In a single stream of consciousness, all cognitive processes are inextricably linked, and only in theoretical terms is it possible to study them separately. Analysis of each cognitive process includes: 1) determination of the essence of this process; 2) its classification; 3) identification of general patterns and age-related features of its formation. Below is a table of the main characteristics of cognitive processes.

Cognitive processes: essence, classification, patterns, individual typological features.

Age features of cognitive activity.

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The study of sensation and perception as a reflection in the mind of the properties and qualities of objects or phenomena. Attention as the concentration of human consciousness on certain activities. The process of imagination and thinking. The value of memory and speech for a person.

With the help of such cognitive mental processes as: speech, sensation, thinking, memory, attention, a person perceives reality and carries out his life activity.

Features of mental cognitive processes

It is thanks to these processes that the brain responds to influences from the external and internal environment. If it were not for cognitive phenomena, human activity would be in danger. So, without perception, sensations, you would not be able to feel the irritant, which, it is possible, could well pose a threat to your life. Without imagination, the psychic regulators that are in every person would not be able to analyze the threat, to foresee the result of its influence. And without memory, you would not remember your past experience, you would not know what the resulting irritation would lead to.

Types of mental cognitive processes

Consider in detail the above classification of processes:

1. Feel are the simplest among all mental phenomena. They contain all the ideas about annoying factors that you have ever encountered. In this case, the following types of sensations are distinguished:

• from the outside: taste, tactile, auditory, skin, visual, olfactory sensations, through which we learn the world around us;
• internal: nausea, hunger, thirst, etc., arising as a result of signals from the receptors of certain organs;
• motor sensations appear due to a change in the position of your body.

2. Perception reflects not only what you see, what surrounds you, but also complements all this with their properties, affecting the senses.

3. Attention is a concentrated focus of your consciousness on the phenomena or objects of the real world. It is worth noting that it is difficult for each person to simultaneously perceive information from many sources, but you will definitely hear your name, for example, pronounced in the crowd during a stormy party. Scientists explain this by the fact that the main mechanisms of attention are always focused on phrases, words that have a special meaning for a person.

4. Memory reflects everything that was previously perceived by you, committed, experienced. There is a genetic and lifetime:

• hereditary memory includes instincts, all the information that characterizes your physiological structure. It is not particularly affected by the living conditions of a person;
• lifetime stores what has accumulated, starting from the moment you were born. In addition, unlike the previous one, it is dependent on external influences.

5. Thinking also refers to higher mental cognitive processes. It helps to discover new knowledge for a person, promotes creative development, problem solving. It is in the process of the latter that it manifests itself most clearly.

6. Speech combines sound signals, symbols that contribute to the presentation of information, its processing, storage in memory and, in which case, transmission.

Violation of cognitive mental processes

A person may be subject to violations of mental cognitive processes. This is due to various diseases. So, with epilepsy, the amount of memory decreases, problems with thinking appear (it is very difficult for the patient to solve elementary tasks). As a result of craniocerebral injuries, a decrease in mental capacity for work was noticed. If there is an assumption of such a mental disorder, it should be urgently seek the advice of a psychiatrist.

4.1 Attention

4.2 Feeling

4.3 Perception

4.4 Memory

4.5 Thinking

4.6 Imagination

4.1. A person cognizes the world around him with the help of attention, sensations, perception, memory, thinking and imagination. Each of these cognitive processes provides knowledge of certain properties of the surrounding world.

1.Attention as an orienting-search process directs and focuses consciousness on certain objects of reality while simultaneously abstracting from others, determines selectivity, selection of information coming through the senses.

Attention is associated with the activity of a number of brain structures, primarily the reticular formation and attention neurons, located mainly in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The physiological basis of attention is the conditionally orienting reflex “What is it?” (I.P. Pavlov) Ukhtomsky A. A. - the dominant focus of excitation in the cerebral cortex.

Properties attention :

volume- an indicator of the number of objects that are simultaneously in the field of attention (for an adult, on average, it is equal to five to seven objects);

sustainability- time characteristic of attention, an indicator of the duration of maintaining the intensity of attention;

concentration-indicator of the degree of concentration of consciousness on the object;

distribution- the ability to keep attention on several objects at the same time, which makes it possible to perform several actions at once, keeping them in the field of attention;

switching- an indicator of the speed of transition from one type of activity to another;

objectivity- the ability to allocate certain complexes of signals in accordance with attitudes and personal significance; for example, while listening to music, a person does not pay attention to other sounds.

