I semester

Part I

Lesson #1

The concept of culture of speech. The concept of the norms of the Russian literary language. Types of norms.

Information block

I. Communication and culture of speech. Signs of culture of speech.

The word, speech is an indicator of the general culture of a person, his intellect, his speech culture. That is why mastering the culture of speech, its improvement, starting in school years, is actively continuing in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions.

The culture of speech is included in the concept of communication. Speech activity (communication, communicative act) has a social character, since it is a part of human social activity. Any social activity is impossible without communication. In addition, there are activities that are based on communication. These are the activities of educators, teachers, lawyers, politicians, journalists, managers, medical professionals and many service workers. Communication helps organize joint work, outline and discuss plans, and implement them. Without communication, it is impossible to form a person's personality, his upbringing, education, and development of intellect. For full communication, everyone needs to master the culture of speech.

What is the culture of speech?

The culture of speech is a combination of such qualities that have the best impact on the addressee, taking into account the specific situation and in accordance with the goals and objectives set. These include: accuracy, intelligibility, purity of speech, richness and variety, expressiveness, correctness.

Accuracy as a sign of culture speeches is determined by the ability to think clearly and clearly, knowledge of the subject of speech and the laws of the Russian language. The accuracy of speech is most often associated with the accuracy of word usage. “The accuracy of the word is not only a requirement of healthy taste, but above all, a requirement of meaning.” (K. Fedin)

Speech intelligibility. Compliance with the requirement of intelligibility of speech is important because it is associated with the effectiveness, efficiency of the spoken word. The general intelligibility of a language is determined primarily by the selection of speech means, namely, the need to eliminate non-literary, dialect, slang, vernacular, vulgar words from speech, as well as words of foreign origin that are used unnecessarily.

“To use a foreign word when there is a Russian word equivalent to it means to insult both common sense and common taste.” (V.G. Belinsky)

The culture of a person is most clearly and directly manifested in his speech. In a certain sense, the culture of a person's speech, the manner of expressing his thoughts and feelings are his calling card. The first idea of ​​a person and his initial characteristics, as a rule, are formed on the basis of the impression that arises from the speech manner of the interlocutor. Therefore, for a law enforcement officer, one of whose duties is the educational impact on people, the culture of speech is of particular importance.
Usually, three components of professional speech are distinguished: normative - speech correctness; communicative - the ability to understand speech by the interlocutor; ethical - appropriateness, legitimacy of the statement in a given situation.
Unfortunately, the official position of the leader gives him the opportunity not to bother himself with the need to endow speech with a persuasive or cognitive function. Lack of time and a low level of culture encourage such a leader to get by and be content with rudeness, other extreme manifestations of command speech. The confidence that, regardless of the content and form of the statement, the subordinates are obliged to listen to the boss, allows him not to care about the aesthetics of the expression, creates in him the idea of ​​permissiveness in speech. Subsequently, this becomes a habit, is fixed not only in the lexical material, but also in the method of logical and compositional construction of the text and, most importantly, inevitably turns into disrespect for subordinates, low authority, and ineffective leadership.
Such bosses do not even suspect that speech is a powerful means of managing personnel for the leader, acts as one of his main professional “tools”, and has a huge impact on his authority. A clever, passionate word addressed to a person awakens thought, develops initiative, forms lofty feelings and thoughts.
The culture of speech is both a culture of thought, and a characteristic of the cultural level, and evidence of the moral integrity of a person. In order to write or speak well, one must first of all think and act correctly. The confusion of expressions speaks of the confusion of thoughts, the fuzziness of views and beliefs. The poverty of thinking, its inconsistency, fallacy, in other words, the lack of a culture of speech indicate the insufficiency of the general culture, knowledge, erudition and negatively affect both the authority of the employee of the authorities and the effectiveness of his educational activities.
A high culture of speech is the ability to correctly, accurately and expressively convey one's thoughts by means of language. It lies in the ability to find the most intelligible and most appropriate means for expressing one's thoughts. The culture of speech obliges a person to adhere to certain mandatory norms and rules, among which the most important are the following. Content. The speech of an employee of the authorities should be carefully thought out, extremely concise and at the same time extremely informative. A laconic but meaningful speech testifies to a high culture of both thinking and language, since true eloquence consists in saying everything that is needed, but no more. Logic. In logical speech, all its provisions are justified, consistent and consistently follow one from the other. All its leading provisions are interconnected and subject to a single thought. Logic provides the foundation for persuasion and proof. Evidence. The arguments must be reliable and reasonable, i.e. must prove to the interlocutor that everything that is being said exists in reality and is objective. Persuasiveness. The purpose and meaning of any conversation is not only to convince the interlocutor of the correctness of the information communicated to him, but also to ensure that this conviction is firmly rooted in his mind. Therefore, when talking, it is necessary to take into account the psychological characteristics of the interlocutor, and the system of his views and values, address not only his mind, but also his heart and conscience, illustrate his arguments with vivid and understandable examples for the interlocutor. It should be remembered that any conviction is a persuasion, a reshaping of worldview or moral principles, and therefore it cannot be limited to simple logical arguments. This requires both mutual trust, and an emotional, indifferent look, and a humane, kind word, etc. Clarity. You need to speak clearly, calmly, restrainedly, in a moderate tone. Too fast speech is difficult to perceive, too slow - causes irritation. Each spoken word, syllable, sound must, of course, be perceived by the interlocutor. Dull and inexpressive speech is capable of ruining the deepest thoughts and the most meaningful ideas. Clarity. Use only words and terms that are understandable to the interlocutor. In addition, you need to make sure that the interlocutor puts the same meaning into the concepts you use. If this is not done, then it may well be that the lion's share of the information you provide will remain unassimilated by the interlocutor. Purity of speech. The purity of speech is expressed by the absence in it of elements alien to the literary language, as well as those that are rejected by the norms of morality. The purity of speech is destroyed: dialectisms are words that are not characteristic of the common language of the people (literary), but of local, territorial dialects and dialects; barbarisms - foreign words and phrases included in speech without any need; jargon - words and phrases inherent primarily in certain professional or social groups (dude, go crazy, wet); vulgarisms - swear words that degrade the dignity and honor of a person; parasitic words - obscuring the meaning of the speech (so to speak, here, it means, as it were, well, as they say, you understand (you understand), like, etc.); interjections (yeah, uh-huh, wow), as well as inappropriate sounds: uh-uh, m-m-m, a-ah-ah, etc .; clericalism - words and phrases that are typical for business style and inappropriate in conversational everyday style; stamps - hackneyed expressions that have been erased from frequent use (there is a place, it should be noted, it must be emphasized, etc.); little-known words and phrases (if you can’t do without them, they should be explained right there).
All of them impede speech, clog it, have a psychologically negative effect on the listeners, reduce the significance of information (not to mention the fact that most of them carry the only information - about the speaker's lack of culture). They are disastrous for any report, lecture or conversation, because they scare away with their coldness, dryness and indifference to the listener.
The expressiveness of speech is achieved under the following conditions: the independence of the speaker's thinking - the material presented must be comprehended by the speaker and receive its own coloring; indifference, the speaker's interest in the material being presented: to what he says, and to those for whom he speaks; good knowledge of the language, its expressive capabilities, features of various language styles (the famous ancient Roman speaker Cicero advised: the speaker should take care of three things - what to say, where to say and how to say).
To master speech culture, systematic training of speech skills is necessary. You should speak more often, listen carefully to the speeches of people with oratorical abilities, learn from them. It is also necessary to form a psychological target setting for the expressiveness of one's speech. It is very useful to record your speech on a tape recorder (or even better on a video recorder) and then analyze it.
An important role in oratory is also played by indicators of phonetic culture, namely: the correctness of stress and pronunciation; expressive intonation; clarity of diction.
In Russian, stress is free and can fall on any syllable. Therefore, it is necessary to memorize the speech of the speakers. In doubtful cases, you should consult a spelling or orthoepic dictionary.
Intonation is the emotional design of speech, increases its effectiveness. The famous Russian teacher A.S. Makarenko managed, through training, to develop up to 20 shades of spoken commands and ensured that no one dared not to fulfill the command given to him. Pauses also play a huge role in speech art. By the way, the longer an actor knows how to "keep a pause", the higher his qualifications.
The clarity of diction lies in the ability to clearly pronounce all vowels and consonants, not to chew or swallow them, especially at the ends of words. Particular attention should be paid to proper names and numerals. The timbre of the sound is also important - it should be pleasant, not sharp and not deaf.
Compliance with all the above requirements ensures the completeness of assimilation of information, demonstrates the culture of the speaker and inspires respect for him, shows his respect for the audience.
The tone of the conversation is also important. To a certain extent, the tone speaks of the upbringing or bad manners of the interlocutor, for the same word or phrase can have a completely different effect depending on how they are pronounced. An arrogant and arrogant tone, indicating an overestimation of one's own person and disregard for others, is not acceptable in the activities of a law enforcement officer. Even instructions that are categorical, commanding in nature should be expressed in a businesslike, calm, even tone. This is especially important when the conversation escalates, when uncontrollable emotions begin to penetrate the stage. In these cases, it is useful to remember that emotions are not an argument, as well as an ancient Chinese saying: “When a person shouts in anger, he is ridiculous, when a person is silent in anger, he is terrible.”
The correct tone of the conversation is the key to its success. Tone is a powerful means of emotional and volitional influence on the interlocutor: it can offend, hurt, induce the interlocutor to withdraw, but it can also create an atmosphere of trust, mutual sympathy, arouse in the interlocutor a sense of respect, a desire to open up, understand and accept your arguments.
The speech of a law enforcement officer should testify to his respectful attitude towards others. Particular attention should be paid to the correct forms of address, since a mistake, even unintentional, in a greeting or address is regarded as a manifestation of disrespect. The form of address to “you” can only take place in close, friendly or trusting relationships: it expresses mutual respect and is unacceptable in any other cases (for example, when a boss addresses a subordinate or when addressing a person who has committed an offense), because then it is disparaging and degrading to human dignity. Anonymous address is used only if the person is unknown. The word "citizen" should always be used before the surname, but it is preferable to address by name and patronymic. It is indecent to call a third person present during the conversation with a pronoun like "he", "she" or "this", but always only by name or surname. A well-mannered person will never allow himself to speak disrespectfully, mockingly or badly about those who are absent.
The employee must constantly improve his speech: read classical fiction containing the best examples of speech culture; listen carefully and adopt the speech techniques of the most intelligent radio and television announcers, artists, lecturers; expand your vocabulary, improve your diction, imagery, clarity, brightness and expressiveness of your speech. Only under these conditions will he be able to perfectly master the culture of speech - one of the most important professional qualities of a law enforcement officer.

