Nelly Meshcheryakova, a mnemonics course teacher and 4th year IEP student, assures that you can develop your memory quite quickly and at any age.

At least once, but each of us forgot where he left the car keys, did not remember the birthday of his closest relatives and friends or the phone number of a colleague in time. According to psychologists, between the ages of 40 and 65, people experience a persistent decline in memory, and in fact its development and maintenance in the right form is one of the remedies against Alzheimer's disease. Why are there adults - because of poor memory, children lose interest in learning.

Lecturer of the course of mnemonics at the educational center for schoolchildren "Unium", 4th year student of the IPiO Nelli Meshcheryakova ( on the picture) assures that you can develop a memory in yourself quite quickly and at any age. And then you will not only learn whole lectures on an unloved subject, but even master several languages.

« We are used to writing down any information in electronic or notebooks. But you can put it in your brain. Then we will not depend on the batteries in the phone or the Internet in the tablet. And mnemonics will help with this.

Mnemonics is a set of rules and techniques that facilitate the process of memorizing information. That is, mnemonics turn numbers and letters into vivid images that literally cut into our memory.”

Why do we need mnemonics? In order not to memorize, but quickly and with pleasure memorize phone numbers, bank cards, names and dates of birth of friends and acquaintances, information on study and work, foreign words, sequences of words (for example, a list of products) or even entire texts.

Ushinsky K.D. wrote: “Teach a child some five words unknown to him - he will suffer for a long time and in vain, but connect twenty such words with pictures, and he will learn them on the fly.”

“Speech therapists have been using mnemonics in their work for a long time: for each word or small phrase, a picture is invented and sketched or displayed, and the entire text is thus sketched schematically. Looking at these diagrams-drawings, the child easily reproduces textual information, ”commented Nelly.

In addition, mnemonics helps in the development of connected speech, associative thinking, visual and auditory memory, visual and auditory attention, and imagination. In a word, mnemonics can greatly simplify life if you know how to use it.

You might think that mnemonics appeared recently, but it has existed for several millennia, surrounds us everywhere, and we have used its techniques in practice more than once. So, in mnemonics, the compilation of phrases for memorization is quite widespread. The most famous among them is "Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits." It "encodes" the colors of the rainbow: each starts with the same letter as the word in the phrase. The phrase about the order of the planets works in a similar way: “You can fly beyond Mars by making a jewelry turn near our planet.” Or the order of cases "Ivan gave birth to a girl ..."

Mnemonics includes a set of techniques and methods for easy memorization. Mnemonic memorization consists of four stages: coding into images, memorization (combining two images), sequence memorization and fixing in memory.

But foundation of mnemonics - associations, so the key to success in memorization is to learn how to create correct and “strong” associations. Only then can we move on.”

Consider the most important principles of mnemonics. Developed memory is based on two main factors - imagination and association. In order to memorize something new, you need to correlate this new thing with something, that is, make an associative connection with some already known factor, calling on your imagination to help. An association is a mental connection between two images. The more diverse and numerous the associations, the more firmly they are fixed in memory. Strange, illogical associations contribute to better memorization.

Nelly shared five rules to create the "correct" association:

1. Association is the first thing that comes to your mind. It is necessary to create an image in your head that will evoke another in your memory and help you remember the information you need. The created association will become a hook when memorizing new information.
   2. The association must be illogical and absurd. The more unusual a situation you create, the more it burrows into your brain. I repeat, the image is at the head of everything. If you can create an image of an object in your head, then you are already halfway to success.
   3. Images must be large, voluminous, colored, detailed. Use all your senses to visualize the picture as vividly as possible.
   4. The association should be funny - let it be the first thing that comes to your mind.
   5. The association should be only about yourself, because only what happens to you arouses the strongest interest and therefore is better remembered. When you read a paragraph on history and imagine yourself conquering Rome, you will definitely remember more facts from this text.
   To effectively memorize the rule, it is necessary to set the created association in motion. "Movement" helps to vividly present the image. It makes the process of memorization not only simple, but also interesting.

For example, you need to remember two words: "cavalry" and "attic". You imagine that you go up to the attic and see cavalry there - horses with long bangs are standing, and warriors are sitting on them. They have their heads down to their chests because they don't fit in your tiny attic. You look at them and think: I came here for jam, but what did they forget here? And they answer you: “Exactly - what have we forgotten here?” - and fly out the window. And the jam flies after them, and you bitterly regret it. Having applied all the rules for building the right association, the brain firmly remembered these two words.

Which mnemonics methods to use depends on what you want to achieve: learn to memorize numbers, words, facts, or learn a foreign language.

There are no universal methods for developing memory. But there are a few tricks that everyone can practice every day.

Receptions of mnemonics

"Chain"- one of the basic techniques for memorizing a certain number of items. The method is simple: imagine a bright image, and then glue it with the next one. The images are connected in association in pairs. The sizes of the images are approximately the same in each pair. When you have formed a connection between the first and second image, the first image is removed from consciousness by transferring attention to the second. After that, a relationship is formed between the second and third images, and so on. When a chain of images is remembered, three to five images appear in consciousness at once.

Let's say you need to buy cheese, powder and a light bulb in a store. Introducing a huge package of powder. A light bulb flies into it and a white powder scatters across the plank floor. Cheese is strung on a light bulb ... and so a whole tower is built. Glues should be as effective as possible. They say that this way you can remember a list of at least a hundred items. What you really need to go to the store.

Reception "Matryoshka". Experts say that it serves as the most optimal way of mnemonics. It is based on the combination of images in pairs, and the previous appearance of the association must always be greater than the next, that is, the impression is necessary that the first type of word includes the one following it. After their connection, it disappears from consciousness, the main image becomes the subsequent one, which mentally increases, and an association is created between words standing one after another. So, the images are constantly being introduced into each other, like a “matryoshka”. A classic example of this action, when it is necessary to connect two seemingly incompatible images of "beauty and the beast."

hanger method good for memorizing numbers. For each number, you need to come up with several associations or “hanger” words: 0 - bagel, 1 - stake, 2 - swan, 4 - chair, 8 - snowman ... You can pick up rhyming words: zero - salt, two - owl ... We replace the numbers with pictures and come up with a coherent story. Voila - the phone number was deposited in the memory for a long time.

But what if you urgently need to remember a few foreign words?

“With the help of mnemonics, it’s realistic to learn hundreds of English words in one day,” Nelli assures.

For example, we need to remember the word "pillow" - a pillow. We select a sound association - "fish-saw". We connect the pillow and the sawfish. And we come up with a story: a pillow maniac comes to you with a sawfish and starts sawing your pillow with a terribly unpleasant “peeeee” sound. Feathers scatter in different directions - otherwise it was a gift from your beloved grandmother and you are terribly sorry for her.

So, having applied the rules for constructing an association, we memorized the English word. To reproduce this story in memory, you only need 3 seconds. And when you hear the word “pillow” (“pillow”), you will remember the combination “fish-saw”, and it will hook the word “pillow” out of your memory.

If we turn to theory, then three types of associations are used in mnemonics: sound (pillow saw), semantic (cavalry and attic) and visual. The latter is used in elementary school lessons.

