Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its features.

2. Variants of norms.

3. Degrees of normativity of language units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accent rules.

6. Norms of oral and written speech.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

The culture of speech, as mentioned earlier, is a multidimensional concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the mind of a person about the “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, literate speech should be built.

The norm is the dominant concept of the culture of speech. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova word meaning norm is defined as follows: "legalized establishment, ordinary obligatory order, state." Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs, traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of a socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of the language, recorded in grammars and normative dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) general usage;

3) general obligatoriness;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative mass media.

Norm functions:

1) ensures the correct understanding of each other by speakers of a given language;

2) hinders the penetration of dialect, colloquial, vernacular, slang elements into the literary language;

3) educates language taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language tools. Sources for changing norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial variants such as calls- along with Lit. calls; cottage cheese- along with Lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit. [d'e]kan);

Vernacular (for example, in some dictionaries they are fixed as valid colloquial stress options contract, phenomenon, until recently, vernacular, non-normative options);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. stress options actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, accepted in the speech of health workers).

The change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language Options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical form, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of the language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete, go out of use, others appear.

However, the options may be equal - normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery and bulo [shn] th; barge and barge; Mordvin and Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, while others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( chauffeur s and wrong. chauffeur a; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm are specialized in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral - high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a] no, n[a] floor, m[a] turf and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o] no, p[o] floor, m[o] turf; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like shake up [g’i] wag, wave [x’i] wat, jump up [k’i] wat and the bookish, characteristic of the old Moscow noma, the firm pronunciation of these sounds: shudder [gy] walt, wave [hy] walt, jump [ky] walt. Wed also lit. contract, locksmith and and unfold contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of degree of their modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated. plum [shn] th.

In addition, options may have differences in meaning ( semantic variants ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, induce, force to act).

According to the ratio between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of language units are distinguished.

Norm I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, variants in dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – not right. choice a; shi [n'e] l - not right. shi[ne]l; petition - not right. petition; pampered - not rivers. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Norm II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: the loop and the loop; swimming pool and ba[sse]in; stack and stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the union and.

Norm III degree. A mobile norm that allows the use of colloquial, obsolete forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(permissible), add. obsolete(allowable deprecation). For example: August - add. August; budo[h]ik and additional mouth budo[shn]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are presented very widely. In order to choose the correct option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: orthoepic, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.

Language norms are obligatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

From today, new norms of the literary Russian language are in force in Russia. Now it is impossible to accuse of illiteracy those who sign not an agreement, but an agreement and drink STRONG coffee. Such norms are enshrined in dictionaries, which the Ministry of Education and Science has approved as reference.

It is desirable to sign the "contract" on Wednesdays. In the morning, have yoghurt for breakfast and drink black coffee. All these words and phrases should not cut the ear now, they are acceptable in use. From now on, this is the norm. On Knowledge Day, the Ministry of Education and Science released words that were previously considered the height of illiteracy. Here are just a few innovations. The word "marrying" is a mistake, it is correct to say "married". "Karate" must be written with an "e". You can conclude as you like - both "agreement" and "agreement". And - both on Wednesdays and on Wednesdays. Well, and absolutely amazing - double stress in the word "yogurt" / "yogurt". Such rules are determined by the list of "dictionaries, grammars and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language", specified in the order of the Ministry of Education, which officially comes into force today.

The Ministry of Education considered that there were too many low-quality dictionaries, and it was time to separate the wheat from the chaff. Publishing houses were offered to pass a kind of attestation - to hand over directories for verification to the commission in order to compile a list of official publications that can and should be consulted. There were four of those. And it is them, as stated in the official document of the Ministry of Education, that it is recommended to use "when using the Russian language as the state language":

"Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" by Bronislava Bukchina, Inna Sazonova and Lyudmila Cheltsova,
"Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by Andrey Zaliznyak, "Dictionary of Russian Stress" by Irina Reznichenko, "Big Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by Veronica Telia. Interestingly, all four books were published by the same publishing house.

Today, the Ministry delicately refused to officially comment on the order to Vesti, saying only that the list of dictionaries was recommended to officials and allegedly does not introduce new rules for the Russian language. Moreover, this list is not final. In the final - there will be several dozen directories.