The culture of human speech plays an important role in the process of verbal communication, one of the tasks of which is the desire to make a good impression on the interlocutor, that is, a positive self-presentation. By the way a person speaks, one can judge the level of his spiritual and intellectual development, his inner culture.

There are several main features of speech culture. Let's consider them.

Right.

The correctness of speech is the observance of the current norms of the Russian literary language.

Correct is speech that is consistent with the norms of the language - pronunciation, grammatical, stylistic. But correctness is only the first step of a true speech culture.

Communicative expediency.

The concept of communicative expediency of the statement has already been mentioned in this section. It is not enough to speak or write correctly, you also need to have an idea of ​​the stylistic gradations of words and expressions in order to be able to use them in appropriate communicative situations.

Accuracy.

Accuracy as a sign of speech culture is determined by the ability to think clearly and clearly, knowledge of the subject of speech and the laws of the Russian language. In the concept of "accuracy of utterance" two aspects are distinguished: accuracy in reflecting reality and accuracy in expressing thought in a word. The first aspect is related to the truth of a speech statement. The second is with the accuracy of word usage, the correct use of polysemantic words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, lack of specificity (statements like "Someone here and there sometimes."

• - meaning of the word,
• - its versatility
• - matching with other words
• - emotionally expressive coloring,
• - stylistic characteristic,
• - scope of use
• - grammatical formality, a feature of affixes.

Failure to comply with the basic criteria for the selection of lexical means leads to errors in word usage. The most typical of them are the following: the use of words in an unusual meaning; ambiguity not eliminated by the context, generating ambiguity; pleonasms and tautology; displacement of paronyms; errors in the stylistic evaluation of words; errors associated with the compatibility of words; the use of satellite words, words in a universal sense, etc.

Logic of presentation.

The statement must reflect the logic of reality, the logic of thought and be characterized by the logic of speech expression. The logicality of thought (or the content of the statement) means the correctness of the reflection of the facts of reality and their relationships (cause-effect, similarity-difference, etc.), the validity of the hypothesis put forward, the presence of arguments for and against, the reduction of arguments to a conclusion that proves or rejects the hypothesis. Examples of a violation of the logic of the statement are the well-known phrases “There is an elderberry in the garden, and an uncle in Kyiv” or “It was raining and two students, one to the university, the other in galoshes.” Violations of the logic of speech expression are also often manifested in the incorrect division of the written text into paragraphs.

