Rules for survival during the "black sky. What does black sky mode mean?

The official name is "adverse meteorological conditions" (NMU). Due to the combination of two factors - calm weather and humidity - industrial emissions, automobile exhausts, dust and smoke accumulate in the city air. It usually lasts two or three days, sometimes longer.

The smog formed over Krasnoyarsk is often visible to the naked eye. This is the "black sky". Although in fact these days it is not black, but gray-brown.

Why announce the regime of "black sky"?

To warn citizens of danger and force factories to reduce air pollution. There are three degrees of danger of NMU, the most harmful is the third.

During the black sky regime, factories are required to reduce emissions:

At the first degree of danger NMU - by 15-20%;
. with the second - by 20-40%;
. with the third - by 40-60%, and sometimes completely.

Authorities monitor emissions from 28 factories in Krasnoyarsk (six each in Sovetsky and Zheleznodorozhny districts, five in Central, four each in Sverdlovsk and Leninsky, three in Kirovsky). The semi-legal shop smoking on the outskirts of the city can easily continue to poison us.

What to do during black sky mode?

In short, everyone should smoke, dust and stink less. Factories are required to reduce emissions. It is forbidden to make fire. City services should wash sidewalks and roads. Citizens are asked not to use cars if possible.

"Black sky" is unhealthy: cardiovascular, pulmonary and other chronic diseases may appear or worsen. It is best to leave the city for this time.

At first degree of danger NMU:

go out less;
when you get home, take a shower;
flush your nose and throat with clean water or saline;
if you suffer from chronic diseases, take the necessary medicines when going out;
open windows less often use conditioner s and air purifiers;
do wet cleaning daily;
do not smoke or drink alcohol, it is an extra load on the body.

At second and third degree of danger NMU- the same as the first, plus:

on the street, use respirators of the "petal" type;
drink more fluids - milk, tea with milk, mineral water;
eat less salty, fatty and indigestible foods;
rinse your mouth with 2% soda solution;
in case of signs of poisoning, take activated charcoal and consult a doctor immediately.

On the night of February 10, I went out onto the balcony: there were no street lamps, no earth, no sky, no neighboring buildings to be seen. But what was left instead of air was perfectly visible - the dusty chemical mass moved, oscillated under a weak wind, went in waves.

And in the morning the deputies and members of the regional government gathered once again to discuss the permanent ecological catastrophe in Krasnoyarsk. However, the authorities do not use this term. They think constructively and argue about "strategic measures to improve the environmental situation in the city of Krasnoyarsk."

What is there to discuss endlessly from year to year is incomprehensible. There can only be two strategic measures, because Krasnoyarsk is being poisoned from two sources. According to the contribution, these are: a) the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant (KrAZ), b) coal-fired thermal power plants. Assets of Deripaska and Melnichenko, respectively. The black sky mode is either the wind from the east, i.e. from KrAZ, or calm, when emissions accumulate in the city basin.

KrAZ must be closed. Or take it out of the city. Or reduce production to design capacity and radically modernize. CHP to convert to gas. Well, or not so radically: you can simply not heat with Kansk-Achinsk brown coals, you can switch to smokeless coal combustion at high temperatures, you can get gas from coal and put it further on for heating, and the resulting coke - into metallurgy. And you can generally heat the whole city, only utilizing the heat of KrAZ, which is now emitting gases into the atmosphere. Technology is full. They are known to all specialists, only the Krasnoyarsk authorities are not in the know.

That's it, two solutions for two assets - one plant and three thermal power plants. And there is nothing more to discuss.

But that's just how it seems. The meeting was opened by the Chairman of the Committee on Natural Resources and Ecology of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory Alexander Simanovsky. I quote him from the press release of the Legislative Assembly: “Today one of the main air pollutants in the city is transport. Is it possible to limit its quantity? I think that this is possible, using the experience of Beijing. In the Chinese capital, cars with registration numbers ending in an even number can only leave on an even day, and, conversely, on an odd number, on an odd one. But it should be spelled out at the legislative level.”

No one seemed to be interested in the deputy in casting a shadow on the fence, withdrawing KrAZ and CHPP from sanctions, and bringing them down on the people? Not? Here is another quote from that press release.

