Under the constitution it is customary to understand the totality of anatomical, morphological, functional, psychological features of the human body, its behavioral reactions, which, determined by heredity (genotype) and the intense influence of the external environment, remain relatively stable and stable over a long period of time (days, weeks, years) . These properties of an organism also determine the state of its reactivity* and stability, i.e. the ability to respond to the impact of the environment with changes in one's life activity, adaptive reactions. The doctrine of the constitution has a significant historical antiquity. Hippocrates, who is considered the founder of the doctrine of the constitution, distinguished several types of human constitution: good and bad, dry and wet, strong and weak, elastic and sluggish. He also divided people according to the nature of temperament into sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic. The principles of division into constitutional types proposed by him have not lost their significance to this day. Later, Galen *, paying more attention to external signs that characterize the structure of the human body, its appearance and predisposition to disease, introduced the concept of "habitus" (habitus). Early 20th century brought considerable diversity to the concept of the constitution, although physique features still remain the defining criterion for various classifications. A number of researchers (Yu. Tandler) considered genetic factors to be the main ones for determining one or another constitutional type, while others (K. Seago) believed that the constitution is formed mainly in the process of extrauterine development, especially in childhood, under the influence of environmental factors as a result of unequal training from different people. K. Seago identified 4 body types: 1) respiratory (respiratory); 2) digestive (digestive); 3) cerebral (cerebral); 4) muscular.
In some classifications, the leading importance was given to the functional characteristics of the organism. Thus, Eppinger and Hess proposed to divide all people into vagotonics and sympathotonics, opposing two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, and Pende divided people into constitutional types according to the predominance of the function of one or another endocrine gland.
But the most significant influence on the development of the doctrine of the constitution was exerted by E. Kretschmer, who proposed to distinguish three main constitutional types that corresponded to body types according to Seago: asthenic (leptosomal), corresponding to the respiratory type according to Seago; picnic, similar to digestive; athletic, corresponding to the muscular type. Other attempts have been made to isolate the features that determine the human constitution.
Domestic scientists have made a significant contribution to the doctrine of the constitution. S.G. Zybelin described four types of human physique, which corresponded to the types of characters according to Hippocrates, while emphasizing the importance of the environment in the formation of constitutional types. V.P. Krylov at the end of the 19th century. identified types that were later described by Seago and Kretschmer. A.A. Bogomolets, attaching great importance to the connective tissue for the reactivity and stability of the body, proposed to distinguish constitutional types based on its characteristics. The influence of social factors on the constitution was emphasized in the theory of E.A. Bogdanov. The classification of constitutional types proposed by anthropologists and based on anthropometric features has gained great popularity, especially in our country: the size and shape of the chest, neck, back, abdomen, the magnitude of the epigastric angle, the degree of development of the skeleton, muscle tissue, the nature of fat deposition. On this basis, V.V. Bunak identified the following constitutional types: dolichoplastic, mesoplastic, brachyplastic, subplastic. However, the most used in our country is the classification proposed in 1928 by M.V. Chernorutsky, who described three constitutional types - asthenic, hypersthenic and normosthenic.
Each constitutional type is characterized by certain proportions of individual parts of the body (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1. Characteristics of the proportions of body parts Body Types Relative sizes of body parts in% to body length length width i torso LEGS arms pelvis shoulders Asthenic (dolichomorphic) 29,5 55,0 46,5 16,0 21,5 Normosthenic (mesomorphic) 31,0 53,0 44,5 16,5 23,0 Hypersthenic (brachymorphic) 33,5 51,0 42,5 17,5 24,5

As can be seen from Table. 3.1, the asthenic type (respiratory, dolichomorphic, leptosomal, etc.) is characterized mainly by longitudinal dimensions, their predominance over transverse ones: the face is oblong, the neck is long, the chest is narrow, flat, elongated, prevails over the abdomen; the back is stooped, the shoulders are narrow; epigastric angle acute; the limbs are relatively thin and long; muscles, subcutaneous fat layer are poorly developed; the skin is pale and thin; the bone relief is well contoured (Fig. 3.1, a).
The hypersthenic type (digestive, brachymorphic, pycnic, etc.) is distinguished by its predominant growth in width, the relative predominance of transverse dimensions over longitudinal ones: the bone skeleton is massive, large;
Rice. 3.1. Constitutional types of a person.
a - asthenic; b - normosthenic; c - hypersthenic.
the head is round, the neck is short, the chest is wide and short; the abdomen is rounded, protruding, prevails over the chest, the epigastric angle is obtuse; the limbs are relatively short; muscles are distinguished by a large mass, good tone; the subcutaneous fat layer is overdeveloped, forms folds on the abdomen, back; the bone relief is not visible (Fig. 3.1, c).
The normosthenic type (muscular, mesomorphic, athletic, etc.) occupies a middle position between the extreme asthenic and hypersthenic types, carrying features characteristic of both one and the other type. It is characterized by a good development of the musculoskeletal system, a proportional physique; the chest is cylindrical, convex, has the same size along the entire length; the back is straight; the abdomen is flat with good muscle development, the epigastric angle approaches a straight line; adipose tissue is moderately developed, its deposition is uniform; the bone relief is not contoured, smoothed (Fig. 3.1, b).
The morphological structure of various people, their physiological parameters are so diverse and individual that it is not always possible to clearly attribute an individual to one of the three constitutional types. Therefore, many researchers distinguish intermediate types between these three (for example, the thoracic type - transitional between asthenic and normosthenic) or talk about the uncertainty of the constitutional type with a predominance of one or the other, although the majority distinguish precisely three classical types of constitution, using different names to characterize them and with more or less fully describing the external features. That is why all classifications of constitutional types are of relative importance. In addition, under the influence of environmental factors - the mode and nature of nutrition, sports, mainly physical labor, diseases, etc. - the constitutional type of a person may undergo some changes.
Nevertheless, the doctrine of the constitution, the allocation of constitutional types is of some importance, since not only the external features have features characteristic of a particular type, but also the structure of the internal organs, their relative position, sizes have common features determined by constitutional affiliation. So, in asthenics, the heart is small in size, often has the shape of a hanging drop, located longitudinally, the lungs are relatively large, elongated, the intestines are short, the mesentery is long, the diaphragm is low, ptosis of the internal organs is often observed (the liver and kidneys are lowered), and in hypersthenics the heart is relatively large, located transversely, "lies" on the diaphragm, the lungs are short, the stomach is voluminous, the intestines are long and capacious. Normosthenics in terms of the mutual arrangement of organs, their size occupy an intermediate position between asthenics and hypersthenics.
Describing the constitution of women, it should be noted that in the structure of the female body, the formation of its proportions, the development of subcutaneous adipose tissue is of great importance, and not only and not so much the development of the bone skeleton and muscles. Therefore, in relation to the constitutional types of women, the following terms are sometimes used: hypoplastic, euplastic (average, harmonious), hyperplastic, which correspond to asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic types.
To characterize the constitution of a person as a rational being, in addition to purely morphological, external signs, his psychological, mental features are important. In this regard, the role of the teachings of I.P. Pavlov about the types of higher nervous activity that he established in experiments on animals and which to a certain extent correspond to the types of human temperament according to Hippocrates. On the basis of taking into account the strength, balance and mobility of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition), four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished: 1) strong, balanced, mobile, or lively - sanguine; 2) strong, unbalanced, mobile (unrestrained), or excitable - choleric; 3) strong, balanced, inert, or calm, - phlegmatic; 4) weak, or inhibitory, which is characterized by weakness of both excitation and inhibition - melancholic (Table 3.2). In addition, according to the predominance of the first or second signaling system in humans, two more types are distinguished: artistic and mental.

Table 3.2. Descriptive characteristics of types of higher nervous activity bgcolor=white>Behavior sign Choleric sanguine Phlegmatic person Melancholic Unbalanced, aggressive Well balanced, peaceful Fine equalize shennoe, discreet Very unbalanced, hysterical (outrage and withdrawal from any difficulties) experiences Strong, short-term emotional Superficial, short-term emotional Weak emotional Deep and lasting emotional 1 Mood Unstable with a predominance of vigorous sustainable, cheerfulness noe Steady, without great joys and sorrows Unstable with a predominance of pessimism Speech Loud, harsh, uneven Loud, lively, smooth monotonous, slow Quiet, breathless Patience Weak Moderate Very big Very weak Adaptation Good Excellent slow Difficult Communicator ness high Uniform low Low (closed) Attitude towards criticism excited noe Calm indifference noe Touchy Attitude towards activity Passionate captivating Xia Energetic (businesslike) or chatty Behavior tireless worker Uneven, reactive (as a response to activity OTHER) Attitude towards new positive noe indifferent denier noe Optimistic becomes pessimistic and vice versa Attitude towards danger Combat, risky, without much calculation Calculating, without much risk Cold-blooded, imperturbable Anxious, confused repressed Striving for a goal Strong, with full dedication The pursuit of fast achievement with avoidance of obstacles Achievement of the goal is slow, stubborn Now strong, now weak with obstacle avoidance Assessment of your abilities Significant revaluation Some reappraisal More real More often underestimated Suggestibility and suspiciousness Moderate small Weak Big

The characterization of the constitutional features of a person would be incomplete without mentioning psychosomatic characterologies, psychosomatic constitutions, which are divided into the following morphological types:
1. Asthenic.
2. Psychasthenic.
3. Hysterical.
4. Cyclothymic.
5. Epileptoid.
6. Rigid, or paranoid.
7. Affectively unstable.
8. Schizoid.
9. Anxious and suspicious.
10. Dysplastic.
This classification is widely used by psychiatrists, medical psychologists, social doctors.
Owners of a certain psychosomatic type may belong to one or another constitutional morphological type, they experience critical periods in different ways.
There is a certain connection between the physique of a person and the type of higher nervous activity, between the constitution, the type of higher nervous activity and the tendency to develop various pathological processes and diseases. So, for asthenics, the increased excitability of the nervous system, a high probability of the occurrence of peptic ulcer, colitis, tuberculosis, Addison's disease *, psychoses are characteristic; to a lesser extent, there is a tendency to develop atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The psychological feature of most normosthenics is their self-confidence, energy; they have a great tendency to develop diseases of the upper respiratory tract, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, and neuralgia.
Hypersthenics are usually sociable, practical, quite mobile, but they are more likely to have atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary spasm, a high risk of developing myocardial infarction, which is apparently due to metabolic characteristics, a relative excess of adipose and muscle tissue, hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol in the blood of hypersthenics are about 1.5 times higher than those of asthenics). Despite the fact that hypersthenics have an increased function of the gonads and adrenal glands, people of this type are prone to obesity; they are also more likely to develop diabetes, gallbladder dysfunction*, and gallstones.
Taking into account the constitutional characteristics of a person can help in the diagnosis of various diseases, their treatment and prevention, as well as in nursing activities when choosing tactics to solve potential problems and meet human needs.

What doshas? The doshas are the forces of material nature. They are created from five primary elements: ether, air, fire, water and earth.

Sometimes, they are scientifically called - archetypes or the fundamental building blocks of the human body.

Doshas form the human body, mind, emotions and actively influence it.

Doshas must be balanced Otherwise, various diseases arise. It is the imbalance of the doshas that Ayurveda calls the cause of various diseases. ()

cotton wool

(Air in the Air)

Vata governs all movement in the mind and body. It controls the flow of blood, the elimination of waste products, respiration and the movement of thoughts throughout the mind. In general, Vata governs metabolism and is responsible for metabolism.

Therefore, both Pitta and Kapha cannot move without Vata. Vata is considered the leader of the three Ayurvedic principles in the body. Therefore, it is very important to keep Vata in good balance.

Too much vata causes:

• Increasing the size of organs
• Stitching, cutting and pressing pains,
• Loss of sensation
• Weakness, pollution of the body, thirst, trembling, dry skin.
• Cavity, dryness, pulsation, curvature, ossification,
• Astringent taste in the mouth, blue or pale skin.

Perhaps this is your problem?

