Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is a brilliant poetess, a brave critic, the author of numerous biographies of great contemporaries, her works are included in the treasury of Russian literature of the 20th century.
Marina Tsvetaeva became a symbol of the era of outgoing romanticism, which was replaced by pragmatic revolutionary prose. The life and work of Marina Tsvetaeva were full of tragedy, sensuality, and her death left an indelible mark on the hearts of admirers of Tsvetaeva's talent.
The childhood and youth of the poetess
Information about who Marina Tsvetaeva is, her biography, interesting facts about her - all this is described in some detail in the Wikipedia Internet encyclopedia, so let's try to look at the poetess a little differently - for example, through the eyes of her contemporaries.
Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna was born on September 26, when the day of St. John the Theologian was celebrated, in 1892. The baby's childhood flowed measuredly in a cozy Moscow mansion under the supervision of a loving mother - a talented, virtuoso pianist Maria Mein. The girl's father, Ivan Vladimirovich, was a philologist and a fairly well-known art critic, taught at one of the faculties of Moscow University, and in 1911 founded the Museum of Fine Arts.
Playing the piano was given to the future poetess somewhat worse: according to her recollections, the girl did not feel a craving for music making. Soon, Tsvetaeva's mother fell ill with consumption and, despite all attempts to recover, died.
Left with four children, Tsvetaeva's father tried to give them a decent education, but did not want to devote all his time to his offspring. The sisters of the poetess and her brother led a fairly independent life, early became interested in politics and the opposite sex.
Marina Tsvetaeva focused on the study of art, domestic and foreign literature, listened to a course of lectures on old French literature at one of the faculties of the Sorbonne, but could not complete her education. Thanks to her mother, Marina Tsvetaeva was fluent in foreign languages, which allowed her to earn enough money and not live in poverty.
The beginning of the creative path
The biography of Marina Tsvetaeva is full of ups and downs, her short happiness has always been replaced by long-term adversity. All this influenced the work of the poetess, gave a certain romantic tragedy to her poems and prose. The first attempts at writing took place in the spring of 1910, when the young Marina Tsvetaeva published her first collection of poems, Evening Album, at her own expense. It included school essays of the poetess, each page of this book was saturated with love and hope, and despite the young age of the author, the work turned out to be very worthy.
The second collection came out a couple of years later and earned very flattering reviews from eminent writers such as Gumilyov, Bryusov, Voloshin. Tsvetaeva actively participates in various literary circles, makes her first attempts to write as a literary and poetic critic, and her first work in this field is dedicated to the work of Bryusov. The revolution and the civil war that followed it fell heavily on the shoulders of Tsvetaeva, who was unable to come to terms with the “red-white crack” that then divided the great country into two parts.
Marina Tsvetaeva's sister invites her to spend the summer of 1916 in Alexandrov, to enjoy the tranquility and comfort of the family hearth. This time passes fruitfully for Tsvetaeva: the poetess writes several cycles of poems and publishes them with success. Anna Akhmatova, to whom Tsvetaeva dedicates one of her poems, says at a literary meeting in St. Petersburg that she admires her poems and shakes hands in farewell. Contemporaries note that it was a meeting of two great poets, two universes, one of which was immeasurable, and the other harmonious.
- The dramatic work "Theseus", full of longing for unfulfilled hopes (1926).
- Poems "Mayakovsky", "From the Sea", "New Year" (from 1928 to 1930).
- Prose works: the sad "House at Old Pimen", the delightful "Mother and Music", the restrained "My Evening" (from 1934 to 1938).
The personal life of the poetess
The personal life of Marina Tsvetaeva, according to the memoirs of her sister, was bright and full of events, and all the creative bohemians talked about her novels. In short, the poetess was a very windy person, but the marriage concluded in 1912 with Sergei Efron became a real union for her for life.
