Fedorova I.A. MAOU "Lyceum
No. 36"

Testing:

1) In 882, Oleg moved the capital from
Novgorod to:
1) Ladoga, 2) Pskov,
3) Kyiv, 3) Suzdal.
2) The result of Oleg's campaign on
Constantinople
became (o):
1) the defeat of the Russian army
2) the adoption of Christianity by Oleg
3) the conclusion of a peace treaty
4) counterattack of the Byzantines in Kyiv.

3) The form of tribute collection under Igor was called:
1) polyudie 2) wagon 3) use
4) sharecropping.
4) 907 and 911 - the years of the conclusion of contracts
Russ with:
1) Poland 2) Germany 3) Byzantium
4) Khazar Khaganate.
5) The first prince of a single Old Russian
states was:
1) Kiy 2) Askold 3) Oleg 4) Svyatoslav.
6) Igor began to reign in Kyiv in:
1)907, 2)911, 3)912, 4)941.

7) For the first time the name "Russian land"
appeared in a written contract in the years
board:
1) Oleg, 2) Igor, 3) Olga, 4) Svyatoslav.
8) The first ruler of Kievan Rus,
who converted to Christianity was:
1) Igor, 2) Olga, 3) Svyatoslav,
4) Vladimir.
9) The lesson established under Olga is:
1)Annual test for officials
persons.
2) the annual exercises of the squad.
3) rules of diplomatic etiquette.

11) Oleg began to reign in Kyiv in:
1)862, 2)882, 3)907, 4)912.
12) In 907 Oleg made a campaign against
1) Pechenegs, 2) Poland, 3) Bulgars, 4) Byzantium.
13) Prince Igor
1) died during a campaign against Constantinople.
2) was killed by the Drevlyans when trying again
receive tribute.
3) was killed by the Pechenegs on the Dnieper rapids.
4) drowned while crossing the Dnieper.
14) Pogost in the 10th century is:
1) cemetery
2) a place for religious ceremonies
3) a special place where tribute was brought.
4) the place of execution.

15) The first (oh) of the Russian princes and princesses,
who visited (she) Constantinople with
diplomatic mission, was:
1) Oleg, 2) Svyatoslav, 3) Anna Yaroslavovna,
4) Olga.
16) Igor's death refers to:
1)944, 2)945, 3)957, 4)962.
17) The reform of the tribute collection procedure was carried out:
1) Olga,
2) Svyatoslav,
3) Vladimir,
4) Yaroslav.

18) The events of 882 include:
1) the first mention of Russia,
2) the beginning of chronicle writing in Russia,
3) calling the Varangians to Russia
4) the formation of the state of Kievan Rus.
19) During the reign of Princess Olga, a large
part of the population of Kievan Rus professed:
1) Christianity, 2) paganism, 3) Judaism,
4) Islam.
20) Ancient state education centers
Russia became: 1) Izborsk and Beloozero
2) Pskov and Novgorod,
3) Kyiv and Novgorod,

21) "Lessons" and "graveyards" In Kievan Rus were
installed:
1) Prince Oleg, 2) Prince Igor, 3) Olga,
4) Vladimir.
22) Statement “Let Kyiv be a mother
Russian cities "made in 882:
1) Rurik, 2) Askold, 3) Dir, 4) Igor.
23) Duty free trade rights on
Byzantine markets made for the Russians
merchant prince:
1) Askold, 2) Oleg, 3) Igor, 4) Svyatoslav.

24) The first military campaign against Byzantium
Prince Igor organized:
1) at 907, 2) 911, 3) 921, 4) 941.
25) Russian military units were supposed to
come to the aid of Byzantium according to
contracts:
1) 860 and 869, 2) 900 and 907, 3) 907 and 911,
4)911 and 944.
26) The beginning of an organized system
taxation of the population of Russian lands
taxes were due
in…
1) 9th, 2) 10th, 3) 11th, 4) 12th century.

10.

27) What events does the excerpt from
annals:
"Ide Olga to the Greeks".
28) As a sign of victory over Byzantium to the gates
Tsargrad was nailed by the prince:
1) Oleg. 2) Rurik, 3) Svyatoslav, 4) Igor.
29) Dates 862, 882 are associated with:
1) key education events
ancient Russian state
2) the struggle of Russia with the Polovtsy,
3) political fragmentation,
4) the campaigns of Prince Igor.

11.

30) Indicate what events are behind
the following dates:
1)882
2)911
3)945.

12. Board of Svyatoslav Igorevich

Svyatoslav - the first authentically
famous Kyiv prince
Slavic name.
(In Byzantine sources of the X century
his name is spelled Sfendoslavos)
Russian historian N. M. Karamzin
named him "Alexander
Macedonian of our ancient
stories". According to academician
B. A. Rybakov, campaigns of Svyatoslav
965-968 "represent
like a single saber
blow that traced on the map
Europe wide semicircle from
Middle Volga to the Caspian and
further along the North Caucasus and
the Black Sea to the Balkan
lands of Byzantium.

13.

Formally, Svyatoslav became
grand duke in 3 years
age after death in 945
year of the father, Grand Duke
Igor, but independent
reign began around
964 years. Under Svyatoslav
Kyiv state in
to a large extent the rules
his mother is Princess Olga,
first due to infancy
Svyatoslav, then because of his
permanent residence in
military campaigns. At
returning from a trip to
Bulgaria Svyatoslav was
killed by the Pechenegs in 972
on the Dnieper rapids.

14.

Prince Igor Rurikovich was killed in 945
Drevlyans for charging them exorbitant
tribute. His widow Olga, who became regent
with a three-year-old son, went to the next
year with an army in the land of the Drevlyans. Battle
discovered the four-year-old Svyatoslav, leaving
“with a spear at the Drevlyans, and the spear flew
between the ears of the horse and hit the horse on
feet, for Svyatoslav was still a child. And
said Sveneld [voivode] and Asmud
[breadwinner]: “The prince has already begun;
follow, squad, for the prince ""

15.

About the first independent steps
Svyatoslav "The Tale of Bygone Years"
reports from 964:
“When Svyatoslav grew up and matured,
he began to gather many warriors
brave, and was fast, as if
pardus, and fought a lot. Not on hikes
carried neither wagons, nor boilers,
cooked meat, but, thinly slicing horse meat,
or animal, or beef and fried on
coals, so ate; he had no tent, but slept,
spreading a sweatshirt with a saddle in their heads, -
so were all the others
warriors. And sent to other lands
[messengers, usually before
declaration of war] with the words: "I'm going to
You!""

16. About the appearance of Svyatoslav

Moderate growth, not too
About appearance
high and not very low
Svyatoslav with thick eyebrows and light blue
eyes, snub-nosed, beardless, with
thick, too long
hair above the upper lip.
His head was completely
naked, but on one side of her
tuft of hair hanging down - a sign
nobility of the family; strong neck,
broad chest and all other parts
bodies are quite proportionate, but
he looked gloomy and stern. AT
one of his ears was pierced
gold earring; She was
adorned with carbuncle
framed by two
pearls. His attire was

17. Foreign policy of Svyatoslav

Southern
direction
East
direction

18. East direction

964 - 965 - defeat
Khazar Khaganate and his
the capital of Itil.
Subjugation of Volga Rus
Bulgaria.
965 - establishment of allied
relations with yasas and
slanting.
966 - accession of the Vyatichi.

19.

20.