1. Do you have dry, rough, thin skin?
2. Are you underweight?
3. Are your thoughts constantly racing?
4. Are you worried all the time?
5. Are you constantly overwhelmed by fears of varying degrees of intensity?
6. Do you have constipation?
7. Are you suffering from insomnia?
8. Do women suffer from vaginal dryness?
9. Are you often distracted and forgetful?
10. Discomfort and crunch in the joints?
11. Do you get tired quickly?

Vata dosha and you need to balance Vata.

PITTA

(Fire in Water)

Pitta governs all heat, the transformation of matter and its transformation into energy and mind. It is responsible for the digestion of food, for your sensory perceptions, for the ability to distinguish between right and wrong. Pitta is also responsible for all the "fires of the body" - for the activity of the endocrine glands, the "luminosity" of the skin, a bright appearance, charisma, vision.

An excess of Pitta causes:

Perhaps this is your problem?

1. Do you tend to be demanding or critical?
2. Are you often frustrated, angry or aggressive?
3. Is your skin ruddy and prone to breakouts?
4. Are you often irritable or impatient?
5. Is your hair prematurely graying, thinning and falling out?
6. Do you wake up in the middle of the night and then have difficulty falling asleep?
7. Do you feel uncomfortable in hot weather?
8. Are you a perfectionist?
9. Do you have outbursts of anger?
10. Are you acidic?

If you answered yes to most of these questions, your type Pitta dosha and you need to balance Pitta.

KAPHA

(Earth in Water)

Kapha regulates the entire structure and lubrication of the mind and body. It controls weight, height, lubrication of the joints and lungs, and the formation of all seven tissues - nutrient fluids, blood, fat, muscle, bone, bone marrow, and reproductive tissues.

Too much Kapha causes:

• Heaviness in the body, scabies (irritation),
• Coldness (skin or limbs),
• Pollution and overgrowth of channels, impaired mobility,
• Excessive sweating, decreased digestive activity,
• Increased sleep duration, pallor of the skin,
• Salty or sweet taste in the mouth, slowing down activity.

Perhaps this is your problem?

1. Are you prone to overweight?
2. Are you often slow and lethargic?
3. Are you having problems with your lungs?
4. Do you sleep for a long time, but wake up unrested?
5. Is your skin and hair oily?
6. Do you feel discomfort in cold, damp weather?
7. Are you lazy?
8. Do you have bloating, water retention in the body?
9. Feeling of heaviness and sluggishness, especially in the morning?
10. Do you have constipation?

If you answered yes to most of these questions, your type Kapha dosha and you need to balance Kapha.

Vata Pitta

(Mixed type Vata+Pitta)

This type is a mixture of both Vata and Pitta doshas (Vata-Pitta or Pitta-Vata). They are often referred to as dual types as they reflect the combination of both doshas. As a rule, with a dual type, the doshas are represented equally. However, one of the types can dominate either the body or the psyche. It can affect a person so much that you may look like one type but act like a different type. Although, this is not required.

Physically, these types are in the interval between Vata and Pitta types. In any case, people of this type will be thin rather than full, and the psycho-emotional features will reflect the nervousness of Vata or the hot, dynamic qualities of the Pitta type. Since nature is infinite in its combinations, any combination of these two principles is possible. The physical structure will reflect the dual type to a lesser extent than your metabolism. This dual type will have strong digestion, but will be troubled from time to time by gas, indigestion, or diarrhea. People of this type tend to be healthier than the pure Vata type. However, they are not so resistant to diseases, and it is the Pitta-type that can - with an imbalance of doshas, ​​fall victim to the problems of both Vata and Pitta.

This mixture of doshas can show the best sides of the two types. A person of this type can become a good athlete in such disciplines as athletics, skiing, racing of any kind, or swimming. They love to move and participate in different activities. They are more socialized than the pure Pitt type. In addition, they are easier to move than pure Pitta and are more practical and durable than pure Vata.

On the one hand, the Vata person is the most innovative and creative. The Pitta person is the most practical and dynamic, and this type is highly valued in our modern society. If a person with a dual dosha Vata-Pitta (Pitta-Vata) is in a state of Sattva ("goodness"), then he can achieve many goals that are creative and innovative. These people freely communicate well and are full of energy. They have the opportunity to bring their ideas and dreams to life in concrete forms and can be leaders in business and politics. It is also a great blend for learning in general and the pursuit of knowledge. The qualities of Pitta help Vata get things done and help Vata to focus on one subject so that he can fully immerse himself in the process, study it and complete it successfully.

In less advanced people(the state of Rajas (“Passion”) or Tamas (“Ignorance”)), this “explosive” mixture can lead to intellectual indecision, uncertainty and disappointment. They may be "smarter", but they may be haunted by frustration or feelings of irritability. This dual dosha type can also lead to an increase in aggressiveness or irrational violent behavior.

The dual dosha needs to be balanced according to the season. In general, for Vata Pitta, one should follow a soothing Vata regimen during the autumn-spring and winter periods, during the off-season, and especially when the weather is cold and windy. On the other hand, follow a Pitta-pacifying regime during the spring and summer, and especially when the weather is warm.

Vata-kapha

(Mixed type Vata+Kapha)

The Vata-Kapha mix (Kapha-Vata) is an interesting combination of doshas. It can cause a wide variety of qualities in your body and cause various dysfunctions. The physical nature of this type will tend towards Kapha rather than Vata. That is, the person will be stronger and well formed, in contrast to the thin and fragile Vata. A small percentage of Vata type people can be physically dominant, and if so, it means that they have a lot of Kapha in their psyche, mind and pranic body. This is due to the presence of primary elements that form both Kapha and Vata. These are Ether, Air, Water and Earth.

At the level of the physical body this type may get some negative Vata traits such as constipation and colic. Generally speaking, this type has a strong constitution and immune system. Their health, however, can be disturbed by many small diseases. These problems are usually associated with the Vata principle and reflect either migrating pains, nerve problems, or metabolic disorders. The Vata part of the constitution can aggravate the Kapha side quite easily and cause bloating and swelling. The lungs can also suffer, allergies are possible.

The strongest qualities of this dual dosha are:

• intuitive, quick mental attributes of Vata type together
• with stability and retention of the Kapha type.

Kapha gives farsightedness and counteracts the usual myopia of the Vata type. This combination can be used in creative processes, for artistic professions. This type can be very socially oriented. He can work well with people, in caring, they make good parents. They can work in a people-oriented service industry and they are good at communicating and getting along easily.

If the doshas are in ignorance (tamas), they can take on the worst qualities of both doshas. This can be difficult to deal with, since qualitatively the two are opposites. This means that the Vata part loves to move and change, while the Kapha part hates change and movement.

The Vata type loves all kinds of irregularities.- go to bed late, eat at night. And the Kapha type likes regularity - eating and sleeping at the same time every day. Various problems may arise at the physical level, which manifest themselves in a "tangled" metabolism. The slow Kapha part is greatly disturbed by the chaotic behavior of the Vata part. And the spontaneous Vata part is exacerbated by heavy and slow Kapha.

Understanding the two sides is critical to this combination of doshas. Because it is the conflict of doshas and their multidirectional action that leads to disruption of the mind and body.

Correct and constant work with the dual aspect of your constitution will balance the work of the body and even out the metabolism.

If you do not pay attention to the imbalance of the dual dosha, this will lead to the following problems:

• digestive system suffers
• nervous disorder,
• mental problems,
• usually problems with self-esteem,
• and low self-esteem.

On the other hand, this can be one of the most interesting and happy types when both archetypes are well studied and “friendly”.

The dual dosha of Kapha-Vata needs to be balanced, starting with balancing Vata. At the same time, it is necessary to maintain all dietary restrictions prescribed for the Kapha type. In terms of mental attitudes, it is necessary to calm Vata in the form of affirmations and meditations, and on the other hand, to pacify Kapha by increasing mental activity. In general, for Vata Pitta, one should follow a soothing Vata regimen during the autumn-spring and winter periods, during the off-season, and especially when the weather is cold and windy. On the other hand, follow a Kapha-pacifying regime during the winter, and especially when the weather is cold.

• Wake up before sunrise.
• Drink a full glass of warm water to soothe any digestive issues.
• Cleanse face, mouth and nasal passages, jala neti with salted water to remove mucus.
• Before taking a shower or bath, do a little oil massage. Use mustard oil or grape seed oil for massage. If you wish, you can add 3-4 drops of pure essential oil such as bergamot or camphor. Two or three times a week, massage your scalp with warm oil, then leave the oil on your scalp for an hour or two before shampooing.
• After a shower or bath, apply moisturizer all over your body to keep your skin smooth and warm all day long.
• Protect yourself from cold and wind. Stay warm in both hot and cold weather (by wearing multiple layers of clothing). Wear a hat and scarf when you go out to protect your ears and throat.
• Apply lip balm to keep lips dry and irritated.
• Use every opportunity to sunbathe, the warmth of the sun rejuvenates you.
• Go for a walk in nature every day.
• Don't skip meals. Eat a nutritious breakfast and lunch in the middle of the day and a lighter meal in the evening. Eat sitting while eating.
• You need to eat in a calm environment with your full attention to food. Sit quietly for a few minutes after eating. If your appetite is irregular, those who practice these eating habits will become more regular.
• It is important to remove toxins daily so that they do not accumulate in the body. It is necessary to monitor the regularity of cleansing the gastrointestinal tract.
• Go to bed early to increase your vitality. But you also need to wake up early - make sure that you do not sleep too much.
• Be light and emotional! Be open with those you love and who love you.

To more accurately determine your type,

PITTA-KAPHA

(Mixed type of Pitta + Kapha)

The Pitta-Kapha type (Kapha-Pitta) is very good for sports and physically demanding activities. The strong will of Pitta is combined with the powerful body of Kapha, which gives extraordinary power and endurance. Most of our sports heroes are of this type. The quality of Pitta is action and transformation, which is so necessary for the inert but enduring Kapha.

These types are physically strong enough individually, and energetic Pitta prevents heavy Kapha from overflowing. Their metabolism is hotter and stronger than the pure Kapha type. And he's not as hot as the pure Pitt type. This is a good combination for physical activity.

The problem can be if people become inactive or lead a sedentary lifestyle. This can lead to an aggravation of both parts of the constitution. The Pitta part then overflows with Kapha qualities as they always increase at rest. The less active this part is, the more problems both parts will have.

This type of people constantly need to activate the mind. they need a challenge, or they become unhappy and dissatisfied. However, they are not as "risky" as a pure Pitta, they are more prone to planning. The kapha part fills a person with consciousness and caution.

In combination with Pitta, the person can act when needed - although sometimes without planning. These people prefer to work or be active in their hometown. They can travel, but often to the same place, albeit at a health risk. They are more habit-prone than other mixed types.

People like Pitta-Kapha often occupy responsible positions, up to the top management of companies.

However, there is also a contradiction in the mixed type. While the Kapha type gets along well with people and easily manages them, Pitta is aggressive and seeks power. These qualities, oddly enough, are good for certain purposes. Running a business often requires two qualities together. Otherwise, the leader may not be sufficiently motivated, strong, or will not be able to work effectively with subordinates.

These two doshas Pitta and Kapha tend to work well together.

However, on the physical plane, problems that are characteristic of both doshas can appear:

• heart problems,
• vascular problems,
• pancreatic disease and
• gallbladder.

Diseases are usually caused by malnutrition and bad eating habits (at the wrong time, wrong food, too much, etc.). People of this type have a strong appetite, so it is important that they eat foods that they can fully digest.

They are prone to an unhealthy diet that is replete with fried foods. While a person is young, he can easily digest such food. However, after thirty it can be blown apart like a balloon with a sudden increase in weight.