However, the happy marriage did not last long, soon the marriage was on the verge of collapse, and the reason for this was Sofia Parnok, a young but very talented translator and writer. Marina's stormy romance that broke out lasted two years, this story made her husband very worried, but Efron was able to forgive and accept her. Tsvetaeva, on the other hand, spoke of this period of her life as a disaster, spoke of the oddities and vicissitudes of love for men and women. Later, the poetess will write love poems dedicated to Parnok, which will fill her books with special romanticism.
Returning to her husband, Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva in 1917 gave birth to a second daughter, whom she named Irina. This period was perhaps the most difficult, Efron is an ardent opponent of the Reds and joins the White army, leaving his wife with two daughters in her arms.
At the end of the spring of 1922, she, along with her little daughter, moved to her husband, who at that moment was studying at the University of Prague. Tsvetaeva spoke of this period of her life as throwing “between the coffin and the cradle”, their family life with Efron was full of need and hopelessness. The husband accidentally learns about her affair with Konstantin Rodzevich, and this makes him suffer from jealousy, but the wife soon breaks off relations with her lover. A couple of years later, the son of Marina Tsvetaeva is born, who gives her hope for happiness.
A year later, the family moves to Paris, and the financial situation deteriorates to the limit. Tsvetaeva earns mere pennies by writing, and the eldest daughter is exhausted by embroidering hats. Efron became seriously ill and could not work, all this puts oppressive pressure on Tsvetaeva, she stops paying attention to herself and is aging dramatically. Out of desperation, the family decides to return to their homeland, hoping for a loyal attitude of the new government.
Motherland. Death
After the death of her husband, love in the soul of the poetess dies, taking with it everything that made her happy. A few months after the start of the war, Tsvetaeva and her son were sent to the rear, she barely had time to say goodbye to her only friend Pasternak, it was he who would bring her a rope for bandaging things, which would play a fatal role in the future. Jokingly, Boris tells Marina: "This rope is so strong, you can even hang yourself."
Marina went to the rear with her son on a steamer sailing along the Kama River. The state of the poetess was terrible, she lost the meaning of life, even her son did not warm her heart. After spending some time in the evacuation in Yelabuga, the poetess hanged herself on the same rope that Boris Pasternak brought. Her friends and fans wondered: why did Tsvetaeva do this, what were the reasons for the suicide? The answer was hidden in her suicide notes to her son and friends, because Tsvetaeva hinted between the lines that she could no longer live without her beloved people and poems.
The children of Marina Tsvetaeva left no descendants. The son died in battle and was buried in the cemetery of the city of Braslav in Belarus. Her eldest daughter lived quite a long time and died at an advanced age childless. Unfortunately, recognition came to Tsvetaeva only after her tragic death. Author: Natalia Ivanova
Name: Marina Tsvetaeva
Age: 48 years old
Place of Birth: Moscow
A place of death: Yelabuga, Tatar ASSR
Activity: poetess, prose writer, translator
Family status: was married
Marina Tsvetaeva - biography
A woman of average height, but of the highest poetic talent, Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is known to every educated person. Many people know her poems without even having the idea that they belong to the poet's pen.
What was childhood, the family of Marina Tsvetaeva
Marina was born on a holiday celebrated by the Orthodox Church in honor of John the Theologian. Isn't it significant? A girl born on such a day should have a bright creative biography associated with literature. A native Muscovite, she was born into an intelligent, professorial family. Father was a professor at the University of Moscow, a philologist and art critic. Marina's mother was his second wife, she was a professional piano player. There were many children in the Tsvetaeva family: four. Parents are creative people, they raised their children the same way.
Mom taught music, and my father brought up a true love for other languages and literature. Due to the fact that my mother often took Marina with her abroad, she knew how to speak French and German well. From the age of six, Tsvetaeva began to write her poems not only in Russian. In order for the girl to be educated, she is first sent to a private women's gymnasium in Moscow, and then sent to Switzerland and Germany to study in women's boarding schools. From the age of 16, he began studying at the Sorbonne, studying the literature of old France, but he failed to complete this study.