Depending on the conditions of occurrence, there are various types of attention.

Types of attention

Kind of attention	Occurrence condition	Features of manifestation
involuntary	The impact of the strong or significant Irritant	An unpre- moderately, does not require volitional effort; easily switching occurs and termination
Arbitrary	Staging and acceptance tasks as paths problem solving	Requires willpower maintaining control for behavior, for a long body concentration causes fatigue
Post-voluntary	Passion for the process problem solving	High concentration on problem solving when stress is relieved, does not require significant volitional effort

Attention is a necessary condition for successful human activity. Therefore, it is important to develop attention management skills. At the same time, one should take into account attention-grabbing factors:

the nature of the irritation (novelty, contrast, physical characteristics - the size of the object, etc.);

the attitude of the stimulus to needs (what is important for a person is more in line with his needs, will attract his attention first of all).

To maintain attention, one must also neutralize factors that reduce his sustainability:

monotony and stereotyping of the actions performed;

monotony and insufficiency (excess) of information.

So, attention in a special way organizes the processes of mental reflection of reality, the primary form of which is feeling-psychic process of reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world.

4.2. In fact, sensations are products of processing by the central nervous system (and primarily the cerebral cortex) of stimuli that arise in the process of human life.

The anatomical and physiological apparatus that serves to receive and process such stimuli, I. Pavlov called analyzer.

Each analyzer consists of the following organs:

receptor(sensory organ) - sensory cells "tuned" to receive certain stimuli (auditory, gustatory, etc.) and convert their effects into electrochemical impulses;

nerve (conduction) pathways, transmitting these impulses to the central nervous system;

analyzer center- a specialized area in the cerebral cortex, in which impulses are "decoded", the physiological process turns into a mental one (sensations) and a person realizes that he is affected - noise, smell, heat, etc.

There are the following types of sensations:

External (exteroceptive), arising from the impact of stimuli on receptors located on the outer surface of the body - visual (the most important for the functioning of the human psyche), auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory;

Organic (interoceptive), signaling what is happening in the body (feeling pain, hunger, thirst, etc.);

Kinesthetic (proprioceptive) with the help of which the brain receives information about the position and movement of various parts of the body; their receptors are located in muscles and tendons.

To the number sensations relate:

a) adaptation - the adaptation of the sense organs (eyes, auditory analyzers, etc.) to the strength of the acting stimuli. It can manifest itself as a complete disappearance of sensation as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus, or as an increase or decrease in sensitivity under the influence of an irritant;

b) sensitization - an increase in the sensitivity of analyzers due to an increase in the excitability of the cerebral cortex under the influence of the simultaneous activity of other analyzers. For example, the feeling of rhythm contributes to increased musculoskeletal sensitivity. It can also be developed with the help of special exercises (for musicians - auditory sensitivity, for tasters - olfactory and gustatory, etc.);

in) interaction sensations - can be illustrated by the studies of Academician P.P. Lazarev, who found that eye lighting makes audible sounds louder. Sound stimulation (for example, whistling) can exacerbate the work of visual sensation, increasing its sensitivity to light stimuli.

d) the phenomenon of contrast - a different sensation of the same stimulus depending on the experience or the simultaneous action of another stimulus. Weak stimuli increase sensitivity to other simultaneously acting stimuli, and strong ones decrease it;

e) successive images - the continuation of sensations after the cessation of the stimulus.

E) synesthesia- (from Greek - joint feeling) increased interaction of analyzers can lead to the fact that under the influence of one stimulus additional sensations characteristic of another may arise. For example, music can cause color sensations, some colors can cause sensations of coolness or warmth. One of the subjects with exceptionally pronounced synesthesia, the famous mnemonist Sh., was studied in detail by A. R. Luria.

4.3. As a result of the processing of information by the senses, individual sensations are combined into integral images of objects and phenomena of the environment. The process of creating these images is called perception.

Perception is a holistic reflection of objects and phenomena of the objective world with their direct impact at a given moment on the senses.

The physiological basis of perception is the complex activity of the system of analyzers of the cerebral cortex, comparing various types of incoming sensations.