“Difficult to write, dictionary words are represented graphically: for example, the word “cassette” can be drawn as a cassette, in the holes of which two letters “C” are hidden.

There are many examples of visual association: in the word “weather”, instead of the letter “o”, you can draw the sun. Unverifiable "o" in the words "carrot", "cucumber", "crow", "milk" can be remembered by drawing a crow with earrings in the form of two "o" or a bottle of milk with three rings thrown over it. The drawn carrot twists two hoops around the waist, and the cucumber drives the hoop in front of him. Now the spelling of these words will remain in the memory forever.

Even the rules can be drawn. For example, the rule “The particle “not” with verbs is written separately” can be depicted as a football player-verb hitting the ball-particle.

And if you need to remember some dates, then you can use image numbers that you can string, like beads, on the thread of your memory.

For example, the year of the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible (1552) is depicted as follows: one - in the form of a spear, five - stars sparkling on the helmets of Russian soldiers, two - a swan flying from the Syuyumbike tower.

To make the date even better in memory, you can make a proposal from the names invented for the numbers of the drawings. The funnier it is, the better the desired date will be remembered.

The difference between mnemonics and cramming is that in the second case, a person reads and then repeats many times, memorizing in this way. And thanks to mnemonics, information is remembered immediately, but then it needs to be repeated following a certain algorithm.

In mnemonics, as in any other skill, it is important to practice regularly. After all, memory is a muscle that must always be kept in good shape. I recommend exercising regularly. Over time, this will become a habit, and you will no longer be able to remember differently, as you did before.

I immediately tell my students that it is better not to expect miracles. To get the desired result, you need to work hard.

Advice:

- If you want to get acquainted with the theory in more detail, then I recommend reading the “Textbook of Mnemonics” by Kozarenko V. A. There are many exercises in the book “Memory. Memory training and attention concentration techniques ”, its author is R. Geisselhart. You can also learn mnemonics from The First 20 Hours by George Kaufman and Super Memory by Tony Buzan.

Unfortunately, in Russia and here in Tatarstan, mnemonics is not yet widely used. But it has been proven that by training memory, we change the brain. The mnemonic technique reconfigures the connections between brain nerve centers, increasing the amount of memory. So remembering a thousand English words a day is quite realistic and accessible to anyone - you just have to want to.

Illustrations from open sources, http://pamyatplus.ru/, personal archive of the author

The human brain uses only 10% of its abilities, the rest of the brain's potential remains unused. A person who has a good memory and who can memorize a huge amount of incoherent information does not use any secrets to unlock the other 90% of the brain's abilities.

Practical application of mnemonics

It is enough to train your memory every day for 15-20 minutes. Use proven mnemonics for memorization.

The modern world of computer technology and information requires a huge amount of memorizing accurate information. These can be e-mail passwords, digital code of a program or file. In this case, it is simply necessary to accurately remember and reproduce numerical and alphabetic information.

Memorization of poems and texts according to the school literary program is also required. Poems are a good training for memory, increase the vocabulary of rhyming words, develop creative abilities.

Having a trained memory, you can learn more than one foreign language in a short time.

Mnemonics techniques will allow you to double the volume of new foreign words. Having studied English, you can easily use it as a matrix for memorizing the words of German or another language.

Some information about the memory mechanism itself

Human memory has well-studied boundaries. Psychologists have found that memory is divided into operational, long-term and short-term. From the sensory receptors of perception (vision, hearing), an imprint of the real world enters the short-term memory. With the help of focused attention, information is imprinted, recognized and compared in working memory. In RAM, as in short-term memory, a limited number of elements is retained, seven plus or minus two elements for 30 seconds.

Then the information is encoded into cognitive structures (meaning) or re-encoded and sent to long-term memory, where it is stored for a lifetime.

The better and more efficient the encoding of information, the longer it is remembered and the faster it is retrieved from this storage. The content of short-term memory is constantly changing, new elements crowd out old ones. Temporary erasure of already processed information in the course of thinking is a protective function of the brain from constantly arriving sensory stimuli from the outside world.

If there was no erasure of old traces of information, the brain would be heavily overloaded. And for this reason, the amount of memory never changes. Sometimes there is an overlay of one information on another, and the information is mixed, for example, when continuously viewing different texts. In this case, memory errors may occur. Lack of use of this or that memorized information leads to its absolute erasure. Often, mentally repeating it, on the contrary, leads to constant stimulation of the corresponding neural connections in the brain.

There are various techniques of mnemonics that allow you to effectively use all the possibilities of memory.

School methods of memorizing educational material were based on repeated repetition. Such rote learning required a lot of time with low results. And an incomplete understanding of the material led to the fact that it quickly collapsed and was erased from memory. Therefore, one of the rules of strong memorization is the comprehension of memorized information.

The rapid assimilation of new information is facilitated by already familiar information that has something to do with it. For example, if a person studies medicine or psychology, then new information about diseases or mental disorders will fall into the same context nearby. Information is assimilated into the same memory cells as previously mastered knowledge.

Such a rapid assimilation of new information is due to the fact that our minds already have ready-made generalizations - concepts, the necessary set of associations, on which others are strung.

It is necessary to clearly systematize your memory training sessions. If you are studying a foreign language, repeated classes should not go with a large gap in time. If you study once for two days in a row, and then rest for five days, then new information will be forgotten and erased from memory faster than new information will be accumulated. Thus, the level of memory development will remain low. Therefore, you need to practice every day for 15-20 minutes.

For a better understanding of the information, try to organize it in a logical structure like a tree. More general knowledge (word, concept) can be used like a tree trunk, and further from it, according to the principle of branches, more specific ones can be added. If you are learning words, try to combine them into one semantic field. Or according to the degree of abstractness (for example, the date of foundation of Vologda is 1147 - Vologda, foundation, date, 11 47).

The natural language of our consciousness

Any symbolic language (the language of mathematics, the language of native speech) is an artificially created communication system. A child who cannot read and write until a certain time remembers everything with the help of pictures - images. Therefore, the image is the most natural for human consciousness. This is the very immediate code to remember.

Our consciousness perceives all information in a figurative form. The image of objects, numbers, words appears in our minds much faster than conceptual structures and thinking are turned on. The retained image in memory for some stimulus, without observing the real object itself is called performance.

Thus, mnemonics for memorization are aimed at:

• maximum development of figurative thinking;
• creation of sustainable supporting associations;
• increasing the time of concentration of consciousness (attention).

With Wikium you can organize the process of training on the basics of mnemonics according to an individual program

Attention training

Exercise 1.
Bring the palms of your hands together, leaving a distance of 1 centimeter between them. After a while, a feeling of warmth will appear between the palms. Try to concentrate on this sensation, stopping the flow of thoughts. At this moment, don't think about anything.

Exercise 2.
An exercise in mindfulness through breathing. Get comfortable in your chair. Breathing should be even and calm. Then try to follow the rhythm of your breathing. Slowly observe the moment of inhalation, exhalation.

Exercise 3
Another method helps in training attention. It is necessary to concentrate on the whole image of your body. Mentally walk through the body: how the arms lie and are relaxed, what sensations are in the legs. Try to feel the warmth of your body from head to toe.