Clarity, clarity and accessibility of presentation.

Accessibility of presentation is the ability of a given form of speech to be understandable to the addressee, to interest him. Clarity is achieved through precise, unambiguous, correct and motivated use of words, terms, phrases, grammatical structures.

An example of a violation of the clarity of expression and the manifestation of ambiguity is, for example, the sentence "There are no digital data in other works of this kind."

Purity of speech.

Brightness, figurativeness, expressiveness of speech.

Expressiveness is understood as such features of the structure of speech that maintain the attention and interest of listeners and readers. The speaker must influence not only the mind, but also the feelings, the imagination of the listeners. The imagery and emotionality of speech enhance its effectiveness, contribute to better understanding, perception and memorization, and provide aesthetic pleasure. Expressiveness can be informational (when listeners are interested in the information being reported) and emotional (when listeners are interested in the way of presentation, manner of performance, etc.).

Outstanding masters of the word of all times, major public and political figures, famous scientists, lecturers paid great attention to the imagery of their speeches.

Wealth and variety of means of expression.

The speaker needs to have a sufficient vocabulary to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. The requirement for a variety of means of expression is met when the speaker or writer actively uses a large amount of vocabulary, a large number of synonyms.

Aesthetics.

The aesthetics of speech is manifested in the rejection by the literary language of means of expression offensive to the honor and dignity of a person. To achieve aesthetics, euphemisms are used - emotionally neutral words used instead of words or expressions that seem to the speaker indecent, rude, tactless.

Relevance.

Relevance implies such a selection and organization of language means that make speech consistent with the goals and conditions of communication. The appropriateness of certain linguistic means depends on the context, situation, psychological characteristics of the interlocutor's personality. The saying “In the house of a hanged man, they don’t talk about a rope” very well reflects the essence of this principle.

Russian State Trade and Economic University

Kazan Institute

Abstract on the discipline Culture of speech on the topic:

"The culture of speech as a component of the general culture of man."

Performed:

Group 16 student

Mingazova Alfiya

Checked:

Teacher of the Culture of Speech

Volkhina Svetlana Yurievna

Introduction.

Main part:

1 The concept of speech culture in different aspects.

2 The culture of speech as a component of the general culture of man.

3 The use of a specialist in finance and credit in production activities.

Conclusion.

List of used literature.

Introduction.

The doctrine of speech culture originated in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome - in the theory and practice of oratory. In Russia, it was originally comprehended and developed on the material of social literature by M.V. Lomonosov.

In the XX century V.I. Chernyshov, L.V. Shcherba, G.O. Vinokur, B.D. Tomashevsky,
V.V. Vinogradov, S.I. Ozhegov and their numerous students gradually, more fully and broadly comprehended the totality of phenomena denoted by the term
"speech culture", or "speech culture". This term has become firmly established in science and life. There has also been a demarcation of this term, which speaks of the recognition of a new field of knowledge, the task of which is to study the culture of speech as a combination of its real properties and features.

This work is devoted to the study of the culture of speech as a component of the general culture of man.

The modern scientific definition of culture has discarded the aristocratic shades of this concept. It symbolizes the beliefs, values, and expressions (used in literature and art) that are common to a group; they serve to streamline the experience and regulate the behavior of the members of that group. The beliefs and attitudes of a subgroup are often referred to as a subculture. The assimilation of culture is carried out with the help of learning. Culture is created, culture is taught. Culture forms the personalities of the members of society, thereby it largely regulates their behavior.

The first chapter of the main part of the work defines the culture of speech in different aspects. The second chapter examines the culture of speech as a component of the general culture of man. The third chapter is devoted to the use of a specialist in the field of finance and credit in production activities.

1 The concept of speech culture and its role.

The phrase “culture of speech” (synonymous with “speech culture”) is currently used in Russian-language literature in three meanings:

The culture of speech is, first of all, some of its signs and properties, the totality and system of which speak of its communicative perfection;

The culture of speech is, secondly, a set of human skills and knowledge that ensure the expedient and uncomplicated use of the language for the purpose of communication;

The culture of speech is, thirdly, the area of ​​linguistic knowledge about the culture of speech, as a set and system of its communicative qualities.

It is easy to see the internal relationship between the culture of speech in the first sense (let's call it objective) and the culture of speech in the second sense.
(let's call it subjective): in order for the structure of speech to acquire the necessary communicative perfection, the author of the speech must have a set of necessary skills and knowledge; at the same time, in order to acquire these skills and knowledge, one must have samples of communicatively perfect speech, one must know its signs and patterns of its construction.

Assuming that the features and properties of the language structure of communicatively perfect speech allow generalization and as a result ideas about the communicative qualities of speech (correctness, accuracy, expressiveness, etc.) are developed, we get the opportunity to formulate differently than it has just been done. two important definitions:

The culture of speech is a combination and system of its communicative qualities;

The culture of speech is the doctrine of the totality and system of communicative qualities of speech.

According to anthropologists, culture consists of four elements.

1. Concepts (concepts). They are found mainly in the language. Thanks to them, it becomes possible to streamline the experience of people. For example, we perceive the shape, color and taste of objects in the world around us, but in different cultures the world is organized differently.

In the language of the Trobriand Islanders, one word denotes six different relatives: father, father's brother, father's sister's son, father's mother's sister's son, father's sister's daughter's son, father's father's brother's son's son, and father's father's sister's son's son. The English language does not even have words for the last four relatives.

This difference between the two languages ​​is due to the fact that the people of the Trobriand Islands need a word that covers all relatives, to whom it is customary to treat with special respect. English and American societies have developed a less complex system of family ties, so the English do not need words for such distant relatives.

Thus, the study of the words of the language allows a person to navigate in the world around him through the selection of the organization of his experience.

2. Relationships. Cultures not only single out certain parts of the world with the help of concepts, but also reveal how these constituent parts are interconnected - in space and time, by meaning (for example, black is the opposite of white), on the basis of causation (“spare the rod - spoil child”). Our language has words for earth and sun, and we are sure that the earth revolves around the sun. But before Copernicus, people believed the opposite was true. Cultures often interpret relationships differently.

Each culture forms certain ideas about the relationship between concepts related to the sphere of the real world and to the sphere of the supernatural.

3. Values. Values ​​are generally accepted beliefs about the goals that a person should strive for. They form the basis of moral principles.