• It is better to manage the dual dosha depending on the season. In general, a Pitta-pacifying regimen should be followed during late spring and summer, especially during hot weather.
• Follow a Kapha-calming regime during the cold seasons - autumn, winter and early spring. Especially when the weather is cool and humid.
• Don't skip meals, and don't eat unless you're hungry.
• Start your day with boiled fruit and then some porridge. Eat hearty meals for lunch and light meals for dinner. For "snacks" choose sweet and juicy fruits. Ripe mangoes, sweet pears, and sweet grapes are excellent Pitta-calming fruits. Delaying eating can lead to excess acidity, so you need to eat all day, but in small portions.
• Use coconut oil for regular massages. You can add 3-4 drops of a pure essential oil such as lavender or sandalwood.
• Protect yourself from the heat. In warm weather, wear loose-fitting cotton clothing. Wear a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses to protect your eyes when you're out in the sun.
• Drink plenty of water at room temperature. For the Pitta part, water sports are very good. Try swimming or aqua aerobics to stay fit.

Traditionally, these people are the least sick or have health problems. But, if they get sick, then it can be caused by any of the doshas. In general, Vata most often becomes unbalanced and violates other aspects of the constitution.

This interpretation is given by traditional Ayurveda. Vata is the most uneven and unstable in nature.

The Sama dosha person is said to be free from disease and misfortune. He is said to live long and enjoy life. It is also said to be the rarest dosha type.

It must be understood that one type is not better than another. The balance of any of the types can be disturbed due to bad habits, from poor nutrition, even if it is a Tri-dosha type.

As a rule, this type will have the greatest ability to resist diseases and bad habits, provided that they are temporary and not permanent habits.

It is the balance of the three doshas that gives strength and freedom from disease, and not just because one dosha is better or stronger than the other.

To more accurately determine your type,

Doshas are what everything is made of!

According to Ayurveda (“the science of life”), all nature can be represented in the form of five primary elements: earth, water, fire, air, ether. The division into primary elements is one of the ways to classify the world around us. And to one degree or another, these primary elements are present in any material body. Imagine that the whole universe was created from the primary element of fire, and now this fire is also present in the sun, where there is a lot of it. There is already less of it in the fire, and there is already very little of it in the human body.

The primary elements in the human body are not presented in their pure form, but in combination with each other, defining a separate characteristic of your constitution. Ayurveda distinguishes 3 main compounds, which are called doshas(or qualities): cotton wool(air + ether), pitta(fire + water) and kapha(land + water).

Doshas- this is a pair interaction of primary elements, and this is not a mechanical combination, but a complex one. Doshas include the qualities of the primary elements themselves, and create new properties.

Dosha balance means health imbalance leads to disease. Therefore, the doshas must be balanced.

Body proportions and constitutional types.

Body type(habitus) - a set of features of the structure, shape, size and ratio of individual parts of the human body. Constitution(med.) - constitutio; lat. Establishment, organization. A set of relatively stable morphological and functional (incl. mental) human properties, due to heredity, as well as long-term and (or) intense environmental influences, which determines the functional abilities and reactivity of the organism. T.'s classification is based on a morphological basis according to the ratio of the length of the trunk to the total length of the body (dolichomorphic, brachymorphic, mesomorphic) and taking into account functional features (asthenic, hypersthenic and normosthenic body types). Body type gives a general description of the body. It is mainly determined by the structure of the skeleton and the amount of fat and muscle tissue that covers it.

The main coordinates of the physique and methods for assessing the proportions of the body.

1. Narrow-Wide Coordinate according to the predominant linear or latitudinal growth (dolicho-brachymorphy). In humans, the tendency to be more slender or stocky is pronounced from childhood and persists until adulthood. The most objective characterization of this coordinate is achieved by comparing the division of the body along the longitudinal and transverse axes, i.e., its proportions (from the Latin “prorogtio” - ratio). 2. Method of indices (pointers). The most common and easiest way to estimate proportions. This is a definition of the relative length of the lower limbs and the relative width of the shoulders to the total length of the body. There are three main options: dolichomorphic(narrow body, long limbs), mesomorphic(average values ​​of both indices) and brachymorphic(wide body, short legs). It must be taken into account that the signs characterizing constitutional types gradually pass one into another. Often types differ from each other indistinctly. People of dolichomorphic physique are tall, mainly due to longer lower limbs, with a narrow long chest and abdominal cavity, a small angle of the pelvis, a thin neck and a relatively small head with an underdeveloped facial region. In individuals of a brachymorphic physique, growth is low due to short legs with a relatively long torso, a large angle of inclination of the pelvis, the chest is short and wide, the abdominal cavity is voluminous, and the development of the facial section of the head predominates. The mesomorphic physique occupies a middle position between dolichomorphic and brachymorphic.

Scheme of the human constitution according to M.V. Chernorutsky.

Assignment to one type or another is based on the value Pignet index(IP). IP \u003d L - (P + T), where L - body length (cm); P is body weight (kg); T - chest circumference (cm). Then it is necessary to evaluate the result obtained: the index is more than 30 - (hypo) (a) - sthenics (asthenic type, thin physique); index from 10 to 30 - normosthenics (athletic type, normal physique); index less than 10 - hypersthenics (picnic type, obese physique). These three types of constitution are characterized not only by the features of external morphological features, but also by functional properties. Asthenics, in contrast to hypersthenics, are characterized by the predominance of longitudinal dimensions over transverse ones, limbs over the body, chest over the abdomen. Their heart and parenchymal organs are relatively small, the lungs are elongated, the intestines are short, the mesentery is long, and the diaphragm is low. Differences in physiological indicators were also noted: they have lowered blood pressure, accelerated capillary circulation, increased lung capacity, reduced gastric secretion and motility, intestinal absorption capacity, reduced blood hemoglobin, and the number of erythrocytes. Hypofunction of the adrenal glands and sex glands and hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland are noted. The basic metabolism is increased, the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates is accelerated, the processes of dissimilation prevail; reduced blood levels of cholesterol, uric acid, sugar, neutral fat, calcium. By determining the Pignet index, according to tables 1 and 2, you can find out the optimal weight for your patient.

Table 1. Optimal weight for women, taking into account the type of constitution.

Table 2. Optimal weight for men, taking into account the type of constitution.

Types of constitution, taking into account the properties of connective tissue.

A.A. Bogomolets identified four types of constitution.

• asthenic - characterized by the predominance of thin, delicate connective tissue in the body;
• fibrous - with dense fibrous connective tissue;
• pasty - with a predominance of loose connective tissue;
• lipomatous - with abundant development of adipose tissue.