“In the year 6473 (965) Svyatoslav went to
Khazar. When they heard, the Khazars went out
meet him with his prince kagan
and agreed to fight, and in the battle he defeated
Svyatoslav the Khazars, and their capital and White
I took it. And defeated the yas and the kasogs"

21. South direction

966-969 - Russian - Bulgarian war.
“I don’t like to sit in Kyiv, I want
live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube - there
the middle of my land"
969-971 - Russian-Byzantine war.
“Let us not disgrace the Russian land, but
let's lie down with bones, for the dead are a shame
don't have"
971 - treaty with Byzantium. Svyatoslav
leaves Bulgaria.
The world is being restored.

22. Draw a schematic

Svyatoslav
in
(962972)
Bulga
R
Ryazan
b966
965
Sarkel
967,969
Tsargr
hell
Itil
b

23. The conquests of Svyatoslav were enormous, but he paid little attention to the life of Russia itself.

"Prince! You are looking for
foreign lands, and
his native
neglect."

24.

Results:
Expanding the borders of Russia.
strengthening
international
provisions.
The aggravation of the Russian
Byzantine relations.
Problem not solved -
defense of the borders of Russia from
nomads.

25. Svyatoslav

Yaropolk
(d.980)
Oleg(977)
Vladimir
(948-1015)

26. Tests

Sergeev S.G. Preparation with
state centralized
testing. Saratov, 2001.
Kadnevsky V.M. History of Russia with
ancient times. M., 2001.
Sayapin V.V. Russian history.
Thematic tests. Rostov - on -
Don, 2011.

27. Links

http://s15.radikal.ru/i188/1102/3c/7d1febbf8c75.jpg
http://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lebedev_Svyatoslavs_meeting_wit
h_Emperor_John.jpg/280px-Lebedev_Svyatoslavs_meeting_with_Emperor_John.jpg
http://www.slavyanskaya-kultura.ru/images/Sviatoslav1.jpg
http://s61.radikal.ru/i171/1106/ec/8672055bc063.jpg
http://rudocs.exdat.com/pars_docs/tw_refs/188/187542/187542_html_m1bc07185.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Sarkel.jpg BOARD OF SVYATOSLAV

Svyatoslav - Alexander the Great of Eastern Europe.

Starting from the time when 962, having matured and stood at the head of the squad, Svyatoslav really began to rule the state, he set about the further expansion of Russia. He succeeded in what his predecessors had failed to do: he subjugated the principality of the Vyatichi, located between the Oka and Volga rivers.

He continued the efforts of Oleg and Olga to centralize power. Oleg planted his governors only in the cities along the upper reaches of the Dnieper - in Smolensk and Lyubech, and in the rest of the lands there were local princes, although they were subordinate to him. Olga sent stewards to tribute collection points. Now Svyatoslav, leaving for the war, sent his sons to the most important lands of Russia. He left his eldest son Yaropolk in Kyiv, sent his second son, Oleg, to manage the Drevlyane land, and sent his younger son, Vladimir, with his uncle, the famous governor Dobrynya, to manage Novgorod. The sons of the Grand Duke in the previously semi-independent principalities essentially became his deputies.

Svyatoslav continued the foreign policy of his predecessors. But he gave it such dimensions, breathing into it such strength and passion that it struck the imagination of both contemporaries and descendants.

In 964, he set off on a campaign to the east. The main goal of this campaign was the crushing of the ancient enemy-Khazars.

By this time, Svyatoslav was already an established leader of the squad, brave in battle, unpretentious to the hardships of military life. Here is how the chronicler describes him: “And he easily went on campaigns, like a pardus (cheetah), and fought a lot. On campaigns, he did not carry carts or cauldrons with him, did not cook meat, but, thinly slicing horse meat, or beast, or beef and roasting it on coals, he ate it like that. He didn’t even have a tent, but he slept, spreading a sweatshirt, with a saddle in his head ... and sent to other lands with the words:

"I want to go after you." His appearance "was well conveyed by the Byzantine historian: a head shaved according to the Russian custom with a long strand of hair hanging down, a gold earring with a large ruby ​​​​in the left ear, a gloomy look, unpretentious modest clothes, distinguished by their cleanliness, a high self-esteem that emanated from all of his figures.

Having passed through the Oka-Volga forests, the land of the Vyatichi, Svyatoslav brought his first blow to the Volga Bulgaria - an ally of Khazaria. The army of the Bulgars was defeated, and the capital of the Bulgars and other cities were taken and the population dispersed. Along the way, Svyatoslav defeated the Burtases who lived in the Oka-Volga forests and were hostile to Russia, captured and burned their cities, and scattered the population.

Then the Russian army went down the Volga and approached the borders of the Khazar Khaganate. The blow from the north was swift and unexpected. Usually, Russian rati came to the borders of Khazaria along the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the Don. Now they first defeated the allies of Khazaria. This shows a well-thought-out plan for the entire military campaign.

The kagan himself went out with an army to meet the Russians, but was defeated,

and the capital of Khazaria, the city of Itil in the lower reaches of the Volga, was also captured by Svyatoslav.

The Russian army passed through the whole Khazar land with fire and sword, leaving destruction and ashes behind. At first, the path of Svyatoslav lay in the Khazar possessions in the North Caucasus. From there, he moved to the Don, defeating the tribes of Yases and Kasogs (current Ossetians and Circassians) who were at enmity with Russia and allied with the Khazars along the way. On the banks of the Don, the army of Svyatoslav stormed the Khazar

Sarkel fortress, which was built here in the 9th century. with the help of Byzantine engineers to protect the Khazar borders from the Russians. Traces of fires, destroyed buildings, broken fortress walls - this is how Sarkel appears according to archaeologists. The fortress was literally wiped off the face of the earth.

Thus, the goal of the campaign was achieved. Khazaria essentially ceased to exist as a strong state.

Leaving the garrisons in the occupied territory, Svyatoslav returned to Kyiv, and his troops began attacks on the Crimean possessions of Byzantium. The Russians continued the line of past years:

the wealthy Greek colonies continued to attract their attention. Relations with Byzantium became strained.

Trips to the Danube. During the three-year eastern campaign, Svyatoslav captured vast territories from the Oka forests to the North Caucasus. At the same time, the Byzantine Empire remained silent: the Russian-Byzantine military alliance was in effect.

But now, when the northern giant began to put pressure on the Byzantine possessions in the Crimea, they became worried in Constantinople. A messenger was urgently sent to Kyiv in order to settle relations between Russia and Byzantium.

Already at that time, a plan was ripening in Kyiv for the invasion of the Podna-Navie and the annexation of the mouth of the Danube to Russia. But these lands belonged to Bulgaria, and Svyatoslav secured the neutrality of Byzantium during his upcoming campaign on the Danube, and in return he promised to retreat from the Crimean possessions of the empire. This was already a great diplomacy, which had in mind the interests of Russia both in the East and in the West.

Summer 967 Russian army led by Svyatoslav moved south. The Russian army was supported by the Hungarian troops. Bulgaria relied on the help of Yasses and Kasogs, hostile to Russia, and on the Khazar detachments.

The war with Bulgaria was over very quickly. True to his lightning-fast manner of conducting military operations, Svyatoslav broke through the Bulgarian outposts and defeated the army of the Bulgarian Tsar Peter in the open field. The Bulgarians were forced to conclude a peace, according to which the lower reaches of the Danube with a strong fortress of Pereyaslavets went to Russia.