Image manipulation. Basic techniques of mnemonics

The main techniques of mnemonics are based on the visualization of memorized information. When reading, in order to remember the entire text, try to translate each word into a picture in your imagination. With the help of mental actions, try to consider the resulting image from all sides. For example, imagine a book. Mentally turn it over to the other side. Consider what color it is, in thickness.

Visual images can be connected to each other. The connection between them is remembered by the brain, and if necessary, remember the entire chain of images, it is enough to remember one of the key ones. In this case, the brain will give out all the material remembered in the images as a stimulus.

Image overlay technique

There is a technique for creating a matrix by imposing images. A link is created that allows you to remember the weak links between the stimulus and the information to be remembered. Such a mnemonic technique is used to study foreign words. In this case, images of different modalities are superimposed - visual and acoustic.

Enlargement and reduction of images

It is necessary to take a more complex image and place a simpler one there. A complex image can be reduced if necessary. For example, imagine a thermometer, consider it in detail: divisions, numbers, mercury column. We increase the mercury column and you can hang a bucket on it. Then roll all small parts back to normal sizes.

Reception of transformation of images

Imaginary objects can also be transformed. Thicken, lengthen. Add different details. This is necessary in order to be able to reuse them.

Creating artificial associations

Combine several different images into one picture that can be remembered as one element. At the same time, you can connect from 3 to 5 images together.

natural associations

Natural associations are created by the brain in everyday life. All the objects that we see in our environment already create a certain relationship with each other. The setting of a well-studied room, or a well-known path from home to work through the park, can become a reference association for remembering the necessary information, stringing it on furnishings. To reproduce this information, it is necessary to recall a familiar area or room.

Symbolization

Symbolization is a technique for remembering abstract words that are difficult to represent visually. Use known characters:

• the symbol of peace is the dove;
• the symbol of death is the skull;
• etc.

You can use free association to create symbols. Further, a generalized image (symbol) can be used to string smaller and more specific associations, increasing the semantic field.

Memorization of numerical information

For this, a ready-made matrix of images is prepared in advance. Which will correspond to the numbers. For example:

• 1 - map;
• 2 - glass;
• 3 - bird.

But it is more efficient to use their graphic image and similarity with other objects to designate numbers. Let's say:

• 0 - can be designated as a clock, a globe that has a round outline resembling a given figure.
• 1 - candle, pencil, nail;
• 2 - swan, chess horse;
• etc.

eidetic

From the word "eidos" - image. This memorization technique is based not only on the figurative perception of the world, as in childhood, but also on the addition of mental material. The child has more developed curiosity and a sense of surprise at everything new. Therefore, especially new and interesting information stimulates neural connections most of all.

Events that are accompanied by a sense of joy are remembered most vividly. Therefore, strive to make your associations as interesting as possible.

It is advisable, on the basis of memorized material (for example, numbers), to come up with an unusual story that will combine all artificial associations together.

When memorizing foreign words, try to imagine what feelings this word evokes in you. The sound of this word. The child remembers all the surrounding information with emotions, internal sensations, and not with logic. Receiving positive emotions from images is also reflected at the chemical level by the release of the hormone of pleasure (endorphin). The material is fixed in the structure of the brain.

You can supplement your imagination with a drawing by drawing what is said in the poem.

Complex and long words and figures must be analyzed analytically. Two-digit numbers can be added to get a new number - a code for storing a number in memory. For example, in order to remember the foreign word spring, you can divide it into sp - ring, it turns out that the word “spring” also contains the word “ring”. To memorize the number 315, you can get a new number 3 + 1 + 5 = 9, so you need to remember not three numbers, but one.

In general, the use of mnemonics at first will be some additional mental work for you, but this is exactly what you need - in the end, you will form those mental images that you can successfully memorize. Over time and with the improvement of skills, the use of mnemonics will be given simply, and the result will be more guaranteed. As we noted above, the key to success in regular training. Train for success.

Any person has to remember a certain amount of accurate information. Mnemonics will allow you to better remember any information you need. Consider the basic mnemonic techniques; types of mnemonic information, to understand why one type is remembered well (images), the other is worse (texts), and the third (exact information) is remembered by many people the worst; as well as practical exercises to train memory at work.

1. Who needs mnemonics?

• In life. Any person has to remember a certain amount of accurate information. We are accustomed to write all this down in electronic or notebooks. Train yourself to write down the information you need in your brain. Then you will not depend on the batteries in your phone or tablet. You cannot lose information. It is very convenient to remember everything you need. Sometimes it is much faster to write down and find information there in memory.
• Speakers. Without this, oratory does not make sense at all. Professional speakers learn mnemonics, which is why their speeches flow so smoothly.
• Schoolchildren and students. Mnemonics will help you remember information better. In exams, you will copy from your memory. It's much safer. In addition, if you want, the information can be stored in your memory for a long time. This may be required if you want to become a highly qualified specialist, a professional in your field. Mnemonics will significantly reduce your preparation time for exams.
• Teachers. Mnemonics arose as part of oratory. When a teacher looks at the notes, this does not add respect to him. By memorizing the lecture material, you will never have to spend time preparing again.
• Business people. Businessmen have an extensive circle of contacts. Thanks to mnemonics, you can better remember information about the people with whom you do business.
• To maintain health. Everything that we do not use in the body will atrophy sooner or later. Imagine a person who has been in a cast for a whole year. What will happen to his muscles? They will become thin and weak. And what happens to a person who does not use his memory? Memory will also begin to "die" as unnecessary. Being engaged in mnemonics even for prevention, like physical education, you will keep your memory in excellent shape until old age.

2. Receptions of mnemonics

2.1. Reception "chain". The images are connected in association in pairs. The sizes of the images are approximately the same in each pair. When you have formed a connection between the first and second image, the first image is removed from consciousness by transferring attention to the second. After that, a relationship is formed between the second and third images, and so on. When a chain of images is remembered, three to five images appear in consciousness at once. A chain of images comes out of memory, appears in consciousness and disappears again in memory. Always form connections according to a certain system. If the association is horizontal, place the first image on the left. If the association is vertical - place the first image at the bottom. If the images penetrate each other when connected, place the second image in the first one. When recalling, read the images in the same order.

2.2. Reception "matryoshka". The images are connected in pairs. The first image of an association is always greater than the second and contains the second. After connecting the first and second images, transfer your attention to the second image (the first should disappear from consciousness). Mentally enlarge the second image and create an association between the second and third images. Etc. Images are constantly nested in each other. At the same time, only two images should always be clearly visible in the association.

Recall is carried out in a similar way. Imagine the first image and wait for the second to come from memory. Switch your attention to the second, increase it, and wait for the third to appear, etc. Please note: this method of connecting images is used very intensively. It should be carefully worked out. The first image of the connected pair of images must be much larger than the second. With a mental increase in the first image, try to highlight a sub-image in it, to which then attach the second (small) image of the pair.