Literary biography of Marina Tsvetaeva
Poems directly connected Marina with famous literary figures, she visits circles and studios of the Musaget publishing house. The years of the Civil War greatly influenced the state of mind of the future famous poetess and the entire poetic biography. It was very difficult for her to have a moral understanding of the division of Russia into reds and whites, and she decides to leave for the Czech Republic.
Marina Tsvetaeva lived in Prague, and in Berlin, and in Paris, but Russia always beckoned her and called her back. Poetry collections came out one after another, each of them revealed new stages in the work of the poetess. Poems written during the period of school years were included in the very first collection.
Famous literary figures such as Maximilian Voloshin and Valery Bryusov. Tsvetaeva published her first books at her own expense. The pre-revolutionary period of her creative biography is marked by the fact that Marina Tsvetaeva writes a lot of poems, which she dedicates to her close and dear people, familiar places where she used to go.
Wherever the poetess was, she constantly wrote her unique works, and foreign lovers of poetry appreciated her creations. Thanks to the work of Marina Tsvetaeva, foreign readers learned about the poets of Russia.
Marina Tsvetaeva - biography of personal life
Marina Tsvetaeva's husband, Sergei Efron, took care of his future wife for six months, he immediately liked her, but only six months later, they got married. An addition soon appeared in their family, a daughter, Ariadna, was born. The creative passionate nature of the poetess did not allow her to remain a boring and constant woman in love. She fell in love with herself and fell in love with herself.
Many romantic relationships lasted for years, as with Boris Pasternak, for example. Before leaving Russia, the poetess became very close to Sophia Parnok, who also composed poetry and was a translator. Marina literally fell in love with her friend, dedicated many passionate creations of her soul to her. Soon the ladies stopped hiding their relationship, Efron is jealous, Marina Tsvetaeva does not like these scenes of jealousy, she goes to her lover, but soon returns to her husband. Their second daughter, Irina, is born in their family.
The troubles of the fate of the poetess
The streak of troubles that followed in the period after the birth of her daughter is called "black", there is no other way to call it. A revolution broke out in Russia, the husband emigrates, the family is in need, starving. The disease overtakes Ariadne so that the girls do not need anything, the mother assigns them to an orphanage. The eldest daughter recovered from her illness, but Irina, having lived only three years, dies after an illness.
After moving to Prague, Marina Tsvetaeva again joins her fate with her husband and gives birth to his son, who was destined to go to the front and die in 1944. The poetess has no grandchildren, we can say that her family did not continue.
The last years of life and death of Marina Tsvetaeva
Abroad, the Tsvetaev family begged, although the eldest daughter and Marina herself tried to earn money. They send a petition asking them to return to the Soviet Union. In different ways, the family moves to their homeland, but the streak of troubles does not end: Ariadne is arrested, then Sergei Efron. Fifteen years later, Tsvetaeva's daughter was released from prison, and the poet's husband was shot.
Tsvetaeva, during the war with the Nazis, took her son and was evacuated to Yelabuga. There are many versions about Marina's life with her son in this small town. But none of these options has been documented. The result is very sad: the poetess commits suicide, she hanged herself in the house where she was assigned to housing after her arrival. Tsvetaeva is dead, but her work lives on.
Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna (1892-1941) - Russian poetess, representative of the poetry of the Silver Age, prose writer, literary critic, translator.
Childhood
Her father Ivan Vladimirovich was a scientist, he was a professor at Moscow University, he studied ancient art, epigraphy and history. In 1911, Tsvetaev created the Museum of Fine Arts, and at first he worked as a director there. With the mother of Marina, Ivan Vladimirovich entered into a second marriage in his life, in the first he was happy, but after the birth of two children, his wife died at a young age.
Left with the kids in his arms, the man married a second time. Marina Tsvetaeva recalled her father as a man of incredible kindness, but constantly busy with some business.