Different cultures may prioritize different values ​​(heroism on the battlefield, artistic creativity, asceticism), and each social order determines what is a value and what is not.

4. Rules. These elements (including norms) regulate people's behavior in accordance with the values ​​of a particular culture. For example, our legal system includes many laws against killing, injuring or threatening other people. These laws reflect how much we value the life and well-being of the individual. In the same way, we have dozens of laws prohibiting burglary, embezzlement, property damage, etc. They reflect our desire to protect personal property.

2 The culture of speech as a component of the general culture of man.

Culture forms the personalities of the members of society, thereby it largely regulates their behavior.

How important culture is for the functioning of the individual and society can be judged by the behavior of people who are not covered by socialization. The uncontrolled or infantile behavior of the so-called children of the jungle, who were completely deprived of human contact, indicates that without socialization, people are not able to adopt an orderly way of life, master the language and learn how to earn a livelihood. As a result of observing several "creatures that showed no interest in what was happening around, who rhythmically swayed back and forth, like wild animals in a zoo," an 18th-century Swedish naturalist. Carl Linnaeus concluded that they are representatives of a special species. Subsequently, scientists realized that these wild children did not have the development of personality, which requires communication with people. This communication would stimulate the development of their abilities and the formation of their "human" personalities.

If culture regulates people's behavior, can we go so far as to call it repressive? Often culture does suppress a person's motives, but it does not exclude them completely. Rather, it determines the conditions under which they are satisfied. The ability of culture to control human behavior is limited for many reasons. First of all, the biological possibilities of the human body are not unlimited. Mere mortals cannot be taught to jump over tall buildings, even if society values ​​such feats highly. In the same way, there is a limit to the knowledge that the human brain can absorb.

Without communication, neither an individual nor human society as a whole can exist. Communication for a person is his habitat. Without communication, it is impossible to form a person's personality, his upbringing, intellectual development, adaptation to life. Communication is necessary for people both in the process of joint work, and to maintain interpersonal relationships, recreation, emotional relief, intellectual and artistic creativity.

Communication is a process of interaction between individuals and social groups, in which there is an exchange of activities, information, experience, skills and results of activities.

Cultural relativism promotes the understanding of subtle differences between closely related cultures. For example, in Germany, the doors in an institution are always tightly closed in order to separate people. The Germans believe that otherwise employees are distracted from work. By contrast, in the United States, office doors are usually open. Americans who work in Germany often complained that closed doors made them feel unwelcoming and alienated. A closed door for an American has a completely different meaning than for a German.

Culture is the cement of the building of social life. And not only because it is transmitted from one person to another in the process of socialization and contact with other cultures, but also because it forms in people a sense of belonging to a certain group. Apparently, members of the same cultural group are more likely to understand each other, trust and sympathize with each other than with outsiders. Their shared feelings are reflected in slang and jargon, favorite foods, fashion, and other aspects of culture.

Culture not only strengthens solidarity between people, but also causes conflicts within and between groups. This can be illustrated by the example of language, the main element of culture. On the one hand, the possibility of communication contributes to the rallying of the members of the social group. A common language brings people together. On the other hand, a common language excludes those who do not speak this language or speak it in a slightly different way. In the UK, members of different social classes use slightly different forms of English. Although everyone speaks "English", some groups use "more correct" English than others. There are literally a thousand and one varieties of English in America. In addition, social groups differ from each other in the peculiarity of gestures, clothing style and cultural values. All this can lead to conflicts between groups.

The culture of speech contains 3 components: normative, communicative and ethical.

The normative aspect of the culture of speech (observance of the norms of the literary language) is considered one of the most important. The communicative qualities of speech are, first of all, the accuracy of speech, intelligibility, purity, logical presentation, expressiveness, aesthetics and relevance. The clarity of wording, the skillful use of terms, foreign words, the successful use of figurative and expressive means of language, proverbs and sayings, catchwords, phraseological expressions, of course, increase the level of professional communication of people.

And, finally, one of the most important components of professional communication is the rules of speech behavior, the ethical norms of speech culture. The degree of proficiency in speech etiquette determines the degree of professional suitability of a person. This can be attributed to representatives of all professions. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to feel embarrassed due to wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.

It is important to know the strict adherence to the rules of speech etiquette by the members of the team of an institution, production, office leaves a favorable impression on clients, co-founders, partners, and maintains a positive reputation for the entire organization.

An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment, an expression of gratitude, sympathy formulas, invitations and congratulations. Appeal becomes a socially significant category. How to contact a stranger? Man, woman, grandfather, father, granny, boyfriend, aunt? Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived as disrespect, familiarity. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kind, sorry, be kind.

The use of speech etiquette is greatly influenced by: the age of the participants, social status, the nature of relations between people, time and place, nationality, gender, and much more.

Culture is an integral part of human life. Culture organizes human life. In human life, culture to a large extent performs the same function that genetically programmed behavior performs in the life of animals.

3 The use of a specialist in finance and credit in production activities.

The ability to express one’s thoughts clearly and clearly, to speak competently, the ability not only to attract attention with one’s speech, but also to influence listeners, possession of a culture of speech is a peculiar characteristic of professional suitability for people of different professions: lawyers, diplomats, politicians, teachers, radio and television workers , managers. In the modern world, conditions have developed when the demand for a specialist in the labor market, his competitiveness largely depend on the availability of competent speech (oral and written), the ability to communicate effectively, on knowledge of the methods of speech influence, persuasion.

According to the study, human communication consists of two-thirds of speech. It is with the help of speech that communication between people most often occurs.

An entrepreneur, manager, architect, builder, auto mechanic, economist, merchandiser, doing their main job, is forced to discuss something, consult, have the skills of speech testing, and be able to conduct a conversation in a qualified manner. The success of any professional activity depends on how skillfully speech activity is carried out.

It is well known that the culture of speech is an integral part of personal characteristics, one of the components of the general culture of a person.

That is why the culture of speech behavior is so important for all people whose activities, one way or another, are connected with communication.

Conclusion.

Unfortunately, in recent years there has been a sharp decline in speech culture. We are preoccupied with difficult problems, we run, we hurry - and in a hurry we lose control over the choice of words, the construction of sentences.

Language impoverishment has become a sign of our times. Insufficient speech culture led to the fact that the flow of profanity poured into the stands and stage platforms, penetrated into works of fiction.