2.3. Acceptance of symbolism. The symbolization technique is used to memorize abstract concepts that do not have a clear figurative meaning. The same word can be encoded into images in different ways by different people. But, as a rule, it is possible to use for encoding symbols that are well fixed in the minds of most people. Symbols surround us on all sides. Very many foreign words, names, terms, surnames, in their sound are similar to the words we are familiar with. These words are easy to represent in the form of visual images, for example: factor - the image "Tractor"; kami (Japanese "hair") - "Fireplace"; kubi (Japanese "neck") - "Cube"; the state of Alaska - "Carriage"; brother-in-law (relative) - "Door". While you do not need to memorize the meaning of unfamiliar words, it is enough to fix their exact pronunciation and sequence in memory.

By translating road signs into meaning, we are engaged in mnemonics. When a first grader memorizes the relationship between the “A” icon and the “A” sound, he is also engaged in mnemonics. Olympic pictograms symbolize various sports; everyone is familiar with the symbols of peace ("White Dove"), death ("Skull"), slowness ("Turtle"), power ("Crown") and many others. When coding a word with this technique, you should ask yourself the question: “How can I visually designate this?”

Examples of coding words into images using symbolization: cold - "Ice", heat - "Hot-water bottle", eternity - "Pyramids", infinity - "Mathematical sign of infinity", winter - "Snowflake", spring - "Mimosa bouquet", summer - " Sun”, autumn - “Yellow Maple Leaf”.

We can't imagine summer at all. But we can imagine grass. This image is easy to remember.

Example: it is necessary to connect two images with “Matryoshka” - “Thermometer” and “Bucket”. Imagine a thermometer very large. Highlight in it the sub-image "Hercury column". Mentally tie a small bucket to this sub-image. As a result of such a connection, the image of the "Bucket" is almost invisible if you imagine a thermometer of ordinary sizes. The bucket appears in our imagination only after the conscious execution of the mental operation "Image Enlargement".

How not to forget about what needs to be done after a certain period of time? Imagine that in 8 days you are going to travel by train to visit your parents. You want to remember to buy chocolate. What should be done so as not to forget to do this?

You must create an association between some action that you are sure will happen and a purchase that you can forget about.

In this example, you will definitely buy a train ticket. How to associate the purchase of this ticket with the purchase of chocolate? It's very simple: you have to imagine that you are at the box office where tickets are sold, and you receive a "mountain" of chocolate from the cashier. You can imagine this scene instantly. It's good to mentally see the detail - the cashier who gives you a “mountain” of chocolate through the window. When you arrive at the station a week later and find yourself at the ticket office, you can be sure that a large amount of chocolate will appear in your mind's eye and make you remember the purchase.

Another example: you need to remember to take an electric shaver on the road. Quickly imagine that you want to shave the hair on your suitcase. When you pack your suitcase for the road, this picture will spontaneously arise in your mind.

At first, try to keep the desired picture in your memory for 20-30 seconds. Later you will notice that it takes you much less time. It is preferable to choose pictures in motion. The more the picture strikes with its comicality or exaggeration, the faster and easier it will appear in your mind. Think about what you need to do tomorrow. Then try to connect these cases with some events (your usual actions) that will definitely happen tomorrow. Or try to connect the things you have planned to the things you will definitely look at tomorrow (your toothbrush, your shoelace, your office door, etc.). Thus, you will create associations that tomorrow will spontaneously remind you of what and in what sequence you should do.

3. Types of mnemonic information

In mnemonics, all memorized information is conditionally divided into three types: figurative, speech (text) and exact. Figurative information includes visual images perceived by a person, speech information includes perceived oral speech and readable texts. Accurate information includes information that does not make sense to remember approximately, which should be remembered with 100% accuracy. These are telephone numbers, dates of historical events, addresses, terms and concepts, car numbers, ciphers and codes, last names and names, and other similar information. Let's take a closer look at each of these types of information and try to understand how they differ from each other, why one type is remembered well (images), the other is worse (texts), and the third - accurate information - many people remember very poorly if you do not use a special technique.

3.1. Figurative information. Our brain is “tuned” to images, operates with images and remembers images “automatically”. Any person can accurately remember the situation of his apartment, the way from home to work. It is enough to see the first frames of the film to make a conclusion whether we watched this film or not. The images (objects) of the world we perceive have relationships that are fixed by the brain without our conscious participation and are well preserved in memory.

3.2. Speech (text) information. Not every word perceived by a person is converted into a visual representation in the brain. The recreating imagination draws images in our imagination, which in the language are denoted by nouns. But there are many words in the language that convey not the images themselves, but the various relationships between them. Read the following statement and watch what appears in your imagination at that moment: “On the huge ... there is a small ...” Something is missing in this statement. In the imagination, a feeling of emptiness, understatement is created. Recreating imagination is the process of spontaneous translation of perceived speech into visual representations with a spatial organization of images. This provides understanding of speech.

Words can be conditionally divided into two large groups: words that convey specific visual images, and words that control these images in our imagination. Let's call them spatial operators. These are prepositions, auxiliary parts of speech, verbs and adjectives. For the same purpose, case endings of words serve. Spatial operators aimed at the mechanism of thinking are perceived by thinking and through it they build images in our imagination in accordance with the perceived text or speech.

Why is speech remembered worse than images? Firstly, speech contains much fewer words-images than in the world we actually perceive. Secondly, these images created by our brain on the basis of words are not as powerful as the images perceived through the visual analyzer. Therefore, when perceiving information by ear or through text, fewer interconnections are formed in the brain than during the work of vision, and these interconnections are much weaker. The visual analyzer is a part of the brain, the perceived image passes the “nerve path” from the retina to the primary (striate) visual cortex, located in the back of the head.

3.3. Accurate information. It is of particular interest for mnemonics. Accurate information is fundamentally different from figurative and speech (text). If we consider a series of random numbers, we will not find in it either images or spatial operators. When perceiving a digital series, images do not arise in the imagination, and the apparatus of thinking turns out to be “turned off”. The brain skips the number series through itself (as the running line moves across the screen) and does not remember anything. He simply does not respond to this kind of information. A person can only reproduce the last piece of information (5-9 digits) from the number series just viewed.

It is accurate information that creates problems for a person in the learning process and in everyday life. Inventive schoolchildren and students solve them with the help of cheat sheets. Teachers, on the other hand, try not to ask their students what they themselves cannot remember. In other words, the inability to remember accurate information by tacit agreement has long been considered the norm. All training programs are tailored for students who do not know how to memorize accurately. If a school or university conducts a survey on accurate information, the results will be deplorable.

4. We train memory at work

4.1. Exercise 1. At the beginning of the work day, ask yourself: “What should I do today first, second, third, etc.?” If you are unable to fully answer this question, mentally reproduce the page of the diary or electronic calendar filled out for this day. Try to remember all the details: features of the abbreviations you made, the order of entries, blots. The exercise can be modified as follows: at the end of the working day, you visually "photograph" the page filled in the next day.

4.2. Exercise 2. Break your working day into four equal intervals. At each of these intervals, try to mentally "photograph" a particular work situation or the face of one of your colleagues. You need to do this in the following way. When a certain situation arises in the workplace, mentally "place" it in a frame, like the one that photographs have. Hold the situation in the "frame" for 3-5 seconds. After each of the four time periods, replay the key situation, and then all the events that took place during that time. The next day, in order to remember your tasks, it will be enough for you to reproduce yesterday's key situation. The "key" can also be a mental portrait of one of your colleagues.