It was here that the true plans of Svyatoslav came to light. He moves his residence here and, according to the chronicle, declares:

“I don’t like to sit in Kyiv, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on

Danube - there is the middle of my land, all good things flow there: from the Greek land - gold, pavoloki (precious fabrics), wines, various fruits, from the Czech Republic and Hungary - silver and horses, from Russia - fur and wax, honey and slaves.

The appearance of Svyatoslav on the Danube and the defeat of Bulgaria alarmed Byzantium. Now a cruel, lucky and merciless opponent appeared nearby. An attempt by Byzantine diplomacy to play off Bulgaria and Russia and thereby weaken both failed.

Having bribed the Pechenegs, the Byzantines organized their campaign against Kyiv. Svyatoslav was forced to go to the rescue of his capital city. Having driven away the Pechenegs and made peace with them, Svyatoslav in 969 again returned to the Danube. It was at this time that he planted his sons-governors in the Russian principalities.

During his absence, the Bulgarians captured Pereyaslavets, but Svyatoslav quickly restored the former position: the Bulgarian army was again defeated and Pereyaslavets was in the hands of the Russians.

Russian-Byzantine war and the death of Svyatoslav. At that time, a talented commander and statesman, an Armenian by nationality, John Tzimiskes came to power in Constantinople at that time. The Byzantines demanded the departure of the Russian rati from the Danube. But Svyatoslav asked for an unthinkable ransom for leaving the local cities. And when the Greeks refused, he proudly announced that he would soon pitch his tents in front of the walls of Constantinople. The parties went to war.

John Tzimiskes to fight Svyatoslav created a special detachment of "immortals", which included the best warriors of the empire, chained in armor. The emperor himself commanded this detachment.

Svyatoslav managed to attract his old allies, the Hungarians, to the military confrontation with Byzantium; he also hired the Pecheneg cavalry. The united army also included a detachment of Bulgarians friendly to Russia.

Extensive hostilities flared up in the expanses of Thrace and Macedonia in the summer of 970. According to Byzantine authors, the Kyiv prince led 60 thousand people, not counting the allies.

The Russians won the first stage of the war. In the decisive battle with the generals of John Tzimiskes, Svyatoslav won. At the critical moment of the battle, when the Russians were afraid of the superior forces of the enemy, Svyatoslav addressed the soldiers with a speech:

“Let us not disgrace the Russian land, but lie down with bones, the dead have no shame.” The Russians unanimously hit the enemy and won.

However, the Byzantines brought up new troops, managed to defeat one of the parts of the Russian army, which was supported by the allies. There were already many casualties on both sides, the war was taking on a protracted character. Svyatoslav himself with the main army was already on the outskirts of Constantinople, and the Greeks asked for peace.

According to the peace concluded in 970, the Russians achieved the preservation of their positions on the Danube, the Byzantines pledged to pay

, as and before, tribute to Russia, the terms of the previous agreements were preserved.

After that, Svyatoslav went to the Danube, and John Tzimiskes began to prepare a new army. For this, all forces were mobilized, the best troops were drawn from everywhere.

971 In the days when the entire Christian world was celebrating Easter, unexpectedly for the Russians, John Tzimisces made a breakthrough of his troops through the Balkan ridge and went to Bulgaria. There, on its fields, Svyatoslav, who hastened to meet the enemy, gave the Greeks several battles. But the preponderance of forces was already on the side of Byzantium. Svyatoslav's allies abandoned him. In the end, the Byzantine army blocked the Russian army in the Danube fortress Dorostol. In July 971, Svyatoslav tried to break through the blockade ring and left the fortress for the last battle. The onslaught of the Russians, led by the prince himself, was so swift that the Greeks faltered, and then John Tzimiskes, shining with gilded armor, himself led his “immortals” into battle. Svyatoslav was wounded in battle. The Russians had to retreat. The Russian Grand Duke asked for peace, which was gladly accepted by the Byzantines.

Under the terms of the peace treaty of 971, sealed by a personal meeting between Svyatoslav and John Tzimisces, the Russians had to leave the Danube; they pledged not to attack the local lands again. But Russia retained conquests in the Black Sea and Volga regions. The conditions of the old Russian-Byzantine treaty were restored.

Svyatoslav also turned to the Byzantine emperor with a request to help in the passage of the Russian army through the lands controlled by the Pechenegs. John Tzimisces promised to do so. But, instead of fulfilling the terms of the agreement, the Greeks decided to remove their dangerous rival: the embassy was carrying gold, expensive gifts and the emperor’s request to stop Svyatoslav during his return to Kyiv to the Pechenegs

.

In autumn, the Russian army appeared at the mouth of the Dnieper. But all the paths to the north were cut by the Pechenegs. Then Svyatoslav wintered in Russian settlements located on the banks of the Dnieper mouth.

spring 972 he again tried to break through to Kyiv, but on the thresholds, where the Russians dragged their boats along the shore, bypassing the seething whirlpools, the Pechenegs lay in wait for him. A small Russian army was surrounded and destroyed. Svyatoslav himself died in battle. And from his skull, the Pecheneg Khan Kurya, according to the old steppe custom, made a cup, bound it with gold and drank from it at feasts.

The first strife in Russia. After the death of Svyatoslav in Kyiv, young Yaropolk, surrounded by his father's governors, took power. Oleg, who was a year younger, ruled in the Drevlyane land, the youngest - Vladimir, the son of Svyatoslav from the concubine Malusha, was sitting in Novgorod.

After the death of their father, both Oleg and Vladimir turned out to be independent

rulers of their lands. They became the center of attraction for forces that wanted to regain independence from Kyiv.

Igor's campaigns against Byzantium, the great conquests of Svyatoslav pushed Russia to a prominent place in Eastern Europe.

Yaropolk established himself at first as a ruler who sought to consolidate the gains of his predecessors. Separated from his father from childhood, he was greatly influenced by his Christian grandmother Olga. His wife was a beautiful Greek nun, whom Svyatoslav captured during the war with Byzantium. There is reason to believe that Yaropolk, who was reputed to be a meek and gentle young man, either became a Christian, or leaned towards Christianity, which caused discontent among the pagan Kyivans and especially the squad.

However, three years later the situation changed dramatically. And again, the threat to the unity of Russia came from the Drevlyane lands. By order of Oleg, who reigned there, who was only 13 years old, in the Drevlyansk forests, the son of Sveneld, Yaropolkov voivode, the same Sveneld, who had collected tribute there in the time of Igor, was killed during a hunt. It can be thought that the Drevlyans took revenge on him for previous grievances and took a course towards secession from Kyiv.

The result of this feud was two years later the campaign of the Kyiv army, led by Yaropolk, against the Drevlyans. The Kievans defeated the Drevlyans, they fled for the fortress walls of the city of Ovruch. On the bridge across the moat there was a stampede, in which the young prince Oleg died. The Drevlyans were again subordinated to Kyiv.

Novgorod also showed a desire to secede. Having received news of the death of his brother, Vladimir fled to the Varangians. In his place, Yaropolk sent his governor. The Russian land was again united. But Vladimir did not accept the position of an outcast prince. After spending more than two years in a foreign land, he hired a detachment of the Varangians and knocked out the governor Yaropolk from Novgorod. Then he gathered a large army, consisting of Slovenes, Krivichi and Chud, and together with the Varangians moved south, repeating the path of Oleg.

