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The use of different styles of speech plays an important role in the Russian language. The scientific style of speech helps to talk about the phenomena, processes, patterns that occur in the world around us. What are its features?

The scientific language arose due to the fact that various narrow-profile areas of life were rapidly developing. At first it could be compared with the artistic style of speech, but over time it began to differ, acquire its own characteristics and features.

In ancient times in Greece, the privileged class of people used a special terminology that ordinary citizens could not understand correctly. At the same time, experts began to identify the main features of the scientific style of speech. Initially, the terms were used exclusively in Latin, but then all world scientists made translations into their native languages.

Over time, the style of the scientific text became precise and concise, which separated it as much as possible from the literary presentation. After all, the artistic language introduces a significant coloring into the perception of the text, which is unacceptable for the scientific style.

The scientific style of speech and its definition was formed rather slowly. The opinions of representatives of science regarding the application of styles were significantly divided. This can be judged by the negative statements of Descartes about the works of Galileo. He said that his scientific works contain many artistic means. Kepler, who believed that Galileo quite often uses a literary description of the nature of things, was of this opinion.

One of the important stages in the development of the scientific style of speech was the work of Isaac Newton. For a long time they served as a kind of standard of style, which everyone tried to adhere to when presenting information.

The scientific style in the Russian state began to take shape only at the beginning of the 18th century. At this historical stage, people writing their own texts or translating began to form their own terminology.

In the second half of the 18th century, the famous scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, together with his followers, made an impetus for the formation of a characteristic scientific type of speech in Russia. Most experts took his works as a basis. Finally, the main scientific terms were created only at the end of the 19th century.

Varieties of scientific language

According to modern standards, there are several types of scientific style in Russian, which have their own characteristics. These include the following speech styles:

Popular science

This type of text is addressed to those people who do not have special skills and knowledge in a particular area. It is characterized by a simplification of presentation in order to achieve accessibility for the public, but at the same time it retains a sufficient amount of terminology and clarity.

In addition, it is allowed to use such speech forms that cause emotionality in the audience. The purpose of a public scientific language is to familiarize people with certain facts or phenomena.

This species also has a subspecies called scientific and artistic. With such a presentation, a minimum of special terminology and digital values ​​​​is used, and if they exist, then experts try to explain them in detail.

The popular science style is characterized by a comparative analysis with ordinary objects, easy reading and perception of information. This text is used in books, magazines and other publications.

Training

It is designed for people studying in educational institutions. The task of this style is to familiarize students with the information that is required to acquire certain knowledge in a particular area.

The scientific style and its features in this case consist in the use of many typical examples. This style is characterized by the use of professional terms, a clear division into categories, smooth transitions from the general to the particular. Such texts can be found in textbooks, manuals, manuals.

Actually scientific

In this case, the audience is people who specialize in this field, and scientists. The task of such texts is to describe certain facts, phenomena, patterns, and so on. You can draw your own conclusions in them, but do not color them with special emotionality. An example of the scientific style of this variety is in dissertations, reports, reviews.

Technical

This type is necessary for highly specialized specialists. The purpose of this style is to describe the skills and abilities that have been obtained in a practical way. It is characterized by a lot of digital, statistical data and technical characteristics.

style signs

Over time, the scientific style of speech, the definition and its features have undergone changes. In modern times, some patterns of such a presentation of information have already developed.

Scientists identify the main features of the scientific style of speech, in connection with which the text should be:

• Logical. This feature is the most basic for using this speech style. Absolutely any connected statement must have this property. But at the same time, the scientific language is distinguished by its own logic, which is characterized by emphasis and rigor. All components of information have a rigid semantic connection and are presented in a strictly sequential chain, ending with conclusions. This is achieved through the use of means inherent in scientific texts, for example, sentences are connected by repeated nouns, which are often combined with demonstrative pronouns. Also, the fact that the information is presented sequentially is indicated by frequently occurring adverbs, introductory words, and conjunctions.
• Accurate. This is another important property that indicates that the text is written in a scientific style. In order to accurately state all the information, the words are chosen very carefully. However, they are used exclusively in the literal sense. In addition, terminology and special vocabulary are widely used. In such texts, you can often find repeated repetition of key phrases, which is absolutely normal.
• Objective. This trait also applies to scientific style. In such texts, only objective information is presented, for example, the results of experiments, patterns identified in the process of their implementation are described. All the described information requires reliable quantitative and qualitative characteristics.
• Generalized. This important feature necessarily contains any examples of texts in a scientific style. In this regard, specialists often resort to the use of abstract concepts that are almost impossible to imagine, feel, or see.

When presenting scientific information, words are used that have an abstract meaning. Often they use formulas, symbols, give graphs, draw up tables, draw diagrams and drawings. All this allows us to most clearly reveal and explain this or that phenomenon.

The scientific style of speech is not characterized by a feature when exclamatory statements are used, as well as one's own subjective opinion. Therefore, personal pronouns and verbs in the first person singular are rarely used in such texts. Usually they use indefinitely personal, impersonal, definitely personal expressions.

All the above signs make it possible to understand that the scientific style of speech is not characterized by emotionality, excessive coloring of phenomena.

The text should be logical, accurate, correspond to reality. All this is achieved due to the fact that when presenting information, certain rules of a scientific text are followed.

Characteristic features of scientific information

The scientific style and its features have been formed for a long time, have undergone many changes. Currently, there are three groups of characteristic features of this language:

1. lexical;
2. morphological;
3. syntactic.

Each of these groups reveals specific features that distinguish the scientific style of speech from all the others. Therefore, it is worth considering them in more detail.

Vocabulary

The scientific style and its peculiarities of vocabulary are based on the fact that such information has its own immediate task, which is to designate phenomena, objects, name them, explain. To achieve this goal, first of all, nouns are required.

The vocabulary of the scientific style has the following characteristic features:

• Words are used exclusively in the literal sense.
• When presenting information, the means by which various images are described in literary works are not used. These include epithets, metaphor, comparison, hyperbole.
• Abstract sentences and terminology are often used.

Features of the scientific style of speech are the allocation of three groups of words:

1. Stylistically neutral. They are used in any speech styles, so they are called generally accepted.
2. General scientific. They may contain an example of the scientific style of different areas, and not just one area.
3. Highly specialized. These are words that are characteristic of a particular scientific field.

Morphology

Features of the scientific style of speech include morphology. When disclosing information, consider the following:

• In texts, it is extremely rare to find the use of verbs in the first or second person singular. With a literary style, this is quite acceptable.
• Many present tense verbs are used, which are quite similar to verbal nouns. Their use makes it possible to convey a reliable assessment of facts and phenomena quite well.
• The scientific style is not characterized by a presentation feature in which a large accumulation of adjectives can be found in the works. They are used little, and they are mainly included in the profile terms. While in the literary text they are used a lot along with epithets and other artistic means.
• When scientific information is disclosed, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used a little differently than in the texts of other speech styles.

Syntax

The scientific style and its features are also determined by syntactic features, which include:

• special revolutions, for example, according to Newton, from experience;
• the use of the word "further" as an introductory word;
• the use of words such as "given", "known", "corresponding" in order to logically connect sentences with each other;
• use of a sequence of words in the genitive case;
• the use of a large number of complex sentences, especially the complex type. With the help of complex sentences with an explanatory clause, you can make a generalization, describe a phenomenon or law.
  And if used with a subordinate clause of reason, then it is possible to quite widely reveal the causal relationship of certain phenomena in the world around us. In such sentences, conjunctions are used to consistently link statements together;
• the use of such word forms: “as is known”, “scientists believe”, “it is clear” and others in the case when it is necessary to make a reference to the source, to specific facts, prescriptions, and so on;
• widespread use of participles, gerunds and their turnovers.