4.3. Exercise 3. This is a body-oriented exercise. Recreate one of the brightest positively colored states that you have experienced before: calm, inspiration, joy. Analyze all the muscle components of these states. As a rule, they will be pleasant sensations of relaxation of the muscles of the face, neck and chest and a slight tone of the abdominal muscles. However, these are general characteristics. Joy, peace, inspiration have a large number of differences. Differences in posture and rhythm of breathing are especially noticeable. All differences must also be identified. After you feel the details of each state, fix them. Having entered one of the states, mentally “scroll” the information necessary for remembering. In order to return to it later, it is enough to recreate the initial state. At the very beginning of classes, it is more expedient to use neutral information to train memory in the proposed way.

4.4. Exercise 4. Arrange objects on your desktop not in the usual order, but in such a way that their arrangement makes you subsequently pay active attention to them. Correlate the position of each object with a specific action that you must take in the near future.

Ekaterina Evgenievna Basilyeva - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

• Leadership, Management, Company management

I started getting into mnemonics almost two years ago and have read quite a few books on the subject. And none of them gave me sufficient information about this science (except for one, about which a little later). And all for one reason: the authors wanted to earn as much money as possible. Usually, the authors of such books conduct special courses where they really (I would like to believe) explain to people what mnemonics is and what it is eaten with, rather than pouring water.

As a result, it turns out like this: a lot of words, little really useful information. Basically - a set of words about what kind of mnemonics is a useful thing, calculations from scientific encyclopedias, showing the incredible possibilities of the human brain. This is completely unacceptable, in my opinion. All I want is to try to explain to you as clearly as possible how to actually learn the memorization skill.

What is this method

All you need to know is that the method is based on creating images in your mind. You take the information you need to remember and turn it into an image through association. A person has an excellent associative memory, and mnemonics take full advantage of this.

Thus, in order to learn to memorize, you need to imagine various objects in your imagination.

For now, just try to memorize the following list of foods the way you would normally memorize any information:

• toilet paper;
• Toothbrush;
• soap;
• processed cheese;
• apples;
• lemon;
• butter;
• mayonnaise;
• salad;
• walnuts.

Usually people remember up to 7 products, but even if you remember everything, then I'm sure you will forget the whole list after 5 minutes.

Now I will try to explain to you how to remember the list so that you do not forget it for at least a couple of days.

The more unusual a situation you create, the more it burrows into your brain.

I repeat, the image is at the head of everything. If you can create an image of an object in your head, then you are already halfway to success. Just try to imagine what a toilet paper roll looks like. Then imagine a toothbrush and combine it with a toilet paper roll, i.e. pierce the roll through with the brush or lay it on the roll. The bottom line is that the more unusual a situation you create, the more strongly it burrows into your brain. Let the roll bleed, let it scream for help. But the main thing is to combine the two images.

Do the same the same with soap and melted cheese, with apples and lemon. For example, a mouse runs towards a cheese and slips on a bar of soap, and an apple falls from a branch onto a lemon. In principle, you can simply “pierce” one image with another without inventing any situations.

The "piercing" trick almost always works, that's a fact.

Connecting the images will take you a long time, but that's okay. The result will amaze you - you will memorize the entire list. That's all mnemonics.

I strongly advise you to look at the exercises from one book on mnemonics (exactly the book that I mentioned at the beginning of the article). It's called Memory. Memory training and attention concentration techniques ”, its author is R. Geisselhart. There is also a lot of unnecessary information, especially at the end, but the exercises are very useful.

Once you have completed all the exercises, be ready to create your own memory palace (or mind palace - to each his own).

What is a memory palace

This is your warehouse of remembered images, “built” in your head. For example, the same list of products. After a couple of days, you will forget it, even being a super-mnemonic. Our goal is to keep this list alive for years to come. That is what the memory palace is for.

The method of creating a palace is similar to the method of Cicero: imagine your home and assign an image to each object. But there is one difference: you create the palace yourself, which means that this room will be much more convenient for remembering, since you can use absolutely any items.

The architecture of the palace can be absolutely anything: from a lair to a heavenly castle (in my case, the role of the palace is played by a huge hall with a glass dome instead of a roof). The main thing is that you should be as comfortable as possible in your palace. In it add any information that you need and that you need to save.

Let's take physics for example. Suppose you need to memorize the formula q= CU.

First, we convert the information into an image. Let be q- corn, CU- a bag. As a result, we got a bag in which corn lies.

Now we place the image in the palace. To do this, we create a regiment in our palace and call it "Physics". For clarity, next to the shelf, we hang Einstein's head (toy!) On a thread or any object that makes you associate with the word "Physics". And then we put the bag of corn on the shelf.

Everything is very simple!

You do not need to know how the brain works and how fast the charge moves between neurons in order to learn the memorization skill. You only need to know the memorization technique itself. I hope that I was able to explain the basics of mnemonics clearly enough and I will be incredibly happy if someone learns this method from this article. Thank you for your attention!

Mnemonic- means "associated with memory or pertaining to it" but science mnemonics It is also a tool to help you remember better. mnemonics has been around for a long time - so long that it was named after a Greek goddess Mnemosynes, who was the goddess of memory, the daughter of heaven and earth (Uranus and Gaia), and the mother of the Muses.

Find bright, unusual images, pictures, which, according to the "binding method", are connected with the information that must be remembered. For example, we need to remember a set of words: pencil, glasses, chandelier, chair, star, beetle - it will be easy to remember if you imagine them as "characters" of a bright, fantastic cartoon. To increase the efficiency of memorization using the "connection method", it is useful to distort the proportions greatly (a huge "beetle"); represent objects in active action ("pencil" is suitable); increase the number of items (hundreds of "stars"); swap the functions of objects ("chair" on "chandelier").

Free association method is a sequence of support images formed according to the following principle. Remember an arbitrary image, fix your attention on it and wait until the next image appears in your mind by association with it. After forming a chain of free associations, reinforce it with mental repetition. Memorable information is linked by associative links to the sequence of selected reference images. The method is based on the fact that in memory there are already a huge number of associations formed in a natural way (spoon cup saucer table ...). Used to extend other methods. For example, for the formation of additional images to a distinctive feature when memorizing information about a person, formulas and constants. The same technique can be used to obtain additional images for figurative codes of numbers and letters of the alphabet.

The method of suggestive associations allows you to convert almost any word into a visual image or association. It is used as part of other methods for memorizing geographical names, terms, concepts, foreign words, surnames, as well as meaningless letter combinations. It is a combination of the symbolization technique, the binding to well-known information, the coding by consonance and the formation of a word by syllable. Which combination of the above memorization techniques will be used depends on the memorized word. Often there are names, for the transformation of which into images it is necessary to apply several methods at once. Those. in one association denoting the name, the images will be obtained by different encoding methods.

