MODERN RUSSIAN language is the national language of the Russian people, a form of Russian national culture. It is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as various jargons. The highest form of the national Russian language is the Russian literary language, which has a number of features that distinguish it from other forms of language existence: processing, normalization, breadth of social functioning, general obligation for all members of the team, a variety of speech styles used in various areas of communication

Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages ​​belonging to the Hindu-European family of languages. It is the 8th language in the world in terms of native speakers and the 5th language in the world in terms of total number of speakers. The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the main language of international communication in Central Eurasia, Eastern Europe, in the countries of the former Soviet Union, one of the working languages ​​of the UN. It is the most widely spoken Slavic language and the most widely spoken language in Europe, geographically and by the number of native speakers. It ranks fourth among the most translated languages, and also seventh among the languages ​​into which most books are translated. In 2013, the Russian language came in second place among the most popular languages ​​on the Internet.

Russian language is public and official language in the following states: Russia, Belarus(as well as Belarusian), partially recognized South Ossetia(as well as Ossetian) and unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic(as well as Moldovan and Ukrainian).

Russian language is considered official language public institutions (but below the state in status) in the following states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, partially recognized Abkhazia. In some administrative divisions Moldova, Romania and Norway Russian is recognized as one of the regional or local official languages.

2. Functional styles of the Russian language. Their types. Functional speech styles

The functional style of speech is a certain language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic language means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous, they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.

Types of functional speech styles

Depending on the spheres of public life in which the language is currently used, the following functional styles are distinguished: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). With the help of this style, legal acts, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.

The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (two interpretations are not allowed), lack of emotional coloring, strict textual composition. This style makes extensive use of clichés, nomenclature names, abbreviations, and verbal nouns.

scientific style

The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style is the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, description of any discoveries or precedents. The scientific style is dominated by short real nouns.

Most often, the scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.

Journalistic style

This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, the general public through the media and oratory. Publicistic style is most often found in such genres as essay, article, reportage, interview. From other speech stylistics, the scientific style is distinguished by its inherent increased emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information related to everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mostly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Non-verbal factors are of great importance in conversational style: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences, and introductory words.

Art style

Artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. In the artistic style, the inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. Artistic style performs an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from colloquial and journalistic styles.

3. Art style features

The artistic style of speech, as a functional style, is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.

Fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by the perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding or understanding of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style primarily include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image comes to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead noz, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is hilly Pavlovsk ..." Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to a common plan. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Functional styles of speech are divided into two groups: the content and the formal parameter of the language. In a story or a poem, artistic language can be traced, on the street - colloquial, in a newspaper - journalistic, and so on. Thus, the category under consideration seems to be general, where substyles, genre styles and their substyles are distinguished.

Functional styles of speech are a kind of literary language in which some task is realized. Hence the name. Most scientists prefer to divide them into five types:

• colloquial;
• journalistic;
• official business;
• scientific;
• art.

Each of the styles reflects language flexibility with expression and variety of thought. Through language:

• the law is being written;
• the concept is given;
• a table is compiled;
• a scientific fact is stated;
• writing a poem, and so on.

Thus, semantic functions that are aesthetic, business and scientific in nature are performed. Phrases and individual words are selected from the language; designs that better suit their exterior style.

There are semantic contexts. The conversational style is characterized by the discussion of everyday or everyday subjects. The journalism covers the topics of politics and public opinion, and the system of official business speech is used in diplomatic activity and lawmaking.

Peculiarities

Functional styles of speech are described by highlighting the following properties:

• Each reflects some side of life with its own scope and range of topics covered.
• It is characterized by certain conditions. For example, official or informal.
• It has a corresponding single task, installation.

The first property is defined by typical words and expressions.

The scientific language is full of specific terms, the colloquial language is filled with corresponding phrases, the artistic language is filled with words that form images, and the journalistic language is filled with social and political phrases.

Their main words and phrases are common, suitable for different types. They are usually called interstyle vocabulary. It preserves linguistic unity, and combines functional styles.