“Monitoring and research on air will not stop emissions into the atmosphere,” MP Vladimir Reinhard said. - As the people used to heat the stoves with brown coal, from which there is much more pollution than from stone, it will be so. All Yemelyanovo (11 thousandth settlement near Krasnoyarsk. — A. T.) in winter it is heated with brown coal, and the wind rose pulls all this smog […]. What's going on with public transport? As a rule, they buy used diesel-fueled buses, from which the smoke comes out.”

Deputy Sergei Tolmachev proposed to hold a separate meeting on air pollution by road transport.

There is no dispute, motorists also pollute. But according to official data, motorists crap half as many enterprises. The state report of the Ministry of Natural Resources on the state of the environment in 2015 (no newer) says that 0.2 tons of pollutants fell on one Krasnoyarsk citizen in the city, and in total that year 195 thousand tons were thrown into the air. Of these, 129 thousand are enterprises. And 66 thousand are cars.

And most importantly. Our cars are not a deputy's business. Each machine allows at least occasionally to escape from the black sky, and in general transports people or goods, benefiting someone. And what is the use of Krasnoyarsk from KrAZ so beloved by the deputies? Take an interest in insignificant figures: how much does he pay taxes? one

The idea with car numbers obviously provokes its violation, and it is not feasible. That's why it's harmful. And why not recall a different Chinese experience? The withdrawal of industry outside the cities? And such aluminum plants, as in Krasnoyarsk, smoking according to the antediluvian, already centuries old, Soderberg technology, China completely closed. Fully. All. Or remember the experience of Shanghai - the use of drones that break through the inversion layer of the atmosphere that holds smog. Here, by the way, is about the haze that locks smog in the city, preventing emissions from dissipating. This is the third source of the black sky, and a third measure could be associated with it, but it is not strategic, but is due to the first two. We are talking about the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station (also the property of Deripaska). Thanks to the criminal mistake of the designers, the Yenisei stopped freezing over a distance of 300 km, and here, due to the large temperature difference between the flowing waters and the surrounding space, fog constantly hangs, accumulating poisons. The HPP provides KrAZ with electricity. The city is supplied with electricity from a thermal power plant. If the authorities decide to close KrAZ and the thermal power plant, the city can be powered from the hydroelectric station - so that at least it’s not in vain to spoil. If the thermal power plant is converted to gas, and KrAZ is buried, then the need for a source of electricity for it will disappear, the river can be freed. The trouble, however, is that the authorities, in principle, do not undertake to discuss any measures if they affect the interests of Deripaska and Melnichenko.

1 According to official data, in 2015 KrAZ paid about 600 million rubles. income tax. Most of this amount goes to the budget of the subject of the Federation.

Monument to the Krasnoyarsk artist Andrei Pozdeev. Last year, Vladislav Gultyaev put respirators on him and on other sculptures on Prospekt Mira. Photo: Vladislav Gultyaev

The deputies, of course, were not the first to come up with the idea not to talk about those who cannot be talked about. Talk about anything - global warming, fires in the taiga, difficult terrain, climatic features, just don't notice the elephant in the room. This is a ritual. The local governor Tolokonsky is talking about frosty weather and smoke from stoves in the private sector, his wife advises dispersing the black sky with the power of pure thoughts. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Uss, complains about the urban planning policy, which does not take into account the wind rose and the influence of high-rise buildings on it. Deputy Prime Minister Lapshin commemorates the Siberian (Asian) anticyclone and vertical air currents with a downward direction.

Soon we will hear discussions on how to make the winds blow differently and smooth out the spurs of the Sayans. Just don't remember the default status figures!

An alloy of nickel and aluminum did not exist in nature until the early 2000s. So far, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a tradition has been established to elect the Legislative Assembly mainly from “blunt-pointed” and “pointed-pointed” ones — some are sent to protect the people’s interests by Norilsk Nickel, others — by Rusal. Who is aluminum to the waist, who is copper-nickel, but they are together.

Meanwhile, the regional Ministry of Health and Rospotrebnadzor launched a project to adapt the younger generation to smog. To copper, cadmium, benzapyrene, everything that makes up the local air chemistry. To reduce the toxic load and increase sustainability, a special food complex has been developed for kindergartens.

