga, dry steppe, treeless stony alpine spaces, wetlands.
The territory of Buryatia above sea level has a significant elevation, and its lowest mark is the level of Lake Baikal (-456 m). The highest point is Munku-Sardyk (3491m).
Basically, the territory is occupied by heavily dissected medium-altitude mountains. Plain territories can be found only in tectonic depressions and in the valleys of large rivers.
Depressions can be intramountain - this is the Baikal type and intermountain - the Transbaikal type.
The Baikal depression, Verkhneangarskaya and Barguzinskaya basins belong to the Baikal type.
The Trans-Baikal type of depressions includes the Gusinoozerskaya, Chikoi-Khilokskaya, Udinskaya, and others.
Remark 1
The Transbaikalian type of depressions is distinguished by the fact that they have almost no asymmetry of mountain slopes and are usually located between mid-mountain ridges.
The Eastern Sayans from the mountains of Buryatia are the highest and youngest - this is "Tibet in miniature".
On the southern shore of Lake Baikal, there is the Khamar-Daban ridge, or as it is also called the "Siberian jungle", because its slopes are covered with impenetrable thickets.
From the east, the Barguzinsky Range adjoins Baikal, their figurative name is the “Land of a Thousand Lakes”. Indeed, there are a large number of lakes of glacial origin.
The Baikal Range, overgrown with forest, is located in the north of the lake.
Remark 2
The peculiarity of the Baikal ranges is that most of them have soft outlines and flat tops. They stretch parallel to the Baikal basin and are directed from the southwest to the northeast. The exception is Khamar-Daban.
The area is seismically active. The strength of earthquakes can reach 8-10 points. In Transbaikalia, permafrost of rocks has been widely developed.
A feature of the sharply continental climate of Buryatia is large annual and daily temperature fluctuations and an uneven distribution of precipitation over the seasons. The harsh and windless winter is replaced by a late dry spring with strong winds and night frosts.
Summer is short, its first half is dry and the second half is rainy. Early frosts and sharp daily fluctuations are characteristic of a cool autumn.
During the cold period, a powerful northeastern spur of the Siberian anticyclone develops here, therefore, in winter in Transbaikalia, the temperature is low and there are a large number of sunny days.
In Buryatia, the January air temperature is -24, -25 degrees, on some days it can drop to -45 degrees. Precipitation falls up to 500 mm.
The republic is often called "sunny Buryatia" because the average duration of sunshine is 2200 hours.
Different types of soils have formed on the territory of Buryatia. In Transbaikalia, on the plateaus, a podzolic type of soil is common under larch, pine, and cedar-fir forests.
The areas of fertile chernozem soils are much smaller than those of chestnut soils. The transitional soils between them are gray forest soils.
Meadow and marsh soils have developed in river valleys where groundwater is close to the surface. Meadow-frozen soils are formed along river valleys, where there are permafrost rocks. Solonetzes and solonetsous soils are found in the southern regions of the Republic.
Resources of the Republic of Buryatia
The bowels of the Republic are rich in various mineral resources. In terms of their reserves, Buryatia is one of the leading places in Russia.
There are about 30 coal-bearing areas within the Republic, such as the Uda coal-bearing depression, Dzhidinskaya, Pribaikalskaya, Gusinoozerskaya, etc.
In the bowels there are tungsten ores, molybdenum, nickel. Large tungsten deposits are Kholtosonskoe, Inkurskoe. Orekitkanskoye, Malayonogorskoye, Zharchikhinskoye are large deposits of molybdenum. Large nickel deposits include Chaiskoye and Baikalskoye.
Explored reserves of non-ferrous metals - beryllium, lead, tin, zinc.
Even before the revolution, large deposits of ore and alluvial gold were being developed in the north of Buryatia.
Non-metallic minerals include phosphates, apatites, and fluorspar. There are explored reserves of fluxes and refractories. Large deposits of asbestos are concentrated in the Molodezhnoye, Ilchirskoye, and Zelenoe deposits.