The common part is also called grammatical means. But, in all styles, its own special system and form is used. The scientific style is characterized by a direct verbal order, the official business style is dominated by recurrent and vaguely personal constructions, and the journalistic style is rich in rhetorical figures.

Distinctive features

Styles vary in degree:

• emotional coloring;
• imagery.

Such properties are not characteristic of official business and scientific styles. However, there are certain features in the language of diplomats or writings on scientific topics. Other styles apply these properties much more often. Artistic speech consists more of images and emotions. They are also used in journalism, but in a different way. Conversational speech is disposed to this, with a greater degree of emotionality.
Each of the styles at the same time:

• individual;
• has standardization stamps.

For example, greetings and farewells have a corresponding form, albeit in several versions. The rules of speech can be traced in all styles. Thanks to these rules, it becomes easier to use the language.

Scientific and business are individual to a small extent. But artistic speech is the richest in this regard. The standardized table and the abundance of stamps that the official business style is endowed with are inappropriate here.

It is followed by journalism, where the system of personal self-expression coexists with standard phrases. The conversational level occupies a separate place. Studies have shown that much of what is said at the household level is automated. Thus, this speech is characterized by a high degree of regulation, due to which communication becomes easy.

Functional style is characterized by another feature - the norm. There are the following rules:

• language;
• style.

The first one is the same for everyone. But the second one is different. Stationery is natural for a formal business style, but their use in other forms is considered inappropriate. Style characteristics are applied in genres. They persist, have a different speech structure.

Let us consider the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language separately.

Art style

It is called a reflection of the literary language. Russian writers and poets come up with forms and images for him, which are then used by ordinary people. Artistic functional stylistics is a system of applying the possibilities and achievements of the language.
The difference is in the aesthetic function. Artistic speech brings up a sense of beauty. This is present in other styles, but in this case, expressiveness plays a major, defining role.
The vocabulary freely includes both a scientific term and a business phrase, if the narrative requires it. The main thing is that the words in the artistic style describe concepts, translating them into images. Bright visual and expressive language means are created. Let's list them:

• epithet;
• metaphor (comparison in a hidden form);
• allegory (idea or concept in a concretized image);
• personification (when human properties are transferred to inanimate objects);
• antithesis (opposition);
• gradation (words are arranged with increasing meaning);
• paraphrase.

Journalistic style

Journalism is sometimes called a chronicle or chronicle of modern life. It reflects the hot topics of today. It is close to the artistic language, but at the same time differs from it. This style is fact oriented. And artistic speech is imaginary.
The topics and vocabulary in the journalistic style are diverse. Journalism invades life and contributes to the formation of public opinion. This style performs two important semantic functions:

• reporting;
• affecting.

Genres include:

• Reportage. The reader is given a general idea of ​​what happened.
• Feature article. The replayed story contains the thoughts of the author.
• Feuilleton. Reflects reality in a satirical light, ironically analyzes facts, actions, participants.

scientific style

It is widely used. This style seriously affects the language. With progress, new terms are introduced into mass use, previously found only on the pages of specialized publications. As a result, new genres are formed.

Scientific language shields itself from amateurish methods. He is intelligent and therefore logical. This is expressed in thinking through, presenting information and sequencing the transfer of material. Science is objective, so the author is given a minor role. The main thing is the material itself, research and their actual data.

The requirements also dictate the use of the language. Scientific vocabulary is characterized by:

• General use. The use of words used in scientific texts.
• General scientific. An immediate area that describes objects and events.
• Terminology. The closing, inner layer, which embodies the main differences that the scientific language carries.

Formal business style

Functional style is realized in writing. Orally, it is used when speaking at meetings, receptions, and so on.

Official business style is used in solemn and business relationships. The importance of the content of speech characterizes the language with accuracy and limited subject matter.
It distinguishes two sections, each of which has substyles.

In the official-documentary section, languages ​​are distinguished:

• diplomacy. It has its own terminology and is full of international definitions.
• laws. The language of the power of the state, communicates with the population.

In the everyday business section, there are:

• Office correspondence. Sometimes it contains the concept of a telegraphic style, where the syntactic system is rationally built.
• Business papers. Compiled according to a given form, without the use of complex structures.