Meanwhile, in the ranks of philologists - confusion. It is not clear why this list did not include any of the dictionaries that until today were considered standard - Rosenthal's books, for example, or Lopatin's academic reference book. Where, by the way, the word "coffee" is still masculine. However, a number of experts refer to the fact that language norms change over time, and this is normal. The dictionary only fixes how it is customary to speak in this era. So, for example, in the 30s they said both "my" and "my" taxi. And if now more and more people say "agreement", or "strong coffee", then this is the norm. This point of view is shared by one of the authors of the spelling dictionary from the new list. Will new dictionaries take root in state institutions? And whether their use in educational institutions will become mandatory - the order of the Ministry does not stipulate.

It is interesting that in these four books we also found the word "Internet", which from now on must be written only with a capital letter (although "telephone" or "television" - with a small one). And absolutely Russian - "fife-o-klok". That is, "I didn't have a fife-o-clock today" in the sense of "I didn't have lunch today."

Literary language is a processed form of the national language, which has written norms. This is the language of each of the manifestations of culture, which is expressed in verbal form.

It is always the result of collective creative activity. The wording about the "fixedness" of the norms of the language has a certain relativity. Despite its importance and stability, the norm will always be mobile in time. It is impossible to imagine a developed modern culture of the people without a rich and modern language. This is the great social significance of the presented problem of the literary language.

Features and Specifications

Linguists do not have a common opinion regarding the complex and versatile concept of the literary language. Many experts tend not to present it as a whole, and break it into several types:

• written language,
• colloquial,
• journalistic,
• schooling,
• domestic,
• fiction,
• official business and others.

It should be understood that the language of fiction and literary is not the same thing, although these two concepts are correlative. In the first version, there is a lot of individuality brought by each writer, so here you can observe some differences from what is generally accepted norms.

Literary language is the property of everyone who owns its norms. It is used in written and spoken form. In different historical epochs, among many peoples, the level of closeness of the language of fiction and the literary language itself varies significantly.

What are the differences

There is a difference between the national language and the literary one. The first can act in the form of the second, but these concepts also have their own peculiarity. It lies in the fact that not always a literary language can immediately become national. For this, time must pass and certain conditions must develop in the public consciousness.

Scientists define the literary language as a supra-dialect subsystem of the national language. It can be characterized by such features as normativity, versatility, stylistic diversity, increased social prestige between its bearers. The literary language is considered the main means for fulfilling the communicative needs of society. It is contrasted with non-codified language subsystems. These are dialects, urban vernacular, social and professional jargon.

A language norm is a system of rules that regulates the use of language means during speech. These rules are not only socially approved, they are objective due to real speech practice. this situation reflects the regularity

The concept of "norms of the modern Russian language" can be extended to all areas of the literary language. Let's look at each of them.

Vocabulary

The lexical norms of the modern Russian language mainly imply the correct choice of a word, as well as the appropriateness of its use in a well-known meaning and in combination with other words. Directly related to this is the stylistic, territorial and social stratification of vocabulary, that is, vernacular and jargon, dialectisms or professional expressions. The sphere of vocabulary is closely connected with the material and spiritual life of our society, due to which it is subject to non-linguistic influence, expressed in various forms. The formation and improvement of norms occurs in a complex, often unpredictable way.

The extent to which a word is acceptable, how correctly it was used, is connected with the ideology and worldview of the speakers. In this regard, very often there are categorical decisions that are based solely on personal perception of linguistic facts. The most complete and objective description of the lexical norms of the modern Russian language is displayed in the explanatory dictionaries of reputable scientists. You should definitely familiarize yourself with them in order to master your speech masterfully.

stress in words

The norms of stress in modern Russian provide for the correct pronunciation, which is also a key feature of literate speech. The diversity and change of accent norms can be caused by several reasons - this is the influence of interlingual relations, as well as the influence of foreign language accent standards. Social and professional speech aspects also influence.