Again, the North presented its claims to leadership in the Russian lands. Once again, Novgorod took the initiative to unite Russia in order to establish the unified power of the mother of Russian cities - Kyiv. Along the way, Vladimir captured Polotsk, where he killed the Varangian Rogvold, who reigned there, and his sons, and forcibly took his daughter Rogneda as his wife. In Kyiv, Yaropolk's position was precarious. The squad was distrustful of the prince, who patronized the Christians. In addition, Vladimir entered into secret negotiations with some of the Kievan boyars, including those close to Yaropolk.

As a result, Yaropolk failed to gather troops to fight his brother and locked himself behind the Kyiv walls. Feeling that a conspiracy against him was brewing in Kyiv, Yaropolk fled the city, and then, on the advice of his boyars, who had already secretly sided with Vladimir, came to him for negotiations. As soon as Yaropolk entered Vladimir's tent, he was immediately raised to swords by two Varangians.

TOPIC 6. ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN OF EASTERN EUROPE (LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF PRINCE SVYATOSLAV OF Kyiv)

Introduction

1. Khazar campaign of Svyatoslav

2. Relations with Byzantium. The betrayal of John Tzimiskes

3. The death of Svyatoslav

4. Historians about the activities of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Svyatoslav

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

“Svyatoslav, son of Igor, the first prince of the Slavic name, was still a boy. The disastrous end of a parent is the news of a power founded and preserved only by the sword; revolt of the Drevlyans; the restless spirit of the army, accustomed to activity, conquest and robbery; the ambition of the Varangian commanders, brave and proud, who respected the one power of happy courage: everything threatened Svyatoslav in Russia with dangers. But Providence preserved both the integrity of the state and the power of the sovereign, endowing his mother with the properties of an extraordinary soul.

Prince Svyatoslav was born in 942. His father was Prince Igor, and in 942 he was over 60 years old, and his wife Olga was 49–50 years old. Svyatoslav was their firstborn. Olga and her son did not live in Kyiv, but in Vyshegorod, where Svyatoslav's "breadwinner", i.e. teacher, was the boyar Asmud. The governor of Vyshegorod was the father of Asmud Sveneld. After the death of Igor, Svyatoslav became a prince, but, since he was still a young child, his mother, Olga, became regent, and Sveneld headed the government. Svyatoslav was only 15 years old when he started hiking.

In The Tale of Bygone Years, his first independent act is noted: “... put Svyatoslav with a spear on the Drevlyans, and the spear flew through the horse’s ears, and hit the horse’s legs, for children. And the speech of Sveneld and Asmold: “The prince has already begun; pull, squad, according to the prince. And the Drevlyans defeated. In this episode, the role of Svyatoslav is symbolic. The spear thrown by him barely flies over the head of the horse. But he is a prince, and therefore his actions acquire special significance, becoming an act.

Svyatoslav began to reign in a transitional time for Russia, when the early feudal state was born, erasing the old traditions, according to which every free man was a warrior, and the prince and squad were united both in battles and in everyday life. Everything changed. Warriors of various tribes broke the tribal isolation of the Drevlyans, Radimichi, Krivichi, Vyatichi, etc., came to the service of the Kyiv prince and eventually forgot their tribe, their family, and their customs. Russia became common to all the warriors of Svyatoslav.

In the annals, the image of the prince - the knight Svyatoslav is drawn in this way: "When Svyatoslav grew up and matured, he began to gather many brave warriors, and easily went on campaigns, like a pardus, and fought a lot. On campaigns, he did not carry carts or boilers behind him, he did not boil meat, but thinly slicing horsemeat, or wild beasts, or beef, and roasting it on the coals, he ate like this. sent to other lands with the words: "I'm coming at you!" - these words describe a young, brave, successful warrior.

The appearance of Svyatoslav corresponded to the image of a warrior. He was of medium height, with blue eyes, a flat nose, bushy eyebrows, and a long mustache. On his head, one long tuft, left as an indication of noble origin, attracted attention. He looked gloomy and stern. A broad chest and thick neck indicated strength. In one ear hung an earring with two pearls. With all his behavior, he emphasized democracy in relations with soldiers: he was simple and accessible in everyday life, ate from a common retinue boiler, on campaigns he was content, like all other soldiers, with a piece of meat roasted on coals, dressed in a linen shirt - like everyone else.

Svyatoslav's warriors were yesterday's free plowmen, hunters or warriors of tribal squads.

The foreign policy of the prince was a natural continuation of the efforts made by Oleg and especially Igor to strengthen the position of Russia in the Northern Black Sea region, on the eastern trade routes, on the outskirts of the Balkans. The state placed at his disposal both large material resources and a new organization of the army, which was no longer an association of disparate tribal militias, but a single whole.

Before us is the leader of the troops of a mighty power, a model of a warrior.

1. THE KHAZAR CAMPAIGN OF SVYATOSLAV

Academician Rybakov B.A. wrote: “Svyatoslav’s campaigns of 965–968 represent, as it were, a single saber strike, drawing a wide semicircle on the map of Europe from the Middle Volga region to the Caspian Sea and further along the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region to the Balkan lands of Byzantium. Volga Bulgaria, Khazaria was completely defeated, Byzantium was weakened and frightened, throwing all its strength into the fight against the mighty and impetuous commander.

The castles that blocked the trade routes of the Rus were knocked down. Russia got the opportunity to conduct extensive trade with the East. At the two ends of the Russian Sea (Black Sea), military-trade outposts arose - Tmutarakan in the east, near the Kerch Strait, and Preslavets in the west, near the mouth of the Danube. Svyatoslav sought to bring his capital closer to the vital centers of the 10th century. and moved it close to the border of one of the largest states of the then world - Byzantium. In all these actions, we see the hand of a commander and statesman interested in the rise of Russia and the strengthening of its international position. The series of campaigns of Svyatoslav was wisely conceived and brilliantly carried out.

The year 964 became the year of the beginning of the military activity of the prince, when he, the son and successor of Igor, made a campaign in the land of the Vyatichi and freed them from tribute to the Khazars. He wanted to add them to the composition of the unified state of the Rus, like other Slavic tribes.

This campaign was a stage of preparation for the defeat of Khazaria, a warlike state on the lower Volga.

The chronicle sparingly mentions the campaign of Svyatoslav and his victory over the Khazar ruler - the kagan. There are, however, interesting lines: "... Svyatoslav went to the Oka River and the Volga, and met the Vyatichi, and said to them:" To whom are you giving tribute? They answered: "To the Khazars". In reality, everything happened not so simply. The land of the Vyatichi was huge, covered with dense forests, and the Vyatichi themselves were militant and numerous. It was necessary to be a wise and far-sighted diplomat in order to persuade or force the elders of the Vyatichi to submit to Kyiv and join Svyatoslav in the fight against the Khazars.Svyatoslav spent the whole winter with the Vyatichi and in the spring of 965 sent a message to the Khazar kagan with the now famous words: "I'm coming at you!" It was not just a message, but a warning.

What is the reason for the victory of Svyatoslav?

Perhaps the fact that the army of the Russian prince did not pull bulky carts behind him, on the contrary, it was swift in campaigns, and the enemies did not have time to take effective measures of protection. Since then, swiftness and decisiveness have become characteristic features of the military art of Svyatoslav.