Tsvetaeva's mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Mein, had Polish-German roots, played the piano excellently, Nikolai Rubinstein taught her this, and, naturally, she really wanted her daughter to also connect her life with music. But when Marina was only four years old, her mother had already written in her diary: “My little Musya runs around me and makes rhymes out of words. Perhaps she will become a poet? And so it happened, despite the fact that Maria Alexandrovna instilled in her daughter a love of music from an early age.
Marina Tsvetaeva had a real noble childhood. Christmas was always accompanied by a Christmas tree, gifts and a masquerade. On weekends, the family went to the theater, and for the summer they moved to the country. Her mother knew foreign languages well, so Marina spoke German and French by the age of six. And of the literary works, the girl most of all loved A. S. Pushkin (“Gypsies” and “Eugene Onegin”).
Studies
At first, Marina studied at home, her mother studied with her, and the girl also attended a music school. Then she entered the private Moscow Bryukhonenko Women's Gymnasium. Soon my mother fell ill with consumption, and the family traveled all over Europe in search of treatment. Therefore, training at the Tsvetaeva gymnasium had to be alternated with German, Italian and Swiss boarding schools.
Mom died in 1906. Ivan Vladimirovich was again left alone with the children, now with four: Marina and her own sister Anastasia, and children from their first marriage Andrei and Valeria. No matter how hard it was for him, the man made every effort to ensure that the children received a decent education. They studied art and classical literature (domestic and foreign), Marina in 1909 in Paris was a student of the Sorbonne course of lectures on the topic "Old French literature".
But due to the fact that the father was too busy in the service, he could not devote enough time to the children. So the girls grew independent beyond their years. They quite early began to show interest in the state political situation, as well as to start relationships with the opposite sex.
The beginning of literary activity
The first collection of poems by Marina Tsvetaeva was called "Evening Album" and was published in 1910, it included works composed back in her school years. The girl spent her own savings on the publishing house of the book. Her works attracted the attention of such poets as Maximilian Voloshin, Nikolai Gumilyov and Valery Bryusov. In the same year, Tsvetaeva began her career as a literary critic, writing the essay "Magic in Bryusov's Poems."
Marina became a regular member of literary circles, in 1912 she published her second collection of poetry, The Magic Lantern, and in 1913, her third, titled From Two Books.
Unfortunately, Tsvetaeva's work was fully recognized after her death, so the published collections did not bring much income. Marina's knowledge of foreign languages came in handy, she worked as a translator.
In 1916, Marina spent the summer with her sister Anastasia in Alexandrov, where she wrote a cycle of poems - Poems about Moscow, To Akhmatova.
During the years of the revolution and the Civil War, Tsvetaeva lived in Moscow. She worked hard, poems, poems and plays came out from under her pen one after another:
- "Egorushka";
- "Swan camp";
- "On a red horse";
- "King Maiden".
Then in the life of the poetess there was emigration. Living in the Czech Republic, she wrote her famous works "The Poem of the End" and "The Poem of the Mountain".
After moving to Paris, Marina published in the magazine "Versty", where her works were published:
| Release year | Name |
| 1926 | Drama "Theseus" |
| 1927 | Poem "From the Sea" |
| 1928 | "New Year's" |
| 1928 | "After Russia" |
| 1930 | "Mayakovsky" |
| 1933 | "Living about the living" |
| 1934 | "House at the Old Pimen" (prose) |
| 1934 | "The Captive Spirit" (prose) |
| 1935 | "Mother and Music" (prose) |
| 1936 | "Unearthly Evening" (prose) |
| 1937 | "My Pushkin" (prose) |
| 1938 | "The Tale of Sonechka" (prose) |
Personal life
Marina was a very amorous woman, there were many stormy novels in her life, but there was only one true love.
In 1911, Tsvetaeva visited Maximilian Voloshin in Koktebel, where she met the writer and publicist Sergei Efron. He was a wonderful, cheerful and cheerful person, in any company he became, as they say, her soul. But this year he came to the Crimea to improve his health after suffering from consumption, and also to recover from the shock caused by his mother's suicide. At the very beginning of 1912, Marina became his wife, and exactly nine months later, in September, she gave birth to a daughter, Ariadne.