Conversational style

This language meets several conditions:

• relations are informal;
• immediacy, interlocutors communicate with each other directly;
• speech is improvised (it develops naturally, with interruptions, repeated questions, pauses, etc., due to unpreparedness).

Style is realized orally in a dialogue form. The main semantic quality is verbal vagueness, instability of meaning and indeterminacy of boundaries. The conversation uses:

• neutral words equally used in book and oral speech;
• condensates, when phrases are replaced by one word (utility room - utility room);
• doublets - replacement of official names with colloquial ones (freezer - freezer);
• pointers, designate different objects;
• "Sponges" - something indefinite, includes different meanings, but is revealed in the context.

The functional styles of the Russian literary language largely influence it with themes, genres, phraseology and vocabulary. Each of their species is the whole language of any region, and together they form a single literary language. Such a variety of species enriches and expands the boundaries of the language.

Stylistics(the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of language functioning in different areas of use, the features of the use of language means in depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and conditions of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech.

Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). The stylistics of the language explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar.

Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of the functioning of the language in various types of speech corresponding to certain areas of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms "selection and combination of language means in them".

At its core, style should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection of different types of speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of style is functional styles- varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of social life. Styles are different ways of using language in communication.

Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.

Thus, five styles of the Russian literary language are distinguished:

Colloquial;

Official business;

Scientific;

journalistic;

Art.

Colloquial speech serves for direct communication, when we share our thoughts or feelings with others, exchange information on everyday issues. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech.

In colloquial speech, the emotionality of the utterance, unlike artistic speech, is not the result of creative work, artistic skill. It is a living reaction to events, to the actions of people around.

Easy communication causes greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely (stupid, rotosey, talking shop, giggle, cackle), vernacular (neigh, deadhead, awful, stupid), slang words (ancestors - parents ).

In colloquial speech, words with evaluation suffixes are often used, especially diminutives: candle, candle (neutral candle), window, window (neutral window), etc.

The conversational style is characterized by simple sentences, a dialogic form of speech, and appeals. The content of colloquial speech, sounding in direct communication, is replenished by the situation of speech. Therefore, incomplete sentences are inherent in the colloquial style: only that which complements the interlocutor's replicas of new information that develops the topic of speech finds expression in them.

An example of colloquial speech: A month before leaving Moscow, we had no money - it was dad who was preparing for fishing... And so the fishing began. My father sat down on the shore, laid out all his household, lowered the cage into the water, threw in fishing rods - there was no fish.

scientific style is the style of scientific communication. His genres are scientific article, educational literature.

The scientific style of speech is characterized by the use of terms and abstract words; emotional colloquial vocabulary, phraseological units, etc. are completely excluded; widespread use of verbal nouns, participles and participles, the predominance of the genitive and nominative case of the name, verb forms of the present tense of the 3rd person, etc .; the use of complex sentences, including multicomponent ones, etc.

The main purpose of a scientific text is to describe phenomena, objects, name them and explain. General features of the scientific style vocabulary are: the use of words in their direct meaning; lack of figurative means (epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, hyperbole, etc.)? wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms. For example: The most important economic and biological characteristics of varieties are: resistance to growing conditions (climate, soil, pests and diseases), durability, transportability and storage time. (G. Fetisov)

Formal business style used for communication, informing in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). Within the framework of this style, various documents are drawn up: laws, orders, resolutions, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates.

In the official business style there is no place for the manifestation of the author's individuality, therefore its main style feature is formality and accuracy. The business style is characterized by special vocabulary (decree, protocol, resolution, etc.) and stable combinations (make a decision, consider invalid, should be indicated, should be kept in mind, etc.).

An example of a formal business style of speech:

SYSTEM MENU

The system menu is called by the button located in the upper left corner of the window. The commands in this menu are standardized for all applications in the Windows environment. The system menu is available in every document window. It can be called even if the window is minimized to an icon by clicking on the icon once with the mouse button. There is also a way to open the system menu through the keyboard - using the key combination.