Svyatoslav, having defeated the Volga Bulgars, went down the Volga to Itil, the capital of the kaganate, located in the Volga delta. The Khazars were serious opponents. Dangerous for the Russian soldiers were the "black Khazars" - horse archers, assembled from fast riders, shepherds and herdsmen. "Kara-Khazars" ("black Khazars") did not wear armor that hindered movement, they were armed with bows and spear-darts. With their attack, the battle began. "The opponents lost the harmony of their ranks, receiving a hail of arrows from the "black Khazars".

Next came the nomadic nobility with permanent squads - the "white Khazars": these troops consisted of heavily armed horsemen dressed in iron breastplates, chain mail, and elegant helmets. Their weapons were long spears, swords, sabers, clubs, battle axes.

The enemy had to first falter under the arrows of the archers, and then the heavy cavalry collapsed in a powerful wall. The most dangerous blow was the guards of the Khazar king - Muslim mercenaries, professional warriors, dressed in shiny armor. This army pursued the enemy until it was completely destroyed, entering the battle at a turning point. He supported the professional army and the city of Itil, in the merchant barns and caravanserais of which there were enough weapons.

And this well-armed and equipped army faltered under the pressure of the Russian prince. The warriors of Svyatoslav went forward, hiding behind large, human-height shields, putting forward long spears. In hand-to-hand combat, straight long swords and battle axes helped. Mail and iron helmets protected from blows.

The Khazars fled, sailed away to the deserted islands of the Khvalyn Sea. The road to the capital was clear, Svyatoslav's squad entered it without hindrance.

The capital of the Khazar Khaganate fell, the goal of the campaign was achieved. But Svyatoslav did not want to stop. The next target was the ancient capital of Khazaria - the city of Semender. The king of Semender was subordinate to the Khazars, but had his own army. The Khazars did not claim his possessions, being satisfied with tribute and recognition of their supreme power. Svyatoslav also defeated the army of Semender in the shortest battle. The city surrendered to the mercy of the conqueror. The king and nobles fled to the mountains.

Svyatoslav was now awaited by the lands of the Alans and Kasogs, the inhabitants of the Caucasian foothills.

In those days, while Prince Svyatoslav strengthened the glory of the Russian land in battles, the mother ruled in the state. Until her death in 969, when she was already 76 years old, she remained very active.

Olga raised her grandchildren and ruled the state. Some historians spoke rather negatively about this: “Svyatoslav was a model of a warrior, but not an example of a great sovereign. He left the Russian land for remote exploits, glorious for him, but not always useful for Russia. He was almost not a prince in his land, for him mother ruled. Svyatoslav broke away from Russia, acted only with his own retinue, and did not rally the combined forces of all the tribes, which could have, with the great talent of Svyatoslav himself, of great importance for the fate of the Kievan state, and possibly for Eastern Europe. was Prince Svyatoslav I Igorevich (Yu. F. Kozlov).

One can argue with the assessment of the statesman's talent, but perhaps Svyatoslav's youth, militancy, irresistibility will serve as some justification for his actions? After all, no one argues about his talent as a commander.

On the coast of the Azov (Surozh) Sea, the fortresses of Tmutarakan and Kerch accepted Svyatoslav as a liberator from the Khazar yoke. The warriors of these cities rose to fight the Khazars, supporting the Russians. Maybe they understood the military policy of the Russian prince, who was looking for not rich booty in campaigns. Its purpose was to consolidate the results of the victory over Khazaria. The inhabitants of Tmutarakan gratefully saw off the prince, despite the blood and fires that he left on his way. Soon, on this fertile soil, a new Russian principality will grow, in which the princes of the Russian family will rule.

Svyatoslav also took the fortress of Sarken, which has always been considered an impregnable stronghold. The prince took it with a powerful storm, destroying the opinion about the "barbarian-Russians" who did not know how to take fortified cities.

At this, Svyatoslav decided to end the campaign and return to Kyiv.

The campaign brought Svyatoslav something more than booty and glory. He acquired, first of all, vast combat experience, the art of combat, the ability to organize fighters around him, feel them and control their fighting spirit. He was a born commander.

2. RELATIONS WITH BYZANTIA. THE BETRAYAL OF JOHN TZIMISCHES

Now there was a difficult struggle with the Byzantine Empire for supremacy. Byzantium was already jealous of the military victories of the Rus. After all, it was the only power that retained the Roman military traditions. There they studied strategy and tactics, the war went "by the rules." The Byzantine army had experienced professional fighters, armed to the teeth.

Svyatoslav decided to take advantage of the weakness of the Byzantine army. The rules of warfare, which had become dogma, left no room for initiative, risk, or surprise. This meant "correct war", in which the Byzantine army was invincible. But the enemy in the form of the Rus did not want to fight "according to the rules." Svyatoslav set the rules himself, without tying his own hands with the science of strategy.

Until recently, in the hands of Byzantium were all the threads that bind together the peoples of the Black Sea region - the Pechenegs, Khazars, Alans, etc. The campaign of Svyatoslav unexpectedly destroyed this connection, conquering Khazaria. In this situation, the solution could be a complex diplomatic game in which Russia and Bulgaria, the two most dangerous powers for Byzantium, should have been pushed into the war.

But Svyatoslav himself wanted to go to the Danube in order to get closer to the center of what was then Europe. Bulgaria in his plans was to become a vassal kingdom, an ally in the fight against Byzantium. Svyatoslav's plans could not be predicted even by the witty Emperor Nicephorus II Fok, who despises the "barbarians".

Byzantium was a strong, rich power. This was also told in Kyiv by mercenaries - the Varangians who served the emperor, and Slavic slaves who fled from Greek captivity, and Igor's old combatants who fought with the Byzantines. Svyatoslav had to think over the future war. It is difficult to break the battle formations of the enemy. But the talent of the commander helped to find the right solution.

The close formation of Russian heavily armed infantry, covered with long shields, like a fortress wall, should have helped. A stream of cavalry attack should break on it. Numerous cavalry should become the main force. For support, it was decided to invite the Pechenegs and Hungarians.

In 967, Svyatoslav moved to the Danube. In the first battle, the army of Tsar Peter was defeated. Such a campaign was very unexpected for Byzantium.

Eighty fortresses, once built by the Roman emperor Justinian, which had stood for almost 500 years, were taken by Svyatoslav during the summer and autumn of 968. Moreover, feeling a friendly disposition towards the Bulgarians, the prince did not rob, did not ravage their cities, did not kill civilians. He wanted, having settled in Pereyaslavets, together with the Bulgarians to continue the fight against Byzantium. But the Russian-Bulgarian alliance did not suit Nicephorus II Phocas. Secret Byzantine ambassadors went with generous gifts to the Pechenegs, persuading their leaders to attack Russia, taking advantage of the absence of Svyatoslav. In the spring of 969 Kyiv was besieged by the Pechenegs. The prince hurried to the aid of his homeland. A fair reproach from the people of Kiev burned the heart of Svyatoslav: “You, prince, are looking for a foreign land, but you left your own land. If you don’t come and protect us, then the Pechenegs will take us!”

Svyatoslav with his army did the impossible - a swift throw across the steppes, which became a real feat.

They made it on time. The Pechenegs, who did not expect such an early arrival, failed to repel the attacks.