Clinical classification of body types. T.ASTENIC(h. asthenicus; syn. T. leptosomal) - T., characterized by high growth, long limbs, narrow chest, slight fat deposition, oval face shape. The position of the diaphragm is low, the heart is small, the intestines are relatively short and have a reduced absorption capacity. Blood pressure is often lowered, there is a tendency to hyperfunction of the pituitary and thyroid glands, hypofunction of the adrenal glands and gonads is noted, the content of cholesterol and uric acid in the blood is reduced. T. HYPERSTENIC(h. hypersthenicus; syn. T. picnic) - T., characterized by short stature, round head, short limbs and neck, broad chest, protruding belly and a tendency to deposit fat. T. NORMOSTENIC(h. normosthenicus; syn. T. athletic) - T. has indistinct morphological features characteristic of asthenics and hypersthenics. T.ATHLETIC(h. athleticus) - T., characterized by well-developed muscles and skeleton, large width of the shoulder girdle, weak deposition of subcutaneous fat, large facial features with a developed chin. T. DYSPLASTIC(h. dysplasthicus; Greek. The prefix dys-, meaning a disorder, a violation, + plastike formation, education) - T., characterized by disproportionate sizes of individual parts of the body, sometimes features of eunuchoidism (in men) or masculinism (in women). The physique is one of the most subtle phenotypic manifestations of the individual's genotype (according to E. Kretschmer). Fundamentally new is the classification of constitutional types proposed by William H. Sheldon Sheldon W., 1940 B. This classification is based on degree of development of derivatives of germ layers. In accordance with the presence of three germ layers, three types of constitution are distinguished: endo-, meso- and ectomorphic. Diagnosis is based on a visual assessment of descriptive features from photographs and measurements of 17 transverse and longitudinal body dimensions. Sheldon's typology is currently widespread in the United States]. Based on anthropometric studies, constitutional typology correlates with embryogenesis and is a further development of the ideas of E. Kretschmer. Constitutional types, according to W. Sheldon, correspond to those identified by E. Kretschmer: endomorphic - picnic, mesomorphic - athletics, ectomorphic - asthenics. Sheldon, who at first was a psychiatrist and was friends with E. Kretschmer, and only then took up embryology, probably borrowed this classification from the latter in many respects. Typology of Sheldon General PROVISIONS. Sheldon proposed to quantify each of the three components in any given individual. For this purpose, he used a subjective scaling procedure. Ratings were given on a seven-point scale (with supposed equal intervals between numbers), so that 1 represented the absolute minimum of the severity of this component, and 7 the absolute maximum. Thus, the physique of each particular individual turned out to be represented by an assessment consisting of three digits. Such a system for assessing the physique was called somatotyping, and a set of three numbers characterizing the degree of severity of the components of the physique of a given person is called the somatotype of a person. The somatotype of a person is unchanged throughout life. The appearance and size of the body change, but not the somatotype. Various diseases or muscle hypertrophy associated with increased physical activity change the shape of the body, but not the somatotype. In the practice of somatotyping, it is believed that for the final assessment of the somatotype, one should be taken that develops by the age of 20–25 with normal nutrition. The assessment of the skeletal system for adult men is carried out by the size of the girth and ankle. With an average height, a wrist circumference from 15 to 17.5 cm indicates a fragile bone foundation, a wrist from 17.5 to 20 cm indicates a medium one, and more than 20 cm indicates a strong one. Usually the size of the wrist is proportional to the size of the ankle. On average, the circumference of the ankle is almost always 5-6 cm larger, and in some people even more. For example, the wrist is 16.5 cm, and the ankle is 25. It is also possible vice versa: the ankles are almost the same girth as the wrists. Most people belong to mixed types, but with a predominance of one or another component in the constitution of the body. With the help of diet and training, you can change the appearance of the body beyond recognition, but after the abolition of the diet and the cessation of training, it will return to its original appearance. Types of male physique Mesomorph (athletic type, normosthenic, from mesoderm formed muscular the cloth, somatotonic) is distinguished by a rigid and angular appearance, developed muscles, which are naturally (without training) strong and noticeable, and an almost complete absence of fat. The body is strong. The bones are thick, the muscles are voluminous. It has broad strong shoulders, a trapezoidal body with a relatively narrow pelvis. Powerful convex relief of muscles on a strong backbone. Strong arms and legs, large hands and feet, broad shoulders, narrow hips. The legs, in comparison with the upper parts of the body and especially the hypertrophic shoulder girdle, sometimes appear thin. A strong elongated head, a free strong neck with a pronounced trapezius muscle. Face with sharp features, oblong shape. Thick hair on the head, secondary hairiness without features. Characterized by high or medium growth. Differs in love for adventures, propensity to risk, thirst for muscular actions, activity, courage, aggressiveness. Often arrogant, bold and very self-confident. ENDOmorph (picnic type, hypersthenic, from endoderm predominantly formed internal organs, viscerotonic) the body is rounded and soft, with pronounced adipose tissue. It is characterized by small or medium stature, a spreading body with a large belly and a round head on a short neck. It has a short, wide, convex chest, obtuse costal angle. A dense figure, with a soft broad face on a short massive neck. Rounded, soft shapes due to a well-developed fat layer. Soft, relatively short limbs. Broad bones, short limbs, wide hands and feet. Relatively large rounded head, flat contour of the crown, short massive neck. A broad red face with soft features, a slight curve in profile. Strong development of the internal cavities of the body (head, chest, abdomen) and the tendency of the torso to obesity with a delicate structure of the motor apparatus (shoulder girdle and limbs). If the athletic body seems, first of all, wide, then the picnic one seems, first of all, “deep”: if there the emphasis lies on the shoulder girdle and the ends of the limbs, then here it lies in the center of the body, on the barrel-shaped chest expanding downwards and on the rounded abdomen. Picnic reveals a certain tendency towards obesity. The tendency to obesity in picnics is kept within moderate limits and is primarily manifested in a tendency to obesity of the torso - fat is mainly deposited in the abdomen. The skin is soft, but not flabby, like that of asthenics, and not elastic, like that of athletics. Soft hair on the head, a tendency to baldness and secondary hair growth from slightly to strongly pronounced. Differs in love to comfort, sensual aspirations, slackness and slow reactions. Has a soft personality. Responsive and affectionate - he needs to be loved. A little lazy, but thanks to his easy disposition, he is very friendly. ECTOmorph (asthenic type, leptosomatic, cerebrotonic) a lean body and long bones, a fragile physique, little fat and lean muscles, tall stature, grace and fragility of the bodily appearance. It has a flat, long, narrow chest, an acute costal angle, a relatively wide pelvis, a flat chest, a thin, sinewy body with a scant layer of subcutaneous fat. Long thin limbs with long and thin hands and feet. The shoulders are narrow, the lower limbs are long and thin. Relatively small head and long thin neck. Pale narrow ovoid face, sharp thin nose, sometimes angular profile. Hard hair on the head, sometimes in the form of a cap, and weak secondary hair growth. It is characterized by low sociability, inhibition, a tendency to isolation and loneliness, increased reactivity. He is reserved and always tense; he has a huge supply of vitality, but he is easily offended. An ectomorph is a very nervous person. In childhood, these people are weak and tender. Dysplastic- people with a shapeless, irregular structure. Individuals of this type are characterized by various body deformities (for example, excessive growth, disproportionate physique). Types of female physique TypeT. Body features: heavy top relative to the bottom, broad shoulders, wider than the pelvis, “boyish” appearance, a tendency to thinness, broad shoulders, small chest, a tendency to gain weight in the upper body, the development of fat is in harmony with other tissues, fat is deposited mainly on torso (back, chest, sides), narrow waist, narrow hips, thin legs, small calves, average metabolic rate (you only get fat if you start eating too much). Type BUT. Body features: heavy bottom, relatively graceful top, “pear-shaped” body shape, “unsportsmanlike” muscles, narrow shoulders, narrow chest, narrow back, protruding belly, impression of a “heavy” lower body - full legs and buttocks, tendency to accumulate fat in the pelvis” (the upper body may even seem thin), a wide pelvis, large buttocks, a low metabolic rate (if you do not specifically follow the diet, weight quickly arrives). Type O. Body features: wide bones, curvaceous, ball-like shape, markedly overweight, cellulite, large breasts, rounded back due to excess weight, full hips, chest, arms, protruding abdomen, powerful hip lines, buttocks and biceps of the thighs are not separated, massive calves, a clear excess of body fat throughout the body; low metabolism (weight gain even if you eat relatively little). Type I Thin skeleton; gauntness; weak muscles; almost no body fat; high metabolic rate (no matter how much you eat, you do not get fat). Type H- long waist. The shoulders and pelvis are of the same width, the shoulders are straight, the waist is not pronounced, the hips are full, the chest is small, the fat is mainly on the abdomen and legs. The owners of this type of figure have shoulders, waist and pelvis of approximately the same width. The metabolic rate is average. By themselves, these types do not contain anything painful. They are characteristic of all people, but indicate certain predispositions. There is no sharp boundary between individual types, so that the assignment of borderline cases to one group or another cannot be absolutely accurate. Examples of description of somatotypes by the scaling method. For example, an individual with a 4-6-1 somatotype has an approximately average degree of endomorphy, a high degree of mesomorphy, and a complete absence of ectomorphy. Accordingly, the last endomorph is described by the formula 7-1-1 ; extreme mesomorph – 1-7-1 and extreme ectomorph – 1-1-7 . A pure endomorph (7–1–1) is characterized by spherical shapes, as far as it is generally possible for a person. Such an individual has a round head, a large belly, weak, flabby arms and legs, with much fat on the shoulders and hips, but thin wrists and ankles. Such a person with a large amount of subcutaneous fat could simply be called fat, if all the profile dimensions of his body (including the chest and pelvis) did not prevail over the transverse ones. With prolonged starvation, he becomes, according to Sheldon, simply a starved endomorph, but does not approach either an ectomorph or a mesomorph in points. Obesity accompanies this constitution to a great extent. Endomorphs generally have a higher percentage of body fat than other people. The positive quality of this type of physique is a large, wide skeleton. In many cases, endomorphs gain excess weight exactly where they shouldn't - on the chest, waist and buttocks. A pure mesomorph (1–7–1) is a classic Hercules with a predominance of bones and muscles. He has a cubic massive head, broad shoulders and chest, muscular arms and legs. The amount of subcutaneous fat is minimal. A pure ectomorph (1–1–7) is a lanky person. He has a thin, elongated face, a receding chin, a high forehead, a thin narrow chest and stomach, a narrow heart, thin, long arms and legs. The subcutaneous fat layer is almost absent, the muscles are undeveloped. An obvious ectomorph is not at all threatened with obesity. Most people do not belong to extreme body types (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph), in their physique all three components are expressed to one degree or another and the most common somatotypes will be 3-4-4, 4-3-3, 3-5-2 . In addition, individual parts of the body of one person can clearly relate to different somatotypes - such a discrepancy is called dysplasia, but its accounting remained a weak point of Sheldon's system. Literary description of somatotypes according to Sheldon. We can say that the average person is a combination of different qualities; but some people are endowed predominantly with a "digestive set," others with a "muscular set," and still others with a "brain set," and have, respectively, a digestive, muscular, or brain type of body. ... A person whose body shape depends mainly on the inner layer of the egg, they designate the word endomorph. If this form depends mainly on the middle layer, it is called a mesomorph. Finally, if the shape of the body depends on the outer layer, the person is called an ectomorph. ... It sounds like this: viscerotonic endomorph, somatotonic mesomorph and cerebrotonic ectomorph. … Viscerotonic endomorph. ... The best example of this type is a cheerful, strongly put together, red-faced short delegate, with a cigar in his mouth, always looking as if he was about to have a stroke. A good delegate is obtained from him for the reason that he likes to communicate with people, participate in banquets, common baths and ceremonial meetings; he has a light disposition, affectionate manner, and his feelings are easily understood. … Somatotonic mesomorph. ... They have strong muscles, and they willingly use it. They are adventurous, exercise, fight and love to have the upper hand in everything. They are bold and unceremonious; they like to subjugate people and things. … Cerebrotonic ectomorph. … If a person definitely belongs to the long type, then he has thin bones and muscles. His shoulders are usually stooped, he has a flat stomach with a retracted stomach and long legs. His neck and fingers are long, and his face is oblong and shaped like an egg. The skin is thin, dry and pale; he rarely goes bald. He looks like the absent-minded professor, which he often is. People of this kind are impulsive, but prefer to conserve their energy and are not particularly mobile. Such a person behaves calmly and tries to stay away from different stories. Trouble annoys him, and he avoids complications. Friends understand him with difficulty. He is equally impulsive in his movements and feelings.

Summary table of classifications of human constitutions.

Division principle (author)	Designation of constitution types
Humoral (Hippocrates)
Anatomical (Ashner)	Medium type, narrow type, wide type Mesomorphic, dolichomorphic, brachymorphic
Anatomical (Shevkunenko)	Athletic, asthenic, picnic
Anthropometric (Kretschmer)	Muscular, respiratory, cerebral, digestive
Anatomical and physiological (Cigo)	Normosplanchnic, microsplanchnic, megalosplanchnic
Systemic-physiological (Viola)	Normal, with low performance of internal organs, with excessive performance of internal organs
Clinical and physiological (Beneca)	Normostenic, hyposthenic, hypersthenic
Clinical and functional (Chernorutsky)	Athletic, phthisiatric, plethoric
Clinical and nosological (Giovanni)	Normotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
Functional-systemic, according to muscle tone (Tandler)	Muscular, epithelial, nervous, connective tissue
Systemic anatomical (Virenius)	Fibromatous, graceful, lymphomatous, lipomatous
Systemic nosological (Krylov)	Balanced, sympathetic, vagotonic
System-functional, according to the tone of the autonomic nervous system (Epinger, Hess)	hypervegetative type, hypovegetative type
Systemic-functional, according to the tone of the autonomic nervous system (Pende)	Strong, unbalanced; strong, balanced, mobile; strong, balanced, inert; weak
Systemic-functional, according to the type of higher nervous activity (Pavlov)	Cycloid, schizoid
Systemic nosological, according to the properties of the central nervous system (Kretschmer)	Fibrous, asthenic, pasty, lipotic
System-functional, according to the properties of the active mesenchyme (Bogomolets)	Balanced; with the predominance of the Embden-Meyerhof cycle; with the predominance of the Krebs cycle
Functional-biochemical (Labori)	Omnivore, carnivore, herbivore
Systemic biochemical, according to the needs of the nature of nutrition (Bryant)
Systemic ontogenetic, according to the predominant development of germ layers (Bean, Sheldon)
Systemic-functional, according to the activity of the endocrine glands (Belov)	With early daily activity ("lark"); with late diurnal activity ("owl")
Functional-physiological, according to neuromuscular performance (Kaznacheev)	Rhythmic, highly stable, with difficult assimilation of exogenous rhythms; arrhythmic, labile, with easy assimilation of exogenous rhythms
biorhythmological,	mesomorphic, ectomorphic, endomorphic
by endogenous activity	"Sprinter", "stayer", mixed type
Biorhythmological, according to resistance to external influences	Phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic, sanguine

Types of constitutions in Tibetan medicine.

In Tibetan medicine, three systems of regulation are distinguished: wind, bile and mucus, which represent, respectively, nervous, humoral-endocrine and local tissue methods of regulating the state of the body. The prevalence of the wind system in the regulatory complex is accompanied by the predominant development of ergotropic processes in the body. The leading position of the mucus system leads to the predominance of trophotropic processes. The dominant position in the regulatory complex of the bile system is accompanied by an equilibrium ratio of ergotropic and trophotropic processes in the body. The system of regulation prevailing in the regulatory complex is the basis for identifying the corresponding constitutional type. Types of constitutions are called according to the leading system of regulation. There are 3 pure constitutional types of people: wind constitution people, bile constitution people and slime constitution people. In addition, there is a fourth - a mixed type of constitution, it includes people in whose body all systems of regulation are more or less balanced, without a significant predominance of any of them. In the human body of the constitution of the wind, processes of ergotropic orientation predominate. These people have the following features (Fig): Constitutional types in Tibetan medicine. Figures of people belonging to four different types of constitution:

• wind,
• bile,
• slime
• mixed

“... stooped, lean, pale, verbose, they do not tolerate cold well, when they move, a crack (of the joints) is heard. They are poor, short-lived, small in body, love songs, laughter, fight, shooting, prefer sweet, sour, burning, habits are similar to vultures, hawks and foxes ”(figure 1). People of the bile constitution are distinguished by the following external manifestations: “... they are subject to thirst and hunger, their hair and body are yellowish in color, their mind is sharp, conceited. They sweat and smell. Their wealth and body are mediocre. Prone to sweet, bitter, tart, cool. The habits are similar to tigers, monkeys. (figure 2). People of the mucus constitution have the following external expressions: “... a cool body, joints and bones do not stand out, they are fleshy and white. Shapes are rounded. Hunger, thirst, suffering are easily endured. Their bodies are large, they live long, richly, their sleep is sound. They are broad-minded, by nature have a good disposition. They are similar in habits to lions and buffaloes ”(, figure 3). In people belonging to a mixed constitutional type, ergotropic and trophotropic processes are equally represented in the body, which also has corresponding external manifestations (figure 4). Age differences in human proportions.

Change in body proportions over the years.

AGE	1 year	2	6	12	25 years
BODY PARTS
Head	2	1,7	1,3	1	1
Rib cage	1	1,3	1,7	2	1,5
Belly and pelvis	2	2	2	2	1,5
lower limbs	3	3	3	3	4

Age periods of a person.