Nevertheless, the key factors in the development of stress are the reasons that are of an intra-systemic nature: analogy, that is, the assimilation of some linguistic facts to a more standard one-type category of words, as well as a tendency to ethnic balance. This causes the stress to shift from the outer syllables to the central ones. Some peoples (for example, the Greeks) do not have such problems. They have a fixed rule when writing words with more than 1 syllable, to put an accent mark. This applies to absolutely all forms of language - journalistic, official business, artistic and literary, and others. Unfortunately, there are no such stress norms in modern Russian, so people often pronounce the same word differently, which is a big problem. Examples of such words: apartments-apartments, expert - expert, means - means.

Orthoepic norm

It implies words, which is a key feature of speech culture. The main features of the development of the pronunciation norm in the modern Russian language is the elimination of various dialectal sounds in oral speech. There are certain orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of vowels and consonants. So, for the former, in many words, an unstressed "o" can sound like "a" (road - daroga, fire - fire). When pronouncing consonants, very often "ts" is replaced by "tc" (laughs-laughs), "ch" by "shn" (Lukinichna - Lukinishna) and many others.

Such substitutions are generally accepted calmly if they are used in colloquial speech, and not in writing. However, in some dialects there are such deviations from orthoepic norms that can cause irritation among others (for example, what - che).

Spelling

In this concept, the norms of the modern Russian language are officially accepted rules that fix the uniformity of speech transmission in writing. The first scientific description of the presented norms was made by Academician Groth. Only due to the legislative order is the regulation of spelling carried out. Spelling dictionaries also help with this.

Morphology

Such grammatical norms of the modern Russian language are the rules for word formation and inflection. Everyone must comply with them, regardless of dialect, accent and other individual characteristics. Digressions can only be allowed in the language of fiction. Writers often use this technique to highlight some feature of their character or draw readers' attention to something.

Compared to other language levels, morphology is relatively easier to unify. The change in the grammatical norms of the modern Russian language is associated with historical events, and is also caused by the influence of various intra-system factors, such as the contradiction between the form and content of language elements, and the influence of grammatical analogies. For the presented norm, the dependence on the selection of word forms from constructions is characteristic.

The concept of the grammatical norms of the modern Russian language includes the correct use of feminine, masculine and neuter words. Examples:

• no winter coat, not a coat,
• good shampoo not good shampoo.

Also, this concept includes the ability to correctly use abbreviations, words in different cases, in the singular and plural.

Syntax

The syntactic norms of the modern Russian language presuppose the correct formation of grammatical structures, as well as the implementation of forms of agreement with each other of the members of the sentence. Changes can be caused by external factors, as well as due to internal system reasons.

Ethics

Another aspect in the norms of the modern Russian literary language is ethics. Each society has its own norms of behavior, which certainly include:

• Speech etiquette, as the choice of address to "you" or "you".
• Full or abbreviated name when addressing.
• Choice of address (citizen, madam, mister).
• Way of greeting (hello, salute, hello).

Ethical norms most often have a national character. For example, the way of addressing “You” in English and German is not as wide as in Russian. These same languages ​​easily allow the use of abbreviated names. One of the prerequisites for excellent mastery of the Russian language is the knowledge of etiquette and the basic norms of the modern Russian language.

Dialects

The science that studies the territorial variety of a language is called dialectology. It allows you to make adjustments to the concept of the norm of the modern Russian literary language and studies the synthetic, phonetic, semantic features of speech.

A literary language is considered to be a language for everyday communication, for official and business documentation, for education, writing, culture and much more. Its distinguishing feature is normalization, that is, the use of rules, the implementation of which is considered mandatory for all members of society. They are fixed in grammar books, as well as in dictionaries. Dialectology also deals with the unification of various dialectic pronunciations in order to expand cultural and economic ties between different ethnic groups of the population.

The dialect does not have a written embodiment in the form of norms and rules. For the Russian dialect, only the oral form of existence is characteristic, which is fundamentally different from the literary language, which also has a written form.

A dialect is the smallest territorial variety of a language that can be used by residents of one or more neighboring villages. The area of ​​use of the dialect is much narrower than the area of ​​use of the literary language, which is considered a means of communication between all people who speak Russian.