The unique deposits of potassium-alumina ores and nepheline syenites include the Sannyr and Mukhal deposits, respectively.
The area of land occupied by forests in 2012 was 84.3% of the area of the Republic. Forest areas increased by 403.1 thousand hectares, while the areas of forest fund lands decreased by 88.8 thousand hectares.
The reason is connected with their transfer to the lands of specially protected territories.
The forest resources of the Republic are subject to frequent fires, the average area of which is 63.1 hectares.
The great wealth of the Republic is fresh, mineral and thermal waters, on the basis of the latter there are resorts of Russian importance - Arshan, Goryachinsk. Resorts of local importance are Nilova Pustyn, Khakusy, Kuchiger, Goryachiy Klyuch and others.
Water resources are represented by rivers and rivers, of which there are more than 9 thousand. The Selenga, originating in Mongolia, is one of the largest rivers in Buryatia. The history of many peoples of Asia is connected with this river, which flows into Lake Baikal.
No less famous is the Barguzin River. The famous song "Glorious Sea - Sacred Baikal" is associated with this river. This unique lake is known all over the world, it is ancient and deep. The lake has the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The lake basin contains 20% of the world's surface fresh water reserves and more than 80% of Russia's water reserves.
Figure 1. Typical landscape of Buryatia. Author24 - online exchange of student papers
There are many other lakes on this earth - Gusinoe, Pike, Sable, Guitar, Heart, etc.
On the territory of Buryatia there are specially protected natural areas where all resources are protected by law.
These include:
- Barguzinsky, Baikalsky, Dzherginsky nature reserves;
- Tunkinsky and Zabaikalsky national parks;
- twenty reserves;
- 266 monuments of nature.
The total area of these territories is 10% of the area of the Republic itself.
Ecological situation in Buryatia
Compared to other regions of Russia, Buryatia is one of the ecologically clean regions.
But, nevertheless, environmental problems are also typical for the Republic.
Problems include:
- deterioration of the air basin of Selenginsk and Ulan-Ude;
- the state of some water bodies;
- growing solid waste and its unauthorized disposal;
- environmental damage of past years;
- low ecological culture of the population.
According to Burstat, pollutant emissions from stationary sources amounted to 26195.1 thousand tons. tons in 2011. There was an increase in emissions compared to 2010.
By hazard class:
- 70.0% increase in first class;
- 17% reduction in second class;
- a decrease of 42.5% in the third class;
- a decrease of 22.5% in the fourth grade;
- an increase of 58.1% of the fifth hazard class.
The increase in the amount of waste is associated with an increase in the number of overburden rocks that are formed during the development of coal deposits, and this is the fifth hazard class.
The increase in waste of the first hazard class occurred as a result of the fact that the capacitors at the facilities of Buryatenergo were decommissioned, having worked out their shelf life.
In view of the fact that the volume of work at the facilities of Russian Railways was reduced, there was a reduction in waste of the third hazard class.
With the transition of the Selenginsky Pulp and Cardboard Plant to secondary raw materials, waste of the fourth hazard class has decreased.
- 177.50 KbMinistry of Education and Science of the Republic of Buryatia
Buryat State University
Faculty of Medicine.
Analysis of the ecological situation in Buryatia.
Completed by: Student of group 14200z
Trifonova Olga Iosifovna
Checked by: Zhigzhitzhapova SV
Gulan-Ude 2013
Introduction. Ecological situation in Russia……………………2
State environmental control…………………...11
References………………………………………………... 13
Introduction.
Ecological situation in Russia
An analysis of the environmental situation in Russia shows that the crisis tendencies that have clearly manifested themselves in the previous 15 years have not been overcome, and in some aspects are even deepening, despite the measures taken.
Russia, where almost 65% of the country's area (11 million km2) is preserved in undisturbed ecosystems, is of key importance for global ecodynamics. Together with some adjacent territories, this massif forms the world's largest Northern Eurasian Center for Environmental Stabilization, the importance of which for the restoration of the Earth's biosphere will increase more and more.