All these characteristic features of speech make it possible to separate the speech style under consideration from other styles, to isolate it as a separate area, for which the use of special rules of the Russian language is inherent. All this is necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of presenting thoughts in a scientific style.

An example of a scientific text style is the following excerpt from a textbook on animals:

“Based on the data from the experiments and the information that is presented in work No. 5 and displayed in Fig. 2, it can be concluded that hedgehogs living in North Africa are psychologically vulnerable creatures.”

Here is another scientific style of text - an excerpt from a medical manual:

“Gastritis is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the walls of the stomach. Symptoms of this disease are pain that occurs during hunger or after eating, nausea, vomiting, problems with stools. The diagnosis is made after an endoscopic examination of the stomach. The treatment is carried out with a medical method that helps to reduce the acidity in the stomach.

Thus, in the Russian language there are different speech styles that perform their specific tasks. Having studied the scientific style of speech, the definition and features of such a text, it becomes clear why it was singled out in a separate category. An example of the scientific style can always be found in dissertations, reviews, reports and other documents created by professors, scientists and other specialists in the field of science.

Which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

The style of scientific papers is ultimately determined by their content and the goals of scientific communication: to explain the facts as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.

Scientific style features

The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of expression (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole . At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ noticeably in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.

The scientific style is characterized logical sequence of presentation orderly a system of connections between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors to accuracy, brevity, uniqueness while saving saturation content.

Logic- this is the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of the text.

Sequence only such a text has, in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.

Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, suggests intelligibility, availability. According to the degree of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the way of its language design.

Accuracy scientific speech involves uniqueness understanding, the absence of discrepancy between the signified and its definition. Therefore, in scientific texts, as a rule, there are no figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in their direct meaning, the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text.

Strict accuracy requirements for a scientific text make restriction on the use of figurative means language: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such means can penetrate scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but also for persuasiveness, evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary to implement the requirement clarity, intelligibility presentation.

Emotionality, like expressiveness, in the scientific style, which requires an objective, "intellectual" presentation of scientific data, is expressed differently than in other styles. The perception of a scientific work can cause certain feelings in the reader, but not as a response to the emotionality of the author, but as an awareness of the scientific fact itself. Although a scientific discovery has an impact regardless of the method of its transmission, the author of a scientific work himself does not always refuse an emotional and evaluative attitude to the events and facts presented. Committed to limited use of the author's "I"- this is not a tribute to etiquette, but a manifestation of an abstract generalized stylistic feature of scientific speech, reflecting the form of thinking.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their terminology(particularly international). However, one should not overestimate the degree of this saturation: on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work.

An important role in the style of scientific work is played by use of abstract vocabulary.

In the field of morphology, there is using shorter forms, which is consistent with the principle savings linguistic means.

To link parts of the text, special means are used (words, phrases and sentences) indicating subsequence the development of thoughts (“at the beginning”, “later”, “then”, “first of all”, “preliminarily”, etc.), on the connection of previous and subsequent information (“as indicated”, “as already mentioned”, “as noted” , “considered”, etc.), on causal relationships (“but”, “therefore”, “due to this”, “hence”, “due to the fact that”, “due to this”, etc.), to the transition to a new topic (“let's consider now”, “let's move on to consideration”, etc.), to the proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (“he”, “the same”, “such”, “so”, “here "," here ", etc.).

Scientific style substyles

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into three so-called sub-styles:

• Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries.
• Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, in order to teach, describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts stated in the text and examples are typical.
• Popular science. The addressee is anyone interested in this or that science. The goal is to give an idea of ​​science, to interest the reader.

Genres using scientific style

Scientific texts are designed as separate finished works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.

The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal, review, textbook (manual), lecture, report, informational message (about the conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation , scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.

To secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsing in order to reduce the volume of the text.

The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, term paper, abstract message.

History of scientific style

The emergence with the development of different areas of scientific knowledge, different spheres of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic style occurred in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which spread its influence at that time, to the entire cultural world.