Literary language and dialects are constantly in contact and influence each other. It is reinforced by schooling, radio and television. Gradually, the dialect is destroyed, losing its characteristic features.

Phrases or words that denote rituals, concepts, customs or household items that were traditional for villages are leaving or have already gone along with the people of the old generation. That is why it is so important to describe the living language of the countryside as fully and in detail as possible. This affects many types of norms of the modern Russian language - ethical, syntactic, orthoepic.

On the territory of our country, for a long time, a disdainful attitude towards local dialects dominated. They were perceived as a phenomenon with which it is necessary to fight. But it was not always so. In the middle of the 19th century, the maximum peak of public interest in relation to folk speech was noted on the territory of Russia. In those days, various dictionaries and scientific works were published, where expressions were also collected for the first time. Connoisseurs of Russian literature actively helped to compose the material for such dictionaries, and various magazines and provincial journals actively published various graphic sketches from dictionaries of local sayings and dialect descriptions in their issues.

A radically opposite attitude to dialect falls on the 30s of the XX century. During the "breaking" of the villages, during the period of collectivization, calls were briskly proclaimed for the destruction of the old methods of farming, the family way of life, as well as the culture of the peasantry. Thus, all manifestations of spiritual and material life in the countryside were suppressed. A negative attitude towards dialect was actively spreading in society, the peasants themselves began to perceive the village as a place from which to flee to the cities. For a prosperous existence, it was necessary to forget everything that connected with the past, including the language they spoke. A whole generation of rural residents deliberately abandoned their native dialect, unable to fully switch to a new system of literary language and master it correctly. Forcible observance of the norms of the modern Russian language significantly influenced the cultural development of society.

Respectful and careful attitude to their dialects is characteristic of many peoples. It is very interesting and instructive to explore the experience of countries in Western Europe, such as Austria, France, Switzerland, Greece. For example:

• In several French schools in provincial towns, a special elective course in the native dialect is being introduced. The grade for this course is included in the certificate.
• On the territory of Switzerland and Germany, a similar literary-dialectal bilingualism is accepted, which is accompanied by constant communication in the dialect in families.

On the territory of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, educated people moved from villages to the capital, using the literary language in society, and at home, on their own estates, when communicating with peasants or neighbors, they could often use the local dialect.

Nowadays, many people have two attitudes towards their dialect. They compare the pronunciation of words, accepted in their area, with the generally accepted. The observed differences between "one's own" and "alien" can have different meanings. For some, the native dialect is correct, and the generally recognized one is ridiculous and ridiculous. Others are embarrassed to pronounce words differently than everyone else, such as those who are shown on TV. Thanks to this, a conscious cultural value of the system of norms of the modern Russian language is formed.

Formation of new words

Language enrichment can occur not only through the formation of new words, but also through the formation of new meanings.

The formation of a new meaning helps to fill the gap in the notation "sign - concept". It is worth noting that the use of the old word in its new meaning is more acceptable than the use of descriptive phrases.

For example, the word "militia" has become stronger in Russian with the meaning "a body that is part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs." His task is to maintain order in the country. When the word militia lost its former meaning of "military service", it turned out to be not so important for the language. Now the police often call the place where they can send the violator.

The word "applicant" has relatively recently been fixed in its new meaning as a person who enters a university. This freed us from the need to use a descriptive expression every time. However, "applicant" previously had a different meaning: "a person who graduates from high school". For the language, it was not vital, because in the vocabulary before that there was another designation for the presented concept - “graduate”.

The word "synthetics" has a new meaning in the language, as a synthetic material or a product made from it. This is a very convenient shorthand for an actual phenomenon in modern times. This allowed him to find structural support for the Russian language system.

Cases of extended use of a word with the indispensable preservation of its semantic core are also considered acceptable. Such use is motivated and expedient due to the fact that it is based on the use of the old form and the classic, already familiar meaning. This avoids mental stress for memorizing new words. For example, "as". This can be said not only about the pilot, but also about the master of his craft, a real virtuoso. "Assortment" - this applies not only to goods, but also to the totality of various objects or phenomena.