1.	Newborn	1-10 days
2.	Breast age	10 days - 1 year
3.	Early childhood	1 – 3 years
4.	First childhood	4 years - 7 years
5.	Second childhood	8 - 12 years - boys	8 - 11 years - girls
6.	Teenage years	13 - 16 years - boys	12 - 15 years old - girls
7	adolescence	17 - 21 years old boys	16 - 20 years old girls
8.	Mature age I period	22 -35 years old - men	21 - 35 years - women
	Mature age II period	36 - 60 years - men	36 - 55 years - women
9.	Elderly age	61 - 74 years - men	56 - 74 years - women
10.	Senile age	75 -90 years old - men	75 -90 years - Women
11.	centenarians	90 years and above.

Part 2. Physique and human figure. The human figure and its visual analysis.

Why do you need a body type? Body type is what will happen to a person all his life. The type of physique dictates the style of clothing, its styles and even colors. In women, the course of pregnancy and the estimated course of childbirth depend on the type of physique. According to the type of physique, we can talk about a tendency to be overweight, or vice versa, the absence of such a predisposition. Athletic trainers also look at body type. For asthenics, running, swimming, skiing, biathlon is suitable, and in sports where jerky is important, power loads are preferable to have a hypersthenic constitution. The relationship between body type and character, temperament, social behavior and metabolism in the human body has been proven. The role of body type is great. However, you should not make it dominant. Moderate physical activity is necessary for health, and fitness classes will strengthen the spine and achieve body shaping.

Terminology.

It is necessary to distinguish between the medical term - "physique" and colloquial (everyday, ordinary, commonplace) - "figure". The term figure is used in colloquial speech, modeling, clothing manufacturing, sports, physical education and fitness. The concept of physique includes the constitution, height and mass of a person. Body type (habitus) - sizes, shapes, proportions and features of body parts, as well as features of the development of bone, adipose and muscle tissues. "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by prof. D. N. Ushakova gives the definition: BODY TYPE, I, pl. No, cf.(book). The addition of the body, the figure of a person. Slim t. Weak t FIGURE (lat. figura - appearance - image) - the outline of the human body, physique. Each person has an individual figure within the framework of the constitution. A variant of the figure is formed not depending on gender, but depending on the ratio of growth, skeletal structure and deposition of subcutaneous fat. Initially, it is necessary to attribute the figure to one of the types of the human constitution. There are three main types of constitution, according to V.M. Chernorutsky (1884-1957, therapist, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). CONSTITUTION MAN BUT – functional and morphological features of the organism, formed on the basis of hereditary and acquired properties and determining the reactivity of the organism to various (including pathogenic) influences. The structure and functional features of the body in different people can be similar to some extent, which allows us to talk about the types of constitution. The asthenic type is characterized by a significant predominance of longitudinal dimensions over transverse ones, limbs - over the body, chest over the abdomen. Hypersthenic type - the predominance of the transverse dimensions of the body. The body is relatively long. The limbs are short. Belly of considerable size. The normosthenic constitution is distinguished by a proportional physique. Occupies an intermediate position between asthenic and hypersthenic types.

Medical classification of body types.

(medical encyclopedic dictionary, 2001)

1. Asthenic type. For people of this type of physique, the following features are characteristic: tall, long limbs, the presence of a small amount of subcutaneous fat, a relatively narrow chest, an oval face.
2. athletic type. In representatives of the athletic body type, a small amount of subcutaneous fat is deposited, muscle tissue and bones of the skeleton are well developed. People of athletic body type have broad shoulders and large facial features, they have a well-developed "strong-willed" chin.
3. Dysplastic type. These people are distinguished by a disproportionate ratio of sizes between individual parts of the body. In women with this type of physique, there may be some features of the figure characteristic of the male body.
4. Picnic type. The main features of this type of physique are short stature, rounded head, short legs, arms, neck, broad chest. Also, people with a picnic body type are characterized by the presence of fatty deposits and a protruding belly.
5. Leptosomal type from Greek. leptos thin, delicate + soma body. Cm. Physique is asthenic.

Classification of body types by body components.

Morphologically, the body of any person consists of a number of components that ensure vital activity in different environmental conditions. Conditionally in physique they can be divided into three main types: fat, muscle and bone.

Classification of body types according to bonecomponent.

1. Thin-boned (asthenic) body type. In women with this body type, the limbs are long, the bones are thin, the neck is also long and thin, the muscles are relatively poorly developed. As a rule, representatives of the thin-boned type are light in weight; they are active, active, and even with enhanced nutrition, they gain weight slowly.
2. Normal (normosthenic) body type. As a rule, they have a beautiful, proportionally folded figure. The main dimensions of the body differ in the correct ratio.
3. Broad-boned (hypersthenic). In representatives of this body type, the transverse dimensions of the body are larger than in normosthenics and asthenics. They are distinguished by wide, thick and heavy bones; their shoulders, chest and hips are wide; legs are short. Women with this type of physique are the most prone to fullness.

Method for determining the type of constitution by the bone component.

Measure the circumference of the wrist of the working hand: in asthenics it is less than 16 cm, in normosthenics it is from 16 to 18.5 cm, in hypersthenics it is more than 18.5 cm.

Classification of body types according to the fat component.

The scheme of body types of women is built only on the basis of the characteristics of the degree of development and distribution of fat deposits in certain parts of the body, without taking into account the variability of other body features. Yugoslav anthropologist B. Shkerli developed a special constitutional typology of fat deposition in women (Skerly B. et al., 1953). . The degree of fat deposits can be weak, medium and abundant. He distinguishes three main and one additional body groups:

1st group- with a uniform distribution of fat deposits throughout the body.

In accordance with this, three types (options) of physique are distinguished: L - leptosomal (from the Greek. Leptos- thin) N - normal*(female figure on the left in the miniatures), R - rubensian

2nd group- with uneven distribution of fat deposits.

It includes two types: S- upper (from lat. Superior- upper), characterized by increased fat deposition in the upper body (above the waist), and I- lower (from inferior- lower), characterized by increased fat deposition in the lower part of the body;

3rd group- also with an uneven distribution of fat deposits, mainly on the trunk or limbs.

With increased fat deposition on the body, a type is distinguished Tr (from lat. Truncus- torso: with increased fat deposition on the limbs - type Ex (from lat. Extremes- limb).

4th group (additional)- with increased fat deposition in certain parts of the body,

for example, on the chest - type M (from lat. mother- female breasts: on the hips, in the area of ​​the so-called skewers, - type T (from lat. trochanter- spit). Rice. Body types of women according to B. Shkerli (1953)

Classification of body types by musclecomponent.

Scheme V.V. Bunaka is intended to determine the normal constitution in adult men and is not applicable to women. Constitutional features are rigidly defined. Main features: the degree of development of fat deposition and the degree of development of muscles. Additional features: shape of the chest, abdomen and back. Note. The length of the body, the bone component, as well as the features of the head and face are not taken into account in it. Bunak V.V. distinguished three main body types and four intermediate ones. Intermediate options combine the features of the main types. The author singled out two more body types as indefinite.

The constitutional scheme of V.V. Bunaka (1941)
Types		Characteristics
Main	thoracic	It is determined by the weak development of fat deposition and muscles. The chest in men of this type is flat or sunken. The abdomen is also sunken. The back is stooped.
	Muscular	Differs in the average development of the fatty component and strong relief muscles. The chest is cylindrical. The abdomen is straight. The back is normal or, more rarely, stooped.
	Abdominal	It has an increased development of the fat layer, while the muscles are moderately or poorly developed. The chest is conical in shape. The abdomen is convex. The back can be of different shapes - regular, straight or stooped.
Intermediate	pectoral-muscular	Similar to the chest type, but the chest is not as flat, and the muscles are quite well developed.
	Muscular-thoracic	It is similar to the muscular type, but differs from it by a low degree of fat deposition and a more flattened chest.
	Musculo-abdominal	It is similar to the muscular type, but differs in an increased degree of fat deposition and a more conical shape of the chest.
	Abdominal muscular	Similar to the abdominal type, but differs in a fairly well-developed musculature
indefinite	Properly indefinite	Any other body types that do not fit into the presented scheme by a combination of features. For example, thoracic (G-B) and abdominal-thoracic (B-D) with signs of both thoracic and abdominal types: poor muscle development, low fat deposition, while a swollen abdomen and a cylindrical chest can be characteristic.
	anomalous	A wide range of abnormal body types associated with certain pathologies that are obvious to the researcher (for example, dystrophy, dysplasia, pituitary obesity, hermaphroditism, and other pathological variants).

Advantage of the schemeV.V. Bunaka - allows you to fully and methodically correctly describe the continuous variability of the physique of men in the form of a small number of unified discrete types. Disadvantages. A significant amount of information is lost. In practice, up to 30% of the subjects are classified as “indeterminate type”.

Classification of body types of women.

The scheme was proposed by I.B. talent in 1927. Specially designed to describe the constitution of women. The author singled out three groups of types, differing not only in morphological, but also in psychophysiological features. The author did not present the criteria for psychophysiological features. The main features of constitutional types: body length, degree of fat deposition, muscle development, shape of the chest and abdomen, body proportions. Construction principle: individual types are grouped into three groups:

• leptosome constitutions- are characterized primarily by narrow complexity, the predominance of growth in length;
• mesosomal constitutions- the main characteristic is medium - or wide, the predominance of growth in width;
• megalosomal constitutions- differ primarily in massive build and large size, uniform growth in length and width.

1. Body types of women according to I.B. Talent. Talent, And.B. New scheme of constitutional types of women And.B. Talent// Kazan, honey. magazine -1927. No. 5. 548-557.
Groups	Types	Characteristics of types
Leptosomal (narrowly folded)	Asthenic	The body of asthenics is thin, with a narrow, long and flat chest, narrow shoulders and hips, stooped shoulders, and a sunken stomach. The arms and legs are skinny, when the legs are closed, there is free space between the thighs. Musculature and adipose tissue are very poorly developed. According to the original description of Galant, the growth of asthenics is not high, but in reality, high growth is more common than low. Typical facial features are narrowness, pallor, dryness, angularity, small chin.
	Stenoplastic	It differs from asthenic in greater fatness. At the same time, the proportions of the body are almost the same, but the fat and muscle components are more developed. In practice, the growth of wall plastics is usually average or below average. Sometimes, for a visual description of the stenoplastic type, they indicate that this is the type of Venus de Milo.
Mesosomal (medium and broad)	mesoplastic	The figure of such a woman has stocky proportions, broad shoulders and a pelvis. The bone and muscle components are developed significantly, but not excessively. The fat component is also moderately developed. The growth of mesoplastics is usually average. To describe this type, the description is used - “woman worker”. The face of mesoplastics, according to Galant, is rounded, wide, especially in the middle part, with a somewhat reduced lower jaw.
	Picnic	It is distinguished primarily by increased fat deposition. The limbs seem to be shortened due to the large thickness. The body is full, with a shortened neck, wide rounded shoulders, a cylindrical chest, a convex belly, and a wide pelvis. The legs are thick, the hips are closed. Growth of picnics is usually average or below average. The head and face of the picnickers are rounded.
Megalosomal (massive build)	Subathletic	It looks like stenoplastic, but noticeably differs in high growth, better development of muscles, athletic proportions while maintaining femininity. The type is often found among photo models.
	Athletic	First of all, these women are characterized by a very powerful skeleton and strong muscles. The fat component, on the contrary, is very poorly developed. The proportions of athletic women are more like men's - broad shoulders, a convex chest, a narrow pelvis, a large lower jaw. The type is more common among professional athletes.
	euryplastic	Combines signs of an athletic type with increased fat deposition. Euriplastic women have broad shoulders, large stature and significant deposits of subcutaneous fat. The description of the euryplastic type as a “female grenadier” is illustrative.

Classification of the physique of men and women according to E. Kretschmer.