The first years of marriage were happy. Sergei gave Tsvetaeva a sense of earthly human joys, because before meeting him she was constantly in some kind of her little world, full of illusions and her own fantasies.
In 1914, the marriage was on the verge of collapse, and the reason for this was Tsvetaeva's acquaintance with the translator and poetess Sofia Parnok. For two years, there was a romantic relationship between them, which Marina later called "the first disaster in her life." In 1916, she returned to her husband, and dedicated the cycle of poems "Girlfriend" to Sophia. Sergei experienced such a betrayal of his wife very painfully, but found the strength to forgive her.
In 1917, the couple had a second daughter, Irina. But it was far from the smoothest period of their life together. The revolution passed, Sergei became its opponent and joined the white movement. Marina was left alone with two small daughters and with the household. She was practically unprepared for this. She was forced to sell things, hunger forced her to send the girls to a shelter near Moscow in Kuntsevo. The youngest died there at the age of three, and Alya Tsvetaeva took the elder.
In the spring of 1922, Marina and her daughter went abroad. For some time they lived in Berlin, then moved to Prague, where at that time her husband Sergei, an officer of the White Guard, who survived the defeat of Denikin, lived. He studied at the University of Prague. However, the family soon moved to a remote village, where life was a little cheaper, because they barely managed to make ends meet. Laundry, cleaning, searching for cheap products - Marina described this period of her life as "between the cradle and the coffin."
Her next stormy romance with Konstantin Rodzevich also took place here. The husband guessed everything from Marina's behavior, she became irritable, could break out on him or lock herself up for several days and not talk. But when the time came for a choice, Tsvetaeva again stayed with her husband.
In 1925, their son George was born, she long and very much wanted to give birth to a boy, so the birth of a baby made Marina incredibly happy. Although this euphoria did not last long. The family moved to Paris, where Tsvetaeva felt poverty even more. Friends noted that during this period she somehow drastically and greatly aged, completely stopped looking after herself. The income from her writing was meager, and the adult daughter Ariadne, who embroidered hats, earned little, her husband was sick and did not work. Friends sometimes helped the family financially.
Homecoming
In 1937, daughter Ariadna left for Moscow, then her husband Sergei, two years later Marina Tsvetaeva also returned to the USSR.
In 1939, Alya's daughter was arrested in the summer, and Sergei Efron in the fall. This practically ended the work of the poetess, she could no longer compose, her whole life now consisted of one concern: to collect and transfer parcels to prison to her daughter and husband. Marina Tsvetaeva's husband was shot in 1941, and her daughter spent 15 years in exile and imprisonment, only in 1955 she was rehabilitated.
When the war began, Tsvetaeva went to the evacuation with her son. Before leaving, Boris Pasternak came to her, they said goodbye, and the man helped to pack. He brought a rope to tie up the suitcase and joked: “Strong, will withstand everything, even hang yourself”. They sailed on a steamboat along the Kama River, stopped in the city of Yelabuga.
Here, on August 31, 1941, in the house where she and her son were assigned to stay, on a rope brought by Pasternak, Marina was found hanged. This step was not sudden, rather, it was carefully thought out, since the woman, driven to despair, wrote three suicide notes: to her beloved son, Aseev's friends and those who would bury her.
According to Orthodox canons, suicides are not buried, this is possible only with the special permission of the ruling bishop. In 1990, Patriarch Alexy II received an appeal from a group of Orthodox Christians, including Marina's sister Anastasia, asking for permission to sing Tsvetaev's funeral. He blessed this request. On August 31, 1991, on the day when exactly half a century had passed since the death of the poetess, she was buried in the Church of the Ascension of the Lord at the Nikitsky Gate.