Last year, only officially, the black sky regime was introduced 24 times. If you count in days, that's 58 days. In the state report of the Ministry of Natural Resources on the state of the environment, “the upward trend in the incidence of malignant neoplasms among the population (an average annual rate of 4.99%)” was noted. This is by region. Moreover, if in general in oncology in 2015 compared to 2014 there was a decrease, then cancer of the trachea, bronchi, and lung increased from 37.6 cases per 100 thousand people to 43.1. In Krasnoyarsk itself, the level of newly diagnosed cancer “due to exposure to environmental factors” (cases per 100,000 population) increased from 372.5 in 2014 to 400.2 in 2015. The growth of diseases of the circulatory system (cases per 1 thousand) per year - from 32.1 to 34.4. Diseases of the endocrine system (per 1 thousand people) from 14.4 to 16.3, and in children under 14 years old - from 17.2 to 19.4.

How not to spoil your health?

The expression "black sky mode" is familiar to every Krasnoyarsk citizen. What is happening at this time in the air over Krasnoyarsk and what should the citizens do?

What is black sky mode?

The smog formed over Krasnoyarsk is often visible to the naked eye. This is the "black sky". Although in fact these days it is not black, but gray-brown.

Why announce the regime of "black sky"?

To warn citizens of danger and force factories to reduce air pollution. There are three degrees of danger of NMU, the most harmful is the third.

During the black sky regime, factories are required to reduce emissions:

at the first degree of danger NMU - by 15-20%;
with the second - by 20-40%;
with the third - by 40-60%, and sometimes completely.

What to do during black sky mode?

"Black sky" is unhealthy: cardiovascular, pulmonary and other chronic diseases may appear or worsen. It is best to leave the city for this time.

At the first degree of danger of NMU:

go out less;
when you get home, take a shower;
flush your nose and throat with clean water or saline;
if you suffer from chronic diseases, take the necessary medicines when going out;
open windows less often, use air conditioners and air purifiers;
do wet cleaning daily;
do not smoke or drink alcohol, it is an extra load on the body.

At the second and third degree of danger NMU - the same as at the first, plus:

on the street, use respirators of the "petal" type;
drink more fluids - milk, tea with milk, mineral water;
eat less salty, fatty and indigestible foods;
rinse your mouth with 2% soda solution;
in case of signs of poisoning, take activated charcoal and consult a doctor immediately.

Good afternoon, dear reader! In our city, with a certain regularity, they announce the "black sky" mode. There are 365 days in a year, 250 of which are "black sky" days! What kind of regime is this? This is when the threshold of pollutants is exceeded in the air, sometimes so much that a very dense haze hangs over the city, it can be seen with the naked eye and the air is saturated with technical gases and there is a stench. This is especially felt at night. Everyone knows the reason for this situation, but nothing can be done. Cars are not getting smaller, mini-enterprises and manufacturing giants are trying to do something, reduce emissions, under the control of the relevant authorities, but it is better not to become.

What should we, the inhabitants of a large metropolis, do?

go out less;
when you get home, take a shower;
flush your nose and throat with clean water or saline;
if you suffer from chronic diseases, take the necessary medicines when going out;
open windows less often, use air conditioners and air purifiers;
do wet cleaning daily;
do not smoke and do not abuse alcohol, this is an extra burden on the body.
on the street, use respirators of the "petal" type;
drink more fluids - milk, tea with milk, mineral water;
eat less salty, fatty and hard-to-digest foods;
rinse your mouth with 2% soda solution;
in case of signs of poisoning, take activated charcoal and consult a doctor immediately.

The founder of our city, Andrei Dubensky, was sent 380 years ago to choose a place for the future prison. When the governor saw these stunning hills next to the river, he immediately realized that this was the very place where the prison should be located.

The place was not only stunningly beautiful, but had a good strategic location. Andrey Dubensky gave a name to these hills - Krasny Yar. As you already understood, our city got its name from the name Krasny Yar. But he could not have imagined that such a beautiful place would turn into an open-type gas chamber)))

I will not delve into the consequences of such a residence ...