System menu commands are selected using the mouse, cursor keys, or by typing underlined letters in the command name along with . (V. Pasko)

Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, magazines, literary-critical books and articles, speeches on social and political topics in any audience in direct contact with the addressees of the speech, as well as speeches on radio, television, etc.

The main task is to influence the listener or reader in order to encourage him (them) to act, think, etc. The main topics are socio-political and moral-ethical problems.

In speeches on socio-political topics, there is a lot of specific vocabulary and phraseological units: society, debates, parliament, tough measures, social explosion, stand guard, etc.

In order to influence the listener or reader in journalism, words and expressions are widely used that have positive-evaluative (valiant, wonderful, etc.) and negative-evaluative coloring (false philanthropy, thugs, yellow press, and etc.).

The journalistic style is freer in the choice of language means than the scientific and business style. Proverbs, winged expressions, phraseological units, artistic and visual means (comparisons, metaphors, etc.), colloquial vocabulary are appropriate in journalism; interrogative (often rhetorical questions) and exclamatory sentences, appeals and other techniques are widely used.

An example of a journalistic style of speech:

Needless to say, Russia is rich in natural resources, mineral reserves - everyone knows about it. But its real wealth is people, their intelligence, knowledge and experience. Outside of Russia, they have long understood what the truly inexhaustible source of our wealth is. As before, many young scientists are trying to go to the West. And the reason for this is not always money. Often there is no necessary equipment in laboratories, conditions for work. How to fix the situation? First of all, you need to learn how to correctly evaluate knowledge - the way it is done in all developed countries (according to V. A. Makarov)

Artistic speech- the speech of fiction (prose and poetry). Artistic speech, influencing the imagination and feelings of readers, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality.

The emotionality of artistic speech differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial everyday and journalistic styles, primarily in that it performs an aesthetic function.

Elements of other styles easily penetrate into artistic speech, if they are necessary for the realization of certain goals and objectives, therefore it is distinguished by its diversity, stylistic diversity. So, to recreate a historical era, writers use historicisms (or archaisms), to describe the life of people in any locality - dialectisms, etc.

An example of artistic speech:

“Everything that you will meet on Nevsky Prospekt, everything is full of decency: men in long frock coats, with their hands in their pockets, ladies in hats. Here you will find unique sideburns, passed with unusual and amazing art under a tie, velvet, satin, black sideburns, like sable or coal, but, alas, belonging to only one foreign collegium ...

Here you will meet a wonderful mustache, no pen, no brush depicted; the mustache, to which the better half of life is devoted, is the subject of long vigils during the day and night, the mustache, on which the most delicious perfumes and aromas have poured out ... Thousands of varieties of hats, dresses, scarves - colorful, light, ... - will blind at least whom on Nevsky Prospekt. (N. Gogol)

Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style.

1. The system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.

2. The concept of stylistic norms.

3. Scientific functional style, its language features.

4. Speech norms of educational and scientific fields of activity.

functional styles are called special varieties of a single literary language that are used in any field, perform certain tasks (functions) and have some features in the selection and use of language means. In the modern Russian literary language, four functional styles are distinguished: colloquial, journalistic, official business, and scientific. Conversational style It is used in the sphere of everyday communication and is realized mainly in oral form. This style is opposed to other styles that are associated with various areas of social activity and are implemented mainly in writing. The main function of conversational style is the function of communication. The conversational style has such stylistic features as ease and emotionality. A distinctive feature of this style is the use of language tools with colloquial coloring: special vocabulary and phraseology, as well as incomplete sentences.

Journalistic style implemented in the social and political sphere. Its main function is the function of social impact. Initially, it appeared as a book style and was used in newspapers and magazines, ᴛ.ᴇ. journalism (hence its name), but today an oral variety of journalistic style is also actively developing, incorporating many features of colloquial speech. Style features - passion, appeal. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, incentive and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions and appeals are actively used. Genres of journalistic speech: article, essay, interview, information, reportage, commentary, campaign speech, etc.