Tsvetaeva's son Georgy died at the front in 1944, was buried in a mass grave in the city of Braslav (this is the Vitebsk region of the Republic of Belarus).
Daughter Ariadne died in 1975.
Neither Georgy nor Ariadna had children of their own, in connection with this there are no direct descendants of the great poetess Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna ...
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (September 26 (October 8), 1892, Moscow, Russian Empire - August 31, 1941, Yelabuga, USSR) - Russian poet, prose writer, translator, one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century.
Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow. Her father, Ivan Vladimirovich, is a professor at Moscow University, a well-known philologist and art critic; later became the director of the Rumyantsev Museum and the founder of the Museum of Fine Arts. Mother, Maria Mein (by origin - from a Russified Polish-German family), was a pianist, a student of Anton Rubinstein. The maternal grandmother of M. I. Tsvetaeva is the Polish Maria Lukinichna Bernatskaya.
Marina began writing poetry - not only in Russian, but also in French and German - at the age of six. A huge influence on Marina, on the formation of her character was exerted by her mother. She dreamed of seeing her daughter as a musician.
Anastasia (left) and Marina Tsvetaeva. Yalta, 1905.
After the death of her mother from consumption in 1906, Marina and her sister Anastasia remained in the care of their father. Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and Tarusa. Due to her mother's illness, she lived for a long time in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. Received primary education in Moscow; continued it in the pensions of Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany). At the age of sixteen she made a trip to Paris to listen to a short course of lectures on old French literature at the Sorbonne.
In 1910, Marina published her first collection of poems, The Evening Album, with her own money. Tsvetaeva's early work was significantly influenced by Nikolai Nekrasov, Valery Bryusov and Maximilian Voloshin (the poetess stayed at Voloshin's house in Koktebel in 1911, 1913, 1915 and 1917).
In 1911, Tsvetaeva met her future husband Sergei Efron; in January 1912 - married him. In the same year, Marina and Sergey had a daughter, Ariadna (Alya).
Sergei Efron and Marina Tsvetaeva. Moscow, 1911
In 1914, Marina met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok; their relationship continued until 1916. Tsvetaeva dedicated the cycle of poems "Girlfriend" to Parnok. Tsvetaeva and Parnok separated in 1916;
Marina returned to her husband Sergei Efron. Relations with Parnok Tsvetaeva described as "the first disaster in my life." In 1921, Tsvetaeva, summing up, writes: “To love only women (for a woman) or only men (for a man), obviously excluding the usual opposite - what a horror! But only women (for a man) or only men (for a woman), obviously excluding an unusual native - what a boredom!" Tsvetaeva reacted dispassionately to the news of the death of Sofia Parnok: “So what if she died? You don't have to die to die." In 1917, Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died in an orphanage at the age of 3.
In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and her daughter Ariadna were allowed to go abroad - to her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin, as a white officer, now became a student at Prague University. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. The famous "Poem of the Mountain" and "Poem of the End" were written in the Czech Republic.
Far left - Marina Tsvetaeva. Behind stands on the left - Sergei Efron. Right: Konstantin Rodzevich. Prague, 1923.
On February 1, 1925, Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron have a son, Mur, whose full name is Georgy. A few months later, in the autumn of that year, the family moved to Paris ... In Paris, Tsvetaeva was strongly influenced by the atmosphere that had developed around her due to her husband's activities. Efron was accused of being recruited by the NKVD and participating in a conspiracy against Lev Sedov, Trotsky's son.
Since the 1930s Tsvetaeva and her family lived practically in poverty. No one can imagine the poverty in which we live. My only income is from what I write. My husband is sick and cannot work. My daughter earns a penny sewing hats. I have a son, he is eight years old. The four of us live on this money. In other words, we are slowly dying of hunger. (From the memoirs of Marina Tsvetaeva)
On March 15, 1937, Ariadne left for Moscow, the first of the family to have the opportunity to return to her homeland. On October 10 of the same year, Efron fled France, becoming involved in a contract political assassination.