In such cases, the extended use is not subject to the conditions of designation. It is not used to fill a gap in the "sign-concept" system. The essence of such consolidation lies in the expressiveness and freshness of the new usage, which is considered a key factor for enriching the norms of the modern Russian language.

As noted earlier, the norms of word usage form the correct choice of the word and the appropriateness of its use in the generally accepted meaning and combination. Its development can be accompanied by some difficulties. To a certain extent, this is due to ambiguous assessments regarding the acceptability of a particular word and the correctness of its use in a particular meaning. This is due to the worldview of the student, the level of his culture, education, as well as the development of literary traditions. However, there are more significant objective reasons that can complicate the choice of words. They are explained by such phenomena as a variety of meanings, synonymy, as well as the existence of paronyms.

The ambiguity suggests that the word has several meanings, each of which is used in a specific context (observant post and church post, brick wall and furniture wall). However, there are other cases as well. For example, the verb “listen” has the meaning “listen from beginning to end”, as well as “listen without perceiving, without delving into”. It is not always clear in what specific sense it is used, especially in the sentence presented: "The defendant listened to his charge." The appearance of such ambiguity is categorically not allowed for legal documents.

Correct choice of words

Great difficulties arise when using paronyms, words with the same root that have a similar sound, but have a partial or completely different meaning. For example, "provide" and "submit".

Language practice often puts us before the choice of one of these verbs in various combinations. For example, submit or provide a report. The verbs used have the same structure and similar sound form, but have different meanings. In new explanatory dictionaries, the word "represent" can have several variations:

1. Reward (to present to the order).
2. To present something, to show something (to present a certificate).
3. To introduce or recommend (to introduce a friend to one's relatives).
4. Imagine something (you need to imagine how it will happen).
5. Select someone (to present delegates to the congress).
6. Depict, reproduce (present to the public the situation unfolding in the play).

The verb "provide" has two main meanings:

1. Give the opportunity to use.
2. Act in a certain way.

As you can see, these verbs do not have a common meaning. However, due to the similarity in the structure of the sound form, their mixing often occurs. Of course, in colloquial speech, this can easily be overlooked. As we said earlier, in the official documentation, such errors can be critical. The use of paronymic words certainly requires caution and care.

Some difficulties sometimes arise when choosing the right word from the list of synonyms. Everyone knows that they differ in their meaning and application. For example, you can use a synonymous series: famous, wonderful, famous, outstanding, big. It is most often used in relation to people. All these words have approximately the same meaning, but they can not always be used as synonyms.

Each of them carries its own load: the phrase "famous scientist" says that. that a person is known in wide circles of society, and "an outstanding scientist" emphasizes that this person made important discoveries for society.

As you can see, synonyms can have different uses. Some of them are considered bookish, others are colloquial, others are commonly used or neutral.

In legal practice, cases often arise that are associated with an incorrect selection of a word from a synonymous series. Using it not in the meaning that was planned, you can significantly complicate or delay the resolution of the issue.

The words "testimony" or "show" are constantly used in legal practice. To avoid their repetition, lawyers try to search for synonyms for replacement, while making serious mistakes. The fact is that words such as “declare”, “tell” and others will not be exact synonyms. For the verb "to show" the terminological meaning is "to give an answer during interrogation". The meaning of the word "to say" is "to express something verbally", and "to report" is "to bring to the attention". None of the aforementioned verbs carries the essential feature of "answer during interrogation." Based on this, only the verb "show" can be perceived as a legal term. Only in some cases it is allowed to replace it with synonyms.

Professional words and terms are not the only way of designating various concepts that takes place in the work of lawyers. To avoid repetition of words, they can be replaced by others that are closer in meaning. It is important to observe the accuracy and appropriateness of using the new option in each specific case.

From this it follows that following the basic norms of the modern Russian literary language is a mandatory requirement for correct speech. When forming them, it is very important to take into account the meaning of the word that was recorded in the explanatory dictionary, the appropriateness of their use in a particular saying. Violation of the norms of the modern Russian language always leads to the formation of errors and misunderstandings. This is not always appropriate in colloquial speech, and in writing it is completely unacceptable.

findings

The language norms of the modern Russian language are the accepted rules in general speech practice among educated people. They relate to pronunciation, grammar and other language tools. These are the rules for using words. The concept of the norm of the modern Russian language is formed as a result of the social and historical selection of various elements of the language. They can be formed or extracted from the passive stock of the past, elevated to the status of commonly used or suitable.