Formal business style used in the field of administrative and legal activities. The most important role in official business speech is played by the function of communication and social regulation (information-directive function). Stylistic features - insincerity, standardity. Typical language tools: neutral words, official business terminology, standard expressions and turns. The genres of business speech are extremely diverse. Among them are an autobiography, a statement, a report, a protocol, an order, an explanatory note, a law, a charter, an agreement, etc.

scientific style used in science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is communication and logical proof of the truth of what is being reported (information-argumentative function). The scientific style has three sub-styles: proper-scientific, scientific-educational and popular science. The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with a generalized and abstract meaning. (reliability, research, analysis, etc.), special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used (function, element, system, etc.). In morphology, the noun prevails over the verb, impersonal forms over personal ones, the so-called "real timeless" (Volga flows into to the Caspian Sea). The scientific style is dominated by a logically defined, bookish syntax. Among the genres of scientific speech, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, etc.
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Abstract and abstract are of great importance in the system of these genres, the content and structure of which most clearly and clearly reflects the orientation of scientific speech towards a concise transmission of objective information.

Each functional style involves the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, taking into account their meaning and expressiveness. The development of a particular style is associated with the choice of expressions, language forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a particular social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the selection of specific functional styles takes into account the originality of various areas of application of linguistic phenomena and the specifics of expressiveness (expressiveness) inherent in a particular style.

It must be borne in mind that functional styles, representing the largest speech varieties, fix the deepest style features. Each of them is also subject to further intra-style differentiation. This differentiation can be roughly compared to a nesting doll: the main functional styles are subdivided into a number of varieties, each of which includes even more particular varieties, and so on. For example, the scientific style, while retaining its basic style features, is divided into proper scientific and scientific and technical. In turn, both of them can have popular science presentation options.

At the same time, each of the stylistic varieties of the scientific and scientific-technical style must be differentiated in relation to specific types of science (biology, geology, history, ethnography, etc.). At the same time, differences arise both of a lexical nature and manifested in a number of linguistic features. Such stylistic varieties have an even finer differentiation: they take into account the genre and the way of presentation. Given the dependence on the genre, the scientific style can be implemented in dissertations, monographs, abstracts, articles, reports, scientific information, etc. This style acquires additional variability in connection with the method of presentation: description, narration, reasoning. Moreover, certain stylistic varieties differ from each other and, based on the author's individuality, bear its features.

As you can see, stylistic differentiation is associated with the action of a large number of non-linguistic factors. Without taking them into account, it is almost impossible to implement it. These factors influencing the selection of particular stylistic features are unequal in their role in the process of style formation. In addition, not all factors affecting speech are classified as style-forming. Many linguists believe that the development of style is based on the principle of choosing the necessary language means, but some, say, individual factors (gender, age, etc.) exclude the possibility of such a choice from the author of a particular statement.

Each functional style has its own rules. These norms are called stylistic, violation of them is the cause of stylistic errors. (For example: "Girl, what issue are you crying about?")

Functional styles have their own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.

Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. At the same time, grammatical characteristics are also important here, for example, the style of many tabloid press texts should be defined as journalistic, largely on the basis of the syntactic structure; in the field of word usage, we can see both colloquial and non-literary (colloquial, slang) units in general. For this reason, when creating a work related to a certain style, one should observe not only the lexical norms of the style, but also morphological and syntactic norms.

Conversational style associated with the sphere of direct everyday communication. This sphere is characterized by a predominantly oral form of expression (except for private correspondence of a domestic nature), which means that intonation and facial expressions play a large role. In everyday communication, there are no official relations between speakers, contact between them is direct, and speech is unprepared. In colloquial style, as in all others, neutral words are widely used (lay down, blue, house, ground, left), but bookish words are not used. Normative use of words with colloquial stylistic coloring (joking, chattering, locker room, hype, completely, lack of time, sort of). It is possible to use emotionally evaluative words: affectionate, familiar, reduced (cat, brag, headless, intrude), as well as words with specific evaluative suffixes (grandma, daddy, sun, house). Phraseological units are actively used in colloquial style (hit your pocket, play the fool, two inches from the pot). Words are often used that are formed by contracting a phrase into one word or a long compound word into a shortened word. (unsuccessful, cash, communal, ambulance, condensed milk, electric train).

The morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, generally corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. For example, in oral form, the nominative case prevails - even where it is impossible in writing. (Pushkinskaya, come out 7 Child, look), truncated forms of function words are often used (at least, so that eh, really). The norm of the use of the verb allows you to form forms that do not exist in normative book speech with the meaning of multiplicity (sitting, talking) or, conversely, one-time (pushed, punched). In a colloquial style, the use of participles and gerunds, which are considered a sign of book speech, is inappropriate. More often a prepositional case is formed with the ending -y (on vacation), plural with ending -a (reprimand). It is important to note that for the syntax of the colloquial style, the norm is the use of such sentences in which some component is omitted, but some component is easily restored. (He is back to Me - incomplete). Such sentences are called elliptical. . Simple sentences predominate, word-sentences are often used (I see. No. You can. Why?), as well as interjections and interjection phrases (Here's more! Moms! Oh! Oh you!).

Formal business style serves the sphere of purely official relations. This is the style of administrative and clerical documentation, legislative acts, diplomatic documents. It is worth saying that it is characterized by the utmost concreteness of the content with abstract, typified, stamped means of expression. Official speech is characterized by specificity, standard presentation and the nature of the prescription, obligation. This determines the language norm of style. Against the background of neutral and general words (worker, commission, control and marriage, dominate) words and phrases are used that can be attributed to professional (legal, accounting, diplomatic, etc.) terminology, such as plaintiff, impute, contractor, taxpayer, declaration, notice, memorandum, tariff scale, rent ͵ federal bodies, budgetary institutions, as well as clerical stamps, the use of which in an official business style is not a drawback, and even less a mistake, but a special stylistic norm: appropriate, the foregoing, for the purpose of improvement, come into force, past, bring to the attention. An extremely dry and neutral style of presentation should be free not only from colloquial and especially jargon or dialect layers, but also from literary words that have an emotionally expressive coloring. Compound abbreviated words are often used in official business style (CIS, GKO, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, AIC, St. Petersburg State University, JSC, IMF) and nouns formed from verbs (documentation, storage, non-compliance), since this style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb.

The official business style is characterized by the frequent use of verbs in the form of the imperative mood and in the indefinite form in the meaning of the imperative mood (release from rent, establish a monthly surcharge). If the verbs are used in the present tense, they also have the character of a prescription. iwkoh establishes, the exemption does not apply). The norm is the use of the so-called logical, bookish syntax: the use of narrative, two-part, complete sentences with direct word order; sentences complicated by homogeneous members, participles and participles; complex sentences.

The journalistic style is focused, on the one hand, on the communication of information, and on the other hand, on the impact on the reader or listener. For this reason, it is characterized by a combination of expressiveness (for maximum impact) and standard (for speed and accuracy of information transfer). This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television programs.

In addition to neutral in a journalistic style, evaluative and emotional words are often used. (ambition, totalitarian, foppishness, narrow-mindedness, bully), words in a figurative sense (dirt in the meaning of ʼʼimmoralityʼʼ, penny's meaning ʼʼpettyʼʼ, emphasize in the meaning of ʼʼ to bring to the foreʼʼ). Typical for journalism can be considered ʼʼpoliticalʼʼ vocabulary: president, parliament, faction, dissident, deputy, patriot, society, speaker, constitution. Used in a journalistic style and high book vocabulary: uplift, raise, mark. This style is characterized by the use of metaphor as a way of assessing the surrounding reality, for example, ʼʼmilitaryʼʼ metaphors (mobilize, landing),ʼʼconstructionʼʼ metaphors (ʼʼbuilding of obsolete politicsʼʼ, ʼʼcellars of cultureʼʼ, ʼʼnational flatsʼʼ),ʼʼroadʼʼ metaphors (political off-road ʼʼ, ʼʼship of reformsʼʼ, ʼʼtrain of the federationʼʼ). Colloquial words and phraseological units are also used in this style. (smear, slouch, hindsight is strong, hang noodles on your ears, with a sin in half).