Every day we have to meet with the factors of violation of the main aspects of the culture of speech. The problems of language have long gone beyond the scope of philology and have stood in line with other general spiritual problems of society, because speech is not only a means of communication, but also a powerful energy charge that has a hidden effect on our psyche and the whole world around us. How often do we hear words and expressions that degrade the dignity and honor of a person.

Thus, the correctness of our speech, the richness of the individual dictionary increases the effectiveness of communication, enhances the effectiveness of the spoken word. Human speech activity is the most complex and most widespread. It forms the basis of any other human activity: industrial, commercial, scientific and others. It is important to master the culture of speech for everyone who, by the nature of their activities, is connected with people, organizes and directs their work, conducts business negotiations, educates, takes care of health, and provides various services to people.

Today, the solution of language problems is becoming one of the conditions for the spiritual and moral revival of Russia.

List of used literature.

1) Vasilyeva A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M: Russian language, 1990,

2) Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M: Higher school, 1998, 320 pages.

3) Kalinin A.V. The culture of the Russian word. Moscow: Moscow State University, 1984, 245 pages.

4) Kolesov V.V. A culture of speech. SP b: Lenizdat, 1988, 135 pp.

5) Russian language. Encyclopedia (M, 1997)

B.N. Golovin. Fundamentals of speech culture. M: Higher School, 1988, p.7

B.N. Golovin. Fundamentals of speech culture. M: Higher School, 1998, p.9

Introduction

In our time, communication is one of the main factors of mutual understanding between people, so the culture of speech behavior is important to all people whose activities are somehow related to communication. By the way a person speaks or writes, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture.

The culture of speech is a concept that combines the knowledge of the language norm of oral and written literary language, as well as the ability to use expressive language means in different communication conditions.

In addition, conditions have developed in the modern world when the demand for a specialist in the labor market, his competitiveness largely depend on the availability of competent speech (both oral and written), the ability to communicate effectively, on knowledge of the methods of speech influence, persuasion. The success of any professional activity depends on how skillfully speech activity is carried out.

Thus, the relevance of this topic is beyond doubt.

The purpose of the work is to consider the features of speech culture and its influence on the ethics of communication.

consider the history of the issue;

characterize the concept of "culture of speech";

analyze the features of human speech culture;

identify the process of interaction between the culture of speech and the ethics of communication.

1. History of speech culture

communication culture speech psychological

The culture of speech as a special area of ​​linguistics developed gradually. The norms of the Russian language of ancient times were formed in Kievan Rus under the influence of oral poetry and the Church Slavonic language. Ancient handwritten and subsequent printed books preserved and consolidated the traditions of written speech, however, the Russkaya Pravda code of laws, which was formed orally and recorded under Yaroslav the Wise in 1016, already reflected living speech.

The first attempts to consciously form the norms of written speech date back to the 18th century, when Russian society realized that the lack of unity in writing makes communication difficult and creates many inconveniences.

The work of V.K. Trediakovsky "A conversation between a stranger and a Russian about the spelling of the old and the new" (1748) is the first attempt to substantiate the rules of Russian spelling.

The theoretical normalization of the Russian language is associated with the compilation of the first grammars, rhetorics and dictionaries, with a description for educational purposes of a system of literary, exemplary, language, its norms and styles.

M.V. Lomonosov - the creator of the first scientific grammar of the Russian language "Russian Grammar", (1755) and "Rhetorics" (short - 1743 and "lengthy" - 1748) - laid the foundations of normative grammar and style of the Russian language.

In the 19th century, works on rhetoric by N.F. Koshansky, A.F. Merzlyakova, A.I. Galich, K. Zelenetsky and others.

One of the main tasks of the culture of speech is the protection of the literary language, its norms. It should be emphasized that such protection is a matter of national importance, since the literary language is precisely what unites the nation in linguistic terms.

One of the main functions of the literary language is to be the language of the entire nation, to rise above individual local or social limited language formations. Literary language is what creates, of course, along with economic, political and other factors, the unity of the nation. Without a developed literary language, it is difficult to imagine a full-fledged nation.

The famous modern linguist M.V. Panov among the main features of the literary language names such as the language of culture, the language of the educated part of the people, the consciously codified language, i.e. norms that all native speakers of the literary language must follow.

Any grammar of the modern Russian literary language, any of its dictionary is nothing but its modification. However, the culture of speech begins where the language, as it were, offers a choice for codification, and this choice is far from unambiguous. This indicates that the modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as a language from Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. It is constantly in need of regulation. If, however, to follow the once and for all established norms, then there is a danger that society will simply cease to reckon with them and will spontaneously establish its own norms. Spontaneity in such a matter is far from good, therefore, constant monitoring of the development and change in norms is one of the main tasks of linguistic science about the culture of speech.

This was well understood by Russian linguists of the pre-revolutionary period, as evidenced by the analysis of the norms of the Russian language in the book by V.I. Chernyshev "Purity and correctness of Russian speech. The experience of Russian stylistic grammar” (1911), which, according to V.V. Vinogradov, is a remarkable phenomenon in Russian philological literature and retains its significance to this day. He proposed a scientifically based view of the literary language as a complex interaction of entire categories of synonymous, but at the same time, stylistically heterogeneous grammatical forms and syntactic turns of speech.

The main sources of better speech in this work are recognized: the generally accepted modern usage; works of exemplary Russian writers; best grammar and grammar studies. The book was awarded the Academy of Sciences Prize.

After 1917, the preservation of the norms of the literary language became especially relevant, since people who did not speak it were involved in social activities. A stream of colloquial, dialectal and slang vocabulary has poured into the literary language. Naturally, there was a threat of loosening the literary norm.

However, the concept of “culture of speech” and the concept close to it “culture of language” arise only in the 1920s in connection with the emergence of a new Soviet intelligentsia and with the general post-revolutionary attitude that the “masses” “master the worker-peasant (proletarian) culture ”, an important part of which was the struggle for the “purity of the Russian language” (usually based on the relevant statements of Lenin).

The post-war years became a new stage in the development of the culture of speech as a scientific discipline. The largest figure of this period was S.I. Ozhegov, who became widely known as the author of the most popular one-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, which has become a reference book for more than one generation of people. In 1948, a book by E.S. Istrina "Norms of the Russian literary language and culture of speech".

In the 1950s and 1960s, the scientific principles of the culture of speech were refined: an objective and normative point of view on the language, a distinction between codification (as a normalizing activity) and norms (an objective historical phenomenon). The “Grammar of the Russian Language” of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953-54) is being published, issues of the “Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language” in 17 volumes, which received the Lenin Prize, are published periodically, collections “Questions of the Culture of Speech” are published periodically

In 1952, the Speech Culture Sector of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was created and it was headed by S.I. Ozhegov, under whose editorship from 1955 to 1968 the collections “Questions of the culture of speech” were published.