The constitutional scheme of E. Kretschmer had a specific practical purpose - a preliminary diagnosis of mental pathology. He attached particular importance to the description of the head and face. They can be assessed at a glance at the first meeting with a potential patient. The face, according to E. Kretschmer, is "the hallmark of an individual constitution." Kretschmer identified three main constitutional types: leptosomal (or asthenic), picnic and athletic.

E. Kretschmer's constitutional scheme
Type	Main characteristics
Asthenic or leptosomal	It is characterized by narrow complexity, which manifests itself in all parts of the body and types of tissues. Asthenic has narrow shoulders, pelvis, skinny neck, thin limbs. Due to such an elongated physique, the asthenic seems to be taller than he really is. The fat and muscle components are extremely poorly developed. There is practically no fat deposition in asthenics. The bones are also thin, but in relative terms, they appear to be the predominant component of the body. The chest is long, narrow and flat, with a sharp epigastric angle (formed by the lower ribs converging towards the sternum). The abdomen is thin, sunken or flat. The face of asthenics is also narrow and elongated, with a weak “runaway” chin and a protruding nose. E. Kretschmer described in detail the shape of the nose of asthenics, for example, he spoke of its narrowness, a sharp lowered tip, which in reality is more of a racial rather than a constitutional feature. Asthenic features develop in early childhood and remain constant at all ages. Neither in childhood nor in old age, asthenics do not show a tendency to accumulate fat or develop muscles. The specificity of this type, associated with sex, is manifested in a greater frequency of short stature among asthenic women.
Athletic	It is characterized by a strong development of bone and muscle components. The shoulders are wide, the chest is wide and convex. The epigastric angle is close to a straight line. The abdomen is elastic, with a pronounced muscle relief. In general, the body expands upward. The neck is massive, it seems even more massive due to the large development of the trapezius muscle. The bones are massive and thick, which is due to the significant development of muscles. The arms are somewhat elongated, with a large muscular relief. The growth of such people according to Kretschmer is average or above average. The face of the athletes is rough, high, somewhat angular, with a pronounced bony relief. The superciliary arches are strongly developed, the cheekbones protrude, the lower jaw is wide with a large “strong-willed” chin. The nose is large, blunt. According to Kretschmer, the characteristic athletic-type complex develops during puberty, and after 25 years it becomes even more distinct. The gender specificity of the type is manifested in the greater development of the fat component in women compared to men.
Picnic	It is characterized by a tendency to fat deposition with a relatively weak development of the muscle and bone components. The chest and belly of the picnic are large, wide and voluminous. The neck is short and thick. The body, on the other hand, is long. The chest is convex, noticeably expanding downwards, barrel-shaped. The epigastric angle is wide. The belly is thick. The arms and legs are short, plump, with poorly developed muscles. The face of picnics is wide, rounded, due to abundant subcutaneous fat it seems flattened. The forehead is wide and convex, the nose is of medium size, with a straight or concave back. The lower jaw appears wider due to plump cheeks. The picnic type, in contrast to the asthenic and athletic, reaches full development only after 30 years, although the tendency to develop this type appears much earlier. Gender differences are in a slightly different distribution of fat on the body: in men, it is concentrated mainly on the arms, shoulders and, especially, in the abdomen, and in women - on the chest and hips.

Types of female physique according to Sheldon.

Body type A-shaped:

• the shoulders are narrow, the pelvis is much wider;
• the impression of a "heavy" lower body - full legs and buttocks;
• a tendency to deposit fat below the waist (the upper body may even appear thin);
• low metabolic rate (if you do not specifically follow the diet, weight quickly arrives).

* In the everyday classification corresponds to a pear-shaped figure or a triangle

Type of figure H-shaped:

• wide or medium skeleton;
• small chest;
• visual impression of approximately the same width of the shoulders, waist and pelvis;
• tendency to form fatty deposits in the abdomen and thighs;
• moderate metabolic rate.

* In everyday classification, there corresponds a figure of the “rectangle” type.

Type of figure I-shaped:

• thin skeleton;
• gauntness;
• weak muscles;
• almost no body fat;
• high metabolic rate (no matter how much you eat, you do not get fat).

Type of figure O-shaped:

• wide bones;
• wide pelvis and shoulders;
• full hips, chest, arms;
• a clear excess of body fat throughout the body;
• low metabolism (weight gain even if you eat relatively little).

* In the everyday classification corresponds to the figure of the type "apple"

Type of figure T-shaped:

• shoulders are broad, wider than the pelvis;
• fat is deposited mainly on the trunk (back, chest, sides);
• average metabolic rate (you only get fat if you start eating too much).

A number of sports medicine and fitness authors have expanded the number of body types.

Type of figure X-shaped

• medium bones;
• the width of the shoulders is approximately equal to the width of the hips;
• slim waist;
• full chest;
• fat deposits are formed on the buttocks and thighs;
• average metabolic rate (weight gain with immoderate nutrition).

* In everyday classification corresponds to the "hourglass" figure.

figure typeV-shaped.

This is a male type of figure, but very often it is also characteristic of women: broad shoulders, narrow waist and hips, no priests. Breasts can be completely different sizes. * In everyday classification, there corresponds a figure like “carrot” or “inverted” triangle.

Universal* classification of body types according to mathematical calculations.

Both for men and for women. The French doctor Pignet (M. Ch. J. Pignet, born in 1871) proposed the formula , according to which a quantity called the Pignet exponent is calculated. Pinier index \u003d height - (body weight + chest circumference in the exhalation phase) Height and chest circumference are taken for calculations in centimeters, and body weight is taken in kilograms. Classification of body types according to Pignet.

The practical value of physique analysis.

Medical. Diagnosis of some diseases. Determination of the degree of suitability for a particular profession. Practical anthropology. Physical education. Choice of sport. Fitness classes for targeted body shaping. Manufacture of clothes and footwear.

Non-medical* classifications of varieties of male and female figures.

*- everyday, common, everyday, common, traditional, commonly used, everyday, everyday, communal, prosaic (non-poetic, everyday), practical, utilitarian (lat.utilita - utility), pragmatic

Variants and types of male and female figures.

The figures of men and women are divided into variants and types. Variants of figures are divided by height and completeness. Types of figures are divided according to the ratio of the transverse dimensions of the hips and chest in the frontal plane (projection), and in the sagittal plane (profile projection) according to the ratio of the anteroposterior diameters.

A simple (at a glance, by impression) classification of the main variants of the figure by height and fullness.

For men and women, regardless of age, they allocate four figure options: tall, short, fat, thin.

High andlow figures.

A tall figure is considered conditionally ideal (for men from 1.82m, for women from 1.72m). It corresponds to the main characteristic of the dolichomorphic body type of the human figure. The most common figures are low growth brachymorphic body type (low stature for men below 1.72m and for women below 1.65m).

Types of male and female figures.

Allocate nine body types. Of these, three types are the main ones: top, balance and bottom. The remaining six types are combined, i.e. derivatives of basic types.

Philistine, object-analogue, figurative, "geometric-fruity" classification of the main types of male and female figures.

In men, four types are conditionally distinguished: “triangle”, “rectangle”, “pear”, “apple”. "Triangle" - broad shoulders, abdominals, narrow waist, strong buttocks, legs with cast muscles. Such a figure (the “rolling” figure) resembles an isosceles triangle in its structure. "Rectangle" - the shoulders are equal in width to the hips, the muscles (even trained ones) never look embossed, there is no excess weight. Ideally, a man with such a figure does not look frail and weak, usually dancers have such a constitution. "Apple" - the shoulders are equal in width to the hips, and the whole figure has a rounded structure due to numerous extra pounds. The figure of the "apple" type has been manifested since childhood. "Pear" - these are men who initially had a "rectangular" figure, but began to gain weight with age. The shoulders and hips are approximately equal in width, but a rounded tummy and fat folds around the waist are already appearing. In profile, the protruding belly is noticeable even from the back. This figure is formed by men between 30 and 50 years old who do not play sports and do not follow a diet. The main types of female figures can also be conditionally divided into four types: "Triangle" - a narrow pelvis and flat buttocks, shoulders noticeably wider than the hips, thin legs, if a woman gets better, then her arms and shoulders grow fat. “Rectangle” is a strong, stocky body and slender legs, straight hips and flat buttocks, no matter how thin the woman is, the waist is indicated weakly. "Pear" - a small, in comparison with the hips, bust, wide hips, narrow shoulders, thin neck. Growing fat, a woman of the "pear" type, rarely gets better in the shoulders and face. "Hourglass" - the bust and buttocks are rounded, no matter how a woman gets better, the waist always remains and, no matter how thin she is, the hips remain curved. "Carrot" is a masculine type of figure. Often characteristic of women. Broad shoulders, narrow waist and hips, no buttocks. Breasts can be completely different sizes.

Classification of types of female figures in the practice of nutritionists.

Gynecoid body type(gin-; gyno– Greek. gyne-woman - an integral part of compound words meaning "related to a woman"; suffix - oid means "in shape") Gynecoid type - a specifically female body type, is the most common. A characteristic feature is a pear-shaped body, expanding to the hips. Women have a wide pelvis. The buttocks are rounded, the hips protrude noticeably and can touch each other with internal surfaces. The rear usually sags a little. The waist is narrow, which creates a feminine line. The chest can be both small and large. The shoulders are usually narrow or medium. The typical size of a gynecoid woman is 95-70-105. The addition of her limbs is feminine. The bones of the wrist and lower leg are thin. The waist is narrow. Women of the gynecoid type are more often of medium or small stature. Sometimes there are tall ones, but in proportion to the body, their arms and legs are not so long. Fat is deposited primarily on the thighs, buttocks, chest, and then in the lower abdomen at the level of the pubic bone. Often, adipose tissue is uneven and lumpy, leading to a persistent cellulite effect. Gynecoid women do not have problems with childbirth due to the fact that the bony pelvis is wider, more open and not high. The gynecoid type usually gains weight quickly. In the body of a woman of the gynecoid type, a high level of estrogen. Some are produced in the ovaries. Large fat deposits are also a source of production of the hormone estrogen, which leads to the creation of new fat cells. It turns out a "vicious" circle. Thyroid type of figure (thyroid-; thyroid -an integral part of compound words meaning "pertaining to the thyroid gland"). Women of the thyroid type are characterized by a slender figure and a “fragile” skeletal system. Their figure resembles "boyish", with a thin waist and slightly protruding buttocks and hips. They have rather long proportional limbs. Legs and arms are long. Legs are slender. They have long fingers and a slender neck. Women of this type are usually tall or seem tall because of their long legs. The chest is small or medium. Fat is mainly located in the abdomen and thighs, while the arms and legs remain slender. The pelvis is evenly narrowed, which can create problems in childbirth. By nature, thyroid women are excitable. They are characterized by increased motor activity, but quickly get tired. In terms of endurance, they are significantly inferior to women - androids. Women of this type have difficulty gaining excess weight and have an increased metabolic rate. They often look "fragile". The bone skeleton is easily visible through a thin layer of subcutaneous fat. Therefore, outwardly they look somewhat “bony”. Usually their collarbones protrude sharply. They are very graceful and can be both athletes (often sprinters or basketball players) and dancers or fashion models. Their flexibility can be compared to that of a willow tree. Lymphatic type of figure (lymph -; lympho-;lat . lympha pure water-; an integral part of compound words meaning "pertaining to the lymphatic vessels»). Women of the lymphatic type are prone to fullness of the whole body. Outwardly, it looks like a "pillow-shaped" swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. This is due to the structural features of the connective tissue as a whole and blood circulation in the venous and lymphatic systems, up to lymphostasis. Hands and feet become "columnar". The wrists and elbows are often thick and swollen. Shoulders, chest and chest of medium size. Belly protrudes. The body is everywhere the same thickness. The waist does not stand out. Buttocks almost do not protrude. The skeleton and muscles are poorly palpable due to a thick layer of fat, swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and reduced muscle tone. With obesity, fat is distributed throughout the body - arms, legs, buttocks, torso, neck and even face. Girls of this type in childhood resemble baby dolls or pretty cupids. Metabolic processes in women of the lymphatic type proceed slowly. This leads to rapid weight gain. Many women of the lymphatic type lead a passive or sedentary lifestyle. Sports have been avoided since childhood. By constitution, they cannot move quickly. They lack physical stamina. Android body type (andro -;Greek andros – the male. An integral part of compound words meaning "pertaining to a man", "male"). Android women are characterized by a strong, powerful skeletal base, broad shoulders, a developed chest and muscular limbs. The neck and torso are powerful and wide, and the pelvis, on the contrary, is narrow, so the figure of an android woman is often quite even and straight. The pelvis and buttocks are at a low level. Narrow hips and a wide waist are usually the same in volume. Outwardly, they look like a father or older brothers. These women are quite attractive and downright full of health. They have a wide bone and large well-developed muscles. At the same time, their body fat is much less than that of other women. The breasts can be small, medium or large, but with “apple-obese” they become huge due to the accumulation of fat. Android women are prone to rapid weight gain, especially in adulthood. With the onset of obesity, fat is located in the upper body above the pelvis. As a result, the neck, thoracic to the notch, waist and abdomen thicken - the so-called "apple-type obesity" occurs. Due to excessive deposition of fat on the anterior abdominal wall, a false effect of pregnancy can even be created. Despite this, the hips and legs remain lean and muscular. If the weight continues to increase, the fat layer can also go down to the thighs in the form of a "rim". Female androids are "tailored" to the male type. Often achieve great success in those sports that require strength and endurance (bodybuilding, swimming, long-distance running, hammer throwing, lifting the barbell). Cosmetic problems of women of the android type are manifested in excessive hair growth of the face and body and acne, as a result of increased activity of male hormones.