Morphological norms of journalistic style largely determine the possibility of combining bookish and colloquial. Often adjectives and adverbs are used with evaluative meanings: serious, minor, significant, contemptuously, magnificent). The pronounced personality of style determines the frequency of personal pronouns. The present tense of the verb is often used (the so-called ʼʼpresent reportageʼʼ): ʼʼHalfway make a decision climb the other way, ʼʼLet's start looking around neighborhood ʼʼ Along with the present - frequent past tense: ʼʼEverything and always wrote only about love and warʼʼ, ʼʼOffers acted of the most varied nature.

The syntactic norms of journalism are associated with the extreme importance of combining expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the order of words in a sentence to highlight a word are used (This is a short-sighted policy).

In modern journalism, borrowed words associated with new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena are extremely frequent, such as broker, distributor, investment, impeachment, inauguration, dianetics, kidnapping, killer, croupier, sponsor, rating, display. The terms of various fields of knowledge are being rethought, most often economic, political, ʼʼcomputerʼʼ: wild market, consensus, stagnation, data bank. Colloquial and slang vocabulary is intensively used, which becomes a special expressive means: scoop, hangout, disassembly, rubbish, fan, lawlessness. Religious vocabulary is also becoming an expressive means of journalism: faith, orthodoxy, righteous. Book words are used that used to be of little use; it is through journalism that half-forgotten words return to us, such as mercy, charity. At the same time, the journalistic style still remains mainly a bookish style, as evidenced not only by word usage, but also by the syntactic structure - the syntax of journalism is bookish-oriented.

The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is the message and the logical proof of the truth of the reported (information-argued function). Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, the following substyles were formed:

1) actually scientific (academic);

2) scientific and educational;

3) scientific and technical;

4) popular science

The academic style is the core of the scientific functional style. It has such features as accuracy, responsibility, generalization, logic. On the academic basis, scientific monographs, articles, dissertations are written, discussions are held between specialists.

The scientific and technical substyle is used in the manufacturing sector. It is worth saying that abstraction is less characteristic of it, due to the extreme importance of a specific description of production processes. In this regard, the scientific and production sub-style is approaching the language of documents, the official business style.

In the scientific, educational and popular science substyles, the use of expressively colored and figurative language means is allowed. At the same time, the scientific and educational substyle is distinguished by a more systematic presentation, which is associated with its main task - to teach the basics of a particular discipline.

The task of the popular science style is essentially to interest the mass reader, to encourage him to raise his cultural level. Among the genres of the scientific style, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, guidelines, etc.

The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with an abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract object - ʼʼspeedʼʼ, ʼʼtimeʼʼ, ʼʼlimitʼʼ, ʼʼquantityʼʼ, ʼʼregularityʼʼ, ʼʼdevelopmentʼʼ. Often such words are used in the plural, which is not typical for other styles: ʼʼsizeʼʼ, ʼʼprivateʼʼ, ʼʼstrengthʼʼ, ʼʼlengthʼʼ, ʼʼbreadthʼʼ, ʼʼemptinessʼʼ, ʼʼspeedʼʼ. The scientific style actively uses special terminology and general scientific vocabulary (function, element, system, etc.). The use of grammatical categories and forms is distinguished by its specificity in the scientific style. The noun here prevails over the verb, the impersonal forms over the personal, the so-called ʼʼtrue timelessʼʼ (for example: ʼʼCarbon is the most important part of the plantʼʼ, ʼʼThe sum of the squares of the legs equals the square of the hypotenuseʼʼ.). The forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular of verbs and personal pronouns are uncommon in the scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of the terms, have an exact and highly specialized meaning (hence the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative adjectives in scientific speech).

Scientific speech is distinguished by emphasized logic and bookishness. Logic is extremely important at all language levels: in a phrase, a sentence, between two adjacent sentences, in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the whole text. Consistency is ensured by using the following tools:

1) linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns ( the one given etc.);

2) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of the flow of thought ( first, first of all, next, then);

3) the use of introductory words expressing the relationship between parts of the statement ( therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus);

4) the use of unions ( because, because, in order to);

5) the use of constructions and turnovers of communication ( now let's dwell on the properties ...; let's move on to the issue ...; further note... etc.)