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In 2016, my wife was pregnant, we went to the antenatal clinic, and the doctor says: “The child has hypoxia.” I ran around all the pharmacies in the city, looking for oxygen. Nowhere. Took a vacation, went with his wife to Taezhka. Two weeks later they returned, the doctor looked - everything is normal.

We live on Lenin street. In winter, diapers were hung on the balcony to dry. And when they took it off, they smelled like smoked fish.

The windows are so black in the spring that the light barely gets through. Can you imagine what we breathe here?

From the airport to Krasnoyarsk 40 kilometers. And all the way people complained, as soon as I mentioned the local ecology. And all this is not the consequences of some emergency, but the daily life of a million-strong city.

Let's try to figure it out.

The official date of foundation of Krasnoyarsk is 1628, when the Cossacks built the fortress Krasny Yar. A convenient place for the future city on the Yenisei was chosen - in a deep basin, sheltered from the winds by the northern spurs of the Eastern Sayan. And who then could have imagined that 400 years later more than a million people would live in this hollow, and the initially poor ventilation of the urban space would be aggravated by the thoughtless construction of high-rise buildings on the surrounding hills.

The next environmental problem in Krasnoyarsk was the hydroelectric power station. During its construction in the 1950-1960s, vast areas were flooded. The Krasnoyarsk reservoir is one of the largest in the world, and this could not but affect the local climate. It was assumed that the length of the non-freezing polynya below the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station would be no more than 30-40 kilometers. In fact, it turned out to be about 300, and now even in 40-degree frosts, the water in the Yenisei does not freeze. As a result, in calm weather at an altitude of 100-150 meters, the city is covered with a cloud of water vapor like a lid.

The next factor that significantly influenced the ecology of Krasnoyarsk was the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin and specifically the Borodino open pit, located 150 kilometers from the city. Brown coal of very high quality is mined here in an open way. With today's production volumes, only explored deposits will last for 500 years. But there are no developed gas fields nearby. Naturally, in this state of affairs, it is brown coal that is used to heat the region. Local thermal power plants, consuming about 6 million tons per year, more than 40 city boiler houses operate on brown coal, the private sector is heated with coal, and these are 13 thousand stoves and fireplaces.

Now a little calculation. The ash content of Borodino brown coal is 5-8 percent. That is, when burning 100 tons of coal, 5-8 tons of ash is obtained. How much goes down the drain?

Take, for example, a municipal boiler house on Metallurgov Street, located inside a residential area. Near school and kindergarten. The boiler house was built in 1952, and at that time it was considered a model of engineering. 28,000 tons of coal are burned here annually, providing heat and hot water to 81 apartment buildings. The declared degree of purification is 80 percent. According to experts, more than a thousand tons of solid emissions are released into the air every year through a 35-meter pipe, which are dispersed in the surrounding area.

We remove soot from the balcony with buckets, - a local resident complains. - The windows cannot be opened if the wind is blowing in our direction. Add to that the emissions from the 15-20 trucks that deliver coal every day.

Let's add. Motor transport, or rather its emissions into the atmosphere, is another important component of the catastrophic ecology of Krasnoyarsk. In terms of population, the city ranks twelfth in Russia, and third in terms of vehicle fleet. Two cars per family is not a luxury here, but the norm. A large number of large industrial enterprises allows Krasnoyarsk residents to earn good money.

And they don't have to travel far to work. Industrial enterprises are located right there, within the city: an aluminum plant, machine-building, rubber, cement, non-ferrous metals ... In total, there are more than 17 thousand enterprises, organizations and institutions on the territory of Krasnoyarsk - and these are only officially registered ones. I don’t know how many small enterprises and workshops are in the shadow sector, but walking around the Zheleznodorozhny district, I observed smoking chimneys of makeshift boilers surrounded by dilapidated sheds and warehouses.

Now imagine all this together, and even in calm weather. Represented? In 2016, the city lived in the black sky mode for 58 days, in 2017 - 43 days.

One of the reasons for my trip to Krasnoyarsk was an environmental rally held on April 7th. An acute attack of popular anger was expected with unpredictable consequences. Nothing of the kind, however, happened.

Approximately 600-650 people gathered - and even if we take into account mothers with strollers walking in the park on Saturday. Such a modest turnout for a city of a million people - despite the fact that the problem really worries its citizens - is amazing.