The theoretical works of V.V. Vinogradov in the 1960s, D.E. Rosenthal and L.I. Skvortsov in the 1960s-1970s; At the same time, there are attempts to distinguish it from the term "language culture" (under which they propose to understand, first of all, the properties of exemplary literary texts).

The culture of speech has become an independent discipline since the 70s of the twentieth century: it has its own subject and object of study, goals and objectives, methods and techniques of scientific research of the material. The following theoretical directions are being developed:

variability of norms;

functionality in normative assessments;

the ratio of outside - and intra-linguistic factors;

the place and role of standardized literary elements in the modern Russian language;

norm changes.

Cultural and speech activity turns from a “prohibition” into a positive program of linguistic education, the development of language flair, the ability to use the language in the best way, its expressive means in accordance with speech tasks and the laws of the functioning of the language in society.

The communicative component of speech culture received some development (the works of B.N. Golovin, A.N. Vasilyeva, etc.) only in the 60s. 20th century in connection with the needs of teaching the culture of speech in higher education.

The normalization activity of linguists did not weaken in the 90s. 20th century: works by D.E. Rosenthal, T.G. Vinokur, L.K. Graudina, L.I. Skvortsova, K.S. Gorbachevich, N.A. Eskova, V.L. Vorontsova, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Krysina, B.S. Schwarzkopf, N.I. Formanovskaya and others.

The communicative component of speech culture is also receiving increasing attention.

The modern approach to the problems of speech culture establishes internal links between the increase in the speech culture of society with the development of national culture; scientifically analyzes the processes taking place in modern speech practice; contributes to the improvement of the modern Russian literary language, taking into account the diverse social functions.

. Characteristics of the concept of "culture of speech"

Speech is the activity of communication - expression, influence, communication - through language, a form of existence of consciousness (thoughts, feelings, experiences) for another, serving as a means of communication with him, a form of generalized reflection of reality.

The culture of speech is such a set and such an organization of language tools that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.

The main indicators of the culture of speech:

vocabulary (offensive (obscene), slang words, dialectisms are excluded).

vocabulary (the richer it is, the brighter, more expressive, more diverse the speech, the less it tires the listeners, the more it impresses, memorizes and captivates);

pronunciation (the norm of modern pronunciation in Russian is the Old Moscow dialect);

grammar (business speech requires compliance with general grammar rules);

stylistics (a good style of speech is subject to such requirements as the inadmissibility of unnecessary words, the correct word order, logic, accuracy, the absence of standard, hackneyed expressions).

The normative aspect of speech culture presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. compliance with the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as a model.

The language norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the normative aspect of speech culture is considered one of the most important.

This is a necessary but not sufficient regulator, the culture of speech cannot be reduced to a list of prohibitions and definitions of “right or wrong”.

The concept of "culture of speech" is associated with the laws and features of the functioning of the language, as well as with speech activity in all its diversity. It is possible to cite a large number of texts of the most varied content, impeccable from the point of view of literary norms, but not reaching the goal. This is ensured by the fact that the norm regulates to a greater extent the purely structural, symbolic, linguistic side of speech, without affecting the most important relations of speech to reality, society, consciousness, and people's behavior.

The culture of speech develops the skills of selecting and using language means in the process of speech communication, helps to form a conscious attitude to their use in speech practice in accordance with communicative tasks. Selection of language tools necessary for this purpose - the basis of the communicative aspect of the culture of speech. As G.O. Vinokur, a well-known philologist, a major specialist in the culture of speech: "For each goal there are means, this should be the slogan of a linguistically cultural society." Therefore, the second important quality of speech culture is communicative expediency - the ability to find an adequate language form in the language system to express specific content in each real situation of speech communication. The choice of language means necessary for this purpose and in this situation is the basis of the communicative aspect of speech.

The communicative qualities of speech are, first of all, the accuracy of speech, intelligibility, purity, logical presentation, expressiveness, aesthetics and relevance. The clarity of wording, the skillful use of terms, foreign words, the successful use of figurative and expressive means of language, proverbs and sayings, catchwords, phraseological expressions, of course, increase the level of professional communication of people.

The third aspect, the ethical aspect of the culture of speech, is closely connected with communicative expediency. The rules of speech behavior, the ethical norms of speech culture are one of the most important components of professional communication.

Ethical norms of communication are understood as speech etiquette: speech formulas of greeting, request, question, gratitude, congratulations, etc.; appeal to "you" and "you"; choice of full or abbreviated name, form of address, etc.

Communicative expediency as a criterion of the culture of speech concerns both the form of expression of thought and its content. The ethical aspect of the culture of speech prescribes the knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations in such a way as not to humiliate the dignity of the participants in communication. Ethical norms of communication provide for the observance of speech etiquette. Speech etiquette is a system of means and ways of expressing the attitude of those who communicate with each other.

The ethical component of speech culture imposes a strict ban on foul language in the process of communication and other forms that offend the dignity of participants in communication or people around them.

In this way, the culture of speech is the observance in speech of the prevailing in society:

norms of the literary language (correct pronunciation, formation of sentences, construction of sentences, use of words in their accepted meaning and accepted compatibility). The literary language is the highest form of the national language and the basis of the culture of speech. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, culture, office work, legislation, verbal art, everyday communication, interethnic communication;

norms of speech behavior, etiquette (greet, say goodbye, apologize, be polite, do not be rude, do not insult, be tactful);

norms related to the ability to achieve the greatest effectiveness of one's speech (rhetorical literacy);

norms associated with the ability to switch from one sphere of communication to another, take into account who the speech is addressed to and who is present at the same time, in what conditions, in what environment and for what purpose the speech is being conducted (style and stylistic norms).

All of the above allows us to accept the proposed by E.N. Shiryaev defines the culture of speech: “Culture of speech is such a choice and organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.”

3. Human speech culture

A high level of speech culture is an integral feature of a cultured person. By speech, they judge the level of culture of the individual and the whole society.

Human speech culture is an attitude a person to knowledge about the language (and knowledge in general), the desire (or lack of it) to expand them, the ability (or inability) to use the acquired knowledge .

The culture of speech affects not only the process of creating speech (speaking, writing), but also its perception (listening, reading). In order for the structure of speech to take on the necessary communicative perfection, the author of the speech must possess the totality of the necessary skills and knowledge; At the same time, in order to acquire these skills and knowledge, one must have samples of communicatively perfect speech, one must know its signs and patterns of its construction.