The requirements of strict logic of a scientific text determine the predominance of complex sentences with an allied connection, especially complex ones.

An abstract, being a summary of any information, is self-sufficient in certain situations and in business communication, since - unlike annotations, abstracts and abstracts - it is a complete text. At the same time, annotation and summarizing, due to their importance in such areas of relevance to modern youth as scientific and business, and certain difficulties in mastering the skills of writing them, require more attention. For this reason, teaching these types of written speech is considered separately as an additional, but very important aspect of speech communications.

Word annotation comes from the Latin annotatio - remark, note. Annotation is currently called a brief description of a book (or article), containing a list of the main sections, topics or issues considered in the work. Annotation to the book may include, in addition, an indication of the features in the presentation of the material and the addressee (for whom it is intended). Speaking schematically, an annotation for a book (primarily scientific or educational) answers questions about what / from what parts? as? for whom? These are, as it were, its basic, standard semantic elements. Each of them has its own language means of expression, which are indicated below.

An abstract for a book is placed on the reverse side of its title page and serves (along with its title and table of contents) as a source of information about the content of the work. After reading the abstract, the reader decides how much he needs the book. At the same time, the ability to annotate the literature read helps to master the skills of summarizing.

Word essay comes from the Latin referre, which means ʼʼ to report, informʼʼ. Today, an abstract is called, first of all, a brief, most often written, presentation of a scientific work - an article or a book (or several scientific works). The presentation of one work usually contains an indication of the topic and composition of the work being reviewed, a list of its basic provisions with arguments, less often - a description of the methodology and the conduct of an experiment, the results and conclusions of the study. Such an abstract will be called simple, informational. Special abstract journals are published in Russia, which contain abstracts of this kind and thus introduce the latest Russian and foreign literature in various fields of scientific knowledge: in physics, philosophy, etc.

Students in Russian universities usually write essays on certain topics, which are offered to them in the departments of general engineering and social disciplines. It is worth saying that in order to write such thematic abstracts, it should be extremely important to involve more than one source, at least two scientific papers. In this case, the abstract is not only informational, but also an overview.

A simple informational abstract may contain an assessment of certain provisions, which are called by the author of the work being reviewed. This assessment most often expresses agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view.

The abstract contains quotations from the work being reviewed. Οʜᴎ are always put in quotation marks. Three types of quotation should be distinguished, while punctuation marks are placed, as in sentences with direct speech.

1. The quote is after the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a colon is placed after the words of the compiler of the abstract, and the citation begins with a capital letter. For example: The author of the article claims: ʼʼIn our country, there has really been a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

2. The quotation is before the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a comma and a dash are placed after the quotation, and the words of the compiler of the abstract are written with a small letter. For example: ʼʼIn our country, there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ, the author of the article claims.

3. The words of the compiler of the abstract are in the middle of the quote. In this case, they are preceded and followed by a semicolon. For example: ʼʼIn our country, - says the author of the article, - there is indeed a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

4. The quotation is directly included in the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case (and it is the most common in the abstract), the quote begins with a small letter. For example: The author of the article claims that ʼʼin our country there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style." 2017, 2018.

The functional style of speech is a certain language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic language means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous, they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.

Types of functional speech styles

Depending on the spheres of public life in which the language is currently used, the following functional styles are distinguished: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). With the help of this style, legal acts, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.

The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (two interpretations are not allowed), lack of emotional coloring, strict textual composition. This style makes extensive use of clichés, nomenclature names, abbreviations, and verbal nouns.

scientific style

The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style is the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, description of any discoveries or precedents. The scientific style is dominated by short real nouns.

Most often, the scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.

Journalistic style

This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, the general public through the media and oratory. Publicistic style is most often found in such genres as essay, article, reportage, interview. From other speech stylistics, the scientific style is distinguished by its inherent increased emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information related to everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mostly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Non-verbal factors are of great importance in conversational style: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences, and introductory words.

Art style

Artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. In the artistic style, the inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. Artistic style performs an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from colloquial and journalistic styles.