For example: the state of North Dakota "Northern" is transformed by the symbolization technique (polar bear), Dakota - by the consonant coding technique (TWO CATS). The name of this state can be fixed by the association "Two cats are sitting on the head of a polar bear." The visual images obtained in the process of coding can easily be remembered sequentially and, when recalled, prompt (induce) the word we need. As a result of mental repetitions, words remembered in images are fixed in memory and subsequently reproduced directly (immediately in the form of an audio message). The information remembered by this method is unmistakably recognized in the text.

Cicero method (placement method) based on associations formed naturally, is a sequence of reference images. They are formed by recalling well-known premises. You can remember a well-known road (for example, from home to the subway). Imagine that you are walking around your room, where everything is familiar to you. Arrange the information that you need to remember mentally as you walk around the room. Memorable images and associations are "attached" to the objects you selected by the method of forming an associative connection. You can recall the information again by imagining an apartment - everything will be in the places where you placed them during the previous "bypass". This method is mainly used to memorize the sequence of the first images of different associative chains and blocks of information. We recommend fixing reference images in memory, repeatedly remembering random numbers on them. The fixed system of support images can be further used for long-term memorization of blocks of information.

Chain method. This technique memorizes horizontal relationships, for example, a sequence of precise information in a passage of text. The images are linked in association in pairs. The sizes of the images are approximately the same in each pair. When you have formed a connection between the first and second image, the first image is removed from consciousness by transferring attention to the second. After that, a relationship is formed between the second and third image, and so on. When a chain of images is remembered, three to five images appear in the mind at once. A chain of images comes out of memory, appears in consciousness and disappears again in memory. Always form connections according to a certain system. If the association is horizontal, place the first image on the left. If the association is vertical - place the first image at the bottom. If the images penetrate each other when connected, place the second image in the first one. When recalling, read the images in the same order.

Visualize the first two words and make a connection between them using visual images or events. Suppose you want to memorize a list: milk, cabbage, oranges and cottage cheese. For example, to remember milk and cabbage, you could imagine a tub full of milk. Suddenly a huge head of cabbage breaks through the ceiling and falls with a terrible splash into the bath, and then the door opens, and four huge oranges march into the room, singing cheerfully at the top of their lungs. The oranges suddenly stop, staring in horror at the cabbage floating in the milk bath, and these oranges reach into their backpacks, pull out packs of cottage cheese from them and begin to throw them at the unfortunate shabby cabbage. Repeat this story in your mind several times, and you will memorize the entire list! This mnemonic method is bad only because you cannot immediately remember, for example, the 10th item from the list.

hanger words- these are mnemonic systems in which you first need to learn a set of words, and then "hang" on them the words and phrases that you need to remember. These systems are good for remembering lists, especially when you have to remember the seventh item on the list (for example) rather than the whole list in a row.

In one of the simplest mnemotechnical hanger word systems, each number is linked to a word that rhymes with it. Here is an example: number one is an orange, number two is tops, number three is lanterns, number four is in kefir, number five is a bed, number six is ​​wool, etc. Suppose you need to remember a lamp, toothbrush, horse, mirror and kangaroo." A silly picture or one that evokes an emotional reaction is remembered better. Number one, orange - a brightly glowing LAMP in the shape of an ORANGE. Number two, the tops, this will become the "hanger" for the toothbrush: TOP = TOOTHBRUSH. You arrived at the dacha and the first thing you go to look at is your favorite bed with carrots - the bed is in order, only instead of HOLMS, multi-colored TOOTHBRUSHES stick out of the ground. Number three, lanterns, must be associated with the horse: LANTERNS = HORSE, etc.

Reception "Matryoshka". The images are connected in pairs. The first image of an association is always greater than the second and contains the second. After connecting the first and second images, transfer your attention to the second image (the first should disappear from consciousness). Mentally enlarge the second image and create an association between the second and third images. Etc. Images are constantly nested in each other. At the same time, only two images should always be clearly visible in the association. Recall is carried out in a similar way. Imagine the first image and wait for the second to come from memory. Switch your attention to the second by increasing it, and wait for the third to appear, and so on. Please note: this method of connecting images is used very intensively. It should be carefully worked out. The first image of the connected pair of images must be much larger than the second. When mentally increasing the first image, try to highlight a sub-image in it, to which then attach the second (small) image of the pair. Example. Connect "Matryoshka" two images: "Thermometer" and "Bucket". Imagine a thermometer very large. Highlight in it the sub-image "Hercury column". Mentally tie a small bucket to this sub-image. As a result of such a connection, the image of the "Bucket" is almost invisible if you imagine a thermometer of ordinary sizes. The bucket appears in our imagination only after the conscious execution of the mental operation "Image Enlargement". This technique remembers: a sequence of paragraphs, a sequence of dates in a chronological table, a sequence of names when memorizing telephone numbers and mixed tables. Reception "Matryoshka" allows you to save support images. With this technique, memorized information is linked into a block. Different blocks of information are additionally fixed to a sequence of reference images well fixed in memory (for example, by the Cicero method).

Lead Method- replacement of numbers with images. The digital alphabet will allow you to memorize any number. An alphanumeric code is used to encode digits and numbers into words. Each digit from 0 to 9 corresponds to two consonants of the alphabet. To use the alphanumeric code in practice, learn it by heart and bring it to an automatic (reflex) level of recall. Digits and numbers must be converted to letters without delay and vice versa.

1 - GJ; 2 - DT; 3 - CH; 4 - CHS; 5 - PB; 6 - ShL; 7 - NW; 8 - VF; 9 - RC; 0 - NM

You can replace numbers with letters and words. For example, 0 is a circle, 1 is a pencil, 2 is glasses, 3 is a chandelier, 4 is a chair, 5 is a star, 6 is a beetle, 7 is a week, 8 is a spider, etc.

Reflex level of recall - a direct relationship is established between different analyzer systems; in this case - between visual and speech. Provides instant recall (eliminates the coding step).

Association list method. Fixed figurative codes of two-digit numbers. In order to memorize numerical information quickly enough, you need to memorize one hundred images. Each image is rigidly assigned to its number (from 00 to 99). As soon as you memorize this list, you will immediately get the opportunity to memorize without errors large amounts of any digital information, for example, dozens of phone numbers.

Encoding of two-digit numbers is carried out through an alphanumeric code.

12 GJ DT GJ DT Guitar image guitar

35 CH PB Kx PB Cube image of a cube

The numbers 01. 02. 03. ... 09 in the numerical series are encoded into images as 1. 2. 3. ... 9. When recalling, zero is added to them on the left.

05 - PB PB Wallpaper Image

06 - ShL shL yula image

07 - NW NW OSA image

Separately, remember: 0 - number; 00 - barrels.

When memorizing numbers, numbers to identify arithmetic dependence between groups of digits in a number, for example, in the phone number 358954, the dependence is 89= 35+ 54;

Reception of symbolization used to memorize abstract concepts that do not have a clear figurative meaning. The same word can be encoded into images in different ways by different people. But, as a rule, it is possible to use various symbols, well ingrained in the minds of most people. Symbols surround us on all sides. Translating road signs into meaning, we are engaged in mnemonics. When a first grader learns relationship between the sign "A" and the sound "A", he is also engaged in mnemonics. When coding a word with this technique, you should ask yourself the question: “How can I visually designate this?” Examples of encoding words into images using symbolization: cold "Ice", heat "Warmer", eternity "Pyramids", infinity "Mathematical sign of infinity", winter "Snowflake", spring "Mimosa Bouquet", summer "Sun", autumn "Yellow Maple Leaf". We can't imagine summer at all. But we can imagine grass. This image is easy to remember.