The concept of the norm of the modern Russian language and word usage means the correct choice of the word. The appropriateness of its use in the generally accepted meaning and combination is also considered.

The lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language can be violated very often. This is explained by the fact that the variability of norms leads to the indispensable coexistence of the new and the old version, and also by the fact that it is difficult to learn the stress in the Russian language. It can be mobile and versatile.

Morphological norms of the modern Russian language characterize the choice of the word form. The most common prerequisite for the diversity of morphology is the mixing and interaction of old language structures, types of conjugation and other methods of forming grammatical forms. These linguistic norms of the modern Russian language, like all others, are not immutable. However, the main feature of the morphological norm is their relative stability and a small number of abbreviations.

The syntactic form of the norm of the modern Russian literary language can be associated with the rules for the formation of phrases and sentences. Variation arises in the modern language in connection with various factors, each of which must be carefully studied and considered in order to communicate correctly and correctly.

Language norms(norms of the literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of language means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

• A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:
• compliance with the structure of the language;
• mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;
• public approval and recognition.

Language norms are not invented by philologists, they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the whole people. The norms of the language cannot be introduced or canceled by decree, they cannot be reformed by administrative means. The activity of linguists studying the norms of a language is different - they identify, describe and codify linguistic norms, as well as explain and promote them.

• The main sources of the language norm are:
• works of classical writers;
• works by contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions;
• media publications;
• common modern usage;
• linguistic research data.
• The characteristic features of language norms are:
• relative stability;
• prevalence;
• general use;
• general obligation;
• conformity with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.

The norms common to oral and written speech relate to the linguistic content and construction of texts.

Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language. Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness. Their violation leads to lexical errors of various types:

Wrong choice of a word from a number of units, including mixing of paronyms, inaccurate choice of a synonym, wrong choice of a unit of the semantic field (bone type of thinking, analyze the life of writers, the Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);

Violation of the norms of lexical compatibility (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, inveterate foundations, has gone through all stages of human development);

· the contradiction between the intention of the speaker and the emotional-evaluative connotations of the word (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an unbearable contribution to the development of Russia);

the use of anachronisms (Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);

· mixing linguocultural realities (Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);

Incorrect use of phraseological turns (Youth beat him with a key; We must bring him to fresh water).

Grammar norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic. Grammatical norms are described in the "Russian Grammar" prepared by the Academy of Sciences, in Russian language textbooks and grammar reference books.

Word-building norms determine the order of connecting parts of a word, the formation of new words. A word-building mistake is the use of non-existent derivative words instead of existing derivative words with other affixes, for example: character description, salesmanship, hopelessness, the writer's works are distinguished by depth and truthfulness.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or context-inappropriate inflectional form (the analyzed image, the reigning order, the victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. In these phrases, a morphological error was made - the gender of nouns was incorrectly formed.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of the main syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include the rules of word agreement and syntactic control, correlating parts of a sentence with each other using grammatical forms of words in order for the sentence to be a competent and meaningful statement. There is a violation of syntactic norms in the following examples: when reading it, a question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.

Stylistic norms determine the use of language means in accordance with the laws of the genre, the features of the functional style and, more broadly, with the purpose and conditions of communication. The unmotivated use of words of a different stylistic coloring in the text causes stylistic errors. Stylistic norms are recorded in explanatory dictionaries as special marks, commented on in textbooks on the style of the Russian language and the culture of speech. Stylistic errors consist in violation of stylistic norms, inclusion in the text of units that do not correspond to the style and genre of the text.