Subsequently, it was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. In the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the too "artistic" nature of Galileo's exposition irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo's scientific proofs was excessively "fictionalized". In the future, Newton's logical exposition became a model of scientific language.

In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, along with the scientific activities of the greatest scientists of that time.

Example

An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:

Literature

• Ryzhikov Yu. I. Work on a dissertation in technical sciences: Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization of scientific work; Language and style of dissertation, etc. St. Petersburg, BHV-Petersburg, 496 with ISBN 5-94157-804-0.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Scientific style of speech" is in other dictionaries:

Main article: Functional styles of speech The scientific style is a functional style of speech in a literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary reflection on the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, ... ... Wikipedia

scientific style- represents scientific the sphere of communication and speech activity associated with the implementation of science as a form of social consciousness; reflects theoretical thinking, acting in a conceptual logical form, which is characterized by objectivity and abstraction ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

speech style- ▲ style of expounding style of speech character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. formal business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocol... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

scientific style Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

scientific style- One of the functional styles associated with the scientific sphere of communication and speech activity aimed at the realization of science as a form of social consciousness. N.s. reflects theoretical thinking, acting in a conceptual logical form, for ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

scientific style- a kind of literary language: one book style of speech, serving the fields of science and education ... Dictionary of literary terms

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Speech- speech activity, communication mediated by language, one of the types of human communicative activity.

The stylistic characteristic of a word is determined by the belonging of the word to one or another style of speech.

Speech style- this is a kind of modern literary language, which is characterized by a historically established and socially conscious set of principles for selecting and combining means of expression (words, phraseological units, constructions), determined by the function of the language in a particular area of ​​human activity.

Scientific style- a functional style of speech, a literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

Scientific style of speech is a means of communication in the field of science and educational and scientific activities. The scientific style serves the sphere of scientific knowledge; its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth; it is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary; the noun predominates in it, there are many abstract and material nouns, the syntax is logical, bookish, the phrase is distinguished by grammatical and logical completeness, etc.

scientific style It is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech increases.

A scientific text is a text that is understandable to the scientific community, a text whose stylistic features do not interfere with the perception of scientific information, a text that most accurately conveys the meaning. A scientific text should express the thought of a scientist or a group of scientists in such a way that it is understood, and, moreover, understood correctly, by all workers of science in the corresponding direction.

Texts of the scientific style of speech can contain not only language information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this applies to texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, chemistry, physics, etc. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information - this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.

Varieties of scientific style of speech

The scientific style of speech has varieties

actually scientific,

scientific and technical (industrial and technical),

scientific and informative,

scientific reference,

educational and scientific,

popular science.

Realized in written and oral form of communication, the modern scientific style has various genres, types texts:

· textbook

reference book

· Research Article

monograph

dissertation

report abstract

· essay

synopsis

review

Educational and scientific speech is implemented in the following genres:

· message,

answer (oral answer, answer-analysis, answer-generalization, answer-grouping),

· reasoning,

language example,

explanation (explanation-explanation, explanation-interpretation).

The variety of types of scientific style of speech is based on internal unity and the presence of common extralinguistic and proper linguistic properties of this type of speech activity, which manifest themselves even regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and proper genre differences. The sphere of scientific communication is distinguished by the fact that it pursues the goal of the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. The main form of thinking in the field of science is the concept, the dynamics of thinking is expressed in judgments and conclusions that follow one after another in a strict logical sequence. The idea is strictly argued, the logic of reasoning is emphasized, analysis and synthesis are closely interconnected. Consequently, scientific thinking takes on a generalized and abstracted character. The final crystallization of scientific thought is carried out in external speech, in oral and written texts of various genres of scientific style, which, as was said, have common features.

General extralinguistic properties scientific style of speech, his style features, due to abstractness (conceptuality) and strict logic of thinking, are:

· Scientific topics texts.