The prince's cavalry marched across the steppes in a round-up, driving the Pecheneg nomad camps to the steep banks of the rivers, and foot soldiers hurried across the water to the appointed places on boats. There was no salvation for the Pechenegs. Their herds and connecting rods became the main wealth, the booty of the winner. Here is how Karamzin writes about the return of the victorious prince to Kyiv:

“... The liberated people of Kiev sent a messenger to Svyatoslav to tell him that he was sacrificing his own to conquer foreign lands; that fierce enemies almost took the capital and his family; that the absence of a sovereign and protector may again expose them to the same danger, and that he would take pity on the disaster of the fatherland, his aged mother and his young children. The touched prince returned to Kyiv with great haste. The noise of the military, dear to his heart, did not drown out in him the tender sensitivity of his son and parent: the chronicle says that he passionately kissed his mother and children, rejoicing at their salvation.

Meanwhile, the emperor of Byzantium Nicephorus II Phocas was killed by the conspirators. The famous commander John Tzimiskes ascended the throne. Russia has a dangerous enemy in the face of a worthy leader of the Byzantine army.

The new emperor was quite cautious. He began his relationship with Svyatoslav with negotiations. The Russian prince did not want to leave Bulgaria. The empire was preparing for a big war. The Byzantine commander Varda Sklyar and the patrician Peter went with their troops for the winter in the regions bordering Bulgaria.

The spring of the terrible 970 was approaching. Svyatoslav himself began the offensive. "... Having examined the formidable ranks of the enemies, the prince said to the squad:" Flight will not save us, willy-nilly, we must fight. We will not disgrace the fatherland, but we will lie here with bones: the dead are not ashamed! do what you want!" His warriors, accustomed not to be afraid of death and to love the brave leader, unanimously answered: “Our heads will lie down with yours!”

The help of the Bulgarian guides arrived in time - the highlanders, who led the Rus along such paths that the Byzantines did not know about. Russian and Bulgarian infantry, horse squads of Prince Svyatoslav, Pecheneg and Hungarian horsemen unexpectedly broke into the Byzantine province of Thrace. Varda Sklyar lost the beginning of the war. Sudden attacks by the heavy cavalry of the Byzantines were also successfully repelled by the Russians.

Warmaster Sklyar and patrician Peter were forced to accept other people's rules of the game and fight, obeying someone else's will. This has never happened before!

Adrianople turned out to be taken by the Rus. With great difficulty, but having managed to save the surviving soldiers, Sklyar managed to retreat. This retreat, almost hopeless, will later be written with admiration by military historians.

In Byzantium, they realized that the worst thing had happened - the "barbarians" united against the empire! Ambassadors went to Svyatoslav. Svyatoslav was completely satisfied with the reimbursement of military expenses, gifts to soldiers and governors, and the emperor's obligation not to interfere in Bulgarian affairs. It was especially difficult for the emperor Tzimiskes to agree with the last condition, but he was forced to yield. The empire could no longer fight. She found peace again ... to prepare for a new war.

The perfidy of the emperor knew no bounds. The "barbarians" believed the treaties and oaths, but among the Byzantines the deceit of the enemy was revered as a valor that they were proud of. The emperor was not going to keep his word given to Svyatoslav.

A fire-bearing fleet was equipped, troops were drawn to the capital. New warriors were hastily trained. By March 971, the Byzantine fleet had more than 300 large ships, more than 2,000 "immortals" - the best warriors. In Adrianople, a fully equipped army was waiting for him: fifteen thousand infantrymen in armor and thirteen thousand cataphracts - heavily armed cavalry warriors. Everything had to lead to mandatory success.

Meanwhile, merchants who came from Bulgaria reported that Svyatoslav did not expect war and was not ready for it.

Emperor John Tzimisces ordered to march.

The army of John Tzimisces made a swift throw through the Himean mountains. This strengthened his glory as a commander. The imperial regiments unexpectedly appeared in front of the walls of the Bulgarian Preslav on April 12, 971. The city was defended only by the forces of a small Russian garrison and the city's warriors. The forces were unequal, but a fierce battle began. Russ and Bulgarians fought fiercely and stubbornly, but were forced to retreat. The siege of the city began.

Blocks of stone, launched by Byzantine stone-throwing machines, fell on the city. Preslav suffered huge losses, but courageously resisted. For two days the Russians and Bulgarians held back the siege, but then the Byzantine troops broke into the central square. The historian of the emperor describes the last minutes of the defenders of the ancient Bulgarian capital as follows: “The Rus left the palace and prepared for battle. The emperor sent Varda Sklyar against them with selected soldiers who surrounded the Rus. The Russians fought bravely, and not one of them asked for mercy and did not move back. However, the Greeks were victorious and slaughtered everyone. In this battle, a lot of Bulgarians also died, who were in the ranks of the Rus and fought the Greeks as the perpetrators of the invasion of their country ... "

Further, on April 17, John Tzimisces moved from Preslav to Dorostol. There, according to scouts, was Svyatoslav. The first battle took place on April 23 and ended in the defeat of the Byzantines. The Russians attacked from an ambush and destroyed everyone. The Byzantine army retreated, without violating, however, an even battle formation. The walls of Dorostol reliably guarded the inhabitants, and the Danube was a good defense. However, the Rus did not want to hide behind the fortress walls and went into the field for an open battle. Svyatoslav opposed the heavily armed soldiers with his deep phalanx of dismounted and also heavily armed warriors. Twelve Byzantine attacks were repulsed.

The historian reflects this battle in this way: “The battle remained in perfect balance for a long time. The Russians fought bravely and desperately. They long ago acquired the glory of victorious over all neighboring peoples and considered it the greatest misfortune to be defeated and lose this glory. The Greeks were also afraid of being defeated. They still defeated all their enemies, and now the day has come when they could lose their acquired glory ... the Rus, emitting furious cries, rushed at the Greeks. Quite a few warriors had already fallen on both sides, and victory was still doubtful. The Byzantine historian could not say frankly to the end: there was no victory for the Greeks. Svyatoslav retreated behind the walls of the city under the cover of twilight. The Emperor stood up.

Further, from April 24 to April 27, there were several fights in which the Rus invariably came out, if not winners, but not defeated. For the next few days, the Russians constantly found new means to strengthen the defense of Dorostol. And on the night of April 29, taking advantage of the bad weather, the Russians on the boats quietly sailed through the shallow water between the coast and the large Byzantine ships anchored and unexpectedly attacked the Byzantine carts. In this night battle, many Byzantine soldiers died. The siege dragged on and promised to be almost endless. April, May, June, July passed, and under the gates of Dorostol, the flags of the Rus were still fluttering. For John Tzimiskes to move away from the walls of the city meant to lose. But the situation was almost hopeless.

Svyatoslav, as a true ruler of a great power, could not be satisfied with simple negotiations with the enemy. He was waiting for the emperor to start thinking not so much about defeating the Rus, but about saving his throne. And Svyatoslav waited for his own!

In Constantinople, the rebellion of Leo Kuroplat, the brother of the murdered Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas, began. Under these conditions, John Tzimiskes was to return to Byzantium, offering peace to the Rus. At noon on July 19, the Russians, taking advantage of the surprise, attacked the Byzantines. On July 20, another battle took place.

July 22 - the day of the last battle at the walls of Dorostol. The soldiers remembered the words of the prince: “With the courage of our ancestors and with the thought that the Russian force has been invincible until now, we will fight courageously for our life. We do not have the custom of fleeing to the fatherland, but either live victorious, or, having accomplished famous deeds, die with glory!