However, 15% of the territory of Russia (larger in area than Western and Central Europe combined), where the bulk of the population and production is concentrated, is in an unsatisfactory ecological state, environmental safety is not guaranteed here. At the same time, the specific indicators of negative environmental impacts per capita and unit of gross domestic product in Russia are among the highest in the world.
Exceeding the permissible concentrations of harmful substances is noted in the atmospheric air of 185 cities and industrial centers with a population of over 61 million people (40% of the total population of the country). Cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of air pollutants by five times were noted in more than 120 cities. The main sources of air pollution are still enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry, construction industry, energy, pulp and paper industry, as well as motor vehicles.
A particularly unfavorable situation is observed in the cities of Arkhangelsk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Norilsk, Bratsk, Yekaterinburg, Kamensk-Uralsky, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Omsk, Cherepovets.
Experts estimate that the share of the influence of atmospheric air pollution on the overall incidence in children is on average 17%, in adults - 10%. Air pollution causes 41% of respiratory diseases, 16% of the endocrine system, 2.5% of oncological diseases in people aged 30-34 years and 11% in people 55-59 years old.
Forest and lake ecosystems, as well as agrocenoses, are significantly affected by harmful emissions not only from local sources, but also from long-distance sources, including foreign ones. In the European part of the territory of Russia, more than 1 million tons of oxidized sulfur of transboundary origin falls annually, which is more than from Russian sources. A very significant contribution to the pollution of the natural environment in Russia with sulfur and nitrogen oxides is made by Ukraine, Poland and Germany.
The water quality of most water bodies of the Russian Federation does not meet sanitary-hygienic and fishery standards, since almost 40% of wastewater discharged into them is classified as polluted. Almost half of the country's population is forced to use water that does not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements due to poor water treatment and the unsatisfactory condition of public water pipes. The quality of drinking water has not improved in recent years.
Due to the unstable work of most enterprises, their difficult financial situation, insufficient budget financing, the implementation of water protection measures is carried out in completely insufficient volumes.
The ecological state of a significant part of the lands used in agriculture remains unsatisfactory, and the trend of soil cover degradation persists. On 43% of the arable land, a decrease in the humus content is noted, and in the Non-Chernozem zone, the share of such soils reached 45%. The areas of land subjected to radioactive contamination are not reduced.
Uncontrolled harvesting of berries, mushrooms, valuable species of medicinal plants causes great harm to the state of the plant world. The damage in the forests from pests and diseases, fires, illegal logging is great. Up to 300,000 hectares of forest plantations perish annually from these causes.
However, positive trends in the change in the number of game animals can be noted. The process of stabilization and growth in the number of mammals classified as hunting objects - elk, wild boar, roe deer, is explained by the increased efficiency of the fight against poaching, and the improvement in the state of the food supply of game animals. The forecast for the number of sturgeons is unfavorable, and the most stringent measures against poachers are needed here.
The problems of processing household and industrial waste, destruction of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons remain acute. The threat of hazardous waste imports to Russia remains. A serious danger comes from overfilled, physically and morally obsolete storage facilities for liquid radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, decommissioned nuclear submarines. A high degree of wear of technological equipment at the enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical, microbiological industries is fraught with man-made accidents with subsequent chemical contamination of the territory.
Society is very concerned about the low level of knowledge of the problem of environmental pollution with dioxins and other supertoxicants, as well as the emergence of new substances in production, the consequences of which are not well understood.
The ecological situation in the country is described in detail in the annual state reports on the state of the environment of the Russian Federation, which are replicated and available to interested consumers.
Ecological situation in the Republic of Buryatia.
The Republic of Buryatia is one of the most ecologically clean regions of the Russian Federation.
The main types of negative technogenic impacts are associated with only a small part of the territory of the republic, related to industrial centers and adjacent areas.
The main environmental problems of the region:
– air pollution, including emissions of pollutants from vehicles;
– pollution of surface water bodies;
- the increasing amount of production and consumption waste.