Compared with sensations, perception is a higher form of analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, without which a meaningful understanding of the nature of the acting stimulus is impossible. It is it that ensures the selection of the object of perception, on the basis of which the synthesis of all its properties in a holistic image is carried out.

Types of perception:

1. Depending on the goal: intentional (based on a conscious goal and volitional efforts) and unintentional.

2. Depending on the presence of an organization: organized (depending on the second signal system, they are purposeful, systematic) and unorganized.

3.Depending on the form of reflection:

The perception of time is a reflection of objective reality, the speed and sequence of life phenomena, based on the rhythmic change of excitation and inhibition.

The perception of movement is a reflection in time, changes in the position of objects or the observer himself in space.

Observing the movement perceive: character, shape, amplitude, direction, speed, duration and acceleration.

The perception of space is the perception of form, size, volume, objects. the distance between them of the relative position, distance and direction in which they are located.

The main properties of perception are:

constancy- the immutability of the image of perception under changing physical conditions; for example, the color and shape of familiar objects are perceived in the same way regardless of the conditions of observation; thanks to this, a person can perceive and cognize the world of stable things that retain their main features with the slightest change, for example, illumination or distance to a perceived object;

objectivity- the perception of the external world not in the form of a set of sensations unrelated to each other, but in the form of objects isolated in space; at the same time, the perceived reality is divided into two layers - the image of the object (figure) and the image of the space surrounding the object (background); it is interesting that different objects stand out as figure and background depending on the person's past experience; such dependence on the content of human mental activity is called apperception;

integrity- independence of the perceived image from distortion and replacement of its components; for example, it is possible to preserve a portrait resemblance by depicting a person with both strokes and dotted lines, and other elements; the perception of figures and their parts not separately, but in the form of integral images, makes it possible to explain some illusions of perception, for example, the illusion of an arrow;

(the length of the middle part of the first arrow seems to be greater than the length of the second; explained by the installation: if the whole is larger, then its parts are also larger)

generality- the possibility of correct identification of an object and its assignment to a certain class, regardless of its individual characteristics; thus, we can recognize a table as such, regardless of its shape, size, etc.; read any text, regardless of the features of the font or handwriting. These properties are not innate and develop throughout life.

Selectivity- This is the ability of a person to perceive only those objects that are of greatest interest to him.

The conditions for the formation of adequate perception (and sensory forms of cognition in general) are human activity, the establishment of feedback in practical interaction with the outside world, the provision of a certain minimum and habitual structuring of information coming from outside.

These conditions and properties must be taken into account by a person in the development of perception, observation (learning not only to look, but also to see, not only to listen, but also to hear, etc.) as a result of observation - a deliberate, planned perception of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world.

4.4. The images that have arisen in the process of perception are preserved and made possible in the future to work on them by the memory of a person - the process of capturing, preserving and restoring past experience. It is based on the property of the brain to retain traces of external influences, as well as influences coming from within the body.

The physiological basis of memory is the traces of former nervous processes stored in the cerebral cortex of the cerebral hemispheres. As a result of the plasticity of the nervous system, any process does not pass without a trace for the nervous tissue, leaving a trace in it in the form of functional changes. In the future, this facilitates the course of nervous processes during their repetition. In the last 30 years, studies have been carried out that have shown that the imprinting, preservation and reproduction of traces are associated with deep biochemical processes, in particular with RNA modification, and that memory traces can be transferred by humoral, biochemical way. Intensive research began on the so-called reverberation processes of excitation, which began to be regarded as the physiological substrate of memory. Studies have emerged that have attempted to isolate the areas of the brain required for trace retention and the neurological mechanisms underlying remembering and forgetting.

There are several main approaches to the classification of types of memory:

1) according to the nature of the mental activity that prevails in the activity, memory is divided into:

motor;

emotional;

figurative;

verbal-logical;

2) by the nature of the objectives of the activity for:

involuntary;

Arbitrary;

3) by the duration of consolidation and preservation of the material (in connection with its role and place in the activity) on:

short-term;

long-term;

operational.