In 1939, Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR after her husband and daughter. Upon arrival, she lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Museum-apartment of M. I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo), the neighbors were the Klepinins. On August 27, Ariadne's daughter was arrested, on October 10, Efron. In 1941 Sergei Yakovlevich was shot; Ariadne, after fifteen years of repression, was rehabilitated in 1955. During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations.
The war found Tsvetaeva translating Federico Garcia Lorca. The work was interrupted. On August 8, Tsvetaeva and her son left on a steamer for evacuation; On the eighteenth, she arrived with several writers in the town of Yelabuga on the Kama. In Chistopol, where the evacuated writers were mostly located, Tsvetaeva received permission for a residence permit and left a statement: “To the council of the Literary Fund. I ask you to take me to work as a dishwasher in the opening canteen of the Litfond. August 26, 1941". On August 28, she returned to Yelabuga with the intention of moving to Chistopol.
On August 31, 1941, she committed suicide (hung herself), leaving three notes: to those who will bury her, Aseev and her son: "Purrlyga! Forgive me, but it would be worse further. I am seriously ill, this is not me. I love you madly "Understand that I could no longer live. Tell dad and Alya - if you see - that you loved them until the last minute and explain that you got into a dead end."
Marina Tsvetaeva was buried at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Yelabuga. The exact location of her grave is unknown. On the other side of the cemetery where her lost grave is located, in 1960 the sister of the poetess, Anastasia Tsvetaeva, erected a cross,
And in 1970 a granite tombstone was built.
In emigration, she wrote in the story “Khlystovki”: “I would like to lie in the Tarusa Khlystovsky cemetery, under an elder bush, in one of those graves with a silver dove, where the reddest and largest strawberries grow in our area. But if this is unrealizable, if not only can I not lie there, but that cemetery no longer exists, I would like that on one of those hills by which the Kirillovnas went to us in Pesochnoye, and we to them in Tarusa, put, from the Tarusa quarry, a stone: “Here Marina Tsvetaeva would like to lie down." She also said: "Here, in France, and my shadow will not remain. Tarusa, Koktebel, and Czech villages - these are the places of my soul."
On the high bank of the Oka, in her beloved city of Tarusa, according to the will of Tsvetaeva, a stone (Tarusa dolomite) was installed with the inscription "Marina Tsvetaeva would like to lie here." For the first time, the stone was placed by the efforts of Semyon Ostrovsky in 1962, but then the monument was removed "in order to avoid it", and later restored in calmer times.
In 1990, Patriarch Alexy II gave his blessing for the funeral of Tsvetaeva (the funeral took place on the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Marina Tsvetaeva in the Moscow Church of the Ascension at the Nikitsky Gates), while the funeral of suicides in the Russian Orthodox Church is prohibited.
The basis for this was the petition of Anastasia Tsvetaeva, and with her - a group of people, including deacon Andrei Kuraev, to the patriarch.
I know I'll die at dawn! On which of the two
Together with which of the two - do not decide by order!
Ah, if it were possible that my torch be extinguished twice!
So that at the evening dawn and at the morning immediately!
With a dancing step she walked along the earth! - Heaven's daughter!
With a full apron of roses! - Do not break a sprout!
I know, I will die at dawn! - Hawk night
God will not send for my swan soul!
Gently taking away the unkissed cross with a gentle hand,
I will rush to the generous sky for the last greetings.
Cut through the dawn - and a reciprocal smile cut through ...
- I will remain a poet even in my dying hiccups!
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is an outstanding Russian poetess, also famous outside her native country. The girl accomplished her first feats in the literary field at the age of six, writing her debut verse.
Years of life: from 1892 to 1941. The poetess was born on September 26 or October 9 according to the old style in Moscow in a family of intellectuals: Father Ivan Vladimirovich taught at Moscow University and headed the department of history and art theory there. In addition, he was an employee of the Rumyantsev and Moscow Public Museums. Marina's mother Maria Alexandrovna, nee Maine, died quite early, the girl at that time was barely 14 years old. Marina has the warmest memories of her mother, she has repeatedly emphasized that their relationship has always had a close spiritual character.