Table 1.
Main indicators of environmental pollution in the Republic of Buryatia
Indicator, units rev. |
||||||
Volume of water use, million cubic meters m |
||||||
The volume of wastewater discharge into water bodies, million cubic meters m |
||||||
of which, the volume of polluted wastewater discharges, mln. m |
||||||
standard clean (without cleaning) |
||||||
legally cleared |
||||||
Circulating and re-sequential water supply, million cubic meters m |
||||||
Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, total, thousand tons |
||||||
from stationary sources, thousand tons (denominator - in %) |
||||||
from vehicles, thousand tons (denominator - in %) |
||||||
The degree of purification of atmospheric emissions at treatment facilities, % |
||||||
Volumes of generated waste, thousand tons |
||||||
of which, used and neutralized, thousand tons (denominator - in%) |
||||||
Accumulated at the end of the year at enterprises, thousand tons |
air basin
The formation of a high level of air pollution on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia is due to emissions from enterprises producing, transmitting and distributing electricity, gas, steam and hot water and vehicles.
Over the past five years, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in the Republic of Buryatia have increased by 18.1 thousand tons.
Causes of air pollution:
- an increase in the amount of fuel burned, which was used as a mixture of various coals at enterprises for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hot water;
– increase in production volumes at enterprises for the extraction of other minerals;
- the presence in the cold season (mainly in winter) of long periods with unfavorable meteorological conditions for the dispersion of harmful impurities in the atmosphere, i.e. under the action of an anticyclone - when powerful temperature inversions form a delay layer that extends hundreds of kilometers and prevents the transfer of impurities to the upper layers of the atmosphere .
In addition, it is worth considering the factor of an increase in the number of enterprises that submitted an annual statistical report (public administration and military security enterprises), whose indicators increased the amount of pollutant emissions from stationary sources.
water bodies
The main sources of pollution of surface water bodies are industrial enterprises and enterprises of housing and communal services that discharge wastewater containing pollutants that exceed the MPC of a water body.
The largest load on the river. The Selenga is observed in the area of Ulan-Ude, where wastewater is discharged from the right-bank and left-bank treatment facilities of MUP "Vodokanal" in Ulan-Ude.
In 2008, 510.59 million m3 were discharged into surface water bodies, including the lake basin. Baikal - 449.5 million m3, the Yenisei basin - 1.08 million m3, into the water bodies of the Vitim basin - 60.02 million m3. Of these, 49.53 million m3 of polluted wastewater, there was a decrease in comparison with 2007 by 2.88 million m3 (5.5%). In 2008, 44 water users discharged wastewater through 53 outlets.
The total volume of discharges of polluted wastewater (49.53 million m3) contains 26,350 tons of pollutants (in 2007 - 52.41 million m3, containing 28,839 tons of pollutants). Comparative data on the discharge of pollutants into water bodies are given in table 2.
Table 2.
Comparative data on the discharge of pollutants into water bodies (according to the statistical data on the use of water according to the form 2-TP (vodkhoz)
The name of indicators |
Increase |
Decrease |
||
suspended solids |
||||
Oil products |
||||
Dry residue |
||||
sulfates |
||||
Ammonia nitrogen |
||||
Phosphorus total |
||||
BOD (full) |
||||
COD (chemical oxygen demand) |
||||
Short description
Russia, where almost 65% of the country's area (11 million km2) is preserved in undisturbed ecosystems, is of key importance for global ecodynamics. Together with some adjacent territories, this massif forms the world's largest Northern Eurasian Center for Environmental Stabilization, the importance of which for the restoration of the Earth's biosphere will increase more and more.
Content
Introduction. Ecological situation in Russia……………………2
Ecological situation of the Republic of Belarus……………………………………..4
Air basin……………………………………………...5
Water bodies…………………………………………………….6
Waste……………………………………………………………8
Federal equity programs……………………………...9
State environmental control…………………...11
Environmental perspectives…………………………………...12
References………………………………………………...13