4) the degree of meaningfulness of memorization (mechanical, logical, or semantic, memory

There are several memory levels depending on the duration of saving information:

instantaneous (sensory) memory - stores information about how the world is perceived at the level of receptors for 0.3-1.0 s; of particular importance is instantaneous visual (iconic) memory, which, by retaining images for the period of closing the eyes during blinking and other movements, provides a unified perception of the world; with the help of iconic memory, a person can receive much more information than he can later reproduce; this fact is used in the well-known phenomenon of the "25th frame", when, during editing, every 25th frame is pasted into the film with information gradually accumulating, as studies have shown, in the subconscious;

short-term memory - provides prompt storage and processing of information coming from the senses in limited portions (7 + 2 structural units);

intermediate memory - stores information for several hours and has a much larger capacity than short-term memory; An interesting hypothesis is that during nighttime sleep, information in small portions (7 + 2 units) enters short-term memory, where it is processed (at the stage of "slow sleep") and stored for further processing (at the stage of "REM sleep");

long-term memory - stores information throughout a person's life and has an unlimited volume; At the same time, repetition is considered the main mechanism for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

memory processes.

1. Memorization is the imprinting in the mind of a person of the forms he has received, which are necessary for enrichment with new knowledge, experience, forms of behavior. The productivity of memorization also depends on how memorization is carried out: in general or in parts. In psychology, there are three ways of memorizing a large amount of material: holistic, partial and combined. The first method (holistic) consists in the fact that the material (text, poem, etc.) is read from beginning to end several times, until complete assimilation. In the second method (partial), the material is divided into parts and each part is memorized separately. First, one part is read several times, then the second, then the third, and so on. The combined method is a combination of holistic and partial. The material is first read in its entirety one or several times, depending on its volume and nature, then difficult passages are highlighted and memorized separately, after which the entire text is read again in its entirety. If the material, for example, a poetic text, is large in volume, then it is divided into stanzas, logically complete parts, and memorization occurs in this way: first, the text is read once or twice from beginning to end, its general meaning is clarified, then each part is memorized, after which the material is read in its entirety again.

2. Preservation is the retention of acquired knowledge in memory for a long time.

3. Reproduction is the activation of previously fixed content of the psyche.

4. Recognition is a phenomenon of the psyche that allows the memory process to function more efficiently. Occurs in the process of re-perception.

5. Forgetting is expressed in the inability to restore previously perceived information. The physiological basis of forgetting is some types of cortical inhibition that interferes with the actualization of temporary neural connections. Most often, this is the so-called extinction inhibition, which develops in the absence of reinforcement.

It should be noted that forgetting proceeds unevenly over time. The greatest loss of material occurs immediately after its perception, and in the future, forgetting goes more slowly. For example, Ebbinghaus's experiments showed that an hour after learning 13 meaningless syllables, forgetting reaches 56%, but in the future it goes more slowly. Moreover, the same pattern is characteristic of forgetting meaningful material. However, the process of forgetting can be slowed down. To do this, it is necessary to organize a repetition of the perceived material in a timely manner, without postponing this work for a long time.

Although memory depends on many factors (features of the nervous system, environment, nature of activity, attitudes, personality traits), there is a common way to improve it - mastering productive memorization techniques.

R. Granovskaya divides the methods of productive memorization into two groups:

based on the introduction of artificial logical connections from the outside into the memorized material (mnemonic techniques);

based on the identification of logical connections in the memorized material.

Mnemonic techniques (from the Greek tpetotkop - the art of memorization) are based on the formation of associative links between the elements of the memorized and the reference series. Well-known objects can act as a reference row (location of rooms in an apartment, houses on the street); visual images; words organized into a meaningful phrase.

So, to remember the order of colors in the spectrum, the phrase "Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits" is used, in which the first letters of each word are simultaneously the first letters of the corresponding color of the spectrum. Phone numbers are memorized by linking them to well-known dates of events or by breaking them into parts in a certain rhythmic structure.

Techniques based on identifying logical connections in the memorized material include a number of logical operations: semantic grouping (breaking the material into parts), highlighting semantic strongholds (giving a name to each selected part), drawing up a plan. In addition, it has been found that the memorization of material improves if it is included in vigorous activity. Therefore, by the way, it is better to read the material and retell it several times than just read it several times without retelling it.

The quality of memorization also depends on the number of repetitions. It is advisable to repeat the information at certain intervals - after 15-20 minutes, after 8-9 and 24 hours.

It is equally important to create a positive emotional background and set (in the form of self-instruction) for long-term memorization.