Why did so few people come? I asked the girl who was shifting from foot to foot on the periphery of the rally.

And why walk, they have already talked about it so many times, everyone is tired.

Do you think that's all there really is? - joined the conversation her friend. - They solve their political problems. They poke around and disperse.

At this time, a guy with the appearance of a first-line fighter got to the microphone - football fans have such a category of “supporters”.

I'm a simple kid from the neighborhood, you know me! - he began his "charge". - They're poisoning us! They want us all to die! Let's tell them no! We are for clear skies! All together: we are for a clear sky!

Clear sky! Clear sky! - the residents of Krasnoyarsk supported the “kid from the microdistrict” in discord and without much enthusiasm.

The next on the stage was "one of the most famous grandfathers of Krasnoyarsk, Uncle Borya." What he wanted to say to those gathered - I did not understand, so I approached him separately.

So who is to blame for the fact that there is nothing to breathe in Krasnoyarsk?

That movement of a new formation, which is called wild capitalism, is to blame. Everyone strives to pull under themselves, and there the grass does not grow, - 73-year-old uncle Borya formulated his civil position.

Was it better under the Soviet Union?

Maybe it was better because there were not so many cars. Especially imported, especially yesterday, especially the 23rd day ... Any car carries with it ecological kaka.

And what needs to be done to win ecokaku?

Here, 300-500 people came, let everyone plant a tree and take care of it ... Oak, cedar, birch, as the mayor said. But everything depends on money, especially today, when the whole world is up in arms against Russia.

The next interlocutor was a member of the organizing committee of the "For a Clear Sky" movement and, as he himself introduced himself, "an information technology specialist" Yevgeny Khodos.

What, in your opinion, is the main problem of Krasnoyarsk?

First of all, there is no request from the public. The authorities work according to a simple principle: if people turn to them, for example, on the topic of healthcare, they are engaged in healthcare. I am absolutely sure that the initiative from below can motivate the authorities to get involved in this process.

In-in, he wants to get into the deputies himself, that's why everyone goes here, - an angry woman, who had already noticed the journalist for a long time, butted into the conversation.

That's what you think, - Hodos snapped.

Well, what exactly needs to be done to make the sky over Krasnoyarsk clear? - I continued the interrogation of the technology specialist.

Allocate funds first. Install natural gas, impose strict restrictions on emissions for enterprises, organize public ecological transport, ban the cutting down of green spaces…

But just to lay a gas pipe to you and build gas distribution stations, you need to spend about 300 billion rubles. In addition, the region's economy is largely built on coal mining. Buying someone else's gas, you run the risk of losing an entire industry of your own production, - I gave several obvious arguments.

You repeat the rhetoric of financial and industrial groups of coal generation...

We don’t need gas, ”the very active Elena Grigorievna Rubtsova intervened in the conversation. Houses explode from the gas. In our operation, this is absolutely useless. Only environmental violations. Can you imagine, when a gas pipeline stretches, how much land does it kill? As long as gas is in demand abroad, let it be sold there for dollars. We need dollars. And we need coal for the private sector. It must be given away for free, and electricity for free. Because the ecology is broken, the best lands are flooded. Since a hydroelectric power station was built on the Yenisei, let them now give us electricity for free.

Why did you come to the rally? - I asked my mother with a stroller.

Because I am not satisfied with the ecological situation that is now in Krasnoyarsk. I came here 15 years ago, and before there was nothing like it is now. My youngest son has allergic reactions - cough, snot. Some days we don’t even leave the house, because there are no options.

So who is to blame and what should be done now?

I do not even know. We cannot reduce the number of cars. Probably, we need some kind of control over the private sector, over all these tire shops ...

I ask the same questions to the deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Elena Penzina. Elena Evgenievna talks about a study by Novosibirsk scientists who proved that the Yenisei is to blame for everything: due to warming, eddy currents are formed, and the winds blow in the wrong direction. But since it is unlikely that it will be possible to change the course of the river, the factories cannot be closed, and gas is not expected in the foreseeable future, trees must be planted (120,000 a year) and city garbage removed in time.