Classification of types of women's figures in the clothing industry.

Proposed by Valentina Emelyanovna Bochkareva.

Frontal types of female figures.

The figures of women are divided into nine types according to the image of the torso (torso-trunk of a person) in the front (in the horizontal plane). The typical figure is considered average.* (on the miniatures it is on the left) According to the width of the shoulders and chest, the figures are narrow and wide. characterized by a consistent decrease in the length of the shoulder slopes and the width of the chest in front, she refers to narrow, and vice versa, figures characterized by a consistent increase in the length of the shoulder slopes and the width of the chest - to wide. Rice. Body types of women according to V.E. Bochkareva The first type includes figures, which differ from the typical narrow chest, which has the same frontal width in the upper and lower parts. The straight lateral line of the torso abruptly passes from the waist to the pelvic bone, which therefore appears wide. The width of the chest at the level of the shoulder joints is small. Figures of the second type differ from the typical spindle-shaped torso, in it the bulge of the pelvic bone and chest merge into a single oval. The upper and middle parts of the chest are narrowed. The sides of the torso are convex. The pelvic bone is not clearly expressed due to the bulge in the places of the lateral depressions. The volume of the hips is slightly less than that of a typical figure. Third type- a figure of the so-called girlish physique. In frontal width at the level of the chest and hips, it is closer to the typical one, but slightly narrower than it. The contour of the pelvic bone retains relief due to lateral depressions and a narrowed chest, but the volume of the hips is less than that of a typical figure. The width of the upper chest at the level of the shoulder joints is medium or small. to the fourth type refers to the typical figure. Figure of the fifth type in frontal width at the level of the chest and the line of the hips, it is close to the typical one and only slightly wider than it. It is characterized by non-relief pronounced lateral contours. The width in the upper part of the chest at the level of the shoulder joints is medium or large. For figures of the sixth type characterized by expansion in the upper and middle parts of the chest. Lateral depressions at the waist and protrusions of the hips appear slightly. In the front, this figure is of the same width at the levels of the armpits and the extended part of the hips. Figure of the seventh type in front has the same width at the level of the armpits and the waist line. It differs from the typical straightness of the side contour to the waist line. There are no hollows on the waistline and sides. The contours of the femoral lines are expressed slightly. to the eighth type refers to the figure of an athletic build, which differs from the typical wide chest. There are small lateral depressions along the waist line. The pelvic part is expressed in relief. to the ninth type refers to a figure with a wide upper part of the torso, the same width in front at the level of the armpits and the waist line, and a reduced width at the level of the hip line.

Median (sagittal) types of female figures.

According to the geometric shape of the chest.

Additionally, the chest of a female figure is evaluated by its geometric shape, resembling a cone or cylinder. KONUS, a, husband. A geometric body formed by the rotation of a right triangle around one of its legs. When depicted in front, the chests of female figures are divided into conical with a cone facing upwards (type 2), conical with a cone facing downwards (types 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8), and cylindrical (1, 7 and 9th types).

According to the development of the mammary glands.

When depicted in profile, the chests of female figures are proposed to be divided into rounded and flat.

Anthropomorphological classification of types of figures of women (1965).

Developed by the Central Experimental and Technical Sewing Laboratory (TsOTSHL) according to the degree of development of muscles and fat deposits, the nature of their distribution throughout the body in the frontal and profile projections in the chest and hips. According to the ratio of the transverse diameters of the hips and chest in the frontal projection (in frontal view), three types of figures are distinguished: balanced, upper and lower. According to the ratio of the anteroposterior diameters of the hips and chest in the profile projection (in side view), three types are also distinguished. In total, according to the combination of types of figures in the frontal and profile projections, nine types of figures are distinguished: three main and six combined (for example, a figure of an equilibrium type in front and an upper side, etc.).

Figures of men and women in the State Standards.

For the needs of the clothing industry, various schemes of body types for men, women and children have been developed.

GOST R 52774-2007 - Classification of typical male figures by height, size and weight groups for clothing design

Classification of typical figures of women by height, size and weight groups for designing clothes

Nameeng.: Classification standard women’s figures by heights, sizes and full-bodied groups for projection of clothes In various years, 509 typical figures were allocated for the female population of the SEF, for the USSR (1967) - 253 typical figures. For men, similar studies have not been conducted. According to GOST 2007, 356 typical figures of women and 301 types of figures of men are established.

Introduction

What is included in the concept of the constitution of the human body? In everyday life, this is often understood as a physique, the features of which are easy to determine visually. Being one of the sides of the constitution, it serves as its external and most visible manifestation.

The constitution determines the similarities and differences of people among themselves, and its different sides are combined not at all by chance. Thus, racial and ethnic characteristics are strongly associated with the habitat and way of life of peoples, many generations of which for hundreds of thousands of years lived in isolation in the same area, and genetic ties, that is, marriages between separate, even neighboring ethnic groups, were practically excluded. In the modern world, the mixing of nations and races is happening at an ever-increasing pace. Perhaps in a few centuries these differences will be erased. But today it is quite easy to determine by appearance a person's belonging to a particular ethnic group. Thus, representatives of the Mongoloid race are usually short in stature and have a dense physique; among Caucasians, taller and more slender are more common, but among Africans, despite the similar dark skin color and thick curly hair, there are peoples with completely different physiques.

At an early age, as in old age, it is more difficult to determine the constitution: it either has not yet manifested itself with all distinctness, or is already distorted by the influence of accumulated diseases and the habitual way of life. According to family studies, human height and some longitudinal body dimensions (for example, the length of the limbs, hips or forearms) are under more pronounced genetic control compared to the transverse and girth dimensions, as well as adipose tissue. It has been shown that the number of fat cells in the human body is genetically predetermined and unchanged from birth to old age, and excess or insufficient fat deposition is determined not by an increase or decrease in the number of these cells, but by the degree of their filling with fat.

Mainly heredity determines the amount of bone and muscle tissue in the body. However, people with the same hereditary (genetic) inclinations may have different properties depending on their lifestyle. For example, in order to develop muscles, regular physical training is necessary, and only a combination of heredity and hard work can make a strong or enduring athlete out of a gifted child. To no lesser extent, this applies to the development of the bone component. Special exercises and properly organized nutrition can even help a person grow, that is, lengthen his bones, sometimes contrary to hereditary inclinations.

Typical body types (constitution) of a person

The expediency of taking into account the constitution in medical practice was formulated more than a hundred years ago by the famous biologist and physician G. Beneke, who believed that “different constitutions and the different degrees of body resistance caused by them create only the ground for the development of certain diseases if the individual falls into unfavorable conditions. By correctly recognizing the various constitutional types and understanding their physiological differences, we will help people to safely pass through all the vicissitudes of life.

Despite the many constitutional schemes and different names of types, their main morphological features largely coincide. Most often, three types of physique are distinguished, depending on which of the components of the body prevails in development - bone tissue, adipose or muscle.

In people of the first type, the bone component has an advantage. These are usually thin people with poorly developed muscles and a thin layer of fat. They have narrow bones of the skeleton, relatively long limbs, shoulders slightly wider than the hips. Due to the elongated cylindrical chest, this type is often called the thoracic or thoracic (from the Greek thorax - chest).

In people of the second type, adipose tissue predominates. This is a digestive (from the English word digest - to digest food), or abdominal, type: it is the abdominal organs in representatives of this type that are most developed. These are most often overweight people of medium or below average height, with a pronounced supply of subcutaneous fat, but also with large, strong muscles. They have broad bones of the skeleton and relatively short limbs, especially the legs. The shoulders are usually not wide, not wider than the hips.

If the advantage is behind the muscular component, then this is the muscular body type. Its owners are people of average height and build with relief muscles and a moderately developed fat layer. Their skeletal bones are broad, their shoulders are much wider than their hips, and their limbs appear neither long nor short. Such people are not only strong and hardy, but also agile and fast, which is why this type is called athletic.

People of these three body types do not have any special differences in body length on average, among them there are both tall and not very tall. But with equal body height, representatives of the thoracic body type are the lightest in weight, and representatives of the digestive body type are the heaviest.

Each person can more or less accurately be attributed to one of these types, even if his features are not very pronounced. But a paradoxical mixture of traits of types that are far from each other occurs in people with severe hereditary diseases caused by gene “breakdowns”.

How to determine body type

One of the ways to determine the type is the Heath-Carter physique formula, which gives a quantitative description of the content of the three components of the body with an assessment of each of them on a seven-point scale: bones, muscles and adipose tissue.

The ratio of bone, muscle and fat components, calculated using special formulas, determines the physique of a person. For the calculation, you will first need to perform a series of measurements of body dimensions and the thickness of the skin-fat folds. For example, for a representative of the muscular type, such a formula may look like 5: 5: 3. Of course, a person changes with age, and sometimes quite significantly. In particular, in young men, under the influence of sex gland hormones, the muscles continue to grow even after 16 years, and by the age of 25-30, both in men and women, the amount of fat in the body, especially subcutaneous fat, increases. By the way, for men, the physiological norm is a greater percentage of bone and especially muscle mass, and for women - a greater content of fat in the body. Well, people who do not follow the rules of a healthy lifestyle (more often adults and the elderly) acquire a significant layer of fat, which is a ballast that makes it difficult for the body to work and contributes to the occurrence of many diseases and accelerated aging.

Another way to assess the type of physique is simpler and based on measuring the proportions of the body, primarily the ratio of length and body weight, body length and chest circumference. Of course, this also requires some calculations and comparison of the result with tabular data. We have to take into account that separate tables are needed for people of different ages and genders. However, it should be recognized that both methods are not very accurate, since they take into account only one side of the constitution - physique. And this is for adults. A child is so different in shape and body proportions from an adult that it is difficult for little ones to talk about some type of physique similar to adults. The first external signs of the type begin to appear only during the period of the so-called "half-height jump", that is, at 5-6 years old, but even an experienced doctor or anthropologist is often mistaken here. Finally, the body type is formed only in the process of puberty and the associated pubertal growth spurt. It is during this period (for girls this usually occurs at the age of 12-14 years, for boys - 13-16 years old) that the proportions of the body are formed, which will then determine the appearance of a person for many years of his life.

Perhaps the easiest way to determine body type is by the angle between the lower edges of the ribs. To do this, after drawing in the stomach, put your palms on the lower edges of the ribs. If the resulting angle between the palms is straight (90o) - this is a muscular type. An acute angle is characteristic of the thoracic type, obtuse - for the digestive.