So, images of the external world are stored and processed in memory, secondary images arise - representations, which later provide an opportunity to generalize the perceived information, to highlight logical connections in it. Thinking is responsible for this - the highest form of mental reflection, establishing connections and relationships between cognizable objects and phenomena.

4.5. Thinking is based on the complex analytical and synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex.

Thinking- this is the most generalized and mediated form of mental reflection, establishing connections and relationships between cognizable objects.

Direct, sensory knowledge of objects and phenomena in sensations and perceptions is replaced in thinking by logical knowledge: observing some phenomena, we judge others that are connected in a certain way with them. Thus, thinking opens the way for obtaining new knowledge, revealing the hidden properties of things, including those that are generally inaccessible to the human senses. For example, X-rays were discovered by their effect on a photographic plate.

The physiological basis of thinking is the interaction of the first and second signal systems in the work of the cerebral cortex. The leading role belongs to the second signal system - cortical connections, which provide a reflection of reality on the basis of words, concepts, categories and their corresponding images.

All parts of the cerebral cortex are involved in the implementation of the thinking process. Due to their interaction, complex temporal connections and relationships (associations) are formed by the brain ends of the analyzers. Further, they are differentiated, refined, consolidated and become a new physiological basis for more accurate knowledge about the outside world. The performance of these mental actions is provided by the systems of functionally integrated neurons (neural codes) of the brain, which are responsible for the performance of specific mental operations.

Mainproperties of thinking:

abstraction, which consists in the fact that, thinking about any phenomena, we single out only those signs of them that are important for solving the problem, being distracted from the unimportant ones;

generalization, which implies, as a result of highlighting important, essential features, the concentration of thought on the general that characterizes entire classes of phenomena.

The process of thinking itself unfolds in a certain sequence with the help of such operations:

comparison - comparison of the selected features of objects and phenomena in order to find similar and different properties;

analysis (from the Greek - decomposition, dismemberment) - the mental dismemberment of an object or phenomenon into parts, the allocation of certain of its elements, properties, connections;

synthesis (from Greek - connection, composition) - the mental reunification of the whole from parts, the connection of various sides, elements of objects or phenomena into a single whole;

abstraction (from lat. - distraction) - mental isolation of essential properties, signs of objects or phenomena while simultaneously abstracting from non-essential ones;

generalization - a mental union of objects or phenomena according to their common essential features;

Concretization - a mental transition from the general to the singular, the use of the identified patterns in specific examples.

Thinking operates with elementary (image, representation) and logical forms of thinking. The latter include:

concept - a form of thinking that reflects the essential properties, connections and relationships of objects or phenomena, expressed by a word or a group of words;

judgment - a form of thinking containing the affirmation or denial of the connection between objects and phenomena;

inference - a form of thinking in which a new judgment is derived on the basis of several judgments.

Allocate such types of thinking:

1. According to the method of material transformation: visual-effective, carried out during practical actions with specific objects; visual-figurative, involving the operation of images and representations; verbal-logical (abstract), operating with logical forms of thinking.

2. By the type of tasks to be solved: theoretical - practical.

3. According to the degree of deployment: discursive, that is, based on logic and intuitive.

4. According to the degree of novelty: reproductive (in a known way) and productive.

5. By the nature of generalizations: empirical (everyday) and scientific (theoretical).

6. In relation to the real and internal world: realistic and autistic.

All types of human thinking are inextricably linked with speech - the process of formulating and transmitting thoughts through language. In speech, connections are established between the meanings of words, therefore it is the only possible form of verbal-logical thinking. Studies have shown that not a single complex thought can be expressed without inner speech, the manifestations of which in the form of electrical discharges can be registered with special devices. Similar electrical discharges are also recorded in non-speech types of thinking.

The development of thinking is possible, first of all, under the condition of awareness of the laws of mental activity. The productivity of mental activity increases the development of such qualities of thinking as independence, depth of mind, criticality, breadth of mind, etc.

If thinking operates mainly with concepts, then imagination (a form of mental reflection, consisting in the creation of new images based on previously perceived ones) operates with representations.

It is generally accepted that means of thinking images and verbal designations of objects and phenomena that are subjected to mental analysis appear. The first of these allows you to significantly increase the productivity of the thinking process (for example, chess players), but for most people, speech still acts as its leading means.

Speech - the process of reflecting objective reality in the form of linguistic or other symbols used in thinking, and their subsequent sound or written reproduction. Consequently, speech, as a mental process, performs two main functions - designation (in thinking) and communication (when exchanging information with other people through the use of language). It is the property of man alone.