Thus, speech culture reflects the degree of assimilation and observance of cultural norms in the process of transmission and perception of a speech message, the application of knowledge that contributes to the effectiveness of this process in situations of everyday communication. In the content aspect, it includes knowledge of perfect speech patterns, knowledge of speech etiquette, knowledge of the psychological foundations of speech communication.

The culture of speech presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as a model, therefore the concept of the type of speech culture seems to be extremely important for the current state of society and its culture. Types of speech cultures (according to O.B. Sirotinina):

Full-featured (elitist) - the speaker uses the possibilities of the language as fully and expediently as possible, depending on the situation and the addressee of the speech, freely moves from one style to another, always observes all types of norms of speech culture.

Incompletely functional - the carrier does not know how to use all functional styles, but they clearly distinguish two or three styles depending on the situation and their profession, make more mistakes than a representative of an elite culture.

Medium literary - the carrier is "self-confidently illiterate": carriers of this type, making a large number of mistakes, do not doubt their knowledge, are confident in the correctness of their speech, never check themselves in dictionaries and even "correct" specialists.

Literary jargon - the carrier deliberately reduces and coarsens speech.

Everyday - the carrier always uses everyday literary speech, without switching from one stylistic register to another, depending on the situation of communication.

Colloquial - the carrier is not oriented in the style varieties of the language and makes a large number of gross errors.

In Russia, the majority of the population are carriers of types of speech culture, occupying different parts of the transition zone between the two poles: full-fledged and everyday.

In recent years, within the framework of the culture of speech, a special direction has emerged - the linguistics of good speech (reclamation linguistics), associated with the study of the qualities of "good speech", which, in turn, depend on the communicative qualities of speech. These qualities are identified on the basis of the correlation of speech with such "non-speech structures" as the language itself as a device that generates speech, as well as the thinking and consciousness of the speaker, the reality surrounding him, the person - the addressee of the speech, the conditions of communication. Accounting for these "non-speech structures" determines the following mandatory qualities of good speech: correctness, purity, accuracy, logic, expressiveness, figurativeness, accessibility, relevance.

4. Ethics of speech communication

The culture of speech has a certain influence on the ethics of communication. Ethics prescribes the rules of moral behavior (including communication), etiquette presupposes certain manners of behavior and requires the use of external politeness formulas expressed in specific speech actions. Compliance with the requirements of etiquette in violation of ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, completely ethical behavior, not accompanied by the observance of etiquette, will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of the individual. When communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account. The ethical component of speech culture manifests itself in speech acts - purposeful speech actions, such as expressing a request, question, gratitude, friendliness, congratulations, etc.

Thus, the ethics of communication, or speech etiquette, requires compliance with certain rules of linguistic behavior in certain situations.

In speech communication, it is also necessary to observe a number of ethical and etiquette norms that are closely related to each other. Speech etiquette begins with the observance of the conditions for successful speech communication.

First, you must be respectful and kind to the interlocutor. It is forbidden to offend, insult, express disdain to the interlocutor with your speech. Direct negative assessments of the personality of the communication partner should be avoided; only specific actions can be evaluated, while observing the necessary tact. Rough words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in intelligent communication. Yes, and from the practical side, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, because. never contribute to achieving the desired result in communication. Politeness in communication involves understanding the situation, taking into account the age, gender, official and social position of the communication partner. These factors determine the degree of formality of communication, the choice of etiquette formulas, and the range of topics suitable for discussion.

Secondly, the speaker is ordered to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, to avoid excessive categoricalness in speech. Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner in the center of attention, show interest in his personality, opinion, take into account his interest in a particular topic. It is also necessary to take into account the listener's ability to perceive the meaning of your statements, it is advisable to give him time to rest and concentrate. For the sake of this, it is worth avoiding too long sentences, it is useful to make small pauses, use speech formulas to maintain contact: you certainly know…; you might be interested to know...; as you can see...; note…; should be noted... etc.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell throughout the conversation.

Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).

Let (those) get to know you (you).

Let's get acquainted.

It would be nice to meet you.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly - this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor and attention to his words.

Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, You-communication or You-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. Communication also plays an important role.

Etiquette defines the norm of behavior. It is customary to introduce a man to a woman, a younger one to a senior, an employee to a boss.

Formal and informal meetings begin with a greeting. In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb to be healthy, which means “to be healthy”, i.e. healthy. In addition, there are greetings indicating the time of the meeting:

Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening!

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component that manifests itself throughout the entire course of communication, is its integral part, and, at the same time, the rate of use and the very form of the term have not been finally established. It's about handling.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. In addition, the appeal indicates the corresponding sign, it can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment. So, a distinctive feature of officially adopted appeals in Russia was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as veneration of rank. In Russia, until the twentieth century, the division of people into estates remained: nobles, clergy, raznochintsy, merchants, philistines, etc. Hence the appeal " lord", "lady" - to people of privileged groups; "sir", "ma'am"- for the middle class and the lack of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

In the languages ​​of other civilized countries, there were appeals that were used both for a person in a high position and for an ordinary citizen: Mr., Mrs., Miss; senor, senora, senorita, etc.

After the October Revolution in Russia, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree. Instead, the appeals "comrade" and "citizen" are spreading. With the growth of the revolutionary movement, the word comrade acquires a socio-political meaning: "a like-minded person who fights for the interests of the people." In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main reference in the new Russia. After the Patriotic War, the word comrade gradually began to emerge from the everyday informal appeal of people to each other.

The problem arises: how to contact a stranger? On the street, in a store, in public transport, the appeal of a man, a woman, grandfather, father, grandmother, boyfriend, aunt, etc. is increasingly heard. Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as disrespect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. The words man Womanviolate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kind, be kind, sorry, sorry. Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open.

label formulas. Each language has fixed ways, expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry).

When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one's "interests" in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an act; for example: Could you go to the store now?; Are you going to the store now? When asked how to get through.? Where is.? you should also preface your question with a request. Could you tell me?; You will not say.?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the "rules" of life, which takes place in a multifaceted, human "dimension". This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, thanks, condolences, congratulations, invitations. Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

euphemization of speech. Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are periphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetjanyan's book "1001 questions about it" about intimate relationships. Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression. In addition, mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be realized by the “change of addressee” technique, in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW”. This shows respect for all participants in the conversation.