In recent years, a technique has been developed that makes it possible with almost 100% probability to attribute the subject to one or another type of constitution based on data from a comprehensive survey of its various aspects. There are such computer programs that allow you to automate the complex process of calculations and are successfully used in some preschool institutions and schools to assess the type of constitution of children and competently build a system of physical education, hardening, rational nutrition, etc.

Physique and Mind

The physique is one of the most obvious external characteristics of a person. On this basis, three main types of people can be conditionally distinguished. The first includes people who are lean, narrow-shouldered, with not very strong muscles and rather long limbs. The second type includes people of loose build, with an excess of adipose tissue, prone to fullness. By the third - strong, broad-shouldered people, with developed muscles, for whom, as if nature itself, had prepared a career as an athlete. In everyday life, "by eye" to attribute a person to one type or another is not so simple. The tendency to be overweight can be overcome through rational nutrition, and vice versa - a person who is naturally lean due to an unhealthy lifestyle can become stout. Weak muscles can be “puffed up” by selfless exercise, and a born athlete, having abandoned training, becomes covered in fat, etc. Nevertheless, the main constitutional features, which are determined by hereditary factors and are formed during the period of intrauterine development of the child, remain practically unchanged throughout life. Therefore, even by eye, you can approximately determine the type of physique of a particular person (making allowances for possible changes due to a certain lifestyle - malnutrition or overeating, physical activity or inactivity, etc.). In everyday psychology, a lot of observations have been accumulated regarding the relationship of complexion and character. It is believed that the thin ones are more excitable and feel more subtle, the full ones are kind-hearted and unhurried, the muscular ones are stronger in practical matters than in reflections ... But all these are worldly observations, far from being truly scientific. Are there any reliable scientific data regarding the relationship of physique and character? Or, just as in the case of growth, no definite parallels can be drawn? It turns out that a certain relationship exists, and it was established on the basis of rigorous scientific calculations. Data from relevant scientific studies can be directly used to correct and refine interpersonal perceptions.

In the first quarter of our century, the German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer, based on the everyday experience of many generations and on his clinical observations, proposed an original classification of people. It was based on two features that are most clearly evident when people communicate with each other: physique and emotionality. In 1921, Kretschmer published a book under the significant title "Body Structure and Character". In it, he wrote: “We distinguish people from each other, first, by their bodily structure, by their size, height, facial contours, and then by their characteristic features, by their temperament, by their way of reacting, feeling and acting. ".

Kretschmer undertook a systematic study of the structure of the human body, made many anthropometric measurements. The collected data allowed him to identify the main body types, generally consistent with those described above on the basis of everyday observations. Kretschmer referred to asthenics people of rather tall stature, fragile physique, narrow-shouldered, with a flat chest. As a rule, they have an elongated face, a long thin nose.

Picnics are distinguished by some fullness (due to highly developed adipose tissue) with small or medium height, a large belly, a round head on a short neck.

Athletes (not necessarily athletes in the literal sense!) are people of strong physique, tall or medium height. Their muscles are well developed, the shoulder girdle is wide, the hips are narrow. The value of this rather obvious typology would be small if not for one important circumstance. Kretschmer drew attention to the fact that among his patients, subject to a certain mental illness, people with similar external features predominate. Developing this observation, the scientist noticed that even in the character of perfectly healthy people there are signs in the embryo similar to those that are clearly expressed in mentally ill people. Mental pathology manifests itself mainly in two completely different diseases - schizophrenia and cyclothymia. Schizophrenia is characterized by the peculiar thinking of patients, isolation, loss of emotional contacts with the outside world. Patients with schizophrenia seem to live in their own world and see everything that happens around them from a different perspective than healthy people. Cyclothymia (manic-depressive psychosis) is characterized by sharp changes in emotional states, when a period of high spirits and high activity is abruptly replaced by deep depression and depression.

In his patients, their relatives and simply healthy people, Kretschmer saw a gradual transition from pronounced cyclothymia through several intermediate options and the "average rate" to pronounced schizophrenia. So the types of healthy people were described - schizotimics and schizoids, cyclothymics and cycloids. It is important to emphasize that for all the dissonance of these names, we are talking about healthy, normal people who are unlikely to ever fall ill with a mental illness, but if this happens, it will be a certain illness, and not another. So, neither the schizothymic nor the schizoid may have anything to do with schizophrenia and in fact most often do not. Schizothymic, according to Kretschmer, is a healthy person with some "schizophrenic touch". The schizoid is also a healthy person, who, however, seems to balance between health and illness: under normal conditions, he is able to live and work normally and even reach considerable creative heights, but in difficult adverse situations, such a person may experience schizophrenic reactions. Similarly, on the other side of some intangible "average norm" are cyclothymic and cycloid.

But what about the physique? It turned out that schizotimics and schizoids often have an asthenic constitution. These are thin people with elongated limbs and body, a long neck, a small head, often an elongated, clearly defined nose, contrasting with a small lower jaw. Their skin is often pale, their hair is thick and coarse.

In psychological terms, they are characterized by a certain isolation, a tendency to abstract thinking. They can enthusiastically engage in some business for a long time, stubbornly insist on their own in a discussion, and suddenly suddenly abandon their hobby, give in to an argument. In relation to some phenomena, they can be acutely sensitive, while others leave them completely indifferent. From the outside, such behavior can be difficult to understand: their reactions are almost unpredictable, contrasting and impulsive, and often do not correspond to the reason that caused them. Among schizotimics and schizoids, one can meet people who love nature and appreciate art, with a delicate taste and tact, especially vulnerable to the friction and conflicts of everyday life. A brilliant example of a schizoid (both in appearance and nature) is seen in the image of the immortal hidalgo Don Quixote. But among schizotimics and schizoids there are also cold, detached natures, selfishly focused on personal interests. In achieving their goals, they are capable of enviable perseverance. Their detachment from the world is often manifested in witty irony, sarcasm. According to Kretschmer, schizotimic scientists are conservative, inclined towards the exact sciences and philosophy (although their philosophizing sometimes turns into scholasticism).

It is important to note that the described properties can belong to very different people, some of which are able to arouse sympathy, others - hostility. So, in the four musketeers described by A. Dumas, the pretty Athos can be attributed to bright schizoids. But the unattractive figure of the Duke of Richelieu belongs to the same type. And in real life, one can often find such contradictory examples.

Cyclothymics and cycloids are more often picnics. These are dense, broad-boned people with rounded shapes. Picnics often have soft hair and are prone to premature baldness. Despite their fullness, they are distinguished by cheerfulness and mobility, rich facial expressions and gestures. The mood of these people is for the most part cheerful. They completely surrender to the world around them and the current moment, easily and openly make contact. These are, as a rule, sensual pleasure seekers and good-natured comedians. Of the four Musketeers mentioned, the dearest Porthos belongs to this type.

A less clear, intermediate type in the Kretschmer classification, the so-called viscose type, whose physique corresponds to an athletic one. People of this type, as a rule, are calm, unimpressive, they are distinguished by restrained facial expressions and gestures. They find it difficult to adapt to new circumstances, changes in the situation due to the low flexibility of thinking. Less predisposed to mental illness than others, such people sometimes show some tendency to epilepsy.

Interestingly, another attempt to build a similar typology on completely different grounds led to a very similar result. American researcher William Sheldon examined photographs of several thousand students taken naked from different angles. As a result of painstaking analysis of photographs, Sheldon managed to choose extreme body types that are as different as possible from each other. There were only three such options.

The first was characterized by a general spherical shape, softness, the presence of a large belly, large head, sluggish arms and legs, undeveloped bones and muscles.

The second was characterized by broad shoulders and chest, muscular arms and legs, a minimum amount of subcutaneous fat, and a rather massive head.

The third type was personified by a thin person with an elongated face and a high forehead, thin long arms and legs, a narrow chest, and a well-developed nervous system.

Based on these types, Sheldon identified three primary components of the physique, which were designated respectively: endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic. These terms are derived from the names of the germ layers. According to the point of view that existed at that time in biology, internal organs develop from the endoderm (inner germ layer), bones, muscles, heart, blood vessels develop from the mesoderm (middle germ layer), and hair, nails, and nails develop from the ectoderm (outer germ layer). receptor apparatus, nervous system and brain.

The amazing similarity of the types identified by Sheldon with the picnic, athletic and asthenic from Kretschmer's scheme is striking. Are there any parallels in psychological portraits? Yes, the most obvious. Endomorph is very similar in its characterological properties to cyclothymic, ectomorph - to schizothymic, mesomorphic athletics of the viscose type.

Sheldon's theory also has not escaped scientific criticism. However, the ideas of Kretschmer and Sheldon are still being taught at universities to future doctors and psychologists who need the skills to expressly assess a person’s qualities by their appearance.

Physique and mental illness

Schizophrenia is more often observed in asthenics. For them, it occurs earlier, has a continuous, progressive course and leads to the disintegration of the personality. In picnics, schizophrenia manifests itself at a later age, has pronounced hallucinatory-delusional symptoms, its course is paroxysmal, and the prognosis is relatively favorable.

Manic-depressive psychosis, characterized by alternating phases of mania (psychomotor agitation) and depression (oppressed mood with a decrease in mental activity) with light intervals, is more likely in picnics, and in asthenics it proceeds with prolonged depression.

Epilepsy, which is manifested by convulsive or other recurrent seizures, is observed more often in representatives of the athletic body type.

Neurasthenia and neurosis of obsessive-compulsive disorders, as well as psychasthenia (a pathological condition characterized by extreme indecision, timidity and constant doubts) are more characteristic of asthenics.

Hysterical neurosis, manifested by great suggestibility and autosuggestibility, the desire to attract the attention of others by any means, according to many authors, is more common in picnics.

Physique and somatic diseases

Asthenics are distinguished by increased nervous excitability, a tendency to ptosis of internal organs, neuroses and hypotension, tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and to a lesser extent, a tendency to develop atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes.

Normostenics (athletics) are energetic and self-confident, they have a tendency to diseases of the upper respiratory tract and movement apparatus, to neuralgia and coronary sclerosis, and myocardial infarction develops more often.

Hypersthenics (picnics) are sociable, mobile and practical, they are distinguished by higher blood pressure and the predominance of assimilation processes. The function of the gonads and adrenal glands is increased. Prone to obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Picnic diseases may be due to obesity rather than the picnic physique itself. Moreover, the distribution of adipose tissue is important. People with a predominance of adipose tissue in the abdomen and in the upper body are at maximum risk.

Pathological constitutions

Pathological constitutions are observed in chromosomal diseases - for example, in Down's disease, Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome, eunuchoidism. Gigantism and nanism (dwarfism) can also be attributed to such constitutions.

A special group of pathological constitutions is made up of diathesis (from the Greek. diatesis - a tendency to something). This term refers to an anomaly of the constitution, characterized by a predisposition to certain diseases or an inadequate response to common stimuli.

Lymphatic-hypoplastic diathesis is characterized by a predisposition to allergic reactions, a decrease in the adaptation of the chromaffin substance of the adrenal glands to environmental influences, and an abnormal development of the thymus.

Neuro-arthritic diathesis is characterized by a predisposition to the development of obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, gout and metabolic arthritis (joint diseases) due to a violation of purine, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. It is manifested by digestive disorders and increased nervous excitability.

Exudative-catarrhal diathesis is characterized by a predisposition to protracted educational processes and the development of allergic reactions, lymphoid hyperplasia, lability of water-salt metabolism, as well as infiltrative-desquamative processes in the skin and mucous membranes.

Conclusion

So, the constitution is a complex of anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics of an individual, fixed genetically and determining the forms and methods of its adaptation to various environmental influences, as well as the incidence and nature of the course of diseases (which also reflects adaptive properties). The human constitution is a form of manifestation of natural biological population diversity, without which no set of individuals of the same species can be stable. Most often, when describing the constitution, those types are distinguished that were developed by anthropologists to describe body types. This simplifies understanding and allows you to visualize the most important features of each of the constitutional types.

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