· Generalization, abstractness, abstract presentation. Almost every word acts as a designation of a general concept or an abstract subject. The abstract generalized nature of speech is manifested in the selection of lexical material (nouns prevail over verbs, general scientific terms and words are used, verbs are used in certain temporary and personal forms) and special syntactic constructions (indefinitely personal sentences, passive constructions).

· Logic of presentation. Between the parts of the statement there is an ordered system of connections, the presentation is consistent and consistent. This is achieved by using special syntactic constructions and typical means of interphrase communication.

· Presentation Accuracy. It is achieved by using unambiguous expressions, terms, words with clear lexico-semantic compatibility.

· Evidence of presentation. Reasoning argues scientific hypotheses and positions.

· Objectivity of presentation. It manifests itself in the presentation, the analysis of different points of view on the problem, in the focus on the subject of the statement and the absence of subjectivity in the transfer of content, in the impersonality of the linguistic expression.

· Rich in factual information, which is necessary for the evidence and objectivity of the presentation.

The most important task scientific style of speech - to explain the causes of phenomena, to report, to describe the essential features, properties of the subject of scientific knowledge. These features of the scientific style find expression in its linguistic characteristics and determine the consistency of the actual language means of this style. The scientific style of speech includes language units of three types.

1. Lexical units that have a functional and stylistic coloring of a given (that is, scientific) style. These are special lexical units, syntactic constructions, morphological forms.

2. Interstyle units, that is, stylistically neutral language units used equally in all styles.

3. Stylistically neutral language units, predominantly functioning in this particular style. Thus, their quantitative predominance in a given style becomes stylistically significant. Quantitatively marked units in the scientific style are, first of all, some morphological forms, as well as syntactic constructions.

The leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, and almost every lexical item in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Accurately and unambiguously, special concepts of the scientific sphere of communication are called and their content is revealed by special lexical units - terms. A. I. Efimov proposes that under the term “language style” (to which he contrasts “syllable” as a feature of the individual use of the language) to understand “... genre variety of the literary language”.

Term- this is a word or phrase denoting the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity and is an element of a certain system of terms. Within this system, the term strives for unambiguity, does not express expression and is stylistically neutral. Example terms: atrophy, numerical algebra methods, range, zenith, laser, prism, radar, symptom, sphere, phase, low temperatures, cermets. Terms, a significant part of which are international words, are conditional language of science. The term is the main lexical and conceptual unit of the scientific sphere of human activity. In quantitative terms, in scientific style texts, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclature names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.), on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-20% of the total vocabulary of this style. In the above fragment of the popular science text, the terms are highlighted in a special font, which allows you to see their quantitative advantage over other lexical units: By that time, physicists already knew that emanation- it is a radioactive chemical element of the zero group of the periodic system, that is, an inert gas; its serial number is 85, and the mass number of the longest-lived isotope - 222.

Terms as the main lexical components of the scientific style of speech, as well as other words of the scientific text, are characterized by the use in one, specific, definite meaning. If a word is ambiguous, then it is used in a scientific style in one, less often - in two meanings that are terminological: strength, size, body, sour, movement, solid.

A distinctive feature of terms is their exact definition (definition). Terminological vocabulary is the "core of the scientific style", it is the most essential feature of the language of science. Terms, denoting strictly scientific concepts, form a terminological system of a particular science, where similar meanings are conveyed by the corresponding terms. For example, linguistic terms synonym, antonym, homonym, paronym combines the Greek root "onyma", denoting a name, name; in terms of homophone, homograph, homoform the element "omo" means the same and emphasizes the systemic nature of these lexical phenomena.

As you can see, the systemic nature of terms receives a linguistic expression. So, medical terms are combined due to the same suffixes: suffix -it inherent in terms denoting inflammatory processes (bronchitis, appendicitis, sinusitis, sciatica), drug names also have the same suffix (penicillin, synthomycin, oletethrin).

Recently, more and more space has been occupied by international terminology in terminological vocabulary (in economic speech: manager, management, real estate agent, etc.).