The prince himself led the army into battle. By his order, the city gates were closed so that even the thought of retreat would not arise among the Rus. The Russians were the first to attack. Under their pressure, the Byzantine troops retreated, but John Tzimiskes with the "immortals" arrived at the decisive moment. A terrible battle began between the small Russians against the professional troops of the enemy. The Rus suffered losses, but stood firm. The outcome of this battle was decided by the forces of nature, beyond the control of man. Thunderclouds brought first a strong storm, and then a slanting prickly rain. Russ, hiding behind shields, slowly moved to Dorostol. The Greeks did not dare to pursue them.

What is it, failure? Fifteen thousand warriors died... Twenty thousand shields were lost. The Greeks already considered themselves victorious. Their superstition attributed this good fortune to supernatural powers. They told each other that St. Theodore Stratilat himself appeared before their troops on a white horse and led the Russian regiments into confusion. It was impossible to defeat the numerous army of Tzimiskes in battle. Svyatoslav, looking at his wounded, tired, but not losing their fighting spirit, decided to wait until Tzimisces, having lost hope for a quick victory, himself would ask for peace.

It happened as Svyatoslav expected. Tzimiskes sent rich gifts to the camp of Svyatoslav. “Let's take them,” said the prince, “when we are dissatisfied with the Greeks, then, having gathered a large army, we will again find the way to Constantinople.” So the Russian chronicler tells about the outcome of the battle at Dorostol. However, the chronicle of Nestor also tells that the success of the war was on the side of the Greeks, since Tzimiskes allowed the Russians not only to freely leave Bulgaria, but also provided provisions for the road, adding: “We Greeks love to defeat our enemies not so much weapons, how many good deeds.

A peace treaty was concluded in the name of the sovereigns in the presence of the imperial nobleman Feofan and the Russian governor Sveneld. But this meeting showed that not just two rulers came to the negotiations, but two opposing worlds, which were only forced under the pressure of circumstances to negotiate. In the treaty, the thought sometimes slips that the Russian prince does not demand anything beneficial for the Russians, but for Tzimiskes the very fact of signing the peace charter was humiliating.

“The month of July, Indict XIV, in the summer of 6479 (971), I, Svyatoslav, the Prince of Russia, according to my oath, want to have peace and love until the end of the century, perfect with Tzimiskes, the Great King of Greece, with Basil and Constantine, God-inspired kings, and with all your people, promising in the name of all the Russians, boyars and others who exist under me, never to think of you, not to gather my army and not to bring a stranger to Greece, the Kherson region and Bulgaria. When other enemies think of Greece, let me be their enemy and fight them. If I or those under me do not keep these right conditions, let us have an oath from the god in whom we believe - Perun, and Volos, the god of cattle. Let us be as yellow as gold, and cut with our own weapons. In witness of which we have written an agreement on this charter and sealed it with our seals.

Thus ended the war of the Rus with the Greeks.

3. THE DEATH OF SVYATOSLAV

But could the friendship that began with this treaty be sincere? Probably, it was after this meeting that the emperor had the idea to deal with Svyatoslav even before he returned to Russia. However, Svyatoslav, perhaps expecting betrayal, sent the governor Sveneld with part of the army to Kyiv, while he himself remained to spend the winter in Beloberezhye. In this manner, he wanted to encourage and inspire confidence in the Bulgarians, who were brutally dealt with by the Byzantine emperor.

For the Bulgarians, this time was difficult. Not only did they lose their independence, Tsar Boris was also deposed. Byzantium ordered him to lay down his royal regalia: a purple hat embroidered with gold and pearls, a scarlet mantle and red sandals - in exchange for the Byzantine title of master. Preslav was renamed in honor of Tzimiskes Ioannopolis, Dorostol - in Theodoropolis, in honor of the emperor's wife. Humiliation and shame, fear and indecision held back the people from an open struggle with Byzantium. The outcome of the hidden war now depended on the treachery of the emperor and the betrayal of the bribed Pechenegs.

All winter Svyatoslav and his soldiers endured hunger and all sorts of hardships in Beloberezhye. They cooked, as chronicles say, belts from shields instead of meat. Sveneld was expected from Kyiv, but they did not wait. In the spring of 972, Svyatoslav decided to go to his homeland. But at the mouth of the Dnieper, the Pecheneg prince Kurya was waiting for him.

In The Tale of Bygone Years about 972 there is a folk legend connected with the tragic finale of the bright 30-year life of the Kyiv prince: “When spring came, Svyatoslav went to the thresholds. And Kurya, the prince of the Pechenegs, attacked him, and they killed Svyatoslav, and took his head, and made a cup from the skull, bound him, and drank from him.

The custom of making a cup from the skull of a defeated enemy was quite widespread in historical reality, so it can be considered quite probable that such a cup was made. But the inscription on it is very reminiscent of Russian folklore origins.

4. HISTORIANS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GRAND DUKE OF Kyiv SVYATOSLAV

The campaigns of Svyatoslav died down, died down, they remained a loud and long memory among the people. One of the historians wrote: “The image of Svyatoslav is the apogee of the squad ideology. Further princes no longer arouse such sympathy and enthusiasm for the compiler of the Initial Code. Many retinue storytellers also expressed their sympathy for Svyatoslav.

The Volga-Khazar campaign of the prince was vital for the young Russian state, and his actions on the Danube and beyond the Balkans became a manifestation of friendship and solidarity with the people of Bulgaria, whom the Russian prince helped to defend both the capital and his king, and political independence from the encroachments of Byzantium. The defeat of Svyatoslav was the end of sovereign Bulgaria, which was revived only two centuries later.

In relation to Russia, the activities of Svyatoslav were not inattention to its interests, on the contrary, everything was designed to solve major state problems. Despite the statement of the prince mentioned in the annals: “There is no one to be in Kyiv”, that the “middle” of his land is Pereyaslavets on the Danube, which caused the reproach of his relatives: ". Nevertheless, the enormous exertion of forces that was required to solve problems was not in vain for Svyatoslav, and this is the main thing that he did for Russia:

“Thus died this Alexander of our ancient history, who fought so courageously both with enemies and with disasters; he was sometimes defeated, but in the very misfortune he amazed the conqueror with his generosity; equaled the harsh military life with the heroes of the song-singer Homer and, enduring patiently the ferocity of bad weather, exhausting labors and everything terrible for him, showed the Russian soldiers how they can overcome enemies at all times. But Svyatoslav, an example of great commanders, is not an example of a great sovereign: for he respected the glory of victories more than the public good and captivated the imagination of the poet with his character, which deserves the reproach of the historian. N. M. Karamzin puts such a point on the activities of Svyatoslav, the Grand Duke of Kyiv, in his chapter dedicated to him. Nestor, the great chronicler, says: “If Svyatoslav in 946 was still a weak youth, then he died his days in the most flourishing years of courage, and his strong hand could have terrified the neighboring peoples for a long time.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Kotlyar N. F. Ancient Russia and Kyiv in chronicle legends and legends. Kyiv, 1986.