Acceptance of binding to well-known information in memory. New remembered information may consist of elements of well-known information. Examples of familiar information would be: 1917, 1941, 1812, and 1861, your own name and the name of the street where you live, your telephone number, and the word SONY on the television. New information, consisting of elements of well-known information, is easily remembered. So, it is easy to remember the phone number 917-41-45. It immediately brings to mind famous historical events. For example, in the number 859314, select the 85th year of the brother's birth, 314 - the first digits of the number "pi", etc.

It is better to use the method of binding to well-known information for encoding geographical names, terms, names and surnames into images. This approach is not universal. It encodes into images only what is encoded. It depends on the content of your memory.

Examples of coding words into images by binding to well-known information. Washington state "Dollar", planet Mars chocolate bar "Mars", 1380 380 volts (image of wires), number 220 - "Electrical socket", surname Black image "Black Square", 1912 (publication of the first issue of the Pravda newspaper) familiar 1812.

Reception of the formation of a word by consonants. This technique is used in conjunction with an alphanumeric code. When the numbers are translated into letters, a word is selected by letter, which can be represented as an image. In this approach, we are only interested consonants letters (since there are no vowels in the alphanumeric code). Examples . TLF TeleFon; PMT PLIT; SBC Dog; CLN CLOWN.

If the word is not spelled out, you can apply the following "trick" - to pick up an image denoted by two words (adjective and noun). In this case, the first consonant of the adjective and the first two consonants of the noun are significant. When remembering, you can clearly distinguish which image is indicated by one word, and which by two. Examples. ZTR Green Trava; GLN huge moon; PPC Striped Bee. Any word can be easily translated into numbers. Remembering the sequence of words, you remember the sequence of numbers.

This technique is actively used when memorizing historical dates, telephone numbers, addresses, car numbers, various codes and ciphers. Based on this technique, figurative codes of three-digit numbers are compiled.

Reception of the formation of a word from syllables used alone or in combination with coding by consonance, symbolization and linking to well-known information, mainly for memorizing names, terms, surnames and other similar information. Examples. MASH MACHINE, RULE RUDDER, VON LANTERN, KAM STONE, KNI BOOK. This technique allows you to accurately remember completely meaningless letter combinations. Examples. MASHFONRUL association "car lamp steering wheel". The State of Wisconsin VIS KON SIN association "WHISKEY CANDY BLUE". In this technique, you can improvise by removing or adding one significant letter at a time. Example. Sahara association "SUGAR RAK". You can make the last letters significant. Examples . ZOR TV, AKA DOG, NICK RECEIVER, KNO WINDOW, YULIA PAN.

Education semantic phrases from initial letters memorized information ("Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting" - about the sequence of colors in the spectrum: red, orange, etc.)

Rhythmization- translation of information into poems, songs, lines connected by a certain rhythm or rhyme.

Memorizing long terms using consonant (key) words(for example, for foreign terms, they look for similar-sounding Russian words; to remember the medical terms "supination" and "pronation", they use the consonant and comic phrase "soup carried and spilled").

Very many foreign words, names, terms, surnames in their sound are similar to words that are well known to us. These words are easy to represent in the form of visual images, for example: the state of Alaska is the image of "Carriage"; brother-in-law (relative) image "Door". As long as you don't have to remember meaning unfamiliar words, it is enough to fix in memory their exact pronunciation and sequence.

Memorization technique for different parts of the same image. Imagine a guitar in your mind. Place it vertically in your imagination. Enlarging and moving this image, you can select different details (subimages) in it. Let's single out the following sub-images in the "Guitar" image: "Tings", "Vulture", "Hole in the body", "String holder", "Belt". Always try to select subimages in a certain order, for example, from top to bottom or from right to left. It doesn't matter what system it will be, the main thing is that it should always be the same.

The method of selecting sub-images on the image allows you to fix the sequence of memorized images with the utmost accuracy. The most important advantage of this memorization method is that the memorized numbers can be repeated as many times as you like and you will never confuse them. Recall is carried out with mathematical precision. It is used to memorize figurative codes. Any figurative codes should be remembered only in isolation from each other, through another image. (Remembering the name and patronymic on the image of the surname, memorizing the phone numbers on the image of the "owner" of the telephone number.)

Return Acceptance. When memorizing by this technique, different parts of the previous image of the memorized sequence are used as reference images. This technique combines the "Chain" technique and the "Memorization technique for different parts of the image". It is used to isolate figurative codes when memorizing exact information in a passage of text. The return technique combines the reliability of memorization for reference images and the speed of memorization in a chain.

Memorization by serial numbers(based on fixed figurative codes of numbers). It is used for quick memorization of information with subsequent overwriting by other methods. You can record exact information in your memory under serial numbers during the day; then slowly organize this information, collecting it in blocks or thematic sequences.

Memorization in alphabetical order. Used to store information in alphabetical order. You can memorize addresses, phone numbers, last names and other information in the order of letters in the alphabet without prior systematization.

Remembering names. For example, you met a person whose name is, for example, Harry King and you want to remember him. 1. At first, you can just repeat his name often (for example: “how are you Harry” or “can I treat you to Harry”, etc.) 2. For example, you got to know him better and he told you his story. Then you just need to remake it a little so that it contains some passages from the name. For example: This person loves to eat rice for a garnish and loves the movie KING-Kong "Next, your brain will do everything by itself! 3. Well, in extreme cases, his name and appearance can be associated with Harry Potter.

Information compression method used to memorize anecdotes, encyclopedic information and texts of a small amount (within a textbook paragraph). From a logically complete passage of the text, the meaning (the main idea of ​​this passage) is extracted, which is indicated by the image and remembered in sequence with other images denoting the meaning of other passages.

When memorizing textual information, there are two main problems: how to remember the sequence of presentation of textual material, not to confuse the order of paragraphs in the text, and how to remember the exact information contained in the textual material.

This method, which does not provide a deep understanding of textual information, allows you to formally remember the order of semantic passages in the text. Using mnemonics to memorize a sequence of logically unrelated passages is easier than memorizing plain text. In isolated passages, it is easier to isolate the meaning and fix it in memory.

Reception of "focusing" of information on one image used to memorize a sufficiently large amount of the same type of information. A typical example of such information is a small chronological table. The memorized information is divided into several parts, and each part is fixed on an image extracted from the main image. It is used to create a reliable system of support images and to “assembly” a block of information on one image (collection of several chains on one image, receiving “focusing” of information).

The central image is disassembled into parts by the method of selecting invisible parts of the image. Each selected sub-image is associated with the beginning of a chain of reference images, on which specific information is recorded. It is better to choose a collecting image from frequently encountered objects (a fountain pen, a telephone, etc.). As such an image, it is convenient to use an image selected by the Cicero method. In this case, the sequence of information blocks is automatically fixed.