The most typical stylistic mistakes are:

· stylistic inappropriateness (goes in cycles, royal chaos, doesn't care, love conflict is described in all its glory - in the text of the essay, in a business document, in an analytical article);

the use of cumbersome, unsuccessful metaphors (Pushkin and Lermontov are two rays of light in a dark kingdom; These flowers - messengers of nature - do not know what kind of violent heart beats in their chests under stone slabs; Did he have the right to cut off this thread of life, which he himself did not hang ?);

lexical insufficiency (I am deeply concerned about this issue);

Lexical redundancy (He wakes them up so that they wake up; We must refer to the period of their life, that is, the period of time when they lived; Pushkin is a poet with a capital letter of this word);

ambiguity (While Oblomov was sleeping, many were preparing for his awakening; Oblomov's only entertainment is Zakhar; Yesenin, preserving traditions, but somehow does not like the beautiful female sex so much; All actions and relationships between Olga and Oblomov were incomplete) .

Spelling norms These are the rules for naming words in writing. They include the rules for designating sounds with letters, the rules for continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling of words, the rules for using uppercase (capital) letters and graphic abbreviations.

Punctuation norms determine the use of punctuation marks.

Punctuation tools have the following functions:

Delimitation in the written text of one syntactic structure (or its element) from another;

fixation in the text of the left and right boundaries of the syntactic structure or its element;

Combining several syntactic structures into a single whole in the text.

Spelling and punctuation standards are enshrined in the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation", the only most complete and officially approved set of spelling rules. On the basis of these rules, various spelling and punctuation reference books have been compiled, the most authoritative among which is D.E. Rosenthal.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, because. their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listeners about the speech and the speaker himself, distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are fixed in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and stress dictionaries. Intonation norms are described in "Russian Grammar" and textbooks of the Russian language.

Similar information.

abstract

Topic: Norms of the modern Russian language

Introduction

1 The concept of a language norm and its functions

2 Norms of the modern Russian language

3 Language norms and speech practice

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The history and culture of the people is reflected in the language. Moreover, the essential part of the collective experience of the people, which is manifested in intellectual activity and in the "inner world" of a person, finds its expression through language in oral speech and in written texts.

The concepts of "normal", "norms" are important for many types of human activity. There are norms for the production of products (for example, at a factory) and normals, i.e. technical requirements that this product must meet. Nutritionists talk about nutritional standards, athletes "fit" into certain standards (in running, jumping). No one doubts the fact that in any civilized society there are norms of relationships between people, norms of etiquette; each of us has an idea of ​​what is normal for human communication, and what is abnormal, goes beyond some unwritten norm. Yes, and our everyday speech is full of these words: How are you? - Fine!; Well how are you? - Nothing, it's normal. Moreover, the norm is also invisibly present in our statements that do not contain the words norm or normal. When we say: a comfortable chair, a too dark room, inexpressive singing, we mean some generally accepted "norms" for the comfort of a chair, the illumination of a room, the expressiveness of singing.

The norm is also in the language. And this is quite natural: language is an integral part of not only civilized, but in general any human society. Normativity is the observance of language norms, which are perceived by its speakers as an “ideal” or a correct model.

The language norm is one of the components of the national culture. Therefore, the development of a literary norm, its codification, and the reflection of the normalizing activity of linguists in grammars, dictionaries, and reference books are of great social and cultural significance.

All of the above justifies the relevance of this topic.

The purpose of the work: a comprehensive study and analysis of the norms of the modern Russian language.

The work consists of introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion and list of references.

1 The concept of a language norm and its functions

The norm is one of the central linguistic concepts. Most often, this term is used in combination with “literary norm” and is applied to those varieties of language that are used in the media, in science and education, in diplomacy, lawmaking and legislation, in business and legal proceedings and other areas of “socially important”, predominantly public communication. But we can also talk about the norm in relation to the territorial dialect or social jargon. Thus, linguists use the term norm in two senses - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense, the norm means such means and methods of speech that spontaneously formed over many centuries and which usually distinguish one type of language from others. That is why we can talk about the norm in relation to the territorial dialect: for example, okanye is normal for northern Russian dialects, and akanye is normal for southern Russian dialects. In its own way, any of the social or professional jargons is "normal": for example, what is used in commercial slang will be rejected as alien by those who own the jargon of carpenters; well-established ways of using linguistic means exist in the army jargon and in the jargon of “labukh” musicians, and the carriers of each of these jargons can easily distinguish someone else’s from their own, familiar and therefore normal for them, etc.