Close to the terms are nomenclature names, which are also common in book styles, and in scientific in particular. As A.V. Barandeev in the manual “Fundamentals of Scientific Terminology”, terms should not be confused with nomenclature designations, since the terms form terminology - a system of single, homogeneous, interdependent elements, and nomenclature is a collection of heterogeneous, internally unrelated elements within the whole. Nomenclature (from Lat. nomenclatura - a list, a list of names) is a broader concept than terminology, the names of such concepts, the objectivity of which is clearly expressed, should belong to the nomenclature. For example, the nomenclature of geography (more precisely, hydrography) will be composed of proper names - the names of rivers, streams, lakes, swamps, seas, oceans, etc.; the nomenclature of geology -- the names of minerals; nomenclature of botany - the names of plants. The nomenclature in the economy is a classified list of manufactured products, that is, it is logical to refer to the nomenclature the names of various industrial products reproduced according to the same sample in a given quantity [4.C. 28].

Generalization, abstractness of presentation in a scientific style at the lexical level is realized in the use of a large number of lexical units with an abstract meaning (abstract vocabulary). "The scientific language coincides with the conceptual-logical language, ... the conceptual language appears as more abstract" .

Styles of the Russian literary language

main function scientific style speech - the transfer of logical information and proof of its truth (in the complete absence of expression of emotions). Depending on the subject, scientific-technical, scientific-natural, scientific-humanitarian varieties of scientific speech are usually distinguished. In addition, depending on the specific tasks and scope of use, one can distinguish such sub-styles as: proper scientific, scientific-informative, scientific-reference, patent, educational-scientific, popular science. These substyles are used in different genres of scientific speech:

a) actually scientific - a monograph (scientific work that develops in depth one topic, one range of issues), an article, a report, etc.;

b) scientific and informative - an abstract (a summary of the content of a scientific work), annotation (a brief description of a book, article, etc.), a textbook, a study guide, etc.;

in) popular science - essay, book, lecture, etc.

With all the variety of varieties and genres, the scientific style of speech is characterized by the unity of its dominant, that is, the most important feature that organizes the style. The dominant of scientific style is conceptual accuracy, emphasized logic of speech.

The accuracy of scientific speech involves the selection of linguistic means that have the quality of unambiguity and the ability to best express the essence of the concept, that is, a logically formulated general thought about the subject, phenomenon. Therefore, in the scientific style, they avoid (but still sometimes use) various figurative means, for example, metaphors. The only exceptions are metaphor terms.

Compare: in physics - atom nucleus; in botany - flower pistil; in anatomy - eyeball, Auricle.

Generalization and abstractness of the language of science is dictated by the specifics of scientific knowledge. Science expresses an abstract thought, therefore its language is devoid of concreteness. A word in scientific speech usually names not a specific, individually unique object, but a whole class of homogeneous objects, phenomena, that is, it expresses not a particular, not an individual, but a general scientific concept. Therefore, first of all, words with a generalized and abstract meaning are selected.

For example, in the definition: “Agreement is a method of communication in which the dependent word is put in the same forms as the main one”, - almost every word denotes a general concept (a word in general, a method in general, a connection in general, etc.).

The intellectual nature of scientific knowledge determines the logic of the language of science, which is expressed in the preliminary thinking of the message and in the strict sequence of presentation. The purpose of any scientific report is the presentation of certain scientific information and their proof. The role of the author's "I", the speaker, in scientific speech is very insignificant. The main thing is the message itself, its subject, the results of the research, presented clearly, clearly, objectively, regardless of the feelings that the author has about this. The feelings and experiences of the author are taken out of brackets, do not participate in speech. It is unlikely that in a modern scientific article phrases like:

I struggled with solving this problem for five years; I am proud to be the first to solve this complex scientific problem.

Personal emotions are not allowed here. That is why in scientific speech only neutral means are used and expressive ones are unacceptable. And this, in turn, determines other speech features of the scientific style.