Method for highlighting a distinctive feature of a person. The nickname highlights the distinguishing features. It is individual, by it you can immediately understand who we are talking about. The nickname reflects the most important thing in a person or in abbreviated form resembles his last name. It is also very important that nicknames, as a rule, are words that are quite easy to represent in the form of a visual image; any additional information about a person can be attached to this image by associations.

A distinctive feature allows you to remember a specific person. Any exact information (full name, address, phone number, pager, car number, place of work, profession, etc.) can be attached to a distinguishing feature. Distinctive features can be remembered sequentially, allowing no-order to recall information about a group of people.

Isolation of a distinguishing feature in a photograph. As soon as you remember the distinguishing feature, you will have a generalized image of the corresponding person in your imagination. A distinctive feature in a photograph can be: elements of clothing and hairstyle, defects in appearance and resemblance to someone, even a background element. (For example, a window in the background, an unusual-looking chair, and even a scratch in the picture.) But there are often photographs in which it is very difficult to find bright distinguishing features. Then carefully look at the face in the photo and try to determine its resemblance to someone or something.

In a similar way, you can remember the sequence of any pictures, for example, illustrations in a textbook or paintings in an exhibition. The illustrations themselves can be used as blocks of reference images for memorizing other information. To do this, it is necessary to mentally select from each illustration the images that make it up.

Identification of a distinctive feature in a person you know well. In this case, the distinguishing feature is distinguished by the type of activity of a person, his hobbies, good or bad habits, by oddities in his behavior, manner of walking, talking, dressing, by his character. If your friend is an athlete, you can assign him the image "Barbell". It makes sense to assign distinctive features even to your close relatives.

Isolation of a distinctive feature in a stranger standing in front of you (situation "Acquaintance"). In order not to forget the name and patronymic of the person you just met, it is useful to call your interlocutor by name during the conversation, specifically referring to him. If you are going to get acquainted, highlight the distinguishing feature of a person in advance before he introduces himself to you. Immediately link his surname to the selected feature, and fix the name and patronymic on the image of the surname; during the conversation, repeat the memorized information, calling the person by his name several times. Good distinguishing features can be: the figure of a person (height, fullness, thinness), his resemblance to people known or familiar to you, unusual behavior, look, features of speech, gait, gestures. Clothing or hairstyle may change. If someone looks like Kobzon, tie him a holster with an umbrella. If a person has a jumping gait, he can be mentally represented as a “Frog”, etc.

Isolation of a distinctive feature in a person whose image is unknown to you. In this case, you only have the last name of the person. It is necessary to single out a distinctive feature from it. If a person is Svetlov, he can be designated as "Lamp". If his last name is Tikhonov - "Turtle" or "Snail". Our domestic surnames are quite easily translated into images. Foreign surnames are divided into several parts, each of which is translated into an image. These images are combined into an association. The name and patronymic should be fixed on one of the images of the association denoting the surname. Martenson mar-ten-son. "Mark" "Tent" "Bed".

The selection of a distinctive feature from the interior of the room. Often it is enough to pay attention to the interior element of the room in which the person you need is located. So, in a dentist's office it can be a chair, in a clinic - a reception window, in a car service - a car lift. The necessary information is tied to the items you have selected.

Organizing charts (filling the structure). All mnemonic systems are based on structuring information so that it is easier to remember and reproduce. The basis for structuring information can be place, time, spelling, sounds, images, etc. A very effective mnemonic technique is the organization of information into semantic categories, which can then be used as signs for reproduction. Material organized in some way - visually, semantically or by classification - is remembered better than unorganized material.

When memorizing a textbook, the main (key) points are fixed in memory. You can dilute a clot of accurate information with “water” with the help of a small additional response plan. It is very easy to remember, as such a plan consists of only a few points. The content of this plan is up to you.

The presence in the memory of accurate information and detailed plans for different sections and for different subjects allows comparison, analysis and generalization of information. After all, these mental operations are possible if the information is in your memory. Otherwise, there is simply nothing to compare and analyze.

From the point of view of mnemonics, information is the relationship between phenomena, facts, events. Therefore, any new connections between already known facts are new information. The new information you receive can also be included in the answer in the lesson or on the exam.

Reception of mental drawing. The method of mental drawing refers to the stage of combining images. In this technique, one (reference) image is mentally connected directly with the sign that you draw in your imagination. As a result of this operation, the new icon is "glued" to the reference image and becomes available for recall. It is necessary to clearly distinguish the usual mental representation of images from the process of mental drawing.

When drawing signs, it is advisable to draw them large enough, in bold lines. Imagine that you are writing with a thick felt-tip pen on a sheet of paper or with your finger on a dusty surface. The sign is written out gradually. It’s good if at the same time you try to imagine the movement of your hand (you don’t need to drive with your hand).

mental drawing carried out against the background of the reference image(or on the reference image), because the main task of this technique is to associate the icon with the reference image.

First way- mentally imagine a reference image, separate it from oneself with an imaginary glass and draw an icon on this imaginary glass (holding the reference image in the imagination as well). Second way- mentally enlarge the reference image and draw the icon directly on it. And third way is to try embed icon in the reference image. To do this, it is better to imagine it not drawn, but made of thick wire or any other suitable material. Present the memorable sign as an independent image (or several images). Then the process of memorization will be no different from the formation of an ordinary artificial association between several images.

Active repetition method. Repetition is a process where information is reproduced mentally, orally, or written down solely from your memory. If you repeatedly read information from a textbook, this is not a repetition, this is a repeated perception and there is no guarantee that the associations formed will be activated. To fix information in memory, it is necessary to recall it. Repeated recall of imprinted information is called active repetition. The word "active" in this definition emphasizes the guaranteed activation of all formed associations. Therefore, even before the beginning of the repetition, all information must be memorized in full and without errors. Why repeat then? To save. Usually a person repeats to remember. Mnemonists repeat what has already been memorized in order to save.

Reception of mental pronunciation. This technique is the basis of the cramming method. When you hear the phone number you need on the radio, you start looking for a pencil and paper and at this time mentally (and even aloud) repeat the number. He manages to be kept in consciousness due to the great inertia of the speech analyzer (about 4 seconds). If you repeat a phone number long enough, it will stick in your memory. The disadvantage of cramming is that only one phone number fits in short-term speech memory. Therefore, memorizing phones (and other information) by cramming takes a lot of time. In addition, jagged information tends to be erased from memory very quickly. Historical dates stored in the visual analyzer can be stored in memory almost permanently. The chronological tablet, jagged before the control work, “evaporates” from the head within a few days.

Mnemonics uses the technique of mental pronunciation not for memorization, but to secure in the memory of already memorized information, to form a direct connection between the image of the icon and its pronunciation. This technique refers to the stage of combining images. There is a fixation of the relationship between the visual image of the sign and its speech representation. When you imagine a new sign, mentally pronounce its sound many times.

The ability to learn a new alphabet in 2-4 days is a very good result (you can read and write slowly immediately after imprinting, after 1.5-2 hours).