In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of the codification of a language. Of course, codification is based on the tradition of the existence of a language in a given society, on some unwritten, but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important at the same time that codification is a purposeful ordering of everything related to the language and its application. The results of codifying activity are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars.

The norm as a result of codification is inextricably linked with the concept of a literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified. The territorial dialect, urban vernacular, social and professional jargons are not codified: after all, no one consciously and purposefully ensures that the Vologda residents consistently okali, and the residents of the Kursk village akali, so that the sellers, God forbid, do not use the terminology of carpenters, and the soldiers - words and expressions of Labush jargon, and therefore the concept of a norm in the narrow sense of this term just considered is not applicable to such varieties of language - dialects, jargons.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect the regular processes and phenomena that took place and are taking place in the language and are supported by the speech practice of native speakers of the literary language. The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical writers and some modern writers, the language of Central Television announcers, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, scientific research by linguists, the language system (analogues), the opinion of the majority of speakers.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This is an important function of norms - the function of language protection. In addition, the norms reflect what has developed in the language historically - this is a function of reflecting the history of the language.

Speaking about the essence of the norm, it should be remembered that the norm is not a law. The law is a necessity that does not allow any deviations, the norm only prescribes how it should be. Let's compare the following examples:

1. A stone thrown up must then fall down (this is the law of nature);

2. A person living in society must comply with the rules of the hostel, for example, do not knock on the wall with a hammer after 23:00 (these are social norms);

3. A person in the process of verbal communication must put stress correctly (these are language norms).

So, the norm only indicates how it should be - this is the function of the prescription.

Thus, the language norm is the traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally recognized pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.

2 Norms of the modern Russian language

There are written and oral norms.

Written language norms are, first of all, spelling and punctuation norms. For example, the spelling of H in the word worker, and HH in the word name NN is subject to certain spelling rules. And the setting of a dash in the sentence Moscow - the capital of Russia is explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.

Oral norms are divided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.

Grammatical norms are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence. The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of the gender of nouns are “railroad rail, French shampoo, big corn, registered parcel, patent leather shoes”. However, rail, shampoo is a masculine noun, and corn, parcel, shoe is feminine, so you should say "railroad rail, French shampoo and big corn, custom parcel, patent shoe."

Lexical norms are rules for the use of words in speech. It is a mistake, for example, to use the verb lay instead of put. Despite the fact that the verbs lay and lay have the same meaning, put is a normative literary word, and lie is colloquial. The following expressions are in error: I put the book back, and so on. The verb to put should be used: I put the books in their place.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. (Orthoepy from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Compliance with the norms of pronunciation is essential for the quality of our speech. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic norms facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become the means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, forums.

The norm is conservative and is aimed at preserving the language means and rules for their use, accumulated in a given society by previous generations. The unity and universal validity of the norm is manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional ways of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from the language tradition, from vocabulary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm. However, it is no secret that at all stages of the development of the literary language, when using it in different communicative conditions, variants of language means are allowed: you can say cottage cheese - and cottage cheese, spotlights - and spotlights, you are right - and you are right, etc.

The norm is based on traditional ways of using the language and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is what was, and in part what is, but by no means what will be,” wrote the famous linguist A.M. Peshkovsky. He explained this property of both the literary norm and the literary language itself in this way: “If the literary dialect changed quickly, then each generation could use only the literature of its own and the previous generation, many two. But under such conditions there would be no literature itself, since the literature of every generation is created by all previous literature. If Chekhov did not already understand Pushkin, then there would probably be no Chekhov either. Too thin a layer of soil would give too little nutrition to literary shoots. The conservatism of the literary dialect, uniting centuries and generations, creates the possibility of a single powerful centuries-old national literature. However, the conservatism of the norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. It is another matter that the rate of normative changes is slower than the development of a given national language as a whole. The more developed the literary form of a language, the better it serves the communicative needs of society, the less it changes from generation to generation of people using this language.