Interruption. Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, a demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments "in the course" of the partner's speech is an ordinary phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when the communicative interest is lost.

You are communication and You are communication. A feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns You and You, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular (Table 1). In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of interlocutors:

degree of acquaintance of partners ( you- to a friend You- unfamiliar);

formality of the communication environment ( you- informal You- official);

the nature of the relationship you- friendly, warm You- emphatically polite or strained, aloof, "cold");

equality or inequality of role relations (by age, position: you- equal and inferior, Youequal and superior).

Table 1 - Form selection you and you

VYTY1 To an unfamiliar, unfamiliar addressee1 To a well-known addressee2 In an official setting of communication2 In an informal setting3 With an emphatically polite, reserved attitude towards the addressee3 With a friendly, familiar, intimate attitude towards the addressee4 To an equal and older (by position, age) addressee4 To an equal and younger ( by position, age) to the addressee

The choice of form depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official-informal situation. So, in an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends switching to you even with a well-known person with whom friendly relations have been established and everyday household address.

In Russian, you-communication in informal speech is widespread. A superficial acquaintance in some cases and a distant, long-term relationship of old acquaintances in others is shown by the use of the polite "you." In addition, you-communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for old, girlfriends, who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata are "more often inclined" to You-communication.

It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimize relations (compare Pushkin’s lines: “ You are empty heart You she, having mentioned, replaced... ". But with You communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is often lost.

Parity relations as the main component of communication do not cancel the choice of You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances. The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns "you" and "you" in an informal setting.

Speech taboos - a ban on the use of certain words, due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors. Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may concern the names of certain organizations, the mention of certain persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of social life officially recognized as non-existent in this society. Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that obscene vocabulary, the mention of certain physiological phenomena and parts of the body, is prohibited. Neglect of ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law.

The norms of ethics and etiquette also apply to written speech. An important issue of business letter etiquette is the choice of address. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the appeal " Dear Mr. Petrov!For a letter to a higher manager, an invitation letter, or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word dearand call the addressee by name and patronymic. In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the possibilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language. In business correspondence, there is a tendency to avoid the pronoun "I".

Compliments. The culture of criticism in speech communication. An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. Tactfully and timely said, a compliment lifts the mood of the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his proposals, to the common cause. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous.

A compliment can refer to appearance, excellent professional abilities, high morality, ability to communicate, contain a general positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great) looking.

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You are good (excellent, excellent, excellent) in managing (your) household (business, trade, construction).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

It is a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (to work, to cooperate).

A culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil relations with the interlocutor and would allow him to explain his mistake to him. To do this, one should criticize not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor, but specific mistakes in his work, the shortcomings of his proposals, the inaccuracy of the conclusions.

In order for criticism not to affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is desirable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to build a critical discussion of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of the arguments of the opponent in the dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with the interlocutor's undoubted general provisions, reliable facts, experimentally verified conclusions, and reliable statistical data.

Criticism of the opponent's statements should not concern his personal qualities, abilities, character. Criticism of joint work by one of its participants should contain constructive proposals, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to pointing out shortcomings, since the development of decisions is the business of specialists, and assessing the state of affairs, the effectiveness of the organization's work is the right of any citizen.

So, the field of speech culture includes not only the actual culture of speech as a system of means, but also the culture of linguistic communication, communication.

Among the phenomena denoted by the term “culture of speech”, one should distinguish, firstly, concern for the language, its culture and level of communication, and, secondly, this level itself, i.e. development of language or linguistic communication, individual acts and results.

The culture of language communication is distinguished by the following features:

it concerns statements (texts) and their perception and interpretation;

it connects the language construction with the content-thematic side and style-forming factors, the situation, the personalities of those who communicate, etc.;

the asymmetry between the culture of speech and the culture of communication lies in the fact that the entire national language as a whole is used in communication.

Thus, the culture of speech acts as part of a broader concept of "culture of communication", which includes both the culture of thinking and the psychological culture of influence and interaction.

Conclusion

Finishing the work, we note the following.

The culture of speech is the possession of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form, in which the choice and organization of language means are carried out, which allow, in a certain situation of communication and while observing the ethics of communication, to provide the necessary effect in achieving the set communication goals.

When characterizing the totality of knowledge, skills and speech skills of a person, the culture of his speech is defined as follows: it is such a choice and such an organization of language means that, in a certain communication situation, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.

The definition emphasizes three aspects of speech culture: normative; ethical; communicative.

The ethics of speech communication requires the speaker and the listener to create a benevolent tone of the conversation, which leads to agreement and success in the dialogue.

The culture of speech is, first of all, its real signs and properties, the totality and systems of which speak of its communicative perfection:

accuracy of speech (“Who thinks clearly, clearly states”);

consistency, possession of the logic of reasoning;

purity, i.e. the absence of elements alien to the literary language and rejected by the norms of morality;

expressiveness - features of the structure of speech that maintain the attention and interest of the listener or reader;

wealth - a variety of speech, the absence of the same signs and chains of signs;

the appropriateness of speech is such a selection, such an organization of language means that make speech consistent with the goals and conditions of communication. Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, composition of listeners or readers, informational, educational, aesthetic and other tasks of speeches.

Thus, the correctness of speech, the richness of the individual dictionary increases the effectiveness of communication, enhances the effectiveness of the spoken word.

Human speech activity is the most complex and most widespread. It forms the basis of any other human activity: industrial, commercial, scientific and others.

It is important to master the culture of speech for everyone who, by the nature of their activities, is connected with people, organizes and directs their work, conducts business negotiations, educates, takes care of health, and provides various services to people.

So, the culture of speech is the most important condition for communication. And mastering the basics of speech culture for each person is not only a necessity, but also a duty. Communicating culturally, people make the right choice in the direction of achieving communicative tasks.

Bibliography

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Vasilyeva D.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2006.

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4. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - M.: UNITI Publishing House, 2008.

Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Secrets of good speech. - M., 2003.

6. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech. Textbook / I.B. Golub. - M.: Logos, 2002. - 432 p.

Dantsev A.A. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities / A.A. Dantsev, N.V. Nefedov. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2004. - 320 p.

The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication / Under. ed. OK. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: Norma, 2000. - 560 p.

9. Kolesov V.V. The culture of speech is the culture of behavior. - M.: Education, 2008.

10. Krysin L.P. Language in modern society. - M.: Nauka, 1977.

11. Sternin I.A. Russian speech etiquette. - Voronezh, 2007.

Shiryaev E.N. The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. - M.: Bustard, 2006.

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