The physiological basis of speech is the connection of the corresponding sections of the cerebral cortex, on the one hand, with thought processes, and on the other hand, with the neuro-physiological activity of the sound apparatus.

A more detailed consideration of the physiological foundations of speech requires an understanding of the most complex system of conditioned reflexes. It is based on the second signal system, the conditioned stimuli of which are words in their sound or figurative form. Being at first neutral stimuli, they become conditionally verbal in the process of their re-combination with the primary signals, which form images of specific objects and phenomena in the mind. As a result, they acquire semantic meaning, become signals of direct stimuli with which they were previously combined.

In thinking, as a mental cognitive process, two type of speech: sign (figurative), using signs and images of objects and phenomena of the objective world, and verbal-logical, realizing logical reasoning in mental operations using words denoting certain objects and phenomena. At the same time, it is believed that the productivity of sign speech in thinking is many times greater than the verbal-logical one.

In communication, the types of speech are much more diverse. Here, external and internal speech, written and oral, dialogical and monologue, contextual and situational, etc.

It is customary to judge the quality of speech, as a means of thinking, by its main features: content (the direction of the thoughts expressed in it) and consistency (the consistency of the use of verbal and figurative designations of objects and phenomena of the objective and subjective world in it).

Speech, actively participating in the process of human thinking, at the same time, as it were, acts as an external expression of the quality of the functioning of mental cognitive processes as a whole. However, its characteristics, as well as the characteristics of other cognitive processes, are significantly influenced by a relatively independent group of mental processes related to the emotional-volitional sphere of human mental activity, formed on the basis of mental emotional-volitional processes.

4.6.At the heart of the imagination lies the process of formation of new combinations of already established neural connections in the cerebral cortex. As a result, imagination makes it possible to predict the final result of the activity, and also ensures the creation of a program of behavior in cases where the problem situation is characterized by uncertainty.

As in the presentation process, physiological basis imagination is the connection between the neurons of the cerebral cortex. However, it is formed not on the basis of perceived material, but with the use of already meaningful experience and knowledge. As a result of this complex mental activity, new combinations of temporary connections formed in the past experience that have not previously taken place in the real process of perception, which form the basis of images of the imagination, arise.

Imagination techniques are:

Agglutination (from Latin - to glue) - a combination, a fusion of individual elements or parts of various objects into a single image;

accentuation - an increase or decrease in individual features, parts of an object;

schematization - emphasizing the similarities of various objects and smoothing out their differences (as, for example, in patterns and ornaments);

typification - highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous images, the creation of generalized, typical images.

hyperbolization is an exaggeration or reduction of an object in comparison with the real one.

Depending on the degree of human activity, there are the following types of imagination:

passive, which can be intentional (dreams - images of fantasy, deliberately caused, but not implying implementation) and unintentional (dreams, hallucinations, etc.);

active, subdivided into recreative (creation of images from the words of other people, on the basis of written and material documents) and creative (creation of a new, original image).

A special kind of imagination is dream as an image of the desired future. Depending on the degree of possibility of realization, a dream can be real or unreal. An unrealistic dream closes a person in his inner world, does not allow him to realize himself as a person. A real dream is a necessary condition for the realization of a person's creative potential.

Imagination and creativity as a process of creating new, original products and ideas are inextricably linked. According to the degree of novelty and originality distinguish between recreative and creative imagination.

Despite the unusual, originality of images of the imagination, creative imagination is carried out in accordance with certain patterns and techniques. On this basis, a theory and methods for solving creative problems are developed, as well as methods for enhancing the search for creative ideas, which primarily include:

the method of "brainstorming" (brainstorming), which consists in overcoming stereotypical forms of decision-making through ideas, without evaluating them as true or false (such an assessment is made later, in the expectation that among the ideas expressed there will be several that contain successful solutions);

method of focal objects, which involves transferring the features of randomly selected objects to the object under study (focal) in order to obtain unusual combinations that can overcome psychological inertia (for example, if an eagle is taken as a random object, and a pen is taken as a focal object, a combination of the "winged pen" type is obtained etc., developing which you can sometimes come up with original ideas); method of control questions, which involves the use of leading questions such as "And if you do the opposite?" and etc.