2. Rybakov B. A. Kievan Rus and Russian principalities of the XII-XIII centuries. M., 1993.

3. Kostomarov N. I. Russian history in the biography of its main figures.

On the basis of the proposed statements, characterize Prince Svyatoslav If I were ... - then on the basis of these statements I would say that ... A) A modern historian B) A contemporary chronicler of Svyatoslav C) Byzantine emperor D) Pecheneg Khan Kurei

... In the year 6472 (964). When Svyatoslav grew up and matured, he began to gather many brave warriors. And he easily went on campaigns., Like a pardus, and fought a lot. On campaigns, he did not carry carts or cauldrons behind him, he did not cook meat, but he cut it thinly. horsemeat. go to the animal, or beef and roast it on coals, so ate it. He did not even have a tent, but he slept with a sweatshirt spread out, with a saddle in his head. So were all his other warriors. And sent to other lands with the words: "I want to go to you." And he went to the Oka river and the Volga, and met. Vyatichi, and said to them: “To whom do you give tribute?” They answered: ""Khazars - we give each crack from the plow." In the year 6473 (965). Svyatoslav went to Khazar. Having heard, the Khazars went out to meet them, led by their prince Kagan, and agreed to fight, and in the battle Svyatoslav defeated the Khazar and the capital. He took them and the White Tower. And he defeated the yas and kasogs .. In the year 6474 (966). Vyatichi defeated Svyatoslav and laid tribute to them. In the year 6475 (967). Svyatoslav went to the Danube against the Bulgarians. And both sides fought, and Svyatoslav defeated the Bulgarians, and took their eighty cities along the Danube, and sat down to reign there, in Pereyaslavets, taking tribute from the Greeks. one

The battle order of the troops consisted of a continuous deep formation of twenty or more lines. The warriors, having closed their shields and put up their spears, created, as it were, a movable wall, which had great impact power in the offensive and high stamina in defense. The army of Svyatoslav consisted of infantry and cavalry. In a number of cases, the infantry made crossings along the river on boats, the cavalry followed along the shore. The Rus cavalry could fight on horseback and on foot. 2

I met on a wide Slavic river. Svyatoslav with the emperor of Byzantium. Surrounded by courtiers, in a feathered helmet and armor, John Tzimisces sat on a horse, looking from the bank to the river. A boat came from the other side. Svyatoslav rowed on a par with other rowers. He was wearing a simple white shirt. In one ear hung a golden earring, in which were two pearls and a ruby. The emperor did not get off his horse, and Svyatoslav did not get out of the boat. So sitting, so as not to lose their honor, they began to talk about the matter. Byzantines in brocade tunics translated their speech. - Let there be peace! - said the emperor. - Greeks and Russians should not fight each other. - If the Greeks do not fight with the Bulgarians, - said Svyatoslav. - Peace will be with everyone. - If there is a good peace, let us keep it inviolably. - You do not believe me? - ... Swear that the Greeks will not revolt in Bulgaria and that you will not send the Pechenegs to our country! - Well, - said the emperor. - But you also swear that you will leave here, that the Russians will be friends of the Greeks and enemies of all who oppose us ... - Wait! - Svyatoslav interrupted. - Your fire-bearing ships are on the Danube. Promise that they will let our boats pass. - Promise. - We also want our merchants to bring goods to Constantinople without interference and that no offense be caused to them. "You don't know what you're talking about!" Tzimisces flared up. - Then there will be no peace! .. - and Svyatoslav turned away. But then the basileus pulled the reins so tightly that his horse stamped his foot and neighed. - You are not accommodating, but I am. I yield!” said Tzimiskes. That's where it ended. 3

To the east (the conquest of the Slavic tribes of the Vyatichi, who lived along the Oka) A campaign on the Volga and the defeat of the Volga Bulgars and the Khazar Khaganate. Subjugation in the North Caucasus of the tribes of the Yases (Ossetians) and Kosogs (Circassians) The conquest of Tmutarakan (Taman Peninsula) The campaign to the west (to the Balkan Peninsula)

SVYATOSLAV

• Alexander the Great of Eastern Europe

• You are looking for foreign lands, but you cannot defend your own

• I'm going to you

• Based on the proposed statements, characterize Prince Svyatoslav

• If I were ... - then on the basis of these statements I would say that ...

• A) a modern historian

• B) Chronicler-contemporary of Svyatoslav

• B) Byzantine Emperor

• D) Pecheneg Khan Kurei

• In the X century. Prince Svyatoslav - the son of Igor and Olga - conquered many new lands and significantly expanded the borders of ancient Russia

… In year 6472 (964).

… In year 6472 (964). When Svyatoslav grew up and matured, he began to gather many brave warriors. And he easily went on campaigns., Like a pardus, and fought a lot. On campaigns, he did not carry no wagons, no cauldrons, did not cook meat, but thinly sliced. horsemeat. go to the animal, or beef and roast it on coals, so ate it. He did not even have a tent, but he slept with a sweatshirt spread out, with a saddle in his head. So were all his other warriors. And sent to other lands with the words: "I want to go to you." And he went to the Oka river and the Volga, and met. Vyatichi, and said to them: “To whom do you give tribute?” They answered: ""Khazars - we give each crack from the plow."

• In year 6473 (965). Svyatoslav went to Khazar. Having heard, the Khazars went out to meet them, led by their prince Kagan, and agreed to fight, and in the battle he defeated Svyatoslav Khazar and the capital took them and Belaya Vezha. And he defeated the yas and kasogs. .

• In year 6474 (966). Vyatichi defeated Svyatoslav and laid tribute to them.

• In year 6475 (967). Svyatoslav went to the Danube against the Bulgarians. And both sides fought, and Svyatoslav defeated the Bulgarians, and took their eighty cities along the Danube, and sat down to reign there, in Pereyaslavets, taking tribute from the Greeks.

• The battle order of the troops consisted of a continuous deep formation of twenty or more lines. The warriors, having closed their shields and put up their spears, created, as it were, a movable wall, which had great impact power in the offensive and high stamina in defense.

• I met on a wide Slavic river. Svyatoslav with the emperor of Byzantium.

• Surrounded by courtiers, in a feathered helmet and armor, John Tzimisces sat on a horse, looking from the bank to the river.

• A boat came from the other side. Svyatoslav rowed on a par with other rowers. He was wearing a simple white shirt. In one ear hung a golden earring, in which were two pearls and a ruby.

• The emperor did not get off his horse, and Svyatoslav did not get out of the boat. So sitting, so as not to lose their honor, they began to talk about the matter. Byzantines in brocade tunics translated their speech.

• - Let there be peace! - said the emperor. - Greeks and Russians should not fight each other.

• - If the Greeks do not fight with the Bulgarians, - said Svyatoslav.

• - Peace will be with everyone.

• - If there is a good peace, let us keep it inviolably.

• - You do not believe me?

• - ... Swear that the Greeks will not revolt in Bulgaria and that you will not send the Pechenegs to our country!

• - Well, - said the emperor. - But you swear that you will leave here, that the Russians will be friends of the Greeks and enemies of all who oppose us ...

• - Wait! - Svyatoslav interrupted. - Your fire-bearing ships are on the Danube. Promise that they will let our boats pass.

• - Promise.

• - We also want our merchants to bring goods to Constantinople without interference and that they do not repair any offense .

• "You don't know what you're talking about!" Tzimisces flared up.

• Then there will be no peace! - and Svyatoslav turned away.

• But then the basileus pulled the reins so tightly that his horse stamped his foot and neighed.

• - You are not accommodating, but I am. I yield!” said Tzimiskes. It was forever.

• That's where it ended.

• To the East (the conquest of the Slavic tribes of the Vyatichi, who lived along the Oka)

• Campaign to the Volga and the defeat of the Volga Bulgarians and the Khazar Khaganate.

• Subjugation in the North Caucasus of the tribes of Yasses (Ossetians) and Kosogs (Circassians)

• Conquest of Tmutarakan (Taman Peninsula)

• Hike to the west (to the Balkan Peninsula)

• What Slavic tribe did Svyatoslav fight with?