After the death of her mother, the family, consisting of two more sisters and a brother, remained in the care of her father. In this environment, Marina felt lonely, she was a reserved and secretive girl. Her faithful companions at that time were books. I must say that the romantic nature of the girl gravitated towards literature with special zeal. In 1903, Marina attended a course of lectures at the Lausanne boarding school in Switzerland, and later studied at a German boarding school and learned the basics of old French literature at the Sorbonne.
Tsvetaeva's own works first saw the light in 1910, when her first collection of poems, Evening Album, was published. However, at that time, the girl did not set herself the goal of becoming a great poetess: poetry was an outlet for her and one of the ways of self-expression. And two years later, the next collection "Magic Lantern" was released.
1913 was the year of the birth of two books at once, which fully reflected the author's creative growth and her great spiritual maturity as a person. Until now, Tsvetaeva did not consider herself a member of literary circles and practically did not communicate with her colleagues in the writing profession. The only exception was her close friend Voloshin, the girl dedicated the essay “Living about Living” to him. In his company in the summer of 1911 in Koktebel, Marina met Sergei Efron. Feelings flared up in the girl’s soul, she literally bowed before the ideal image of a new acquaintance, who embodied the romantic knightly nature. She dedicated heartfelt lines to him and said that she was finally able to know the happiness of mutual love in life, and not on the pages of novels. In early 1912, the couple got married, and on September 5, the daughter of Marina and Sergei, Ariadne, was born.
In the process of growing up Tsvetaeva and becoming her mother and wife, the style of her poetry also grows. She masters new poetic meters and techniques of expressiveness. The “Girlfriend” cycle traces a more mature style of writing, sublime pathos is replaced by everyday everyday details and an abundance of neologisms and vernacular. The lyrics of Tsvetaeva begin to pierce some kind of tragedy and the realities of a terrible and not always fair modern life. In 1915, Marina's husband dropped out of school due to the outbreak of the First World War and went to serve on a military train as a brother of mercy. Tsvetaeva sensitively responds to the unhappy events taking place in her life with a cycle of poems, where she expresses her hatred and contempt for the war and the Motherland, forced to conduct military operations against Germany, so dear to her since childhood.
Then the civil war separated Marina and two little daughters from the father of the family, who sided with the Provisional Government. During 1917-1920, while staying in hungry Moscow, she wrote poems glorifying the feat of the White Army, which she later combined into the collection Swan Camp. The book was destined to see the light only after Marina's death in 1957 in the West. Unable to feed her daughters, Tsvetaeva puts them in an orphanage, soon in 1920 the younger Irina dies. Her mother dedicates the verse "Two hands, lightly lowered" and the cycle "Parting" to her. In 1922, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna leave the “new” country she hated for Germany, where she publishes the collection “Craft”. Then for 4 years, together with her husband, she remained in the suburbs of Prague. There, in 1925, the family had a son, George. The following years were marked by new achievements in the literary field, another rethinking of his work and new works published on the pages of foreign publications.
The year 1930 was marked by a creative crisis, reinforced by a general rejection of the pro-Soviet views of her husband, who was fussing about returning to his homeland. In 1937, Efron, due to his involvement in the dirty murder of a former Soviet special agent, was forced to leave for hiding in the USSR. Following him, Ariadne also leaves her mother. In 1939, Tsvetaeva was also forced to leave the country with her son and sail to the shores of her distant homeland.
Tsvetaeva's husband and daughter were arrested for political convictions, and later Efron was shot. Being a relative of the "enemies of the people", the poetess wandered without permanent housing and livelihood. With the outbreak of war in 1941, Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated to Yelabuga, where she could not get a job. Accused by her son of their difficult financial situation, the poetess passed away on August 31, 1941.