I agree with the planting of trees and cutting down garbage and I am interested in the opinion of the deputy about the cleanliness of the event itself.

I think the “greens” have everything as usual - fifty-fifty. It all starts with sincere motives, and then money appears for this business. Last year, branding was very noticeable: everyone had the same posters. Personally, I prefer concrete actions to rallies, but I attend such events in order to feel the energy. Ecology is the only thing that, in the absence of culture and private property, a person is ready to defend. And it's good that there are a lot of young people.

There were really a lot of young people. But she behaved somehow very indifferently. A young man with a banner "Close the ferroalloy plant" stood dejectedly near the stage throughout the rally. And he was unaware that this plant had not even begun to be built. There was such a project in Krasnoyarsk a couple of years ago, but the construction was abandoned at the same time.

At 14:00 the rally ended and the participants of the event went home.

The rally was not convincing. The impression was created that the people who had gathered had a poor idea of what the city's problems were, and even less of how to solve them. But the townspeople can hardly be blamed for this. There are really a lot of factors influencing the ecology of Krasnoyarsk, and all of them are confused and intertwined with the interests of different social groups, with the economy, politics, production, and finance.

There is no effective way to solve all environmental problems quickly and efficiently. It is impossible to stop the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, it is impossible to change the course of the Yenisei. It is impossible to close the city-forming enterprises, as some romantic speakers demanded at the rally. That's why they are city-forming, so that people have jobs and the city exists. And it will not work to take them out of the city - for this you need to build everything anew, including the necessary infrastructure.

Switching to gas could improve the local ecology. But the likelihood that this project will be implemented in the near future is minimal. Among other things, supporters of gasification should be aware that the delivery of gas to private homes, even along the path of the gas pipeline, now costs more than one hundred thousand rubles. Plus rising utility bills.

It is possible to significantly reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Deputy Penzina said that KrAZ and KrasMash are already doing this, and significant funds have been allocated for environmental projects. I have no reason not to believe the deputy.

Here is what I have seen with my own eyes.

Approximately 20 percent of Krasnoyarsk's harmful emissions are accounted for by three large thermal power plants that provide the city with heat, hot water and electricity. Together they burn about 6 million tons of coal a year. I managed to negotiate with representatives of the Siberian Generating Company (SGK) and see how CHPP-1 and CHPP-3 work. Special thanks to them for this.

CHPP-3 is a powerful thermal power plant built in the 1990s. Its capacity is enough to turn off most of the Krasnoyarsk municipal boiler houses without loss of quality. Including the one on Metallurgov Street, which I talked about above. It will be closed this summer, and the land will be handed over to the city. Closing about 30 city boiler houses with 30-35 meter pipes and 80 percent purification rate will significantly improve the situation in the city. CHP-3 itself is equipped with an electrostatic precipitator with a dust collection efficiency of 99.7 percent and a 275-meter pipe.

I have seen this filter. It looks like a seven-story house and works as follows: dust particles, passing with a gas flow in an electric field, receive a charge, charged particles move to electrodes with the opposite sign, are deposited on these electrodes, and the settled dust is shaken off into special containers.

There is no benefit to secretly turning off the filter at night, as urban legends whisper, no. Moreover, it simply cannot be turned off. By the way, I was struck by the cleanliness at the station itself. After the city boiler houses, the premises of CHPP-3 look like surgical wards.

There are more problems with CHPP-1. The station was launched in 1943. Its pipes are not high enough - 105-120 meters. Cyclones, on the other hand, clean emissions by only 96 percent. With two million tons of coal burned per year, this is a problem.

But at CHPP-1, work is already underway to modernize and reconstruct. One of the pipes has already been almost dismantled, and in its place the construction of a new pipe with a length of more than 270 meters will soon begin, which will replace the three low ones. At the same time, electrostatic precipitators will be installed. According to the plan, the modernization should be carried out by 2021, but so far it is ahead of schedule. The modernization of CHPP-1 will not solve all the problems of Krasnoyarsk, but the air in the city will become 25 percent cleaner.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Why announce the regime of "black sky"?

What to do during black sky mode?

What should we, the inhabitants of a large metropolis, do?

It's good that I have the opportunity to purchase a product of the Siberian Health Corporation!

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